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Distribution ( anglais )

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Continent: South-America
Distribution: Brazil (Queimada Grande Island, Sao Paulo)
Type locality: Isla Queimada Grande, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Insel-Lanzenotter ( allemand )

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Die Insel-Lanzenotter (Bothrops insularis) ist eine Schlangenart aus der Familie der Vipern (Viperidae), Unterfamilie der Grubenottern (Crotalinae). Sie ist endemisch auf der im Atlantik vor dem Bundesstaat São Paulo gelegenen brasilianischen Insel Queimada Grande. Die Insel ist nur 43 Hektar groß. Erst 1921 wurde die Insel-Lanzenotter vom brasilianischen Schlangenforscher Afrânio Pompílio Bastos do Amaral (1894–1982), der im selben Jahr Direktor des Schlangenforschungsinstituts Butantan in São Paulo wurde, als eigene Art erkannt und beschrieben.

Merkmale

Die Insel-Lanzenotter wird im Mittel 70 cm lang (Gesamtlänge), maximal sind bisher 118 cm Gesamtlänge nachgewiesen. Die Art ist im Vergleich zu anderen Lanzenottern recht schlank. Die Grundfarbe der Oberseite ist hellbraun bis goldfarben. Darauf findet sich eine Zeichnung dunkler, dreieckiger oder quadratischer Flecken, die schmal oder breit sein können und an der Rückenmitte entweder gegenüberstehen oder alternieren. Die Fleckung kann auch sehr schwach sein oder vollständig fehlen.

Lebensweise

Sie lebt im Buschwald und im dichten Gras der Insel und ist überwiegend baumbewohnend (arboricol). Aufgrund elektronischer Markierungen konnte man bei einigen Exemplaren feststellen, dass sie jahrelang die Bäume nicht verließen.

Die Art ernährt sich heute überwiegend von Vögeln. Bei einer Untersuchung machten Vögel 85 % der Beute aus, weiterhin wurden bisher andere Schlangen und Tausendfüßer als Nahrung nachgewiesen. Man nimmt an, dass sich die Art seit der Trennung der Insel vom heute 36 km entfernten Festland (vor etwa 15.000 Jahren während der Eiszeit) aufgrund ihrer Ausbreitung und Verdrängung anderen Lebens auf Vögel als Nahrungsquelle spezialisiert hat. Die Vögel rasten nur zweimal jährlich auf Queimada Grande während ihres Vogelzugs. Die Insel-Lanzenotter jagt nicht aktiv, sondern wartet im Baum, bis ein Vogel in Reichweite kommt.

Wegen der Isolation der Insel-Lanzenotter vom Festland seit der letzten Eiszeit ist der Genpool sehr klein. Forscher des Instituto Butantan nehmen an, dass durch Inzucht erbliche Störungen im Mechanismus der Geschlechtsfestlegung auftraten. Die Insel-Lanzenotter entwickelte vier Geschlechter: Neben männlichen und weiblichen Exemplaren gibt es männliche Tiere mit weiblichen Geschlechtsorganen und ebenso umgekehrt; unter den letzten beiden Geschlechtern scheinen sich (selten) echte Zwitter (Selbstbefruchter) zu befinden. Durch den steigenden Anteil von Individuen mit gestörter Geschlechtsbestimmung (1930: 40 %, 1955: bereits 70 %) und den stark sinkenden Anteil an Weibchen (1930: nur noch 10 %, 1955: 3 %)[1] geht die Fortpflanzungsrate kontinuierlich zurück.

Eine zweitägige Herpetologen-Exkursion konnte 1965 kein einziges Exemplar finden, 1966 fing A. R. Hoge vom Instituto Butantan noch sieben Tiere, von denen eines in die Pflege von Robert Mertens (Senckenberg-Museum Frankfurt /Main) kam. 1977 vermutete Petzold, dass die Insel-Lanzenotter in naher Zukunft aussterben werde.[2] Schätzungen aus dem Jahr 2014[3] sprechen von nur noch 3000 Exemplaren. Die International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) und das Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA) setzen sich für den Erhalt der stark bedrohten Art ein.

Systematik

Für die Insel-Lanzenotter wurden bisher keine Unterarten beschrieben. Eine molekulargenetische Untersuchung, die alle Arten bzw. Taxa der Gattung Bothrops einschließt, liegt bisher nicht vor. In der bisher umfassendsten molekulargenetischen Arbeit, die 28 Arten oder Formen der Gattung berücksichtigte, wurde als nächste Verwandte der Insel-Lanzenotter die Jararaca-Lanzenotter (Bothrops jararaca) identifiziert.[4]

Gift

Das Gift der Art weist etwa die fünffache Konzentration dessen der Jararaca-Lanzenotter auf. Das Gift wirkt deswegen extrem schnell, so dass gebissene Beutevögel nicht mehr wegfliegen können. Versuche ergaben, dass das Gift Mäuse binnen 2 Sekunden tötet. Es ist daher für die pharmazeutische Forschung sehr interessant, was auch den illegalen Tierhandel auf den Plan ruft. Ein Gramm Lanzenotterngift der amazonischen Jararaca wurde 1999 um 2.000 US-Dollar gehandelt, das sehr viel seltenere Gift der Insel-Lanzenotter dürfte entsprechend mehr kosten.[5] Insel-Lanzenottern sind illegal gefangen worden und tauchten auf einem Tiermarkt in Amsterdam auf.[6]

Pharmakologie

Den ACE-hemmend wirkenden Peptiden des Giftes der Jararaca-Lanzenotter (Bothrops jararaca), insbesondere der Insel-Lanzenotter, ist der Wirkstoff Captopril nachempfunden. Captopril ist die Leitsubstanz für die Gruppe der ACE-Hemmer. Ein Patent für das Spezifikum Capoten (Generikum Captopril) ist dem Pharma-Unternehmen Bristol-Myers Squibb erteilt worden. Das Instituto Butantan hat 2004 ein Patent für Evasine (Endogenous Vasopeptidases Inhibitors) angemeldet, eine Gruppe von Hypertensionsmitteln mit weniger Nebenwirkungen als Captopril.[7]

