Planhigyn blodeuol yw Llwyn cohwhw sy'n enw gwrywaidd. Mae'n perthyn i'r teulu Pittosporaceae. Yr enw gwyddonol (Lladin) yw Pittosporum tenuifolium a'r enw Saesneg yw Kohuhu.[1]
Llwyn (neu brysgwydd) ydyw, fel eraill yn yr un teulu.
Planhigyn blodeuol yw Llwyn cohwhw sy'n enw gwrywaidd. Mae'n perthyn i'r teulu Pittosporaceae. Yr enw gwyddonol (Lladin) yw Pittosporum tenuifolium a'r enw Saesneg yw Kohuhu.
Llwyn (neu brysgwydd) ydyw, fel eraill yn yr un teulu.
Der Schmalblättrige Klebsame (Pittosporum tenuifolium) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Klebsamen (Pittosporum) in der Familie der Klebsamengewächse (Pittosporaceae). Sie kommt in Neuseeland vor.
Der Schmalblättrige Klebsame ist ein immergrüner Strauch oder Baum und erreicht Wuchshöhen von bis etwa 10 Metern. Die Borke ist glatt und mattgrau. Es wird eine eiförmige, reich verzweigte Krone ausgebildet. Die Rinde der Zweige sind dunkel purpurbraun.
Die wechselständig angeordnetenen Laubblätter sind in Blattstiel und Blattspreite gegliedert. Die einfache, glänzende, relativ dünne Blattspreite ist bei einer Länge von etwa 5 Zentimetern sowie einer Breite von etwa 2,5 Zentimetern länglich-elliptisch. Der Blattrand ist leicht gewellt und runzelig. Die Blattoberseite ist hellgrün mit erhabener weißlicher Mittelrippe.
Die mit einem Durchmesser von 6 bis 7 Millimetern relativ kleinen, dunkelroten bis purpurfarbenen Blüten sind wegen ihrer sehr dunklen Färbung unauffällig und duften stark.
Die bei Reife grauschwarze Kapselfrucht ist etwa 1,5 Zentimeter groß.
Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 24.[1]
Wichtige Inhaltsstoffe sind Saponine.
Die Heimat des Schmalblättrige Klebsamens liegt auf der Nord- und der Südinsel von Neuseeland. Er wächst dort in den Küstenregionen und den niedrigeren Gebirgszonen bis auf Höhenlagen von etwa 900 Metern.
In Australien ist Pittosporum tenuifolium ein Neophyt. In Mitteleuropa ist sie nicht winterhart. In weiten Teilen der Britischen Inseln gedeiht sie im Freien; sie wird dort oft als Hecke gepflanzt.
Der Schmalblättrige Klebsame wird als Zierpflanze kultiviert. Hierfür sind viele Sorten ausgelesen worden. Viele Sorten haben panaschierte Blätter. Hier eine Auswahl:[2]
Die Erstveröffentlichung erfolgte 1788 durch den deutschen Botaniker Joseph Gärtner in De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum … 1, S. 286, Tafel 59, Figur 7.[3][4]
Der Schmalblättrige Klebsame (Pittosporum tenuifolium) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Klebsamen (Pittosporum) in der Familie der Klebsamengewächse (Pittosporaceae). Sie kommt in Neuseeland vor.
Pittosporum tenuifolium is a small evergreen tree endemic to New Zealand – up to 10 m (33 ft) – commonly known as kōhūhū and black matipo, and by other Māori names kohukohu and tawhiwhi. Its small, very dark, reddish-purple flowers generally go unnoticed, and are scented only at night. The Latin tenuifolium means "slender-leaved"[1]
Pittosporum translates to tarry – pittos – seed – sporum,[2] a reference to the sticky fluid that encases the seeds[3] and tenuifolium means thin – tenui – leaf – folium.[2]
Kōhūhū is a bush or small tree that grows up to around 8–10 metres tall. The trunk is slender (30–40 cm diameter) with a mottled dark grey bark color[3] that progressively turns black towards the tips of the branches[4]
The leaf coverage is compact in kōhūhū; the leaves are arranged alternately on the stem[3] and the petiole is short.[3] The leaves themselves are usually small – 2–4 cm long by 1–2 cm wide – but can grow up to 7 cm long.[3] The edges are undulated and the leaf shape can range from oval to almost circular.[4] Young leaves are covered in a layer of fine hairs that gets shed as the leaves grow.[3] Adult leaves have a smooth, glossy texture.[5] The colouration of the foliage is a silvery green,[4] darker on the upper side and lighter underneath.[5] The midrib of the leaf and its smaller lateral veins are whiteish and quite visible on the upper side of the leaf.[3]
Kōhūhū has small – around 1 cm in diameter – dark coloured flowers.[4] The colour ranges from dark-red[5] to dark-purple[4] turning almost black as the flowers age.[3] On rare occasions, the colour can be red or yellow.[4] The flowers develop from lateral buds, either individually or in clumps,[4] and can be male or bisexual.[4]
The flowers are filled with nectar and exude a honey scented fragrance in the evenings with the scent being more obvious in slightly damp conditions. This attracts moths and night flying insects, and it is believed these insects help with pollination.[3]
Fertilised flowers develop into small – around 1.2 cm in diameter – [3] globe shaped fruits.[6] The fruit is covered in a small layer of hairs during early maturation that is progressively discarded as the capsule ripens.[3] In the ripening process the capsule shrinks, hardens up and turns almost black, splitting into two or three segments when ripened.[3] Inside are black seeds, encased in a very sticky substance.[3] The stickiness of the seeds is likely to help with seed dispersal.
