Valvulinidae

Slo.: brazdasta grivaa - syn.: Clavaria rugosa Bull. ex Fr. - Habitat: mixed wood, Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies dominant trees; SE oriented, moderately inclined mountain slope; shallow, skeletal soil layer, overgrown sandy calcareous ground with stones and rocks; relatively warm place; in shade; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-8 deg C, elevation 658 m (2.150 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: forest soil, rotten leaves, among stones and mosses. - Comments: To distinguish among four species of genus Clavulina - namely Clavulina cinerea, Clavulina cristata (syn.: C. coralloides), Clavulina rugosa and Clavulina amethystina - growing in Slovenia is not always simple. All have very variable habitus and many times intermediate forms appear. In addition, often they are infested by parasitic fungi, which change their appearance particularly color. - Generally Clavulina cinerea is supposed to be some shade of gray (German common name Graue Koralle), richly branched with dense, slender branches, with more or less stout 'trunk' and rather tough flesh. Clavulina cristata forms densely branched tufts and tips of the branches are fringed and cristate. Clavulina rugosa is white to cream, simple or with much fewer side branches with blunt tips. It has no or barely noticeable 'trunk', distinctly uneven surface of branches and rather fragile flesh. Clavulina amethystina is violet. - Habitus of fruit bodies found clearly fit to Clavulina rugosa. Initially, I was almost sure in this determination - until I looked at spores. Their shape and a single large oil drop in each fit perfectly to Clavulina rugosa according to (Ref.:2). However, spores compared to all sources I've checked are markedly too small (see Figs. M2a and M2b) and actually dimensionally correspond much better to Clavulina cinerea (which spores, on other side, contain several smaller drops (Ref.2)). I have no explanation for this discrepancy and also lack knowledge to judge how important it is. Still, habitus of the fungi found seems to me hard to interpret as Clavulina cinerea. Of cause, this may not be the only option? - Growing scattered solitary and in small groups of a few individual fruit bodies; more than 15 fruit bodies on an area of 2 x 2 m; fruit bodies up to 5 cm tall and 2.5 cm wide; branches around 1.5-2 mm in diameter; taste and smell indistinctive; flesh brittle; SP white with slight yellow tint, oac5. - Spores smooth. Dimensions: 7.7 [8.4 ; 8.7] 9.4 x 6.7 [7.2 ; 7.4] 8 microns; Q = 1.1 [1.2] 1.3; N = 37; C = 95%; Me = 8.6 x 7.3 microns; Qe = 1.2. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water, live material. AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF - Ref.: (1) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 56. (2) J.Breitenbach, F.Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia (1984), p 354. (3) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 456. (4) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 345.(5) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 308. S C. cinerea, 'Graue Koralle' Asch grau, 10/9 (6) D. Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), p 642.

