Die Kleine Mistbiene oder Gemeine Keulenschwebfliege (Syritta pipiens) ist eine Fliege aus der Familie der Schwebfliegen (Syrphidae).
Die Fliegen erreichen eine Länge von 7 bis 9 Millimetern und haben einen sehr schlanken Körperbau. Das Gesicht steht kielförmig vor. Die Stirn des Weibchens ist silberweiß bestäubt mit schwarzem Scheitel. Die kurzen Fühler haben eine rötlich gelbe Färbung, die sich nach vorne hin verdunkelt sowie eine nackte Fühlerborste. Die Brust ist länglich, schwarz und hat seitlich eine aschgraue Bestäubung. Ein sehr markantes Erkennungsmerkmal, weshalb die Kleine Mistbiene kaum mit einer anderen Art zu verwechseln ist, sind die keulenartig verdickten Oberschenkel am hinteren Beinpaar, die an der Unterseite fein bestachelt sind. Der Hinterleib (Abdomen) hat am zweiten und dritten Segment keilförmige, schwarz durchbrochene, gelbe Querbinden. Das vierte Segment ist glänzend schwarz und hat zwei weiße Seitenpunkte am Vorderrand sowie einen gelblich gesäumten Hinterrand.
Die Art ist auf der nördlichen Halbkugel verbreitet. Sie ist in Mitteleuropa eine der am weitesten verbreiteten Schwebfliegen. Anzutreffen sind sie an Gewässern, Feuchtbiotopen, Wiesen sowie als Kulturfolger auf Feldern in Parks und Gärten. Die Kleine Mistbiene fliegt von April bis Oktober, in Südeuropa ganzjährig.
Die Imagines ernähren sich von toten pflanzlichen Substanzen (Saprophage). Sie fliegen meist tief mit einem charakteristischen Flugmuster, selten über einer Höhe von 1 m und sind Blütenbesucher an verschiedenen Pflanzen. Dort halten sie sich bevorzugt auf Doldenblütlern auf. Die Begattung der Kleinen Mistbiene verläuft in einer Art Rüttelflug und dauert nur maximal fünf Sekunden. Die Larven, so genannte Rattenschwanzlarven, leben koprophag in Kompost, Pferdemist oder Kuhdung sowie in Pflanzenabfällen. Die Art ist polyvoltin, das heißt, sie produziert mehrere Generationen pro Jahr.
Die Kleine Mistbiene oder Gemeine Keulenschwebfliege (Syritta pipiens) ist eine Fliege aus der Familie der Schwebfliegen (Syrphidae).
Syritta pipiens, sometimes called the thick-legged hoverfly, is one of the most common species in the insect family Syrphidae. This fly originates from Europe and is currently distributed across Eurasia and North America.[5] They are fast and nimble fliers, and their larvae are found in wet, rotting organic matter such as garden compost, manure, and silage.[6][7] The species is also commonly found in human-created environments such as most farmland, gardens, and urban parks, wherever there are flowers.[8] This species is an important part of its native ecosystem as adult Syritta pipiens flies are critical pollinators for a variety of flowering plants and the species supports parasitism by various parasitic wasp species.[9] Thus, they play an important role in environmental functionality, and can serve as bio-indicators, in which their abundance can reflect the health of the environment.[10] Syritta pipiens looks like many predatory hoverfly species, yet is not predatory.[11]
The species Syritta pipiens is within the family of Syrphidae, commonly called hover or flower flies. Syrphidae is one of the largest families within the Diptera order[12] and contains about 6,000 known species widely distributed around the world. They are distinctive flies that are often found on flowers, where the adult males primarily feed on nectar and adult females eat protein-rich pollen to produce eggs.[13]
The name "thick-legged hoverfly" comes from the fly's distinctively broad femora. A thick-legged hoverfly has a wing length ranging between 4.25–7 mm (0.167–0.276 in) and a body length between 6.5–9 mm (0.26–0.35 in).[7] Both sexes have apical third of metafemur and a row of spines along the ventral edge. Another distinctive morphological feature is the pair of small white wedge-shaped spots on the fly's thorax directly behind its head.[5] The male femur 3 is strongly thickened. It has no basal protuberance. Tergites 2 and 3 have small, pale marks. Female tergites have similar markings, with ocellar triangle bluish-black, metallic sheen. Side margins of thorax dorsum are dusted. Side and hind margins of tergite 4 are not dusted. See references for determination.[14][15][16][17]
The eyes of Syritta pipiens span over almost the entirety of their heads. Both sexes have similarly sized hemispherical heads, with a diameter of 2 mm. However, the eyes differ among the two sexes in two ways. First, males have holoptic eyes, meaning that their eyes meet in the front, which is a feature common in male syrphid flies.[18] Second, males have enlarged facets (fovea) between the clypeus and ocellar triangle, which are absent in females.[18]
The family Syrphidae divides into four subfamilies: Eristalinae, Microdontinae, Pipizinae, and Syrphinae. Syritta pipiens belong to the subfamily Eristalinae, closely related to the well-known dronefly, Eristalis tenax.[5]
Syritta pipiens have been found across North American as well as Asia since their first introduction from Europe in 1800s. The species is cosmopolitan except for the Afrotropical realm.[19][20][21] It is found wherever there are flowers, as it feeds on and lives around flowers.[18] It is also anthropophilic, occurring in farmland, suburban gardens, and urban parks. It is found in mid April to mid October in Ontario; in Europe, it flies from March to November, as most records show, but it is also likely that it flies all year round in southern European regions where it is warmer.[7][8] At the larval stage, the species inhabits wetlands that are in proximity to bodies of freshwater such as lakes, ponds, rivers, ditches.[8]
Syritta pipiens goes through three adolescent stages – eggs, larvae, and puparia – followed by the fourth life stage of the adult. Larvae develop in moist and rotting organic matter, so different stages of the fly have been found variously in the manures of cows, horses, and guinea pigs, in human waste and decaying heaps of vegetable waste, and in garden compost.