Trivia

Der Leuchtturm der Insel wird seit langem automatisch betrieben, da in früheren Jahrzehnten mehrere Wärter durch Schlangenbisse verstarben. Der Zutritt zur Insel, die 1985 zum nationalen Naturschutzgebiet erklärt wurde, ist nur Wissenschaftlern erlaubt; ursprünglich auch wegen der früher hohen Giftschlangendichte, jetzt deswegen, weil die Schlangenart bedroht ist und illegaler Schlangenfang ihre Situation verschlechtert. Der Lebensraum der Schlangen verschlechtert sich aufgrund der Beseitigung von Vegetation durch brasilianische Marinesoldaten, die den Leuchtturmbetrieb aufrechterhalten.[8]

Belege

  1. nach Alphonse Richard Hoge (1912-1982) vom Instituto Butantan
  2. Hans-Günter Petzold: Vipern und Grubenottern. In Grzimeks Tierleben, Enzyklopädie des Tierreichs, Hrsg. Bernhard Grzimek. Zürich 1975-1977; Band 6 (Kriechtiere), S. 486
  3. Martin Zinggl in seinem Vortrag am 12. Juni 2014 in der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Herpetologie in Wien über Queimada Grande [1]
  4. W. Wüster, M. G. Salomão, J. A. Quijada-Mascareñas, R. S. Thorpe und B. B. B. S. P: Origin and evolution of the South American pitviper fauna: evidence from mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis. In: G. W. Schuett, M. Höggren, M. E. Douglas & H. W. Greene (eds): Biology of the Vipers. Eagle Mountain Publishing, Eagle Mountain, Utah, 2002: S. 111–128.
  5. Archivlink (Memento des Originals vom 5. Mai 2010 im Internet Archive)  src= Info: Der Archivlink wurde automatisch eingesetzt und noch nicht geprüft. Bitte prüfe Original- und Archivlink gemäß Anleitung und entferne dann diesen Hinweis.@1@2Vorlage:Webachiv/IABot/epoca.globo.com Zs. Época, 29. März 1999, abgerufen am 5. Januar 2013
  6. Reportage in der brasilianischen Wochenzeitung Isto é vom 24. September 2003
  7. Archivierte Kopie (Memento des Originals vom 3. Januar 2006 im Internet Archive)  src= Info: Der Archivlink wurde automatisch eingesetzt und noch nicht geprüft. Bitte prüfe Original- und Archivlink gemäß Anleitung und entferne dann diesen Hinweis.@1@2Vorlage:Webachiv/IABot/www.jornaldaciencia.org.br Jornal da Ciência, abgerufen am 5. Januar 2013
  8. Bothrop insularis - Assessment Information auf IUCN Redlist of Endangered Species (englisch)

Literatur

  • Jonathan A. Campbell, William W. Lamar: The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Comstock; Ithaca, London. 2004. ISBN 0-8014-4141-2
  • Ângelo Barbosa Monteiro & al. (Hrsg.): Livro vermelho da fauna brasileira ameaçada de extinção. Brasília, MMA; Belo Horizonte, Fundação Biodiversitas, 2008 (Neuauflage 2010) II vol., p. 352.

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Insel-Lanzenotter: Brief Summary ( allemand )

fourni par wikipedia DE

Die Insel-Lanzenotter (Bothrops insularis) ist eine Schlangenart aus der Familie der Vipern (Viperidae), Unterfamilie der Grubenottern (Crotalinae). Sie ist endemisch auf der im Atlantik vor dem Bundesstaat São Paulo gelegenen brasilianischen Insel Queimada Grande. Die Insel ist nur 43 Hektar groß. Erst 1921 wurde die Insel-Lanzenotter vom brasilianischen Schlangenforscher Afrânio Pompílio Bastos do Amaral (1894–1982), der im selben Jahr Direktor des Schlangenforschungsinstituts Butantan in São Paulo wurde, als eigene Art erkannt und beschrieben.

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Bothrops insularis ( anglais )

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Bothrops Insularis, commonly known as the Golden Lancehead,[3] is a highly venomous pit viper species endemic to Ilha da Queimada Grande, off the coast of São Paulo state, in Brazil.[3] The species is named for the light yellowish-brown color of its underside and for its head shape that is characteristic of the genus Bothrops. No subspecies of Bothrops insularis are currently recognized.[4] It is one of the most venomous snakes in Latin America.

Physical morphology

Size and appearance

On average, B. insularis grows to a length of 70 cm (28 in) and 90 cm (35 in), and it is known to reach 118 cm (46 in).[3] The color pattern consists of a pale yellowish-brown ground color, overlaid with a series of dorsal blotches that may be triangular or quadrangular, broad or narrow, and alternating or opposite along the dorsal median. In captivity, this yellowish color often becomes darker, which may be the result of poor circulation caused by ineffective thermoregulation.[5] A banded pattern results when the pattern is opposite. The head lacks a well-defined post-orbital stripe. The belly is a uniform pale yellow or cream.[3] The name "lancehead" refers to the distinctive head shape of all snakes in the genus Bothrops, which is somewhat elongated and comes to a point at the nose.[6] B. insularis also has a longer tail than its closest relative, B. jararaca, which is most likely an adaptation to help the snake maneuver through the trees, and to eat larger prey like birds from a younger age.[6]

Venom

Because of the isolated habitat of B. insularis, and the lack of mammal prey species, the venom of B. insularis has evolved to be adapted to the prey species of the island, primarily native ectotherms, arthropods and migrating birds. As a result, their venom is more potent towards these groups than mammals, and becomes more potent as the snake matures.[7] Chemical analysis of the venom of B. insularis suggests that it is five times as potent as that of B. jararaca and is the fastest acting venom in the genus Bothrops.[5]

Because B. insularis is only found in an area uninhabited by humans, there has never been an official report of a human being bitten by one, but other lanceheads are responsible for more human mortality than any other group of snakes in either North or South America.[3] Ludwig Trutnau reports four human envenomations, three of which were fatal. The mortality rate for lancehead envenomations is 0.5–3% if the patient receives treatment and 7% if the patient does not receive treatment.[3] The effects of envenomations by golden lanceheads include swelling, local pain, nausea and vomiting, blood blisters, bruising, blood in the vomit and urine, intestinal bleeding, kidney failure, hemorrhage in the brain and severe necrosis of muscular tissue.[8]

Reproduction

Sexually mature Bothrops insularis mate during August and September, and have been known to mate both in the trees and on the ground.[5] Like most vipers, B. insularis gives live birth to its young. The average size for a litter of golden lanceheads is 6.5 newborns.[9] There are no published data for the size of the golden lancehead at birth, but they are probably of a similar size to Bothrops jararaca, which have a snout to vent length (SVL) of 24.5 to 25.3 cm (about 9¾ in) and a weight of 9.38 to 10.61 grams (about ⅓ ounce).[6]

Owing to the dependence of B. insularis on migratory birds visiting the island as a food source, the reproductive cycle of female snakes has been suggested to be tied to seasonal bird migration patterns.[10]

Geographic range

The species is endemic to Queimada Grande Island, Brazil, commonly known as Snake Island. Therefore, the type locality is the same: "Ilha da Queimada Grande, situado no litoral do Estado de S. Paulo, a cêrca de 40 milhas a S.O. da barra de Santos" (Brazil).[2] This island has a total area of only 43 hectares or 430,000 square metres.[11] Travel to the island is strictly prohibited by the Brazilian government.

