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Comments ( anglais )

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Before 1850, Juglans hindsii was restricted to a few locations (J. R. Griffin and W. B. Critchfield 1972). It has been widely used as a rootstock for grafting J . regia and has been planted extensively in many parts of California for this purpose. It is now naturalized in many areas where it apparently did not occur before the introduction of commercial walnut growing. Possibly some of these naturalized populations are introgressed with J . nigra , since spontaneous hybridization between J . hindsii and J . nigra has been reported in areas where both species have been planted. These hybrids are difficult to distinguish from J . hindsii unless fruit are present. Currently most commercial walnut orchards use hybrid rootstocks, usually J . hindsii × J . regia (G. H. McGranahan and P. B. Catlin 1987).
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Description ( anglais )

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Trees , 6-23 m. Bark light or medium gray, split into smooth or ± scaly plates. Twigs with distal edge of leaf scar shallowly to deeply notched, not bordered by well-defined band of pubescence; pith light brown. Terminal buds ellipsoid to oblong, flattened, 6-8 mm. Leaves 22-45 cm; petiole 3-8 cm. Leaflets 13-21, narrowly triangular to lanceolate, symmetric or weakly falcate, (5.6-)7.3-13 × (1-)1.9-2.8 cm, margins serrate, apex acuminate; surfaces abaxially glabrous or with sparse glands, sparse glands and few capitate-glandular hairs scattered along major veins, fasciculate hairs conspicuously tufted in axils of proximal veins, sometimes also on adjacent blade and edges of midrib, adaxially glabrous or with scattered scales, major veins glabrous or with sparse scattering of glands and few capitate-glandular hairs, without nonglandular hairs; terminal leaflet well developed. Staminate catkins 6-15 cm; stamens 20-40 per flower; pollen sacs 1-1.4 mm. Fruits 1-2, globose, 3.5-5 cm; nuts ovoid to ovoid-globose, 2.4-3.2 cm, smooth or nearly so or shallowly and indistinctly ridged or grooved.
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Distribution ( anglais )

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Calif.
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Flowering/Fruiting ( anglais )

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Flowering spring (Apr-May).
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Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Habitat ( anglais )

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Along streams, sometimes on disturbed slopes; of conservation concern; 0-300m.
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Synonym ( anglais )

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Juglans californica S. Watson var. hindsii Jepson
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Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Juglans hindsii ( allemand )

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Juglans hindsii (Claro Walnuss) ist eine auf Kalifornien und Oregon beschränkte Baumart der Gattung Walnüsse (Juglans). Sie ist als Pfropfunterlage für die Echte Walnuss in Kalifornien von wirtschaftlicher Bedeutung.

Merkmale

Juglans hindsii ist ein 6 bis 23 Meter hoher Baum. Seine Borke ist hell- bis mittelgrau und splittert in glatten oder schuppigen Platten ab. Die Zweige sind mit der distalen Kante der Blattnarbe, in der sie stehen, schwach bis tief eingekerbt. Sie sind auch nicht von einem gut umgrenzten Band von Haaren umgeben. Die endständigen Knospen sind ellipsoidisch bis länglich, abgeflacht und 6 bis 8 mm lang.

Die Blätter sind unpaarig gefiedert und 22 bis 45 cm lang, der Blattstiel 3 bis 8 cm. Die 13 bis 21 Fiederblättchen sind schmal dreieckig bis lanzeolat, symmetrisch oder leicht sichelförmig, 7,3 bis 13 cm lang und 1,9 bis 2,8 cm breit. Der Blattrand ist gesägt, das Blattende zugespitzt. Die Blattunterseite ist kahl oder mit einzelnen Drüsenhaaren besetzt, an den Hauptnerven sitzen einzelne Drüsen und wenige kopfig-drüsige Haare. In den Achseln der Nerven nahe dem Blattgrund stehen auffällige Haare, die manchmal auf die Spreite reichen. Die Blattoberseite ist kahl oder mit verstreuten Schuppen besetzt, die Hauptnerven sind kahl oder mit verstreuten Drüsen und wenigen köpfchen-drüsigen Haaren besetzt, einfache Haare fehlen. Das endständige Fiederblättchen ist gut entwickelt.