Slo.: brazdasta grivaa - syn.: Clavaria rugosa Bull. ex Fr. - Habitat: mixed wood, Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies dominant trees; SE oriented, moderately inclined mountain slope; shallow, skeletal soil layer, overgrown sandy calcareous ground with stones and rocks; relatively warm place; in shade; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-8 deg C, elevation 658 m (2.150 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: forest soil, rotten leaves, among stones and mosses. - Comments: To distinguish among four species of genus Clavulina - namely Clavulina cinerea, Clavulina cristata (syn.: C. coralloides), Clavulina rugosa and Clavulina amethystina - growing in Slovenia is not always simple. All have very variable habitus and many times intermediate forms appear. In addition, often they are infested by parasitic fungi, which change their appearance particularly color. - Generally Clavulina cinerea is supposed to be some shade of gray (German common name Graue Koralle), richly branched with dense, slender branches, with more or less stout 'trunk' and rather tough flesh. Clavulina cristata forms densely branched tufts and tips of the branches are fringed and cristate. Clavulina rugosa is white to cream, simple or with much fewer side branches with blunt tips. It has no or barely noticeable 'trunk', distinctly uneven surface of branches and rather fragile flesh. Clavulina amethystina is violet. - Habitus of fruit bodies found clearly fit to Clavulina rugosa. Initially, I was almost sure in this determination - until I looked at spores. Their shape and a single large oil drop in each fit perfectly to Clavulina rugosa according to (Ref.:2). However, spores compared to all sources I've checked are markedly too small (see Figs. M2a and M2b) and actually dimensionally correspond much better to Clavulina cinerea (which spores, on other side, contain several smaller drops (Ref.2)). I have no explanation for this discrepancy and also lack knowledge to judge how important it is. Still, habitus of the fungi found seems to me hard to interpret as Clavulina cinerea. Of cause, this may not be the only option? - Growing scattered solitary and in small groups of a few individual fruit bodies; more than 15 fruit bodies on an area of 2 x 2 m; fruit bodies up to 5 cm tall and 2.5 cm wide; branches around 1.5-2 mm in diameter; taste and smell indistinctive; flesh brittle; SP white with slight yellow tint, oac5. - Spores smooth. Dimensions: 7.7 [8.4 ; 8.7] 9.4 x 6.7 [7.2 ; 7.4] 8 microns; Q = 1.1 [1.2] 1.3; N = 37; C = 95%; Me = 8.6 x 7.3 microns; Qe = 1.2. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water, live material. AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF - Ref.: (1) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 56. (2) J.Breitenbach, F.Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia (1984), p 354. (3) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 456. (4) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 345.(5) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 308. S C. cinerea, 'Graue Koralle' Asch grau, 10/9 (6) D. Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), p 642.

Slo.: brazdasta grivaa - syn.: Clavaria rugosa Bull. ex Fr. - Habitat: mixed wood, Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies dominant trees; SE oriented, moderately inclined mountain slope; shallow, skeletal soil layer, overgrown sandy calcareous ground with stones and rocks; relatively warm place; in shade; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-8 deg C, elevation 658 m (2.150 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: forest soil, rotten leaves, among stones and mosses. - Comments: To distinguish among four species of genus Clavulina - namely Clavulina cinerea, Clavulina cristata (syn.: C. coralloides), Clavulina rugosa and Clavulina amethystina - growing in Slovenia is not always simple. All have very variable habitus and many times intermediate forms appear. In addition, often they are infested by parasitic fungi, which change their appearance particularly color. - Generally Clavulina cinerea is supposed to be some shade of gray (German common name Graue Koralle), richly branched with dense, slender branches, with more or less stout 'trunk' and rather tough flesh. Clavulina cristata forms densely branched tufts and tips of the branches are fringed and cristate. Clavulina rugosa is white to cream, simple or with much fewer side branches with blunt tips. It has no or barely noticeable 'trunk', distinctly uneven surface of branches and rather fragile flesh. Clavulina amethystina is violet. - Habitus of fruit bodies found clearly fit to Clavulina rugosa. Initially, I was almost sure in this determination - until I looked at spores. Their shape and a single large oil drop in each fit perfectly to Clavulina rugosa according to (Ref.:2). However, spores compared to all sources I've checked are markedly too small (see Figs. M2a and M2b) and actually dimensionally correspond much better to Clavulina cinerea (which spores, on other side, contain several smaller drops (Ref.2)). I have no explanation for this discrepancy and also lack knowledge to judge how important it is. Still, habitus of the fungi found seems to me hard to interpret as Clavulina cinerea. Of cause, this may not be the only option? - Growing scattered solitary and in small groups of a few individual fruit bodies; more than 15 fruit bodies on an area of 2 x 2 m; fruit bodies up to 5 cm tall and 2.5 cm wide; branches around 1.5-2 mm in diameter; taste and smell indistinctive; flesh brittle; SP white with slight yellow tint, oac5. - Spores smooth. Dimensions: 7.7 [8.4 ; 8.7] 9.4 x 6.7 [7.2 ; 7.4] 8 microns; Q = 1.1 [1.2] 1.3; N = 37; C = 95%; Me = 8.6 x 7.3 microns; Qe = 1.2. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water, live material. AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF - Ref.: (1) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 56. (2) J.Breitenbach, F.Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia (1984), p 354. (3) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 456. (4) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 345.(5) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 308. S C. cinerea, 'Graue Koralle' Asch grau, 10/9 (6) D. Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), p 642.