Habitat

The island of Queimada Grande is what is classified as "subtropical" or "tropical moist forest". The coordinates for the island are .[5] The island contains several different kinds of habitat including forest, clearings, and shrubs.[3] The island has a very mild climate; the temperature never falls below 18 degrees Celsius, and at its hottest is just over 22 degrees Celsius (64 to 72 °F).[5] Because of the extremely rocky terrain and the isolation of the island, however, the island is not easily accessible and is not populated by humans, or for that matter, any other mammal.[5] The quality of its habitat continues to decline due to vegetation removal by members of the Brazilian Navy who maintain the lighthouse on the island.[11]

Micro-habitat preferences

Bothrops insularis can usually be found either in the trees hunting for its prey, or seeking shelter among leaf litter or in rock crevices, especially during unfavorable weather or after having just ingested its prey.[5]

Taxonomy and evolution

A 2005 genetic study found that the golden lancehead was nested within the living genetic diversity of Bothrops jararaca, a snake native to southern Brazil, Paraguay, and northern Argentina. It is thought that the golden lancehead descends from a population of B. jararaca that became isolated on Queimada Grande, which was connected to the South American mainland during the Last Glacial Period, after a major sea level rise at the beginning of the Holocene.[12] Including B. insularis and B. jararaca, there are 37 species in the genus Bothrops, which are all native to South America.[3] Besides "lancehead", another common name for a snake in the genus Bothrops is "fer-de-lance". There are no mammals native to the island Queimada Grande, which has undoubtedly had a profound impact on the evolution of the golden lancehead.[3]

Ecology

Predators

In Campbell and Lamar's 2004 accounts of the venomous reptiles of Latin America, there was no mention of any predators that could potentially prey on an adult B. insularis. However, the list of animal species provided by Duarte et al. includes several species of birds, spiders, millipedes, and various lizards that inhabit the island, which could potentially be predators of young snakes.[5] Of course, Duarte et al. also stress that there is a lack of observation of this species, due to the inaccessibility of the island Queimada Grande, and that just because a relationship between B. insularis and other species has not been observed does not mean that such a relationship does not exist.[5]

Prey

The golden lancehead's diet consists mostly of perching birds.[6] However, they have been reported to eat lizards, and even resort to cannibalism.[5] Newborn and juvenile golden lanceheads prey primarily upon invertebrates.[13] Adult B. insularis are able to survive off only one or two birds species per year of the more than 40 that visit the island.[14]

Competition

Adult Bothrops insularis are the only animals on the island of Queimada Grande that have been reported to eat birds.[5] There are other fauna, such as frogs, lizards, and birds, on the island that eat invertebrates, but because insects are so plentiful in ecosystems, they may not be a limiting resource. Therefore, studies would have to be done to determine whether or not juvenile and newborn golden lanceheads must compete for food with other fauna.

Parasites

Golden lanceheads are known to suffer from flukes (specifically Ochetosoma heterocoelium) in their mouth cavity as well as carry the hard-bodied tick Ambylomma rotundatum.[5]

Conservation

Conservation status

This species is classified as critically endangered (CR) on the IUCN Red List for the following criteria: CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) (v3.1 (2001).[11] This means that the geographic range is estimated to be less than 100 km2, that this area is severely fragmented or known to exist at only a single location, and that a continuing decline has been observed, inferred or projected for the area, extent and/or quality of the habitat. Furthermore, the area of occupancy is estimated to be less than 10 km2. The population trend is stable. Year assessed: 2004.[15] The population of B. insularis on the island was estimated in 2021 based on a combination of observations, 2D, and 3D scanning of the island in 2015, and estimated to be between 2,414 (2D scan estimate) and 2,899 (3D scan estimate).[16]

Limited geographic distribution

Because the island on which the species is found is small, it can support only a small population, suggesting that the range between the number of snakes required for the population to survive and the maximum number the island can support is small, making the species especially sensitive to any other problems.[5] Also, because the island of Queimada Grande is the only place where B. insularis is found in the wild, if that population is wiped out the species will be extinct in the wild.

Habitat destruction and over-collecting

In the past, people have deliberately started fires on the island of Queimada Grande in an attempt to kill off B. insularis so that the island could be used to grow bananas.[5] The Brazilian Navy has also contributed to habitat destruction by removing vegetation in order to maintain a lighthouse on the island.[5] Because of these problems as well as overharvesting by overzealous scientists, Duarte et al. wrote that it is "very hazardous to assume that this is an invulnerable snake".[5] Based on a 100-year simulation, it was estimated that between 25 and 40 snakes harvested per year would cause genetic extinction for B. insularis.[16] Collection of this species of snake is permitted only with a scientific collection permit.

In addition to authorized collecting for research purposes, the illegal wildlife trade is a threat to B. insularis due to its rare nature, with researchers approached with offers of up to $30,000 for specimens in 2008, nearly 4 times Brazil's GDP per capita that year.[17]

Reproductive health and intersexes

Due to the small population and limited geographic distribution of B. insularis, there is a high level of inbreeding in the in situ population on the island. This threatens to produce deleterious genes in the population and is associated with extinction when inbreeding depression occurs in the population. Diversity management may be needed in the future for in situ and ex situ populations maintained off the island for research to avoid extinction.[18]

Associated with the heavy inbreeding of B. insularis is the occurrence of "intersexes", individuals born with both a hemipenis and female reproductive parts. Duarte et al. attribute these intersexes to "a great amount of inbreeding" within the population (which is another effect of the species' small distribution) and explain that the relatively high occurrence of intersexes being born may be harmful to the species population, since most of the intersexes are sterile.[5]

In addition to intersexes, it has been observed that when compared to their mainland relatives B. jaracara, B. insularis have reduced fecundity in females, and high levels of mutations in male sperm, thought to be a product of heavy inbreeding.[18]

