dcsimg

Comments ( anglais )

fourni par eFloras
Juglans californica is the most distinctive western walnut, but some care must be taken in identifying it. The distinctive leaflet shape of J . californica is occasionally replicated by early-season leaves of other species. Furthermore, J . californica is distinctive in lacking simple and fasciculate hairs on the leaves, but like most other walnuts, multiradiate hairs are normally present on the young vegetative growth (stems, petioles, and midribs) in the spring. The hairs are usually deciduous early in the growing season. They have short (0.1-0.2 mm), crisped rays and are never clustered or especially associated with vein axils. The fasciculate hairs found in all of our other species (except sometimes J . microcarpa ) are persistent, have longer (0.3-0.4 mm), straight rays, and are concentrated in clusters abaxially in the axils of the main lateral veins.
licence
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
citation bibliographique
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
rédacteur
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
projet
eFloras.org
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
eFloras

Description ( anglais )

fourni par eFloras
Shrubs or small trees , to 6-9 m. Bark light or medium gray, divided into rough plates. Twigs with distal edge of leaf scar notched, often shallowly so, glabrescent or bordered by poorly defined velvety patch; pith brown. Terminal buds ovoid to ellipsoid, somewhat flattened, 5-6 mm. Leaves 15-24 cm; petiole 2-5 cm. Leaflets (9-)11-15(-17), usually narrowly oblong-elliptic to lance-elliptic, occasionally lanceolate, symmetric or weakly falcate, 4.3-9.5 × 1.6-2.6 cm, margins finely serrate, apex rounded to acute; surfaces abaxially without tufts of hair in vein axils, abaxially and adaxially glabrous with scales but no hairs, main veins glandular, often sparsely so, leaflets without nonglandular hairs (except for multiradiate hairs early in season); terminal leaflet well developed. Staminate catkins 5-14 cm; stamens 15-35 per flower; pollen sacs 0.6-1 mm. Fruits 1-3, globose, 2.1-3.5 cm, smooth, at first glandular, with scattered scales, soon glabrescent; nuts depressed-globose, 1.8-2.2(-2.5) cm, shallowly grooved, surface between grooves smooth.
licence
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
citation bibliographique
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
rédacteur
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
projet
eFloras.org
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
eFloras

Distribution ( anglais )

fourni par eFloras
Calif.
licence
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
citation bibliographique
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
rédacteur
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
projet
eFloras.org
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
eFloras

Flowering/Fruiting ( anglais )

fourni par eFloras
Flowering spring (Mar-May).
licence
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
citation bibliographique
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
rédacteur
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
projet
eFloras.org
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
eFloras

Habitat ( anglais )

fourni par eFloras
Hillsides and canyons; 30-900m.
licence
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
citation bibliographique
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
rédacteur
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
projet
eFloras.org
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
eFloras

Common Names ( anglais )

fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
southern California walnut
California walnut
California black walnut
southern California black walnut
licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Esser, Lora. 1993. Juglans californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Conservation Status ( anglais )

fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: natural, woodland

Southern California walnut woodland is severely threatened by
urbanization. The Nature Conservancy, in cooperation with the state of
California, is giving high priority to aquiring vegetative/habitat data
on the woodland. They list it as one of California's rare and imperiled
natural communities [1,5].
licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Esser, Lora. 1993. Juglans californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Cover Value ( anglais )

fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: cover

Larger southern California walnut trees provide excellent cover for
deer, nesting birds, and rodents [25]. Raptors such as owls use the
upper reaches of trees as roosts and nesting places. California ground
squirrels dig burrows at the bases of old trees [25].
licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Esser, Lora. 1993. Juglans californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Description ( anglais )

fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: fruit, indehiscent, monoecious, shrubs, tree, woodland

Southern California walnut is a native, deciduous tree that grows from
20 to 49 feet (6-15 m) tall [15,21]. It varies considerably in
morphology according to the age of the tree and site characteristics.
Trees in savanna woodland tend to have multiple trunks which grow
outward from a ring at the base, giving younger trees the appearance of
"V"-shaped shrubs. Trees in more dense stands tend to be single-stemmed
and taller [13,25]. The strongly scented trunk is blackish brown and
becomes deeply furrowed with age [15]. The root system is extensive,
often with a deep taproot [11]. The leaves are 1.5 to 3 inches (3.5-7.5
cm) long [15]. Southern California walnut trees live to be about 100
years old [11].