Slo.: brazdasta grivaa - syn.: Clavaria rugosa Bull. ex Fr. - Habitat: mixed wood, Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies dominant trees; SE oriented, moderately inclined mountain slope; shallow, skeletal soil layer, overgrown sandy calcareous ground with stones and rocks; relatively warm place; in shade; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-8 deg C, elevation 658 m (2.150 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: forest soil, rotten leaves, among stones and mosses. - Comments: To distinguish among four species of genus Clavulina - namely Clavulina cinerea, Clavulina cristata (syn.: C. coralloides), Clavulina rugosa and Clavulina amethystina - growing in Slovenia is not always simple. All have very variable habitus and many times intermediate forms appear. In addition, often they are infested by parasitic fungi, which change their appearance particularly color. - Generally Clavulina cinerea is supposed to be some shade of gray (German common name Graue Koralle), richly branched with dense, slender branches, with more or less stout 'trunk' and rather tough flesh. Clavulina cristata forms densely branched tufts and tips of the branches are fringed and cristate. Clavulina rugosa is white to cream, simple or with much fewer side branches with blunt tips. It has no or barely noticeable 'trunk', distinctly uneven surface of branches and rather fragile flesh. Clavulina amethystina is violet. - Habitus of fruit bodies found clearly fit to Clavulina rugosa. Initially, I was almost sure in this determination - until I looked at spores. Their shape and a single large oil drop in each fit perfectly to Clavulina rugosa according to (Ref.:2). However, spores compared to all sources I've checked are markedly too small (see Figs. M2a and M2b) and actually dimensionally correspond much better to Clavulina cinerea (which spores, on other side, contain several smaller drops (Ref.2)). I have no explanation for this discrepancy and also lack knowledge to judge how important it is. Still, habitus of the fungi found seems to me hard to interpret as Clavulina cinerea. Of cause, this may not be the only option? - Growing scattered solitary and in small groups of a few individual fruit bodies; more than 15 fruit bodies on an area of 2 x 2 m; fruit bodies up to 5 cm tall and 2.5 cm wide; branches around 1.5-2 mm in diameter; taste and smell indistinctive; flesh brittle; SP white with slight yellow tint, oac5. - Spores smooth. Dimensions: 7.7 [8.4 ; 8.7] 9.4 x 6.7 [7.2 ; 7.4] 8 microns; Q = 1.1 [1.2] 1.3; N = 37; C = 95%; Me = 8.6 x 7.3 microns; Qe = 1.2. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water, live material. AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF - Ref.: (1) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 56. (2) J.Breitenbach, F.Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia (1984), p 354. (3) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 456. (4) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 345.(5) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 308. S C. cinerea, 'Graue Koralle' Asch grau, 10/9 (6) D. Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), p 642.

Slo.: brazdasta grivaa - syn.: Clavaria rugosa Bull. ex Fr. - Habitat: mixed wood, Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies dominant trees; SE oriented, moderately inclined mountain slope; shallow, skeletal soil layer, overgrown sandy calcareous ground with stones and rocks; relatively warm place; in shade; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-8 deg C, elevation 658 m (2.150 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: forest soil, rotten leaves, among stones and mosses. - Comments: To distinguish among four species of genus Clavulina - namely Clavulina cinerea, Clavulina cristata (syn.: C. coralloides), Clavulina rugosa and Clavulina amethystina - growing in Slovenia is not always simple. All have very variable habitus and many times intermediate forms appear. In addition, often they are infested by parasitic fungi, which change their appearance particularly color. - Generally Clavulina cinerea is supposed to be some shade of gray (German common name Graue Koralle), richly branched with dense, slender branches, with more or less stout 'trunk' and rather tough flesh. Clavulina cristata forms densely branched tufts and tips of the branches are fringed and cristate. Clavulina rugosa is white to cream, simple or with much fewer side branches with blunt tips. It has no or barely noticeable 'trunk', distinctly uneven surface of branches and rather fragile flesh. Clavulina amethystina is violet. - Habitus of fruit bodies found clearly fit to Clavulina rugosa. Initially, I was almost sure in this determination - until I looked at spores. Their shape and a single large oil drop in each fit perfectly to Clavulina rugosa according to (Ref.:2). However, spores compared to all sources I've checked are markedly too small (see Figs. M2a and M2b) and actually dimensionally correspond much better to Clavulina cinerea (which spores, on other side, contain several smaller drops (Ref.2)). I have no explanation for this discrepancy and also lack knowledge to judge how important it is. Still, habitus of the fungi found seems to me hard to interpret as Clavulina cinerea. Of cause, this may not be the only option? - Growing scattered solitary and in small groups of a few individual fruit bodies; more than 15 fruit bodies on an area of 2 x 2 m; fruit bodies up to 5 cm tall and 2.5 cm wide; branches around 1.5-2 mm in diameter; taste and smell indistinctive; flesh brittle; SP white with slight yellow tint, oac5. - Spores smooth. Dimensions: 7.7 [8.4 ; 8.7] 9.4 x 6.7 [7.2 ; 7.4] 8 microns; Q = 1.1 [1.2] 1.3; N = 37; C = 95%; Me = 8.6 x 7.3 microns; Qe = 1.2. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water, live material. AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF - Ref.: (1) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 56. (2) J.Breitenbach, F.Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia (1984), p 354. (3) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 456. (4) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 345.(5) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 308. S C. cinerea, 'Graue Koralle' Asch grau, 10/9 (6) D. Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), p 642.