Loss of food sources

As of 2019, it was reported by snake expert Bryan Fry, in an interview with 60 Minutes Australia that the migratory birds that B. insularis depends upon were visiting less due to deforestation on the Brazilian mainland.[19]

Behavior

These snakes may be either terrestrial or arboreal, even though they lack a true prehensile tail. Observations suggest that the species' use of vegetation is facultative (optional) and that it is not truly arboreal.[3] They are likely found to be in trees while hunting for their prey, which consists mostly of birds, but tend to seek shelter under leaf litter or in rock crevices during storms or after ingesting prey.[6]

Unlike other venomous snakes that tend to strike, release, and then track their prey, B. insularis keeps its prey in its mouth once it has been envenomated. This is thought to be an adaptation to hunting birds, as chemical tracking of prey after release—a practice used by other vipers—is much harder when airborne food sources are to be tracked.[6]

While other lanceheads have been observed shaking their tails in order to lure prey, this behavior has not been observed in the golden lancehead.[20] However, considering the presence of potential prey susceptible to caudal luring[20] and the opportunistic nature of B. insularis,[5] it would not be surprising if this behavior were eventually observed.

References

  1. ^ IUCN (2012-12-31). "Bothrops insularis: Silveira, A.L., Prudente, A.L. da C., Argôlo , A.J.S., Abrahão, C.R., Nogueira, C. de C., Barbo, F.E., Costa, G.C., Pontes, G.M.F., Colli, G.R., Zaher, H. el D., Borges-Martins, M., Martins, M.R.C., Oliveira , M.E., Passos, P.G.H., Bérnils, R.S., Sawaya, R.J., Cechin, C.T.Z & Guedes da Costa, T.B.: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T2917A123180264". doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t2917a123180264.en. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  2. ^ a b McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Herpetologists' League. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Campbell JA, Lamar WW. 2004. The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca and London. ISBN 0-8014-4141-2.
  4. ^ "Bothrops insularis". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 3 August 2007.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Duarte MR, Puorto G, Franco FL (1995). "A biological survey of the pitviper Bothrops insularis Amaral (Serpentes: Viperidae): an endemic and threatened offshore island snake of Southeastern Brazil". Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment. 30: 1–13. doi:10.1080/01650529509360936.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Wüster W, Duarte MR, Graca Salomao M (2005). "Morphological correlates of incipient arboreality and ornithophagy in island pitvipers, and the phylogenetic position of Bothrops insularis". Journal of Zoology. 266: 1–10. doi:10.1017/S0952836904006247.
  7. ^ Zelanis A, Travaglia-Cardoso SR, De Fátima Domingues Furtado M (April 2008). "Ontogenetic changes in the venom of Bothrops insularis (Serpentes: Viperidae) and its biological implication". South American Journal of Herpetology. 3 (1): 43–50. doi:10.2994/1808-9798(2008)3[43:OCITVO]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 85728647.
  8. ^ Rodrigues-Simioni L, Zamunér SR, Cogo JC, Borja-Oliveira CR, Prado-Franceschi J, da Cruz-Höfling MA, Corrado AP (May 2004). "Pharmacological evidence for a presynaptic action of venoms from Bothrops insularis (jararaca ilhoa) and Bothrops neuwiedi (jararaca pintada)". Toxicon. 43 (6): 633–8. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2003.10.027. PMID 15109884.
  9. ^ Zelanis A, de Souza Ventura J, Chudzinski-Tavassi AM, de Fátima Domingues Furtado M (May 2007). "Variability in expression of Bothrops insularis snake venom proteases: an ontogenetic approach". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Toxicology & Pharmacology. 145 (4): 601–9. doi:10.1016/j.cbpc.2007.02.009. PMID 17398162.
  10. ^ Marques OA, Kasperoviczus K, Almeida-Santos SM (September 2013). "Reproductive Ecology of the Threatened Pitviper Bothrops insularis from Queimada Grande Island, Southeast Brazil". Journal of Herpetology. 47 (3): 393–399. doi:10.1670/11-267. S2CID 86639586.
  11. ^ a b c Marques, O.A.V.; Martins, M.; Sazima, I. (2004). "Bothrops insularis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T2917A9493475. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T2917A9493475.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  12. ^ Wüster, Wolfgang; Duarte, Marcelo R.; Salomão, Maria da Graça (May 2005). "Morphological correlates of incipient arboreality and ornithophagy in island pitvipers, and the phylogenetic position of Bothrops insularis". Journal of Zoology. 266 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1017/S0952836904006247. ISSN 0952-8369.
  13. ^ Daltry JC, Wüster W, Thorpe RS (February 1996). "Diet and snake venom evolution". Nature. 379 (6565): 537–40. Bibcode:1996Natur.379..537D. doi:10.1038/379537a0. PMID 8596631. S2CID 4286612.
  14. ^ Marques OA, Martins M, Develey PF, Macarrão A, Sazima I (April 2012). "The golden lancehead Bothrops insularis (Serpentes: Viperidae) relies on two seasonally plentiful bird species visiting its island habitat". Journal of Natural History. 46 (13–14): 885–895. doi:10.1080/00222933.2011.654278. S2CID 53357655.
  15. ^ 2001 Categories & Criteria (version 3.1) at the IUCN Red List. Accessed 2 September 2007.
  16. ^ a b Abrahão CR, Amorim LG, Magalhães AM, Azevedo CR, Grisi-Filho JH, Dias RA (January 2021). "Extinction Risk Evaluation and Population Size Estimation of Bothrops insularis (Serpentes: Viperidae), a Critically Endangered Insular Pitviper Species of Brazil". South American Journal of Herpetology. 19 (1): 32–39. doi:10.2994/SAJH-D-17-00104.1. S2CID 233448869.
  17. ^ Martins M, Sawaya RJ, Marques OA (August 2008). "A First Estimate of the Population Size of the Critically Endangered Lancehead, Bothrops insularis". South American Journal of Herpetology. 3 (2): 168–174. doi:10.2994/1808-9798(2008)3[168:AFEOTP]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 84336530.
  18. ^ a b Salles-Oliveira I, Machado T, Banci KR, Almeida-Santos SM, Silva MJ (December 2020). "Genetic variability, management, and conservation implications of the critically endangered Brazilian pitviper Bothrops insularis". Ecology and Evolution. 10 (23): 12870–12882. doi:10.1002/ece3.6838. PMC 7713924. PMID 33304500.
  19. ^ The deadliest place on earth: Snake Island | 60 Minutes Australia, retrieved 2021-04-16
  20. ^ a b Sazima I (1991). "Caudal luring in two neotropical pitvipers, Bothrops jararaca and B. jararacussu". Copeia. 1991 (1): 245–248. doi:10.2307/1446274. JSTOR 1446274.
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Bothrops insularis: Brief Summary ( anglais )

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Bothrops Insularis, commonly known as the Golden Lancehead, is a highly venomous pit viper species endemic to Ilha da Queimada Grande, off the coast of São Paulo state, in Brazil. The species is named for the light yellowish-brown color of its underside and for its head shape that is characteristic of the genus Bothrops. No subspecies of Bothrops insularis are currently recognized. It is one of the most venomous snakes in Latin America.