Southern California walnut is monoecious [15,21]. Slender staminate
catkins develop on the wood of the previous year. Pistillate flowers
are borne singly or in clusters in short terminal spikes on the current
year's growth [4]. The globose fruit is contained in an indehiscent
husk or shell that does not open at maturity [4,15].
licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Esser, Lora. 1993. Juglans californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution ( anglais )

fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
Southern California walnut is endemic to California [10]. The current
distribution of southern California walnut-dominated forests and
woodlands is limited to the Santa Clarita River drainage in the vicinity
of Sulphur Mountain, small stands in the Simi Hills and Santa Susana
Mountains, the north slope of the Santa Monica Mountains, and the San
Jose, Puente, and Chino hills. The best remaining stands are in the San
Jose Hills [8]. Outside of this range, southern California walnut
occurs in Santa Barbara, western San Bernardino, and northern San Diego
counties [25]. It is conspicuously absent from the coastal foothills of
the Santa Ana Mountains, San Diego County [33].

Southern california walnut is cultivated in Hawaii [38].
licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Esser, Lora. 1993. Juglans californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Ecology ( anglais )

fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: fire regime, lignotuber

Southern California walnut has large woody platforms at the soil
surface. The platforms shield the meristematic tissue beneath them from
fire. After fire, sprouts surround the platforms, resulting in multiple
trunks [25]. According to Quinn [25], the basal platforms are an
adaptation to fire similar to the lignotuber.

Most southern California walnut woodlands are subject to periodic fires.
Fire is an annual possibility in most locations, where dead annual
grasses are present beneath and between the trees during the summer fire
season [25].

FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Esser, Lora. 1993. Juglans californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Management Considerations ( anglais )

fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
In plant communities near urban areas, the overstory of oak and walnut
is a special resource that managers usually protect from fire. However,
the understory of these forests can be burned during cool weather to
eliminate accumulated ground fuels and produce a shaded fuelbreak [28].

Quinn [25] suggested that prescribed fires of low intensity, at intervals
of several years, be tested for their effects on southern California
walnut communities.
licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Esser, Lora. 1993. Juglans californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification) ( anglais )

fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

More info for the term: phanerophyte

Phanerophyte
licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Esser, Lora. 1993. Juglans californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat characteristics ( anglais )

fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: mesic

Southern California walnut occurs in a mediterranean climate,
characterized by mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers [12]. Trees
generally occur on mesic sites such as north slopes, creekbeds, canyon
bottoms, and alluvial terraces [5,19,25]. Trees grow best in deep,
alluvial soils with high water-holding capacity. Soils are high in
clay content [10,25]. At California State Polytechnic University, soils
beneath walnut forests are 3.3 feet (1 m) deep [25].

Elevation: Although southern California walnut has been successfully
planted at elevations up to 3,500 feet (1,066 m), it usually occurs from
500 to 2,500 feet (150-760 m) elevation [1,25].
licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Esser, Lora. 1993. Juglans californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Cover Types ( anglais )

fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

246 California black oak
248 Knobcone pine
249 Canyon live oak
250 Blue oak - Digger pine
255 California coast live oak
licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Esser, Lora. 1993. Juglans californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Ecosystem ( anglais )

fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES34 Chaparral - mountain shrub
licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Esser, Lora. 1993. Juglans californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Plant Associations ( anglais )

fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

K030 California oakwoods
K033 Chaparral
K035 Coastal sagebrush
licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Esser, Lora. 1993. Juglans californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Immediate Effect of Fire ( anglais )

fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
Southern California walnut trees are top-killed by most fires [25].
licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Esser, Lora. 1993. Juglans californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Importance to Livestock and Wildlife ( anglais )

fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: woodland

Southern California walnut forests and woodlands provide favorable
habitat for a number of vertebrates and invertebrates. A 2-year survey
in a southern California walnut woodland in the San Jose Hills found 29
species of diurnal birds [25]. Many rodents, including California
ground squirrels and western gray squirrels, eat the nuts [11,25]. The
nuts are rarely eaten by deer [25].
licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Esser, Lora. 1993. Juglans californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Key Plant Community Associations ( anglais )

fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: codominant, forest, hardwood, phase, woodland

Southern California walnut woodland may be monospecific or mixed. Coast
live oak (Quercus agrifolia) frequently codominants in the walnut
woodland [13]. Between Santa Barbara and Orange counties, southern
California walnut is locally dominant or codominant in the coast live
oak phase of oak woodland [1,8]. Narrow, isolated stands of southern
California walnut sometimes occur in chaparral [29]. Occasionally,
southern California walnut is found in coastal sage scrub [9].