Die männlichen Kätzchen sind 6 bis 15 cm lang, jede Blüte besitzt 20 bis 40 Staubblätter. Die Pollensäcke sind 1 bis 1,4 mm lang. Die Blüte ist im Frühling (April, Mai).

Die Frucht ist kugelig und 2,5 bis 5 cm groß. Die Nüsse sind eiförmig bis eiförmig-kugelig und 2,4 bis 3,2 cm groß. Sie ist glatt oder fast glatt oder besitzt flache und undeutliche Rippen und Furchen.

Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 32.[1]

Verbreitung

Das Verbreitungsgebiet von Juglans hindsii ist auf Kalifornien und Oregon (Jackson County) beschränkt[2]. Vor etwa 1850 wuchs die Art in Kalifornien nur an wenigen Stellen. Aufgrund ihrer weit verbreiteten Verwendung als Unterlage für Pfropfungen der europäischen echten Walnuss wurde sie in weiten Gebieten Kaliforniens angepflanzt und ist in diesen Gebieten verwildert und eingebürgert. Sie bildet hier auch Hybriden mit der echten Walnuss, die heute die häufigsten Wurzelstöcke im kommerziellen Walnussanbau sind.

Juglans hindsii wächst an Flussufern und Hängen vom Meeresniveau bis etwa 300 m Höhe.

Etymologie und Systematik

Der Name Juglans hindsii ehrt den Botaniker Richard Brinsley Hinds (1812–1847), der die Pflanze im Jahr 1837 entdeckte[3]. Die Art wurde früher als Varietät zu Juglans californica gestellt. Die Flora of North America führt sie als eigene Art. Auch molekularbiologische Untersuchungen stützen den Artrang von Juglans hindsii[4][5]

Belege

  • Donald E. Stone: Juglandaceae. In: Flora of North America, Band 3. (online)

Einzelnachweise

  1. Juglans hindsii bei Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
  2. F. Callahan: Hinds Walnut (Juglans hindsii) in Oregon. Kalmiopsis, Band 15, 2008, S. 47, 48
  3. F. Callahan: Hinds Walnut (Juglans hindsii) in Oregon. Kalmiopsis, Band 15, 2008, S. 43
  4. Alice M. Stanford, Rachel Harden, Clifford R. Parks: Phylogeny and biogeography of Juglans (Juglandaceae) based on matK and ITS sequence data. American Journal of Botany, Band 87, 2000, S. 872–882.
  5. M.K. Aradhya, D. Potter, F. Gao, C.J. Simon: Molecular phylogeny of Juglans (Juglandaceae): a biogeographic perspective. Tree Genetics & Genomes, Band 3, 2007, S. 363–378
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Juglans hindsii: Brief Summary ( allemand )

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Juglans hindsii (Claro Walnuss) ist eine auf Kalifornien und Oregon beschränkte Baumart der Gattung Walnüsse (Juglans). Sie ist als Pfropfunterlage für die Echte Walnuss in Kalifornien von wirtschaftlicher Bedeutung.

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Juglans hindsii ( anglais )

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Juglans hindsii, commonly called the Northern California black walnut and Hinds's black walnut, is a species of walnut tree native to the western United States (California and Oregon).[1][2][3] It is commonly called claro walnut by the lumber industry and woodworkers, and is the subject of some confusion over its being the root stock for English walnut orchard stock.

Distribution

The historical range of Juglans hindsii is from the San Joaquin Valley and Sacramento Valley to the Inner Northern California Coast Ranges and San Francisco Bay Area, in Northern California.[2] A 2020 IUCN assessment has extended this range: north to Oregon and south to Southern California, in areas of similar habitat type.[1] The northernmost pre-colonial Juglans hindsii tree was located in Douglas County, Oregon before it was blown over in November 2017. A ring count determined the tree predated the arrival of settlers by approximately 100 years.[4] The Native Plant Society of Oregon has also documented multiple trees of pre-colonial age in Oregon's Rogue Valley.[5]

The tree grows in riparian woodlands, either in mono-species stands, or mixed with California oak species (Quercus spp.) and Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii) trees.