Slo.: brazdasta grivaa - syn.: Clavaria rugosa Bull. ex Fr. - Habitat: mixed wood, Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies dominant trees; SE oriented, moderately inclined mountain slope; shallow, skeletal soil layer, overgrown sandy calcareous ground with stones and rocks; relatively warm place; in shade; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-8 deg C, elevation 658 m (2.150 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: forest soil, rotten leaves, among stones and mosses. - Comments: To distinguish among four species of genus Clavulina - namely Clavulina cinerea, Clavulina cristata (syn.: C. coralloides), Clavulina rugosa and Clavulina amethystina - growing in Slovenia is not always simple. All have very variable habitus and many times intermediate forms appear. In addition, often they are infested by parasitic fungi, which change their appearance particularly color. - Generally Clavulina cinerea is supposed to be some shade of gray (German common name Graue Koralle), richly branched with dense, slender branches, with more or less stout 'trunk' and rather tough flesh. Clavulina cristata forms densely branched tufts and tips of the branches are fringed and cristate. Clavulina rugosa is white to cream, simple or with much fewer side branches with blunt tips. It has no or barely noticeable 'trunk', distinctly uneven surface of branches and rather fragile flesh. Clavulina amethystina is violet. - Habitus of fruit bodies found clearly fit to Clavulina rugosa. Initially, I was almost sure in this determination - until I looked at spores. Their shape and a single large oil drop in each fit perfectly to Clavulina rugosa according to (Ref.:2). However, spores compared to all sources I've checked are markedly too small (see Figs. M2a and M2b) and actually dimensionally correspond much better to Clavulina cinerea (which spores, on other side, contain several smaller drops (Ref.2)). I have no explanation for this discrepancy and also lack knowledge to judge how important it is. Still, habitus of the fungi found seems to me hard to interpret as Clavulina cinerea. Of cause, this may not be the only option? - Growing scattered solitary and in small groups of a few individual fruit bodies; more than 15 fruit bodies on an area of 2 x 2 m; fruit bodies up to 5 cm tall and 2.5 cm wide; branches around 1.5-2 mm in diameter; taste and smell indistinctive; flesh brittle; SP white with slight yellow tint, oac5. - Spores smooth. Dimensions: 7.7 [8.4 ; 8.7] 9.4 x 6.7 [7.2 ; 7.4] 8 microns; Q = 1.1 [1.2] 1.3; N = 37; C = 95%; Me = 8.6 x 7.3 microns; Qe = 1.2. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water, live material. AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF - Ref.: (1) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 56. (2) J.Breitenbach, F.Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia (1984), p 354. (3) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 456. (4) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 345.(5) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 308. S C. cinerea, 'Graue Koralle' Asch grau, 10/9 (6) D. Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), p 642.