Classifications naming southern California walnut as a dominant or
indicator species are as follows:

Community ecology and distribution of California hardwood forests and
woodlands [1]
Californian evergreen forest and woodland [5]
Oak woodland [8]
Vegetation types of the San Gabriel Mountains [9]
Demographic structure of California black walnut (Juglans californica;
Juglandaceae) woodlands in southern California [13]
An introduction to the plant communities of the Santa Ana and San
Jacinto Mountains [33].

Associated species not previously mentioned include arroyo willow (Salix
lasiolepis), California sycamore (Platanus racemosa), white alder (Alnus
rhombifolia), California bay (Umbellularia californica), laurel sumac
(Malosma laurina), sugar sumac (Rhus ovata), toyon (Heteromeles
arbutifolia), Mexican elder (Sambucus mexicana), redberry (Rhamnus
crocea), coffeeberry (R. californica), hollyleaf cherry (Prunus
ilicifolia), birchleaf mountain-mahogany (Cercocarpus betuloides),
California scrub oak (Quercus dumosa), poison-oak (Toxicodendron
diversilobum), spiny ceanothus (Ceanothus spinosus), bigpod ceanothus
(C. megacarpus), California sagebrush (Artemisia californica),
California buckwheat (Eriogonum fasciculatum), black sage (Salvia
mellifera), fuschia-flower gooseberry (Ribes speciosum), brome (Bromus
spp.), wild oat (Avena fatua), sweetscented bedstraw (Galium triflorum),
rape mustard (Brassica rapa), wildrye (Elymus spp.), and Mexican whorled
milkweed (Asclepias fascicularis) [9,13,14,18,24,28].
licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Esser, Lora. 1993. Juglans californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Life Form ( anglais )

fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: tree

Tree
licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Esser, Lora. 1993. Juglans californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Management considerations ( anglais )

fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: woodland

Southern California walnut communities are in decline [5,10]. Threats
include urban and rural development, overgrazing, and increased
recreational use of walnut woodlands [14,25]. In Aliso Creek, Chino
Hills State Park, cattle grazing initiated dry conditions, which were
worsened by a 5-year drought. The resulting very dry environment
hindered survival of walnut seedlings [14]. Grazing has been the
principal economic activity in California walnut forests and woodlands
for 200 years. The species composition of the southern California
walnut woodland understory in the Puente and San Jose hills is
attributed to overgrazing by cattle [25].

Pathogens: Southern California walnut is highly susceptible to crown
(Phytophthora spp.) rots. Walnuts planted in soil infested with P.
citricola and flooded for 48 hours biweekly showed reduced growth and
high rates of mortality [17].

In the San Jose Hills, southern California walnut develop heart rot
between 20 to 30 years of age. Portions of the trunk and older limbs
subsequently become infested with termites and wood-boring beetles.
Older multistemmed trees often have some stems that are healthy, some
with heart rot, and others that are dead [25].
licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Esser, Lora. 1993. Juglans californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Occurrence in North America ( anglais )

fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
CA HI
licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Esser, Lora. 1993. Juglans californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Other uses and values ( anglais )

fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
Humans eat the nuts of southern California walnut, but the nuts are not
grown commercially [25]. Chumash Indians ate the walnuts and used the
nutshells for dice. They used the bark for making baskets [31].
Southern California walnut is suitable for ornamental landscaping and is
widely planted in urban forestry projects [11,13].
licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Esser, Lora. 1993. Juglans californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Phenology ( anglais )

fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

More info for the terms: fruit, mesic, tree

Southern California walnut leaves appear in January and February, with
all trees in full leaf by March [25]. Trees on warmer or drier sites
develop leaves several weeks earlier than those in cooler, more mesic
locations. Flowering begins about the same time as leaf production,
with fruits developing to full size during spring. By late summer
fruits have matured. Fruit abscission begins in October and November,
but some fruits remain on the tree throughout winter [25].
licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Esser, Lora. 1993. Juglans californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Plant Response to Fire ( anglais )

fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: root crown

Southern California walnut recovers well from fire. It sprouts
vigorously from the trunk and root crown when top-killed by fire, but
does not produce seedlings, an indication that most seeds are killed by
fire [11]. In Los Angeles County, 10-year-old southern California
walnuts were severely burned. Sprouts from the root crowns reached
5 feet (1.5 m) during postfire year 1 [11]. Southern California walnut
was sprouting from the root crown 3 years and 8 months after a fire in
Big Sycamore Canyon, Ventura County, in the fall of 1973 [29].

Several hundred trees were burned in July 1989 at California State
Polytechnic University. One year after fire there was no evidence of
dead trees, even though most of the branches and stems had been
top-killed. Almost all of the trees sprouted from the root crown within
6 weeks of the fire [25].
licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Esser, Lora. 1993. Juglans californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Post-fire Regeneration ( anglais )

fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
Tree with adventitious-bud root crown/soboliferous species root sucker
licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Esser, Lora. 1993. Juglans californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regeneration Processes ( anglais )

fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: fruit, root crown, seed

Sexual reproduction: Southern California walnut produces seed at 5 to 8
years of age [4]. Variations in precipitation from year to year can
affect fruit production and seedling establishment. In drought years
little or no fruit is produced [13]. Seeds do not have a dormancy
period and usually germinate within 4 weeks of dispersal [4,13]. In the
spring in the San Jose Hills, densities of 4,742 seedlings per acre
(2,000/ha) have been reported [25]. The western gray squirrel may be an
important dispersal agent for walnut seed [25].

Vegetative reproduction: Southern California walnut sprouts from the
root crown and trunk following cutting or burning [25,29].
licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Esser, Lora. 1993. Juglans californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regional Distribution in the Western United States ( anglais )

fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

3 Southern Pacific Border
7 Lower Basin and Range
licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Esser, Lora. 1993. Juglans californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Taxonomy ( anglais )

fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
The currently accepted scientific name for California black walnut is
Juglans californica S. Watson [19,25,37]. There are two varieties: J.
c. var. californica (southern california black walnut) and J. c. var.
hindsii Jepson (northern California black wanut). California black
walnut hybridizes readily with black walnut (J. nigra) and English
walnut (J. regia).
licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Esser, Lora. 1993. Juglans californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

U.S. Federal Legal Status ( anglais )

fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
None [37]
licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Esser, Lora. 1993. Juglans californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites ( anglais )

fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
Southern California walnut has been successfully planted for erosion
control on road slopes with deep soil at elevations below 3,500 feet
(1,066 m). Best growth is achieved in partial shade [11]. In Los
Angeles County, southern California walnut was planted in brush wattles
during construction of a road fill. Trees reached heights of 12 feet
(3.7 m) in 10 years [11].
licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Esser, Lora. 1993. Juglans californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Juglans californica ( catalan ; valencien )

fourni par wikipedia CA

La noguera de Califòrnia (Juglans californica), noguera negra de Califòrnia o millor noguera del sud de Califòrnia (per distingir-la de la noguera de Hinds o noguera del nord de Califòrnia Juglans hindsii) del gènere Juglans és una espècie de gran arbust o petit arbre de 6-9(17) m d'alçària i que pertany a la família juglandàcies. És un endemisme de Califòrnia.

Descripció

Aquesta espècie pot ser un arbust gran amb 1-5 troncs, o arbre petit, d'un sol tronc. El tronc principal pot desenvolupar-se prop del terra, fent que sembli com dos arbres que han crescut junts i després es van separar. Té una escorça gruixuda, profundament canalitzada o solcs a la maduresa. Té grans fulles pinnades compostes amb 11-19 folíols lanceolats amb les vores dentades i sense pèl en els angles de les venes.[1] El fruit consisteix en una petita nou dura amb una superfície ranurada, de closca gruixuda que és difícil d'eliminar.