Conservation

Juglans hindsii was formerly assessed as Seriously Endangered on the California Native Plant Society Rare Plant Inventory. In a 2019 revision, the species was upgraded to common.[6] It is threatened by hybridization with orchard trees, urbanization, and habitat conversion to agriculture.

Description

Preserved branch with leaves and some twigs from Juglans hindsii, alongside a ruler and various text boxes. Text includes information that the specimen was collected by Dean Wm Taylor of UC Berkeley at Yosemite National Park
A specimen of Juglans hindsii from the Yosemite Museum

Juglans hindsii is a large tree that grows up to 30–60 feet (9.1–18.3 m) tall in open settings, and may reach over 100 feet (30 m) tall in closed canopy settings. This species normally has a single erect trunk, commonly without branches in the lower half of the tree, and a crown that can be wider than the tree is tall. Trunks may reach 5–6 feet (1.5–1.8 m) in diameter near the base of the tree.[7]

The leaf is approximately 1 foot (0.30 m) long, with 13–21 leaflets per leaf, each 2-5" long, with dentate margins. Unlike the Southern California walnut, the vein angles bear tufts of hair.

The nut has a smooth, brown, thick shell, that contains a small edible nutmeat.[8]

Allergenicity

Hind's Walnut (Juglans hindsii) is a severe allergen. Pollination: Occurs in following seasons depending on latitude and elevation: Spring. [9]

Uses

Cultivation

Juglans hindsii has been commercially important as a rootstock for orchard stock of Juglans regia (English walnut) trees all over the world. It is also used as a parent to the fast-growing Luther Burbank hybrid rootstock, commonly called "Paradox" (Juglans hindsii x Juglans regia).[10]

Ornamental tree

The Northern California walnut is cultivated by specialty California native plant nurseries. It is used as an ornamental tree in traditional and wildlife gardens, and for habitat gardens, natural landscaping projects, and climate compatible drought tolerant gardens. The tree is also planted in habitat restoration projects.

Pests

Juglans hindsii is infested by Rhagoletis juglandis, commonly known as the walnut husk fly, which lays its eggs in the husks of walnut fruit. R. juglandis infests other varieties of walnut trees as well, such as Juglans regia (the English or Persian walnut), Juglans rupestris (a species of walnut indigenous to Arizona and Texas), and Juglans hindsii (the California black walnut).[11]

Lumber

The wood of Juglans hindsii is commonly called claro walnut by the lumber industry and woodworkers.[12] It is highly figured with a rich brown color and striking grain patterns, especially in the crotch areas, where large limbs meet the trunk.[13] It is used in small quantities to make fine furniture and gun stocks, and sold as slabs to make large natural-top tables because of its durability, good working properties, and swirling iridescent figure.

Some confusion exists about the nature of claro walnut because Juglans hindsii is commonly used as the rootstock of orchard trees. The section below the original graft is claro walnut wood, while the section above is the lighter-colored English walnut. Some woodworkers take advantage of this by making the color change a feature of their work.[14]

Taxonomy

The current classification of the plant is as a distinct species.[2] Some botanists and the 1993 edition of "The Jepson Manual" had classified it as Juglans californica subsp. hindsii, a subspecies of Juglans californica (Southern California black walnut).[15][16]

References

  1. ^ a b c Barstow, M. (2020). "Juglans hindsii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T62019703A62019705. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T62019703A62019705.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c Jepson Herbarium (2013): Juglans hindsii
  3. ^ Calflora: Juglans hindsii . 10.1.2013
  4. ^ "Hinds Walnut - Oregon Travel Information Council". oregontic.com. Retrieved 2022-10-22.
  5. ^ Callahan, Frank (2008). "Hinds Walnut in Oregon" (PDF).
  6. ^ "Juglans hindsii". Inventory of Rare and Endangered Plants of California. California Native Plant Society. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
  7. ^ "Baker Hardwoods".
  8. ^ Kershner, Mathews, Nelson, and Spellenberg, National Wildlife Federation field Guide to Trees of North America, 2008, Chanticleer Press, Inc. p. 229
  9. ^ "Hind's Walnut (Juglans hindsii) Species Details and Allergy Info, Santa clara county, California".
  10. ^ UC Davis Nut Production: Walnut Rootstock & Scion Selection . Biology and Technology of Fruit & Nut Production . accessed 10.1.2013
  11. ^ Boyce, A.M. (December 1929). "The Walnut Husk Fly (Rhagoletis juglandis Cresson)". Journal of Economic Entomology. 22: 861–866.
  12. ^ Taunton.com: Finewood Working — "Claro walnut"
  13. ^ NW timber.com Archived 2011-01-28 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ Mcfaddenfurniture.com: 'armoire'
  15. ^ Jepson Manual (1993) Treatment for Juglans californica subsp. hindsii — R. E. Sm.; Hickman, James C., ed. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. 1993.
  16. ^ Calflora: "Juglans californica var. hindsii is not an active name in the Calflora species table." . accessed 10.1.2013
  • "Some preliminary observations on the California black walnut (Juglans californica)" — Anderson, E. N.; Fremontia: A Journal of the California Native Plant Society. January 2002.