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Bothrops insularis ( espagnol ; castillan )

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Bothrops insularis o también conocida como serpiente cabeza de lanza dorada es una especie de serpiente de la familia Viperidae endémica de la pequeña isla de Queimada Grande, frente al estado de Sao Paulo, Brasil.[2]​ Es de color beige-amarillento y su cabeza es triangular, lo que es característico del género Bothrops.

Descripción

Puede llegar a crecer hasta 1200 mm de largo, presenta un color marrón amarillento pálido con un patrón de manchas a lo largo del cuerpo que pueden ser triangulares o cuadrangulares. En cautiverio, este color amarillento a menudo se vuelve mucho más oscuro, este puede ser el resultado de la mala circulación causada por la termorregulación ineficaz.[3]B. insularis también tiene una cola más larga que su pariente más cercano, B. yarara, que es más probable una adaptación para ayudar a maniobrar a la serpiente a través de los árboles.

Veneno

Debido a la aislada zona en la que vive, no ha habido ningún informe oficial de un ser humano que haya sido mordido por B. insularis. Pero el género Bothrops, es el que causa más accidentes ofídicos en América. Los síntomas por el envenenamiento de Bothrops incluyen: dolor local, náuseas y vómito, ampollas de sangre, moretones , sangre en el vómito y la orina, sangrado intestinal, insuficiencia renal, hemorragia en el cerebro y necrosis grave del tejido muscular, etc.[4]​ Los análisis químicos del veneno de B. insularis sugieren que es cinco veces más potente que el de B. jararaca y que es el que actúa más rápido entre las especies del género.[3]

Distribución geográfica y hábitat

Es endémica de la isla Queimada Grande, esta isla contiene solo 43 hectáreas,[1]​ que tienen diferentes hábitats como: bosques, claros y arbustos, etc. La temperatura de la isla es suave, no pasa de 18 grados centígrados, aunque por el amplio terreno rocoso, no es muy accesible para los seres humanos. Estas serpientes prefieren los árboles para cazar a sus presas, o también en la hojarasca y entre las grietas de las rocas donde digiere a sus presas tranquilamente. Pero su hábitat sigue disminuyendo, debido a la constante eliminación de la vegetación.

Alimentación

Se alimentan principalmente de aves y pequeños lagartos, e incluso pueden recurrir al canibalismo. Las crías recién nacidas y los juveniles se alimentan de invertebrados.[5]

Conservación

Esta especie se encuentra en peligro crítico de extinción, debido a que en la isla el espacio es pequeño, solo puede ofrecer una pequeña población; lo que hace a la especie sensible a cualquier otro problema. Su principal amenaza es la pérdida de hábitat debido a los incendios provocados, entre otros motivos por parte la Marina de Brasil con el fin de construir un faro en la isla.[1][3]

Comportamiento

B. insularis puede ser arbórea y terrestre, a pesar de que no tiene una verdadera cola prensil, se encuentran en los árboles para cazar a sus presas, ya que su dieta está compuesta principalmente por aves.[6]​ A diferencia de otras serpientes que muerden a su presa, la dejan ir y luego la siguen, esta serpiente mantiene a su presa aferrada a su boca después del envenenamiento.[6]​ Durante el periodo reproductivo, que es entre agosto y septiembre, se aparean tanto en los árboles como en el suelo;[3]​ una hembra de B. insularis tiene de media 6,5 crías.[7]

Referencias

  1. a b c Marques, O. A. V., Martins, M. & Sazima, I. (2004). «Bothrops insularis». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2022 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 22 de abril de 2016.
  2. Uetz, P. & Jirí Hošek (ed.). «Bothrops insularis». Reptile Database (en inglés). Reptarium. Consultado el 22 de abril de 2016.
  3. a b c d Duarte, M. R., Puorto, G., Franco, F. L. (1995). «A biological survey of the pitviper Bothrops insularis Amaral (Serpentes: Viperidae): an endemic and threatened offshore island snake of Southeastern Brazil». Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 30: 1-13. doi:10.1080/01650529509360936.
  4. Rodrigues-Simioni, L., Zamunèr, S. R., Cogo, J. C., Borja-Oliveira, C. R., Prado-Franceschi, J., Cruz-Höfling, M. Ad., Corrado, A. P. (2004). «Pharmacological evidence for a presynaptic action of venoms from Bothrops insularis (jararaca ilhoa) and Bothrops neuwiedi (jararaca pintada)». Toxicon 43 (6): 633-638. PMID 15109884. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2003.10.027.
  5. Daltry, J. C., Wüster, W., Thorpe, R. S. (8 de febrero de 1996). «Diet and snake venom evolution». Nature 379 (6565): 537-540. PMID 8596631. doi:10.1038/379537a0.
  6. a b Wüster, W., Duarte, M. R., Graca Salomao, M. (2005). «Morphological correlates of incipient arboreality and ornithophagy in island pitvipers, and the phylogenetic position of Bothrops insularis». Journal of Zoology 266: 1-10. doi:10.1017/S0952836904006247.
  7. Zelanis, A., Souza Ventura, J de., Chudzinski-Tavassi, A, M., Fàtima Domingues Furtado, M de. (2007). «Variability in expression of Bothrops insularis snake venom proteases: An ontogenetic approach». Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology 145 (4): 601-609. doi:10.1016/j.cbpc.2007.02.009.
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Bothrops insularis: Brief Summary ( espagnol ; castillan )

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Bothrops insularis o también conocida como serpiente cabeza de lanza dorada es una especie de serpiente de la familia Viperidae endémica de la pequeña isla de Queimada Grande, frente al estado de Sao Paulo, Brasil.​ Es de color beige-amarillento y su cabeza es triangular, lo que es característico del género Bothrops.

