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NPIN: Ilex decidua (Possumhaw) ( anglais )

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NPIN: Ilex decidua (Possumhaw) ( anglais )

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Ladybird Johnson Wildflowe Plant Database

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Common Names ( anglais )

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More info for the terms: shrub, swamp, tree

possumhaw
deciduous holly
swamp holly
winterberry
bearberry
Curtiss possumhaw


TAXONOMY:
The scientific name of possumhaw is Ilex decidua Walt. [8, 20].


LIFE FORM:
Tree, Shrub

FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS:
No special status

OTHER STATUS:
Possumhaw is state-listed as threatened in Florida [45].






DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Ilex decidua
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION:
Possumhaw is found throughout the southeastern United States, from
Virginia west to southern Indiana, southern Illinois, and eastern
Kansas; south to Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, south-central Texas,
and northeastern Mexico [8,10].
licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Ilex decidua. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Conservation Status ( anglais )

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Possumhaw is state-listed as threatened in Florida [45].
licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Ilex decidua. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution ( anglais )

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More info for the term: forest

Possumhaw is found throughout the southeastern United States, from
Virginia west to southern Indiana, southern Illinois, and eastern
Kansas; south to Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, south-central Texas,
and northeastern Mexico [8,10].



Possumhaw distribution. 1977 USDA, Forest Service map provided by Thompson and others
[46].

licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Ilex decidua. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Management Considerations ( anglais )

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More info for the term: litter

The mean, ash-free caloric value for possumhaw leaves is 5,311
calories per gram. This value can be used in calculations to predict
heat release during fire on sites with possumhaw litter [12].
licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Ilex decidua. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Key Plant Community Associations ( anglais )

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More info for the terms: cover, tree

Possumhaw is not a dominant or indicator species in habitat
typings. It occurs in a variety of cover types and has a number of
associated species. The most common overstory and midstory associates
not previously mentioned include red maple (Acer rubrum), winged elm
(Ulmus alata), blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica), southern red oak (Quercus
falcata), flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), tree huckleberry
(Vaccinium arboreum), American hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana), American
holly (Ilex opaca), and yaupon (I. vomitoria). Understory associates
include rusty blackhaw (Viburnum rufidulum), Alabama supplejack
(Berchemia scandens), trumpetcreeper (Campis radicans), grapes (Vitis
spp.), and greenbriers (Smilax spp.) [16,18,21,23,26,27,34,37,40].
licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Ilex decidua. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Life Form ( anglais )

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More info for the terms: shrub, tree

Tree, Shrub
licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Ilex decidua. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Management considerations ( anglais )

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More info for the terms: fruit, hardwood

Possumhaw is moderately tolerant to periodic flooding. Mature
trees can withstand flooding of up to 35 percent of the growing season.
Saplings have survived 105 days of flooding from March to July [11].
Near Alton, Illinois, possumhaw maintained vigorous growth through
4 years of continuous flooding, but declined in the fifth year [9]. It
is more likely to survive in frequently flooded plots than is common
persimmon (Diospyros virginiana) or elms (Ulmus spp.) [37].

Possumhaw can suppress regeneration of timber species [10].

Control: Possumhaw is susceptible to stem injection of 2,4-D and
glyphosate [10,22]. Possumhaw seedling counts were highest on
bottomland hardwood sites that had been harvested and site-prepared by
herbicide stem injection of all stems larger than 2 inches (5 cm) d.b.h.
The lowest numbers of possumhaw seedlings occurred on sites that
had been harvested and site-prepared by shearing [14]. When managing
for white-tailed deer, burning or slashing possumhaw stems is
preferable to herbicide application; the sprouts resulting from those
treatments provide deer browse [10].

Possumhaw is a good choice in plantings for wildlife; individual
plant fruit production is consistent from year to year, and a high
percentage (greater than 70 percent) of individuals bear fruit [28].