Distribució i hàbitat

J. californica es troba generalment a la part meridional de Califòrnia Coast Ranges, Transverse Ranges, Peninsular Ranges i la Vall Central. Creix com a part dels boscos mixtes, i també als vessants i a les valls on les condicions són favorables. Està amenaçada pel desenvolupament i el sobrepasturatge. Alguns rodals nadius romanen a la zona urbana de Los Angeles a les muntanyes de Santa Monica i Hollywood Hills. J. californica creix en riberes boscoses, tant en rodals d'una sola espècie o barrejat amb roures de Califòrnia (Quercus spp.) i àlbers (Populus fremontii).

Usos

Els indis Chumash de les Illes Anglonormandes de Califòrnia i el comtat de Ventura en menjaven la fruita seca, però aquestes no es produeixen comercialment per a aquest propòsit.

J. californica també es conrea com a arbre ornamental com a planta nativa de Califòrnia, xerojardineria, i hàbitat de vida silvestre de jardins i paisatgisme natural a Califòrnia i a Hawaii.[2][3]

Taxonomia

Juglans californica va ser descrita per Sereno Watson i publicada a Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 10: 349, l'any 1875.[4]

Etimologia

  • Juglans: nom genèric que procedeix del terme llatí Juglans que deriva de Jovis glans, "aglans de Júpiter": figuradament, una nou apropiada per a un déu.
  • californica: epítet geogràfic que fa al·lusió a la seva localització en Califòrnia.

Sinonímia

  • Juglans californica var. californica[5]

Referències

  1. Kershner, Mathews, Nelson, and Spellenberg, National Wildlife Federation field Guide to Trees of North America, 2008, Chanticleer Press, Inc. p. 229
  2. http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_cpn.pl?76333
  3. http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_cpn.pl?Juglans+hindsii&expand=1
  4. «Juglans californica». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. [Consulta: 13 desembre 2012].
  5. «Juglans californica a The Plant List» (en anglès). [Consulta: 11 juliol 2017].

Bibliografia

  • Hickman, James C., ed. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. 1993.
  • Anderson, E. N. "Some preliminary observations on the California black walnut (Juglans californica)" in Fremontia: A Journal of the California Native Plant Society. January 2002.

Enllaços externs

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Juglans californica Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata  src= Podeu veure l'entrada corresponent a aquest tàxon, clade o naturalista dins el projecte Wikispecies.
licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Autors i editors de Wikipedia
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia CA

Juglans californica: Brief Summary ( catalan ; valencien )

fourni par wikipedia CA
 src= Inflorescència

La noguera de Califòrnia (Juglans californica), noguera negra de Califòrnia o millor noguera del sud de Califòrnia (per distingir-la de la noguera de Hinds o noguera del nord de Califòrnia Juglans hindsii) del gènere Juglans és una espècie de gran arbust o petit arbre de 6-9(17) m d'alçària i que pertany a la família juglandàcies. És un endemisme de Califòrnia.

licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Autors i editors de Wikipedia
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia CA

Juglans californica ( anglais )

fourni par wikipedia EN

Juglans californica, the California black walnut, also called the California walnut, or the Southern California black walnut,[1] is a large shrub or small tree (about 20–49 feet (6.1–14.9 m)[3]) of the walnut family, Juglandaceae, endemic to the Central Valley and the Coast Range valleys from Northern to Southern California.

Distribution

Juglans californica is generally found in the valleys and adjacent slopes of the California Coast Ranges, Transverse Ranges, and Peninsular Ranges. It grows as part of mixed woodlands, and also on slopes and in valleys wherever conditions are favorable. It is threatened by development and overgrazing.[1] Some native stands remain in urban Los Angeles in the Santa Monica Mountains, Hollywood Hills, and Repetto Hills. J. californica grows in riparian woodlands, either in single species stands or mixed with California's oaks (Quercus spp.) and cottonwoods (Populus fremontii).

Description

Juglans californica can be either a large shrub with 1–5 trunks, or a small, single-trunked tree. The main trunk can fork close to the ground, making it look like two trees that have grown together, then diverged. It has thick bark, deeply channeled or furrowed at maturity. It has large, pinnately compound leaves with 11–19 lanceolate leaflets with toothed margins and no hair in the vein angles.[4] It has a small hard nut in a shallowly grooved, thick shell that is difficult to remove.