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Bothrops insularis ( basque )

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Bothrops insularis Bothrops generoko animalia da. Narrastien barruko Viperidae familian sailkatuta dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. www.iucnredlist.org. 2012ko urriaren 20an eskuratua.
  2. The Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Bothrops insularis: Brief Summary ( basque )

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Bothrops insularis Bothrops generoko animalia da. Narrastien barruko Viperidae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Jararaca-ilhoa

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Bothrops insularis

Bothrops insularis est une espèce de serpent de la famille des Viperidae[1]. Il est appelé Jararaca-ilhoa ou Trigonocéphale insulaire.

Répartition

Cette espèce est endémique de l'Île de Queimada Grande dans la municipalité d'Itanhaém à 35 km du littoral de l'État de São Paulo au Brésil[1].

Description

Le Jararaca-ilhoa mesure en moyenne 70 cm et peut atteindre 118 cm[2].

Ses couleurs consistent en une couche de brun jaunâtre surmontée d'une série d'écailles dorsales triangulaires ou quadrangulaires. En captivité, cette couleur jaunâtre a tendance à s'obscurcir, peut être l'effet d'une mauvaise thermorégulation affectant la circulation sanguine[3]. Le ventre est uniformément jaune pâle ou crème[2].

La tête se distingue très nettement du reste du corps, comme tous les serpents du genre Bothrops, et l'extrémité du nez est légèrement surélevée[4]. Le Jararaca-ilhoa a une queue plus longue que son plus proche cousin, le Bothrops jararaca, ce qui est sans doute une adaptation pour mieux se mouvoir dans les arbres[4].

Le Jararaca-ilhoa est un serpent très particulier car il est hermaphrodite ; il se comporte soit comme mâle, soit comme femelle.

On compte environ deux mille individus sur l'île de Queimada Grande. Ils n'ont pas de concurrents ni de prédateurs et règnent donc en maîtres dans leur biotope.

Le Jararaca-ilhoa peut survivre six mois sans manger. Son régime habituel est composé d'oiseaux et de leurs œufs, particulièrement Sula leucogaster, très abondant sur l'île.

Venin

Du fait de son isolement, les cas d'envenimations humaines sont rares. Chez les bothrops, le taux de mortalité par morsure est de 7% sans traitement et 0.5 à 3% si un traitement est appliqué[2]. Les effets d'une envenimation par un bothrops sont un œdème, une douleur locale, des nausées et vomissements, des phlyctènes sanglants, des ecchymoses, la présence de saignements dans les vomissures et les urines, des saignements intestinaux, une défaillance des reins, des hémorragies cérébrales et une nécrose sévère des tissus musculaires[5].

Le Jararaca-ilhoa possèderait un venin trois à cinq fois plus puissant que les autres serpents du genre Bothrops et ce venin serait le plus rapide à agir parmi les bothrops[3].

Publication originale

  • Amaral, 1921 : Contribuição para conhecimento dos ofídios do Brasil - A. Parte II. Biologia da nova espécie, Lachesis insularis. Anexos das Memórias do Instituto de Butantan, vol. 1, p. 39-44.

Notes et références

  1. a et b Reptarium Reptile Database, consulté lors d'une mise à jour du lien externe
  2. a b et c Campbell JA, Lamar WW. 2004. The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca and London. 870 pp. 1500 plates. (ISBN 0-8014-4141-2).
  3. a et b (en) M. R. Duarte, G. Puorto et F. L. Franco, « A biological survey of the pitviper Bothrops insularis Amaral (Serpentes: Viperidae): an endemic and threatened offshore island snake of Southeastern Brazil », Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, vol. 30,‎ 1995, p. 1–13 (DOI )
  4. a et b (en) W. Wüster, M. R. Duarte, S. Graca et M. alomao, « Morphological correlates of incipient arboreality and ornithophagy in island pitvipers, and the phylogenetic position of Bothrops insularis », Journal of Zoology, vol. 266,‎ 2005, p. 1–10 (DOI )
  5. (en) L. Rodrigues-Simioni, S. R. Zamunèr, J. C. Cogo, C. R. Borja-Oliveira, J. Prado-Franceschi, C. da, M. A. ruz-Höfling et A. P. Corrado, « Pharmacological evidence for a presynaptic action of venoms from Bothrops insularis (jararaca ilhoa) and Bothrops neuwiedi (jararaca pintada) », Toxicon, vol. 43, no 6,‎ 2004, p. 633–638 (PMID , DOI )
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Jararaca-ilhoa: Brief Summary

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Bothrops insularis

Bothrops insularis est une espèce de serpent de la famille des Viperidae. Il est appelé Jararaca-ilhoa ou Trigonocéphale insulaire.

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Bothrops insularis ( italien )

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Il ferro di lancia dorato (Bothrops insularis (Amaral, 1929)) è un crotalo velenoso appartenente alla famiglia Viperidae, presente esclusivamente sull'isola di Queimada Grande, in Brasile[2][3]. Deve il suo nome alla colorazione particolare della sua pelle, unica per il genere a cui appartiene.

Descrizione

La lunghezza media di B. insularis è di 70 cm, mentre la lunghezza massima conosciuta si aggira attorno ai 118 cm.[2] A dispetto delle sue abitudini arboricole manca di una coda prensile.[2] La pelle è di un pallido colore bruno-giallastro, ornata da motivi triangolari o quadrangolari che ricordano vagamente dei diamanti, caratteristica che lo rende facilmente riconoscibile. In cattività il colore tende a diventare più scuro, probabilmente a causa di una cattiva circolazione sanguigna dovuta ad una inefficace termoregolazione.[4] Il nome ferro di lancia si riferisce alla caratteristica forma del capo che distingue tutti i serpenti del genere Bothrops, che si allunga in corrispondenza del naso[5]. B. insularis ha inoltre una coda più lunga rispetto al suo parente più prossimo, B. jararaca, che permette alla vipera movimenti più lesti tra i rami degli alberi.[5]

Distribuzione e habitat

La specie è endemica dell'Ilha da Queimada Grande, un'isola di 430000 m2.

L'isola di Queimada Grande è classificata come subtropicale o tropicale a clima umido e presenta differenti tipi di habitat, incluse foreste, radure e arbusti. L'isola ha un clima mite, la temperatura non scende al di sotto dei 18 °C mentre quella massima è di 22 °C.