Slo.: brazdasta grivaa - syn.: Clavaria rugosa Bull. ex Fr. - Habitat: mixed wood, Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies dominant trees; SE oriented, moderately inclined mountain slope; shallow, skeletal soil layer, overgrown sandy calcareous ground with stones and rocks; relatively warm place; in shade; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-8 deg C, elevation 658 m (2.150 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: forest soil, rotten leaves, among stones and mosses. - Comments: To distinguish among four species of genus Clavulina - namely Clavulina cinerea, Clavulina cristata (syn.: C. coralloides), Clavulina rugosa and Clavulina amethystina - growing in Slovenia is not always simple. All have very variable habitus and many times intermediate forms appear. In addition, often they are infested by parasitic fungi, which change their appearance particularly color. - Generally Clavulina cinerea is supposed to be some shade of gray (German common name Graue Koralle), richly branched with dense, slender branches, with more or less stout 'trunk' and rather tough flesh. Clavulina cristata forms densely branched tufts and tips of the branches are fringed and cristate. Clavulina rugosa is white to cream, simple or with much fewer side branches with blunt tips. It has no or barely noticeable 'trunk', distinctly uneven surface of branches and rather fragile flesh. Clavulina amethystina is violet. - Habitus of fruit bodies found clearly fit to Clavulina rugosa. Initially, I was almost sure in this determination - until I looked at spores. Their shape and a single large oil drop in each fit perfectly to Clavulina rugosa according to (Ref.:2). However, spores compared to all sources I've checked are markedly too small (see Figs. M2a and M2b) and actually dimensionally correspond much better to Clavulina cinerea (which spores, on other side, contain several smaller drops (Ref.2)). I have no explanation for this discrepancy and also lack knowledge to judge how important it is. Still, habitus of the fungi found seems to me hard to interpret as Clavulina cinerea. Of cause, this may not be the only option? - Growing scattered solitary and in small groups of a few individual fruit bodies; more than 15 fruit bodies on an area of 2 x 2 m; fruit bodies up to 5 cm tall and 2.5 cm wide; branches around 1.5-2 mm in diameter; taste and smell indistinctive; flesh brittle; SP white with slight yellow tint, oac5. - Spores smooth. Dimensions: 7.7 [8.4 ; 8.7] 9.4 x 6.7 [7.2 ; 7.4] 8 microns; Q = 1.1 [1.2] 1.3; N = 37; C = 95%; Me = 8.6 x 7.3 microns; Qe = 1.2. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water, live material. AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF - Ref.: (1) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 56. (2) J.Breitenbach, F.Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia (1984), p 354. (3) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 456. (4) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 345.(5) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 308. S C. cinerea, 'Graue Koralle' Asch grau, 10/9 (6) D. Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), p 642.

Slo.: brazdasta grivaa - syn.: Clavaria rugosa Bull. ex Fr. - Habitat: mixed wood, Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies dominant trees; SE oriented, moderately inclined mountain slope; shallow, skeletal soil layer, overgrown sandy calcareous ground with stones and rocks; relatively warm place; in shade; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-8 deg C, elevation 658 m (2.150 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: forest soil, rotten leaves, among stones and mosses. - Comments: To distinguish among four species of genus Clavulina - namely Clavulina cinerea, Clavulina cristata (syn.: C. coralloides), Clavulina rugosa and Clavulina amethystina - growing in Slovenia is not always simple. All have very variable habitus and many times intermediate forms appear. In addition, often they are infested by parasitic fungi, which change their appearance particularly color. - Generally Clavulina cinerea is supposed to be some shade of gray (German common name Graue Koralle), richly branched with dense, slender branches, with more or less stout 'trunk' and rather tough flesh. Clavulina cristata forms densely branched tufts and tips of the branches are fringed and cristate. Clavulina rugosa is white to cream, simple or with much fewer side branches with blunt tips. It has no or barely noticeable 'trunk', distinctly uneven surface of branches and rather fragile flesh. Clavulina amethystina is violet. - Habitus of fruit bodies found clearly fit to Clavulina rugosa. Initially, I was almost sure in this determination - until I looked at spores. Their shape and a single large oil drop in each fit perfectly to Clavulina rugosa according to (Ref.:2). However, spores compared to all sources I've checked are markedly too small (see Figs. M2a and M2b) and actually dimensionally correspond much better to Clavulina cinerea (which spores, on other side, contain several smaller drops (Ref.2)). I have no explanation for this discrepancy and also lack knowledge to judge how important it is. Still, habitus of the fungi found seems to me hard to interpret as Clavulina cinerea. Of cause, this may not be the only option? - Growing scattered solitary and in small groups of a few individual fruit bodies; more than 15 fruit bodies on an area of 2 x 2 m; fruit bodies up to 5 cm tall and 2.5 cm wide; branches around 1.5-2 mm in diameter; taste and smell indistinctive; flesh brittle; SP white with slight yellow tint, oac5. - Spores smooth. Dimensions: 7.7 [8.4 ; 8.7] 9.4 x 6.7 [7.2 ; 7.4] 8 microns; Q = 1.1 [1.2] 1.3; N = 37; C = 95%; Me = 8.6 x 7.3 microns; Qe = 1.2. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water, live material. AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF - Ref.: (1) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 56. (2) J.Breitenbach, F.Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia (1984), p 354. (3) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 456. (4) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 345.(5) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 308. S C. cinerea, 'Graue Koralle' Asch grau, 10/9 (6) D. Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), p 642.