Uses

Food

The nuts are edible[5] and are eaten by the Chumash Indians of the Channel Islands of California and Ventura County as well as by the Tongva of Los Angeles County. They are not grown commercially as food.

Cultivation

Juglans californica is cultivated throughout California to support the walnut industry, used as a rootstock in English walnut orchards. It is also cultivated as an ornamental tree where it is planted in California native plant, xeriscape, and wildlife habitat gardens and natural landscaping in California, and in Hawaii.

Taxonomy

Some authorities (e.g. the California Native Plant Society) combine this species with Juglans hindsii. On the other hand, a 2007 molecular analysis of the genus[6] suggests J. californica is sister to the remaining black walnuts (section Rhysocaryon). This article follows the conventions of The Jepson Manual.[7][8]

References

  1. ^ a b c Stritch, L.; Barstow, M. (2019). "Juglans californica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T35154A61524825. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T35154A61524825.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ Essa, Lora. "Index of Species Information". U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Retrieved April 10, 2013.
  3. ^ "California Black Walnut Trees | City of Walnut, CA". www.cityofwalnut.org. Retrieved 2019-10-17.
  4. ^ Kershner, Mathews, Nelson, and Spellenberg, National Wildlife Federation field Guide to Trees of North America, 2008, Chanticleer Press, Inc. p. 229
  5. ^ Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (2009) [1982]. Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods. New York: Sterling. p. 247. ISBN 978-1-4027-6715-9. OCLC 244766414.
  6. ^ Aradhya, M. K, D. Potter, F. Gao, & C. J. Simon: "Molecular phylogeny of Juglans (Juglandaceae): a biogeographic perspective: Tree Genetics & Genomes (2007)3:363–378
  7. ^ Juglans californica S. Watson var. hindsii Jeps.
  8. ^ Juglans hindsii Jeps. ex R. E. Sm.
licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia EN

Juglans californica: Brief Summary ( anglais )

fourni par wikipedia EN

Juglans californica, the California black walnut, also called the California walnut, or the Southern California black walnut, is a large shrub or small tree (about 20–49 feet (6.1–14.9 m)) of the walnut family, Juglandaceae, endemic to the Central Valley and the Coast Range valleys from Northern to Southern California.

licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia EN

Juglans californica ( espagnol ; castillan )

fourni par wikipedia ES

Juglans californica es una especie de gran arbusto o pequeño árbol que alcanza los un tamaño de 9 m de altura, perteneciente a la familia Juglandaceae. Es un endemismo de California.

 src=
Inflorescencia

Distribución

J. californica se encuentra generalmente en la parte meridional de California Coast Ranges, Transverse Ranges, Peninsular Ranges y el Valle Central. Crece como parte de los bosques mixtos, y también en las laderas y en los valles donde las condiciones son favorables. Está amenazada por el desarrollo y el sobrepastoreo. Algunos rodales nativos permanecen en la zona urbana de Los Ángeles en las montañas de Santa Mónica y Hollywood Hills. J. californica crece en riberas boscosas, tanto en rodales de una sola especie o mezclado con robles de California ( Quercus spp.) y álamos ( Populus fremontii ).

Descripción

Juglans californica puede ser un arbusto grande con 1-5 troncos, o un árbol pequeño, de un solo tronco. El tronco principal puede desarrollarse cerca de la tierra, haciendo que parezca como dos árboles que han crecido juntos y luego se separaron. Tiene una corteza gruesa, profundamente canalizada o surcos en la madurez. Tiene grandes hojas pinnadas compuestas con 11-19 foliolos lanceolados con los bordes dentados y sin pelo en los ángulos de las venas.[1]​ Tiene una pequeña nuez dura con una superficie ranurada, cáscara gruesa que es difícil de eliminar.

Usos

Alimentación

Los indios Chumash de la Islas del Canal de California y el condado de Ventura comían los frutos secos, sin embargo, estas no se producen comercialmente para este propósito.

Cultivo

J. californica se cultiva como árbol ornamental como planta nativa de California, xerojardinería y hábitat de vida silvestre de jardines y paisajismo natural en California, y en Hawái.[2][3]

Taxonomía

Juglans californica fue descrita por Sereno Watson y publicado en Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 10: 349. 1875.[4]

Etimología

Juglans; nombre genérico que procede del término latíno Juglans que deriva de Jovis glans, "bellotas de Júpiter": figuradamente, una nuez apropiada para un dios.

californica: epíteto geográfico que alude a su localización en California.