The larva has a length of 10 mm, a width of 2.75 mm, and a height of 2 mm.[8] The body is dim yellow and tapers at both ends, at the false head and more narrowly at the posterior end, where the broadest part of the body is from the fifth to the ninth segment.[8] A false head is a feature of the insect used to deflect predators' attack from its head. It is usually on the insect's tail, or the opposite end from its head. Moreover, the larva has white, microscopic hairs covered over its entire body.[8] It also has three pairs of posterior fleshy processes, among which the first is the shortest and the last the longest, as well as seven pairs of prolegs, each of which has two dozen hooklets.[8]
The puparium has a length of 6.8 mm, a width of 2.95 mm, and a height of 2.68 mm.[8] It is of colours yellowish white and dull brown, with an elongated oval body shape. It maintains remnants of the three pairs of posterior fleshy processes from the larval stage; however, the prolegs disappear.[8]
Larval forms of Syritta pipiens feed on decaying organic matter.[22]
Adult flies feed on the flowers of water-willow (Dianthera americana L.), white vervain (Verbena urticifolia L.), American pokeweed (Phytolacca decandra L.), and candyleaf (Stevia rebaudiana).[23][24] They pollinate bluebell flowers (Campanula rotundifolia L.), which is a perennial herbaceous plant, with blue flowers.[23][25]
List of flowers they also visit: Achillea, Allium, Aster, Calluna, Cardamine, Cirsium palustre, Convolvulus, Crataegus, Epilobium, Euphorbia, Galium, Jasione montana, Leontodon, Polygonum cuspidatum, Potentilla erecta, Prunus laurocerasus, Ranunculus, Rosa canina, Senecio jacobaea, Sorbus aucuparia, Tussilago.[8]
Syritta pipiens is eaten by Pennsylvania ambush bug (Phymata pennsylvanica).[23] It is also suspected to be a prey of willow flycatchers, as the flies have been found in the birds' fecal samples.[13] Flower flies are likely to be a prey of flycatchers, because they occur in high abundance across seasons and are active in early mornings when flycatchers like to feed.[13]
Syrphids experience parasitism at the larval stage of development. Nearly 60% of parasitism in syrphid larvae are by parasitic wasps such as Diplazon sp. and Pachyneuron sp., which oviposit their eggs into the larval bodies.[11]
Syritta pipiens flies at a very low height, rarely more than 1 m (3 ft 3 in) above ground.[8] Adult flies sometimes cruise around ignoring other flies, but males sometimes turn towards other flies, circle around them and make sudden darts if they are females, attempting to force copulations with them.[18] More specifically, males point their heads at the target and move rapidly in an arc centered around the target fly they are tracking, even when the target fly settles.[18] When the target fly is another male, the two males may oscillate sideways while both try to track the other fly; they may also signal to other male fly that they are of the same sex by meeting them head on in flight.[18]
Males' tracking behavior in flight potentially serves as a function for mating, as such behavior often ends with a sharp dart towards the target fly after it has settled.[18] During those rapid movements, the male fly maintains an acceleration rate at about 500 cm/s2 until just before it lands and is prepared for copulation.[18] In this way, males accurately track females, aiming to attempt forced copulation.[18] Males Syritta pipiens also use motion camouflage when they approach female, so as to remain cryptic and become more successful in forcing copulation.