Slo.: brazdasta grivaa - syn.: Clavaria rugosa Bull. ex Fr. - Habitat: mixed wood, Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies dominant trees; SE oriented, moderately inclined mountain slope; shallow, skeletal soil layer, overgrown sandy calcareous ground with stones and rocks; relatively warm place; in shade; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-8 deg C, elevation 658 m (2.150 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: forest soil, rotten leaves, among stones and mosses. - Comments: To distinguish among four species of genus Clavulina - namely Clavulina cinerea, Clavulina cristata (syn.: C. coralloides), Clavulina rugosa and Clavulina amethystina - growing in Slovenia is not always simple. All have very variable habitus and many times intermediate forms appear. In addition, often they are infested by parasitic fungi, which change their appearance particularly color. - Generally Clavulina cinerea is supposed to be some shade of gray (German common name Graue Koralle), richly branched with dense, slender branches, with more or less stout 'trunk' and rather tough flesh. Clavulina cristata forms densely branched tufts and tips of the branches are fringed and cristate. Clavulina rugosa is white to cream, simple or with much fewer side branches with blunt tips. It has no or barely noticeable 'trunk', distinctly uneven surface of branches and rather fragile flesh. Clavulina amethystina is violet. - Habitus of fruit bodies found clearly fit to Clavulina rugosa. Initially, I was almost sure in this determination - until I looked at spores. Their shape and a single large oil drop in each fit perfectly to Clavulina rugosa according to (Ref.:2). However, spores compared to all sources I've checked are markedly too small (see Figs. M2a and M2b) and actually dimensionally correspond much better to Clavulina cinerea (which spores, on other side, contain several smaller drops (Ref.2)). I have no explanation for this discrepancy and also lack knowledge to judge how important it is. Still, habitus of the fungi found seems to me hard to interpret as Clavulina cinerea. Of cause, this may not be the only option? - Growing scattered solitary and in small groups of a few individual fruit bodies; more than 15 fruit bodies on an area of 2 x 2 m; fruit bodies up to 5 cm tall and 2.5 cm wide; branches around 1.5-2 mm in diameter; taste and smell indistinctive; flesh brittle; SP white with slight yellow tint, oac5. - Spores smooth. Dimensions: 7.7 [8.4 ; 8.7] 9.4 x 6.7 [7.2 ; 7.4] 8 microns; Q = 1.1 [1.2] 1.3; N = 37; C = 95%; Me = 8.6 x 7.3 microns; Qe = 1.2. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water, live material. AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF - Ref.: (1) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 56. (2) J.Breitenbach, F.Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia (1984), p 354. (3) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 456. (4) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 345.(5) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 308. S C. cinerea, 'Graue Koralle' Asch grau, 10/9 (6) D. Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), p 642.