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Juglans hindsii: Brief Summary ( anglais )

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Juglans hindsii, commonly called the Northern California black walnut and Hinds's black walnut, is a species of walnut tree native to the western United States (California and Oregon). It is commonly called claro walnut by the lumber industry and woodworkers, and is the subject of some confusion over its being the root stock for English walnut orchard stock.

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Juglans hindsii ( vietnamien )

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Juglans hindsii là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Juglandaceae. Loài này được Jeps. ex R.E. Sm. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1909.[1]

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Juglans hindsii. Truy cập ngày 14 tháng 9 năm 2013.

Liên kết ngoài


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết Bộ Cử (Fagales) này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Juglans hindsii: Brief Summary ( vietnamien )

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Juglans hindsii là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Juglandaceae. Loài này được Jeps. ex R.E. Sm. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1909.

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Орех Гиндса ( russe )

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Латинское название Juglans hindsii Jeps. ex R. E. Sm. Синонимы

Juglans californica var. hindsii Jeps. basionym

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Систематика
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ITIS 19251 NCBI 91216

Оре́х Ги́ндса (Juglans hindsii) — вид растений из рода Орех (род) (Орех Juglans) семейства Ореховые (Juglandaceae), произрастающий в США. Видовое название дано в честь ботаника Richard Brinsley Hinds (1812—1847), который обнаружил растение в 1837 году[1].

Ботаническое описание

Дерево высотой до 15 метров (иногда до 25 м) с тёмно-серо-коричневатой растрескивающейся корой. Листья непарноперистые, с 15—19 ланцетовидными листочками. Цветки раздельнополые: тычиночные в серёжках, пестичные собраны в кисти по 7—8 штук. Плоды шаровидные, диаметром до 5 см, эндокарп (орех) диаметром до 3,5 см, с толстой скорлупой.

Применение

Ядра орехов съедобны, используются так же, как и ядра грецкого ореха. Орех Гиндса введён в культуру с 1878 года, особенно популярен в Калифорнии, где широко используется в качестве декоративного растения в озеленении городов[2].

Широко известны очень быстро растущие гибриды этого вида «Paradox» (Juglans hindsii × Juglans regia) и «Royal» (Juglans hindsii × Juglans nigra), полученные Лютером Бёрбанком[2][3]

Примечания

  1. F. Callahan: Hinds Walnut (Juglans hindsii) in Oregon. Kalmiopsis, Band 15, 2008, S. 43
  2. 1 2 Орехоплодные лесные и садовые культуры / Ф. Л. Щепотьев, А. А. Рихтер, Ф. А. Павленко и др. — 2-е, перераб. и доп. — М.: Агропромиздат, 1985. — С. 200—201. — 224 с.
  3. Alfred Rehder. Manual of cultivated trees and shrubs hardy in North America. — New York: The Macmillan company, 1949. — С. 118. (англ.)
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Орех Гиндса: Brief Summary ( russe )

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Оре́х Ги́ндса (Juglans hindsii) — вид растений из рода Орех (род) (Орех Juglans) семейства Ореховые (Juglandaceae), произрастающий в США. Видовое название дано в честь ботаника Richard Brinsley Hinds (1812—1847), который обнаружил растение в 1837 году.

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