Sinonimia
  • Juglans californica var. californica[5]

Referencias

  1. Kershner, Mathews, Nelson, and Spellenberg, National Wildlife Federation field Guide to Trees of North America, 2008, Chanticleer Press, Inc. p. 229
  2. http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_cpn.pl?76333
  3. http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_cpn.pl?Juglans+hindsii&expand=1
  4. «Juglans californica». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 13 de diciembre de 2012.
  5. Juglans californica en PlantList

 title=
licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia ES

Juglans californica: Brief Summary ( espagnol ; castillan )

fourni par wikipedia ES

Juglans californica es una especie de gran arbusto o pequeño árbol que alcanza los un tamaño de 9 m de altura, perteneciente a la familia Juglandaceae. Es un endemismo de California.

 src= Inflorescencia
licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia ES

Orzech kalifornijski ( polonais )

fourni par wikipedia POL
Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Orzech kalifornijski (Juglans californica S. Watson) – gatunek drzewa należący do rodziny orzechowatych. Występuje w Ameryce Północnej, wyłącznie na terenie stanu Kalifornia, gdzie rośnie od Santa Barbara po pasmo gór San Bernardino[2][4].

Morfologia

 src=
Liść
 src=
Kwiaty
 src=
Owoce
Pokrój
Niskie drzewo lub krzew, o rozłożystej, szerokiej sylwetce, dorastające do 15 m wysokości[4].
Pień
Krótki, pomarszczony, pokryty bladoszarą korą[4].
Liście
Pierzaste. Składają się z 11-15 lancetowatych listków, każdy z nich osiąga do 5 cm długości. Delikatnie piłkowane, matowozielone, przytwierdzone do osadki liścia za pomocą krótkich omszonych ogonków[4].
Kwiaty
Żółtozielone, przybierają postać kotek i mają do 7,5 cm długości[4].
Owoce
Orzech ze skorupą pokrytą podłużnymi bruzdami[4].

Biologia i ekologia

Fanerofit. Roślina jednopienna, wiatropylna. Kwitnie późną wiosną. Spotykany przy brzegach rzek i strumieni oraz w górskich dolinach[4].

Zagrożenia i ochrona

Orzech kalifornijski wpisany został do Czerwonej księgi gatunków zagrożonych w kategorii gatunek narażony (ang. Vulnerable – VU)[3].

Przypisy

  1. Stevens P.F.: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (ang.). 2001–. [dostęp 2013-07-08].
  2. a b Juglans californica (ang.). W: Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) [on-line]. United States Department of Agriculture. [dostęp 2013-07-08].
  3. a b Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (ang.). [dostęp 08 lipca 2013].
  4. a b c d e f g Tony Russel, Catherine Cutler, Martin Walters: Ilustrowana encyklopedia Drzewa Świata. Kraków: Universitas, 2008, s. 143. ISBN 97883242-0842-5.
licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Autorzy i redaktorzy Wikipedii
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia POL

Orzech kalifornijski: Brief Summary ( polonais )

fourni par wikipedia POL

Orzech kalifornijski (Juglans californica S. Watson) – gatunek drzewa należący do rodziny orzechowatych. Występuje w Ameryce Północnej, wyłącznie na terenie stanu Kalifornia, gdzie rośnie od Santa Barbara po pasmo gór San Bernardino.

licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Autorzy i redaktorzy Wikipedii
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia POL

Kalifornijski oreh ( espagnol ; castillan )

fourni par wikipedia SL

[1]

Družina: Junglandaceae (orehovke)
Rod: Juglans
Sekcija: Rhysocaryon
Vrsta: J. californica
Znanstveno ime Juglans californica
S. Wats. Naravna razširjenost
Naravna razširjenost

Kalifornijski oreh (znanstveno ime Juglans californica) je listopadno drevo iz družine orehovk, ki je samoniklo na jugozahodu Severne Amerike.