Increase: Production of possumhaw browse was highest under medium-
thinning intensity in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantations [2].
Possumhaw can be propagated by cuttings [42].
licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Ilex decidua. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Phenology ( anglais )

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More info on this topic.

Possumhaw flowers from March to May [4]. The fruits ripen in
September and persist until the following spring [13]. Seedling
emergence occurs before spring canopy development in early February, and
continues through May [37].
licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Ilex decidua. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Post-fire Regeneration ( anglais )

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More info for the terms: root crown, shrub

Tall shrub, adventitious-bud root crown
Initial-offsite colonizer (off-site, initial community)
licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Ilex decidua. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Taxonomy ( anglais )

fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
The scientific name of possumhaw is Ilex decidua Walt. [8, 20].
licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Ilex decidua. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Ilex decidua ( anglais )

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Ilex decidua (meadow holly, also called "possumhaw", "deciduous holly" or "swamp holly") is a species of holly native to the United States.

Description

Leaves of Ilex decidua

This is an upright shrub or small tree that is typically between 10 and 15 feet at maturity though it may grow larger provided partial shade.[2][3] I. decidua grows many thin trunks and stems in a clumping fashion[3] If left un-managed it will develop a large spreading mound of foliage up to 30' in the wild. Bark is "light brown to gray" in color and may be smooth or "warty and roughened".[4] Slender twigs are glabrous and silvery gray, with numerous spur shoots, pointed lateral buds, and acuminate scales.[4]

Distinguishing features of this species are crenate leaf margins and fruiting pedicels that are 2–8 mm long.[5] Its "distinctive leaf shape... is less variable than other species of holly".[4] Leaves are obovate,[6] simple, alternating, and grow to 2.5-7.5 cm long.[4] Although the plant is deciduous, it's dark green leaves do not present any appreciable fall color change prior to dropping.[3]

From March to May small white flowers bloom among the leaves which produce small Drupe fruits ripening in early autumn.[3] Fruits are red (or rarely yellow), shiny, and globose (spherical, or nearly so), with a diameter of 4–8 mm.[5][4] Following leaf drop, fruits persist on the tree throughout the winter producing a showy winter sight against the bare branches.[3] While they have reached maturity by autumn, producing 3-5 seeds each,[4] it is not until the spring, after they've been exposed to freezing and thawing, that the bitter fruits become a favorite food source of many birds and mammals.[3][4]

Distribution and ecology

Drawing of Ilex decidua

Ilex decidua is a common plant,[5] growing in the US in Alabama, Arkansas, Washington, D.C., Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia.[7] It also grows in the northern Mexico states of Chihuahua and Coahuila.[8]

It prefers land in floodplains and the margins of swamps or lakes, and grows at elevations up to about 360 m.[5][4] It can often be found on limestone glades and bluffs, along streams in wet woods, and in lowland valleys, sloughs and swamps.[2] Other plant species with which possumhaw is associated include water tupelo (Nyssa aquatica), overcup oak (Quercus lyrata), bald cypress (Taxodium distichum), sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), and hackberry (Celtis spp.).[9]

The fruits attract songbirds and small mammals.[6][10] Bobwhite quail also feed on the fruit.[11] Deer browse on young twigs.[4]

Cultivation and uses

Ilex decidua with red "berries"

The growth habit of I. decidua lends it to various ornamental and functional uses in its native regions.[2] The thick trunks and stems allow this plant to serve as an effective screen if desired.[3] The lower branches can also be removed to form a more tidy small tree with a tight head of foliage at the crown.[3] This plant can be used ornamentally as a shrub or small tree in varied landscape uses and is well suited to backyard gardens.[2][3] As possumhaw tolerates wet soil and is often found wild in wet woods, it is also an excellent candidate to stabilise stream beds or for the banks of water retention ponds.[2][3] Arborists may recommend this plant for parking lot buffer strips and islands, highway median strip plantings, or near decks and patios.[3]

Because of its attractive "berries", this tree is often used as a winter ornamental plant and branches may be collected for use as Christmas decorations.[4] The Audubon society specifically included I. decidua among their recommendations for bird-safe outdoor holiday decorations.[12]