Flower flies (the family Syrphidae) are critical and one of the most common bio-control agents of plant pests because their larvae feed on aphids.[9] As one of the exceptions, Syritta pipiens specializes in organic waste, leaving the predation to other members of the family.[11]
They are also recyclers of plant and animal debris, important pollinators a variety of common plants, as well as pests for certain ornamental plants.[10] Because they play an important role in supporting the functionality of the environment, flower flies also serve as bio-indicators of environmental health, demonstrating the effects of climate change on pollinators.[10] Their abundance is closely linked to agricultural landscapes and arable lands and is contingent upon the density of flowering plants available. Thus, landscape changes can very easily have an impact on the organism's density, and result in further cascades of consequences.[26]
.JPG)
{{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help); Missing or empty |title= (help) Syritta pipiens, sometimes called the thick-legged hoverfly, is one of the most common species in the insect family Syrphidae. This fly originates from Europe and is currently distributed across Eurasia and North America. They are fast and nimble fliers, and their larvae are found in wet, rotting organic matter such as garden compost, manure, and silage. The species is also commonly found in human-created environments such as most farmland, gardens, and urban parks, wherever there are flowers. This species is an important part of its native ecosystem as adult Syritta pipiens flies are critical pollinators for a variety of flowering plants and the species supports parasitism by various parasitic wasp species. Thus, they play an important role in environmental functionality, and can serve as bio-indicators, in which their abundance can reflect the health of the environment. Syritta pipiens looks like many predatory hoverfly species, yet is not predatory.
De menuetzweefvlieg (Syritta pipiens) is een vliegensoort uit de familie van de zweefvliegen (Syrphidae).[1] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1758 door Linnaeus.
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
Råteflue (Syritta pipiens (Linnaeus, 1758) ) er en ganske liten flue som tilhører familien blomsterfluene.
Den er blant de vanligste blomsterflueartene i Norge om sommeren. Den finnes over hele landet, men er mest vanlig i Sør-Norge.
Råteflua er en ganske liten, mørk blomsterflue med kraftige lår på bakbeina. Leggene på bakbeina har ringer i gul-orange og svart.
Ansiktet er gult. På hodet er den to store, mørke fasettøyne. Hos hannene møtes øynene på toppen av hodet, mens det hos hunnene er en tynn pannestripe mellom fasettøynene.
Bakkroppen har mønster i gult og svart. Hvert av bakkroppsleddene er mørke, men det er et smal lyst felt i framkanten. Scutellum skiller seg ikke fra brystets ryggside som er skinnenede blankt og svart, med en brun puddring. Brystets sider har noen lyse felt like ved vingefestene.
Råteflue kan påtreffes i åpen skog og særlig på gress- og blomsterenger. Den besøker blomster eller sitter og soler seg på et blad.
Larvene lever i forskjellige slags råtnende plantemateriale. Alle fluer gjennomgår en fullstendig forvandling, med et puppestadium mellom stadiet som larve og voksen.
Slekten Syritta omfatter bare en norsk art.
Råteflue (Syritta pipiens (Linnaeus, 1758) ) er en ganske liten flue som tilhører familien blomsterfluene.
Den er blant de vanligste blomsterflueartene i Norge om sommeren. Den finnes over hele landet, men er mest vanlig i Sør-Norge.
Kompostblomfluga (Syritta pipiens) är en art i insektsordningen tvåvingar som tillhör familjen blomflugor.
Kompostblomflugan är en liten långsmal blomfluga som blir mellan 7 och 9 millimeter lång. Baklåren är karakteristiskt uppsvällda och huvudet är stort med stora ögon, speciellt hos hanen, och är ungefär lika långt som brett. Ryggskölden är svart och bakkroppen är svart med gula parfläckar på tergiterna två och tre. De uppsvällda baklåren har taggar på undersidan. Utseendet är så speciellt att det inte finns någon annan art i Sverige som den kan förväxlas med.
Kompostblomflugan påträffas överallt där det finns organiskt material under nedbrytning. Hanen hävdar revir i närheten av blommor. Larverna lever på mikroorganismer i fuktigt organiskt material, till exempel komposter och kospillning. De vuxna flugorna kan ses på många olika blommor. Flygtiden varar i Sverige från början av maj till början av oktober.
Kompostblomflugan är vanlig i hela Norden. Den har en världsvid utbredning och finns i alla världsdelar utom Antarktis.
Pipiens betyder pipande på latin. Förmodligen syftande på att flugorna har ett pipande ljud.
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör kompostblomfluga.
Kompostblomfluga (Syritta pipiens) är en art i insektsordningen tvåvingar som tillhör familjen blomflugor.
Syritta pipiens là một loài ruồi trong họ Ruồi giả ong (Syrphidae). Loài này được Linnaeus mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1758. Syritta pipiens phân bố ở vùng Cổ Bắc giới[1][2]
Bài viết phân họ ruồi giả ong Eristalinae này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Syritta pipiens là một loài ruồi trong họ Ruồi giả ong (Syrphidae). Loài này được Linnaeus mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1758. Syritta pipiens phân bố ở vùng Cổ Bắc giới
Syritta pipiens (лат.) — вид мух-журчалок из подсемейства Syrphinae.
Syritta pipiens населяет Мексику, Евразию и Восток. Этот вид один из двух (ещё Syritta flaviventris) представителей рода населяющих Неарктику.
Взрослые особи питаются нектаром цветов различных травяных растений. Личинки питаются навозом коров и иногда встречаются в силосе, навозе и компосте. Взрослые населят поля и луга богатые цветочными растениями.
Самец
Syritta pipiens (лат.) — вид мух-журчалок из подсемейства Syrphinae.