Opis

Kalifornijski oreh je lahko velik grm, sestavljen iz do pet debel, lahko pa raste tudi ko posamično drevo. Deblo se lahko rogovilasto razdvoji že pri tleh, tako da včasih izgleda, kot da sta se zrasli dve drevesi. Skorja drevesa je debela in globoko razbrazdana. Listi so sestavljeni iz 11 do 19 manjših lisitčev[2]. Plod je koščičast in vsebuje po en droben oreh z užitnim jedrom. Lupina oreha je izjemno trda.

Reference

  1. Essa, Lora. "Index of Species Information". U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,. Pridobljeno dne 2013.
  2. Kershner, Mathews, Nelson, and Spellenberg, National Wildlife Federation field Guide to Trees of North America, 2008, Chanticleer Press, Inc. p. 229

licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Avtorji in uredniki Wikipedije
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia SL

Kalifornijski oreh: Brief Summary ( espagnol ; castillan )

fourni par wikipedia SL

Kalifornijski oreh (znanstveno ime Juglans californica) je listopadno drevo iz družine orehovk, ki je samoniklo na jugozahodu Severne Amerike.

licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Avtorji in uredniki Wikipedije
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia SL

Орех калифорнийский ( russe )

fourni par wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Растения
Подцарство: Зелёные растения
Отдел: Цветковые
Надпорядок: Rosanae
Порядок: Букоцветные
Семейство: Ореховые
Род: Орех
Вид: Орех калифорнийский
Международное научное название

Juglans californica S. Watson

Охранный статус Wikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
на Викивидах
Commons-logo.svg
Изображения
на Викискладе
ITIS 19249NCBI 91212EOL 594155GRIN t:20728IPNI 30014392-2TPL tro-16700047

Оре́х калифорни́йский (лат. Juglans californica) — деревянистое растение, вид рода Орех (Juglans) семейства Ореховых (Juglandaceae).

Ботаническое описание

 src=
Плоды

Дерево высотой 25 метров. Листья имеют 11—19 мелкозубчатых, туповатых или несколько заострённых листочков длиной 5—10 см и шириной 3—4 см, которые опушены по стержню и жилкам. Тычинок 30—40[2]. Серёжки длиной 5—14 см[3]. Плод — ложная костянка круглой формы, в диаметре достигает 4—5 см, мягко опушенная[2]. Плодов 4—5[3]. Орех продольно-бороздчатый, круглой или яйцевидной формы, с толстой скорлупой, в диаметре достигает 2,5—3,5 см[2]. Цветение происходит с марта по май[3].

Экология и охранный статус

Орех калифорнийский произрастает на склонах и ущельях на высоте 30—900 м[3]. Распространён в США, в штате Калифорния[4].

Орех калифорнийский входит в число уязвимых видов[5]. Эти растения растут изолированными группами, ареал их произрастания сужается. Угрожающими факторами являются урбанизация, выпас скота и низкая репродуктивность[5].

Классификация

Вид Орех калифорнийский входит в род Орех (Juglans) семейство Ореховые (Juglandaceae).


класс Однодольные ещё 7 семейств
(согласно Системе APG II) ещё 24 вида отдел Цветковые растения порядок Букоцветные род Орех царство Растения класс Двудольные семейство Ореховые вид
Орех калифорнийский
ещё около 21 отдела ещё 36 порядков двудольных
(согласно Системе APG II) ещё 7 родов

Примечания

  1. Об условности указания класса двудольных в качестве вышестоящего таксона для описываемой в данной статье группы растений см. раздел «Системы APG» статьи «Двудольные».
  2. 1 2 3 Соколов С. Я. Род 4. Орех — Juglans L. // Деревья и кустарники СССР. Дикорастущие, культивируемые и перспективные для интродукции. / Ред. тома С. Я. Соколов. — М.Л.: Изд-во АН СССР, 1951. — Т. II. Покрытосеменные. — С. 249. — 612 с. — 2500 экз.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Орех калифорнийский (англ.) информация на сайте «Энциклопедия жизни» (EOL).
  4. Орех калифорнийский (англ.): информация на сайте GRIN.
  5. 1 2 Juglans californica (англ.). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Авторы и редакторы Википедии

Орех калифорнийский: Brief Summary ( russe )

fourni par wikipedia русскую Википедию

Оре́х калифорни́йский (лат. Juglans californica) — деревянистое растение, вид рода Орех (Juglans) семейства Ореховых (Juglandaceae).

licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Авторы и редакторы Википедии