Biologia

Comportamento

Questi serpenti possono essere sia terrestri che arboricoli nonostante non abbiano una reale coda prensile. Basandosi su osservazioni in situ alcuni scienziati[3] suggeriscono che l'uso della vegetazione da parte di questa specie sia facoltativo, mentre altri[5] ipotizzano che B. insularis occupi frequentemente i rami degli alberi per cacciare le proprie prede, che consistono sostanzialmente in uccelli, per poi successivamente scivolare verso zone maggiormente rocciose durante le tempeste o la digestione.

A differenza di altri serpenti velenosi che tendono a colpire, rilasciare e poi seguire la preda, il ferro di lancia dorato tiene la preda in bocca dopo averla avvelenata. Mentre altre specie appartenenti al genere Bothropoides sono stati colti a scuotere la coda per richiamare le prede, questo non è stato osservato per questo genere di vipera. Considerando la presenza di potenziali prede sensibili al richiamo caudale e la natura opportunistica di B. insularis, non sarebbe una sorpresa constatare tale comportamento.

In base ad una ricerca effettuata nel 2004[3] non esistono specie in grado di predare un adulto di B. insularis, sebbene gli individui più giovani possano essere potenzialmente cacciati da specie quali lucertole, millepiedi, ragni ed uccelli presenti sull'isola. Non esistono tuttavia osservazioni dirette, a causa dell'isolamento di cui gode la specie.[4]

Alimentazione

La dieta degli individui adulti consiste soprattutto in uccelli[5], raramente da lucertole ed invertebrati. Questi ultimi sono le principali prede dei neonati o dei serpenti più giovani. In caso di carenza di cibo sono stati riscontrati episodi di cannibalismo. I crotali adulti non competono con nessun'altra specie in quanto sono gli unici in grado di cacciare volatili.

Riproduzione

Gli individui di Bothrops insularis si accoppiano tra agosto e settembre, sugli alberi oppure al suolo. Come la maggior parte delle vipere il ferro di lancia dorato è ovoviviparo. Non esistono dati scientifici in merito alla lunghezza degli individui neonati, ma probabilmente le loro dimensioni si avvicinano a quelle dei piccoli di B. jararaca, che misurano alla nascita dai 24.5 ai 25.3 centimetri e pesano dai 9.38 ai 10.61 grammi.

Veleno

Poiché B. insularis si trova in un'area non abitata da umani, non sono mai stati riportati ufficialmente casi di avvelenamento. Ludwig Trutnau, un biologo tedesco, sostiene che quattro persone siano state morse e tre di queste siano morte a causa del veleno. Normalmente la percentuale di mortalità legata al genere Bothrops varia dallo 0,5 al 3% nel caso sia stata somministrata una terapia, altrimenti si assesta attorno al 7%.[3] Gli effetti dell'avvelenamento includono sanguinamento nella zona interessata dalla lesione, dolore localizzato, nausea, vomito, emorragia intestinale, insufficienza renale, sangue in vomito ed urine, emorragia cerebrale e serie necrosi a muscoli e tessuti. Analisi di laboratorio sembrano confermare che il veleno del ferro di lancia dorato sia almeno 5 volte più potente di quello della specie affine Bothrops jararaca, oltre ad essere quello dall'azione più rapida all'interno del genere, dati che giustificherebbero un tasso di mortalità più alto. Una tossicità così alta, anomala per le vipere sudamericane, potrebbe essere legata a fattori evolutivi. Poiché B. insularis si nutre quasi esclusivamente di uccelli, la potenza del suo veleno è utile ad uccidere rapidamente le sue prede, impedendo così loro qualsiasi tipo di fuga.

Parassiti

È noto che nella bocca del ferro di lancia dorato possano essere presenti dei trematodi, il più comune dei quali è l'Ochetosoma heterocoelium.[4]

Tassonomia ed evoluzione

Nel genere Bothrops la specie più affine al ferro di lancia dorato è il B. jararaca. Si pensa che l'antenato dei due serpenti sia giunto sull'isola di Queimada Grande quando il livello del mare era più basso o quando quest'ultima era, se non connessa alla terraferma, più vicina rispetto alla collocazione attuale. L'assenza di mammiferi sull'isola ha indubbiamente inciso sull'evoluzione del ferro di lancia dorato, soprattutto per ciò che riguarda la tossicità del suo veleno.

Conservazione

B. insularis è considerata dallo IUCN come specie a rischio critico di estinzione (Critically Endangered)[1]. Nonostante la popolazione sia stabile e scarsamente minacciata dall'intervento umano o da condizioni ambientali, l'assegnazione di tale classe è dovuta alla concentrazione della vipera in un territorio dall'ampiezza inferiore a 1 km2.

Poiché l'isola che ospita il ferro di lancia dorato ha una superficie molto ristretta, essa può ospitare una scarsa popolazione di animali. Questo significa che B. insularis è estremamente sensibile ad eventuali cambiamenti ambientali[4], poiché se tutta la popolazione dovesse essere sterminata questo si tradurrebbe automaticamente nell'estinzione in natura della specie. In passato si è cercato, tramite incendi, di ridurre considerevolmente la quantità di serpenti per impiantare sull'isola una piantagione di banane[4], fortunatamente con scarsi risultati. Anche la marina brasiliana ha contribuito alla distruzione dell'habitat naturale, una parte della vegetazione è stata infatti eradicata per permettere l'edificazione di un faro sull'isola. Per queste ragioni gli scienziati ritengono un azzardo considerare B. insularis un serpente invulnerabile.[4]

Intersessualità

Un problema futuro per la specie potrebbe essere la frequenza di individui intersessuali, nati con parti di entrambi gli apparati genitali. Questa malformazione è dovuta secondo gli studiosi al limitato areale di B. insularis e ai frequenti incroci che occorrono nella popolazione, e potrebbe rivelarsi pericolosa per la preservazione della specie poiché la maggior parte delle vipere intersessuali risulta essere sterile.[4]

Note

  1. ^ a b (EN) Marques, O.A.V., Martins, M. & Sazima, I. 2004, Bothrops insularis, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ a b c Bothrops insularis, su The Reptile Database. URL consultato il 28 luglio 2014.
  3. ^ a b c d Campbell JA, Lamar WW. 2004. The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca and London. 870 pp. 1500 plates. ISBN 0-8014-4141-2.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Duarte MR, Puorto G, Franco FL, A biological survey of the pitviper Bothropoides insularis Amaral (Serpentes: Viperidae): an endemic and threatened offshore island snake of Southeastern Brazil, in Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, vol. 30, 1995, pp. 1–13, DOI:10.1080/01650529509360936.
  5. ^ a b c d Wüster W, Duarte MR, Graca Salomao M, Morphological correlates of incipient arboreality and ornithophagy in island pitvipers, and the phylogenetic position of Bothrops insularis, in Journal of Zoology, vol. 266, 2005, pp. 1–10, DOI:10.1017/S0952836904006247.