Slo.: brazdasta grivaa - syn.: Clavaria rugosa Bull. ex Fr. - Habitat: mixed wood, Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies dominant trees; SE oriented, moderately inclined mountain slope; shallow, skeletal soil layer, overgrown sandy calcareous ground with stones and rocks; relatively warm place; in shade; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-8 deg C, elevation 658 m (2.150 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: forest soil, rotten leaves, among stones and mosses. - Comments: To distinguish among four species of genus Clavulina - namely Clavulina cinerea, Clavulina cristata (syn.: C. coralloides), Clavulina rugosa and Clavulina amethystina - growing in Slovenia is not always simple. All have very variable habitus and many times intermediate forms appear. In addition, often they are infested by parasitic fungi, which change their appearance particularly color. - Generally Clavulina cinerea is supposed to be some shade of gray (German common name Graue Koralle), richly branched with dense, slender branches, with more or less stout 'trunk' and rather tough flesh. Clavulina cristata forms densely branched tufts and tips of the branches are fringed and cristate. Clavulina rugosa is white to cream, simple or with much fewer side branches with blunt tips. It has no or barely noticeable 'trunk', distinctly uneven surface of branches and rather fragile flesh. Clavulina amethystina is violet. - Habitus of fruit bodies found clearly fit to Clavulina rugosa. Initially, I was almost sure in this determination - until I looked at spores. Their shape and a single large oil drop in each fit perfectly to Clavulina rugosa according to (Ref.:2). However, spores compared to all sources I've checked are markedly too small (see Figs. M2a and M2b) and actually dimensionally correspond much better to Clavulina cinerea (which spores, on other side, contain several smaller drops (Ref.2)). I have no explanation for this discrepancy and also lack knowledge to judge how important it is. Still, habitus of the fungi found seems to me hard to interpret as Clavulina cinerea. Of cause, this may not be the only option? - Growing scattered solitary and in small groups of a few individual fruit bodies; more than 15 fruit bodies on an area of 2 x 2 m; fruit bodies up to 5 cm tall and 2.5 cm wide; branches around 1.5-2 mm in diameter; taste and smell indistinctive; flesh brittle; SP white with slight yellow tint, oac5. - Spores smooth. Dimensions: 7.7 [8.4 ; 8.7] 9.4 x 6.7 [7.2 ; 7.4] 8 microns; Q = 1.1 [1.2] 1.3; N = 37; C = 95%; Me = 8.6 x 7.3 microns; Qe = 1.2. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water, live material. AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF - Ref.: (1) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 56. (2) J.Breitenbach, F.Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia (1984), p 354. (3) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 456. (4) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 345.(5) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 308. S C. cinerea, 'Graue Koralle' Asch grau, 10/9 (6) D. Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), p 642.

Slo.: brazdasta grivaa - syn.: Clavaria rugosa Bull. ex Fr. - Habitat: mixed wood, Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies dominant trees; SE oriented, moderately inclined mountain slope; shallow, skeletal soil layer, overgrown sandy calcareous ground with stones and rocks; relatively warm place; in shade; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-8 deg C, elevation 658 m (2.150 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: forest soil, rotten leaves, among stones and mosses. - Comments: To distinguish among four species of genus Clavulina - namely Clavulina cinerea, Clavulina cristata (syn.: C. coralloides), Clavulina rugosa and Clavulina amethystina - growing in Slovenia is not always simple. All have very variable habitus and many times intermediate forms appear. In addition, often they are infested by parasitic fungi, which change their appearance particularly color. - Generally Clavulina cinerea is supposed to be some shade of gray (German common name Graue Koralle), richly branched with dense, slender branches, with more or less stout 'trunk' and rather tough flesh. Clavulina cristata forms densely branched tufts and tips of the branches are fringed and cristate. Clavulina rugosa is white to cream, simple or with much fewer side branches with blunt tips. It has no or barely noticeable 'trunk', distinctly uneven surface of branches and rather fragile flesh. Clavulina amethystina is violet. - Habitus of fruit bodies found clearly fit to Clavulina rugosa. Initially, I was almost sure in this determination - until I looked at spores. Their shape and a single large oil drop in each fit perfectly to Clavulina rugosa according to (Ref.:2). However, spores compared to all sources I've checked are markedly too small (see Figs. M2a and M2b) and actually dimensionally correspond much better to Clavulina cinerea (which spores, on other side, contain several smaller drops (Ref.2)). I have no explanation for this discrepancy and also lack knowledge to judge how important it is. Still, habitus of the fungi found seems to me hard to interpret as Clavulina cinerea. Of cause, this may not be the only option? - Growing scattered solitary and in small groups of a few individual fruit bodies; more than 15 fruit bodies on an area of 2 x 2 m; fruit bodies up to 5 cm tall and 2.5 cm wide; branches around 1.5-2 mm in diameter; taste and smell indistinctive; flesh brittle; SP white with slight yellow tint, oac5. - Spores smooth. Dimensions: 7.7 [8.4 ; 8.7] 9.4 x 6.7 [7.2 ; 7.4] 8 microns; Q = 1.1 [1.2] 1.3; N = 37; C = 95%; Me = 8.6 x 7.3 microns; Qe = 1.2. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water, live material. AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF - Ref.: (1) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 56. (2) J.Breitenbach, F.Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia (1984), p 354. (3) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 456. (4) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 345.(5) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 308. S C. cinerea, 'Graue Koralle' Asch grau, 10/9 (6) D. Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), p 642.