Possumhaw wood is not considered to be commercially useful because of the tree's small size.[4]

Selected cultivars

Fruit bearing (Requires a pollinator)

  • Ilex decidua 'Byer's Golden'- Yellow Fruit[3]
  • Ilex decidua 'Council Fire'- persistent orange-red fruit well into the winter[3]
  • Ilex decidua 'Pendula'
  • Ilex decidua 'Pocahontas' - Vigorous growth with very glossy bright red fruit and broader leaves which defoliate earlier[13]
  • Ilex decidua 'Sentry' - Unique narrow columnar growth habit[13] averaging 20 feet[2] potentially well suited for planting in highway medians.[3]
  • Ilex decidua 'Sundance' - Average 7 feet height with orange-red fruits[2]
  • Ilex decidua 'Red Cascade' - Many large red fruits[2] which remain attractive until plant is again in full leaf[13]
  • Ilex decidua 'Warren's Red'- Glossy bright red fruit in such abundance that the branches are arched. Silvery bark and dark green leaves throughout much of the season[13][2]

Pollinators (No Fruit)

  • IIlex decidua 'Red Escort' - Unique male pollinator which resembles 'Warren's Red'[3][2][13]
  • Fruit bearing IIlex decidua cultivars can also be pollinated by any Ilex opaca pollinators

References

  1. ^ Stritch, L. (2018). "Ilex decidua". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T122927419A122927594. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T122927419A122927594.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Ilex decidua (Possumhaw, Possum-haw, Possum Haw Holly, Possumhaw Holly, Swamp Holly) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox". plants.ces.ncsu.edu. Retrieved 2021-08-08.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Gilman, Edward F. "ILEX DECIDUA 'BYERS GOLDEN' GOLDEN POSSUMHAW1". edis.ifas.ufl.edu. UF IFAS Extension. Retrieved 2021-08-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Brown, Claud L.; L. Katherine Kirkman (1990). Trees of Georgia and Adjacent States. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. pp. 178–179. ISBN 0-88192-148-3.
  5. ^ a b c d Duncan, Wilbur H. and Marion B. Duncan (1988). Trees of the Southeastern United States. Athens, Georgia: The University of Georgia Press. pp. 304–305. ISBN 0-8203-1469-2.
  6. ^ a b "NPIN: Ilex decidua (Possumhaw)". Retrieved 2009-07-14.
  7. ^ "PLANTS Profile for Ilex decidua (possumhaw)". Natural Resources Conservation Service. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2009-07-14.
  8. ^ "Ilex decidua". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 2009-07-14.
  9. ^ "FDEP Featured Plant: Florida Hollies". Florida Department of Environmental Protection. Retrieved 2009-07-14.
  10. ^ Little, Elbert L. (1980). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Eastern Region. New York: Knopf. pp. 561–62. ISBN 0-394-50760-6.
  11. ^ Kurz, Don (2004). Shrubs and Woody Vines of Missouri (Second ed.). Conservation Commission of the State of Missouri. p. 130. ISBN 1-887247-44-0.
  12. ^ Wallington, Natalie (4 Dec 2020). "How Bird-Friendly Are Your Holiday Decorations?". Audubon Magazine. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
  13. ^ a b c d e "ILEX Decidua". Simpson Nursery Company. 2013-06-06. Retrieved 2021-08-08.

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Ilex decidua: Brief Summary ( anglais )

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Ilex decidua (meadow holly, also called "possumhaw", "deciduous holly" or "swamp holly") is a species of holly native to the United States.

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Ilex decidua ( vietnamien )

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Ilex decidua là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Aquifoliaceae. Loài này được Walter mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1788.[1]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Ilex decidua. Truy cập ngày 13 tháng 9 năm 2013.

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Ilex decidua: Brief Summary ( vietnamien )

fourni par wikipedia VI

Ilex decidua là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Aquifoliaceae. Loài này được Walter mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1788.

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wikipedia VI