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Bothrops insularis: Brief Summary ( italien )

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Il ferro di lancia dorato (Bothrops insularis (Amaral, 1929)) è un crotalo velenoso appartenente alla famiglia Viperidae, presente esclusivamente sull'isola di Queimada Grande, in Brasile. Deve il suo nome alla colorazione particolare della sua pelle, unica per il genere a cui appartiene.

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Jararaca-ilhoa ( portugais )

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A jararaca-ilhoa (nome científico: Bothrops insularis) é uma serpente sui generis, adaptada a vida arborícola ou semi arborícola, o que se reflete em diversos aspectos de sua morfologia e comportamento. Vive exclusivamente na Ilha da Queimada Grande a 35 km do litoral paulista, entre os municípios de Itanhaém e Peruíbe, São Paulo.

Calculava-se existir cerca de três a cinco mil indivíduos na ilha, mas notícias recentes,[1] avaliando por estimativa, declaram haver cerca de 2.000 animais apenas. Técnicos estão microchipando as serpentes para se possa chegar a uma contagem mais precisa. A jararaca-ilhoa não tem concorrentes nem predadores. Pode sobreviver cerca de seis meses sem se alimentar. Alimenta-se normalmente comendo aves e seus ovos, especialmente do atobá-pardo, muito comum na ilha.

Origem

É provável que as serpentes já estivessem ali antes do término da era glacial, na época que o local era um morro continental. Esse fato ocorreu há cerca de dez mil anos, transformando esse morro em uma ilha costeira.[2] Por volta de 11 mil anos atrás, no fim da última Era Glacial, o nível dos oceanos subiu, isolando a ilha do resto do Continente, e prendendo algumas jararacas comuns no local. A especiação alopátrica promoveu o surgimento da nova espécie.

Características físicas

Esta cobra mede em média entre meio metro e um metro de comprimento. Por ter o hábito de caça de escalar árvores pra poder atacar suas presas, desenvolveu certas características. Ela é menor e mais leve que a Jararaca comum, além de ter uma pele mais elástica. A ponta de sua cauda é preênsil (isto é, tem capacidade de se agarrar a coisas). Seu coração é mais próximo da cabeça do que nas jararacas comuns, e suas presas são mais curvadas para trás, o que dá mais firmeza pra prender suas vítimas.[3]

Veneno

O veneno da Bothrops insularis é estudado pelo Instituto Butantan,[4] mas seu antídoto é pouco fabricado, pois onde vive esta serpente só pesquisadores estão autorizados a ir. É muito poderoso pois, pela sua ação inibidora, a pessoa mordida morre por falência geral orgânica ao fim de duas horas após ser inoculada. A ação rápida e potente deste veneno permite que a serpente se alimente de aves e evita que sua presa escape. O veneno tem efeito mais tóxico para aves do que para mamíferos.[3]

Por conta do seu veneno, algumas serpentes são capturadas para prática de comércio ilegal de animais. Mesmo sendo de visitação restrita, existem casos registrados de espécimes que foram retirados da ilha por traficantes, evidentemente sem autorização do órgão competente. Pode-se citar uma reportagem da revista semanal brasileira Isto é, de 24 de setembro de 2003, revelando que foram encontrados à venda alguns exemplares da espécie em um mercado de animais de Amsterdã, nos Países Baixos, e que seriam utilizados em pesquisas científicas, o que não é confirmado pela Interpol.

Sexo

Existem machos e fêmeas, porém as fêmeas possuem uma estrutura análoga ao hemipênis, sem a presença de testículo e de tamanho reduzido e ainda não se sabe de sua funcionalidade. Há uma grande incidência de animais intersexuais.[5]

Reprodução

A jararaca-ilhoa é vivípara, isto é, não bota ovos, mas gesta filhotes de maneira semelhante aos mamíferos, dando à luz, em média, 10 filhotes durante o período quente do ano.[3]

Remédios

A patente do remédio Capoten (Captopril), que consiste em alterações moleculares a partir de uma substância isolada do veneno, pertence ao laboratório Bristol-Myers Squibb. O Butantan registrou patente recentemente do Evasin (Endogenous Vasopeptidases Inhibitors).[6]

Ver também

Referências

  1. [1] Jornal "Folha de S.Paulo", 30 de outubro de 2008 - Caderno Ciência
  2. [2] Arquivado em 18 de fevereiro de 2012, no Wayback Machine. Juréia
  3. a b c Evanildo da Silveira (24 de fevereiro de 2018). «A ilha do litoral de São Paulo com a segunda maior concentração de cobras do planeta». BBC Brasil. Consultado em 2 de abril de 2020
  4. «Serpentes e cobras». Instituto Butantan. Consultado em 2 de abril de 2020
  5. [3] Arquivado em 5 de maio de 2010, no Wayback Machine. Revista Época
  6. [4] Arquivado em 3 de janeiro de 2006, no Wayback Machine. Jornal da Ciência

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Jararaca-ilhoa: Brief Summary ( portugais )

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A jararaca-ilhoa (nome científico: Bothrops insularis) é uma serpente sui generis, adaptada a vida arborícola ou semi arborícola, o que se reflete em diversos aspectos de sua morfologia e comportamento. Vive exclusivamente na Ilha da Queimada Grande a 35 km do litoral paulista, entre os municípios de Itanhaém e Peruíbe, São Paulo.

Calculava-se existir cerca de três a cinco mil indivíduos na ilha, mas notícias recentes, avaliando por estimativa, declaram haver cerca de 2.000 animais apenas. Técnicos estão microchipando as serpentes para se possa chegar a uma contagem mais precisa. A jararaca-ilhoa não tem concorrentes nem predadores. Pode sobreviver cerca de seis meses sem se alimentar. Alimenta-se normalmente comendo aves e seus ovos, especialmente do atobá-pardo, muito comum na ilha.

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