Image source: Cushman, J.A. 1922. The Foraminifera of the Atlantic Ocean. Part 3. Textulariidae. Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus. 104.

Image source: Goës, A. 1894. A Synopsis of the Arctic and Scandinavian recent marine Foraminifera hitherto discovered. Kong. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar 25(9): 1-127 + 25 pls. (Notae numerorum tenues mensuram indicant millimetricam). Given in the synonymy of Cushman's new species: C. flintiana

Cylindroclavulina bradyi sensu Jones, R.W. 1994. The Challenger Foraminifera. Image source: Brady, H.B. (1884) Pl. 48

Loeblich, A. R., Tappan, H. N., 1987: Foraminiferal genera and their classification.  Van Nostrand, Reinhold Co. New York 1728 pp. Plate 201, Figs. 1-4: Holocene, southeast of Pernambuco, Atlantic. 1, Sectioned specimen showing canaliculate wall, early simple basal aperture, and later terminal cribrate apertme; 2, top view of paratype; 3, 4, side and top view of paratype (all BMNH ZF 1137), x 17.

Cribrogoesella robusta sensu Jones, R.W. 1994. The Challenger Foraminifera. Image source: Brady, H.B. (1884) Pl. 45

Clavulina multicamerata sensu Jones, R.W. 1994. The Challenger Foraminifera. Image source: Brady, H.B. (1884) Pl. 48

Image source: Cushman, J.A. 1911. A Monograph of the Foraminifera of the North Pacific Ocean. Part II. Textulariidae. Bull. U.S. Nation. Mus 71: xiii+108 pp. Cushman figures copied from Brady (1884, pl. 48, Figures 17-18), Clavulina multicamerata Chapman 1907 x 30. From Challenger Sta. 187A, off Booby Island, Torres Strait, Pacific (8fm.). ZFl285. Referred by Brady (1884) and Thalmann (1932) to Clavulina parisiensis d'Orbigny, and by Barker (1960) to C. multicamerata Chapman. (Jones, 1994, p. 53).

Orbigny d', A. D. (1826). Tableau méthodique de la classe des Céphalopodes. Annales des Sciences Naturelles. vol. 7: 96-169, 245-314., available online at (http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5753959) page(s): p. 268 n° 2 pl. 12 fig. 7

Image source: Cushman, J.A. 1921. Foraminifera of the Philippine and adjacent seas. Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus. 100(4).

Image source: Cushman, J.A. 1911. A Monograph of the Foraminifera of the North Pacific Ocean. Part II. Textulariidae. Bull. U.S. Nation. Mus 71: xiii+108 pp.

Image source: Goës, A. 1894. A Synopsis of the Arctic and Scandinavian recent marine Foraminifera hitherto discovered. Kong. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar 25(9): 1-127 + 25 pls. (Notae numerorum tenues mensuram indicant millimetricam).