Common names include:
Kōhūhū is endemic to New Zealand.[3]
Kōhūhū is well spread all over New Zealand, being absent only to the west of the Southern Alps[6] and Stewart Island.[3]
Kōhūhū is found growing wild in coastal and lower mountain forest areas up to an altitude of 900 m.[11]
Kōhūhū grows particularly quickly at forest edges[4] located at the bottom of high terraces,[3] and can also be found growing in riverbeds.[3] It grows readily in forested areas that have been disturbed[4] or in reverting farmland, playing an important role in ecological succession.[3]
Most of the plants in the genus Pittosporum are easily propagated from seed, but germination may be slow.[3] In horticultural production, the sticky substance coating the seeds is removed before sowing, as it acts as a germination inhibitor. The seeds are treated to simulate natural conditions for six weeks in order to improve germination rates.[3]
Kōhūhū is a relatively fast growing plant[3] growing from 0.5 metres to 3 metres within five years. The root system is shallow and spread out.[12] These characteristics make it ideal – when used in conjunction with another plants – for use in stream stabilisation[12] and erosion control.[13]
Flowering happens in late spring, from October to November, and the maturation of the fruit happens between mid-summer and autumn, from January to March.[14]
The seedlings of kōhūhū are unusual, as in some cases they have three or four seed leaves instead of the usual two.[5]
Kōhūhū is a hardy plant that can cope with poor conditions – poor soils, droughts and windy environments.[3] It is, however, a light-demanding plant[3] and prefers soils with good drainage in humid climates.[15] Planting it in damp conditions can cause winter leaf drop,[15] which likely explains why kōhūhū is not found growing on the West Coast of New Zealand. In its role in ecological succession, kōhūhū is often found at an earlier stage than its relative lemonwood (another endemic Pittosporum), and usually inhabits less fertile soils.[3]
There are over 50 insect species listed in the Plant-SyNZ database[16] that either feed on or parasitise kōhūhū, including wasps, sucking bugs, flies, moths, butterflies, thrips, mites and beetles. There are also more than a dozen beetles that feed on the dead plant material.
Below are some species of interest, organised by feeding habits:
Pittosporum flower weevil (Aneuma rubricale), a native insect, lays its eggs on the flower of kōhūhū; interestingly, only kōhūhū is chosen for this, even if the weevil feeds on other types of Pittosporum. As soon as the weevil's larvae hatch, they start feeding on the stamens and ovaries of the flowers, switching to the leaves once they reach adulthood.[17]
An arrival from Australia, pittosporum shield bug (Monteithiella humeralis)[18] as well as the endemic pittosporum psyllid Trioza vitreoradiata[19] feed only on Pittosporum species, by attaching themselves to a suitable part of the plant and feeding on its sap. The psyllid leaves a trail of characteristic "beads" behind.
Cottony cushion scale (Icerya purchasi),[20] an Australian bug, soft wax scale (Ceroplastes destructor), an import from overseas[21] and the Australian green shield bug (Glaucias amyoti), native to New Zealand despite its name[22] also parasitise the Pittosporum species, but have a more varied range of hosts. All attach themselves to a suitable part of the plant and feed on its sap.
New Zealand flower thrips (Thrips obscuratus) feeds on leaves, flowers and young fruit of kōhūhū, by piercing plant cells and sucking their contents.[23]
Pythium irregulare has been recorded as a pathogen of kōhūhū, causing foliar blight, rot, and eventually death.[24]
A recently discovered pathogen of kōhūhū that caused swelling of twigs, the fungus Elsinoe takoropuku, turned out to be a newly discovered species of fungi. The fungus was, so far, only found in association with kōhūhū.[25]
Kōhūhū is a popular garden plant in New Zealand and overseas, often used a hedge or as visual backdrop.[3] It is sometimes grown under the cultivar name 'Nigricans', so called because of its black stems. In horticulture it is valued for its coloured foliage (cultivated variations include purple, "silver" and variegated leaves), and for its tolerance of some horticulturally difficult growing conditions, including dry soils and shade (although in northwest Europe, cold and exposed situations do not suit it).
Several hybrids and cultivars have been developed[3] and five varieties won the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit due to their ability to cope in the growing conditions of the United Kingdom:[26]
Kōhūhū has the potential to be used as the host of the threatened root parasite plant wood rose (Dactylanthus taylorii). Wood rose was recently successfully translocated and sown in the wild from seed, showing the largest success rate when planted in association with kōhūhū.[33]
There are several recorded uses of kōhūhū by Māori. The resin and oils extracted from the leaves have been used for their scent and often mixed with ingredients sourced from other native trees in order to produce an oil of variable composition.[34] The resin is obtained by making cuts in the bark of the tree[3] and the leaves crushed and mixed with other oils.[34] The oil is used to scent little pouches[3] or a dead bird skin,[34] often worn around the neck.[3] The oil is also used to scent houses and mats of people of high rank.[34]
In addition, kōhūhū has been used for medicinal purposes by Māori. The resin has been mixed with other gums and chewed as a cure for bad breath and sores in the mouth.[35] Parts of the plants have been used as topical treatment for relief of the symptoms of skin diseases.[3] Crushed leaves also have been used as a poultice for ulcers.[36] The crushed bark has been soaked in water and the resulting mixture used to treat breast or chest ailments, and the remaining liquid taken orally.[35] It has been used, together with flax root, to make a brew used to treat fever, bleeding and bruising.[35] Validating its traditional uses as a medicine, a 2010 study indicated that kōhūhū does indeed possess some antimicrobial properties.[37]
The branches of kōhūhū have been used in Māori life ceremonies, such as baptisms, and for welcoming visitors to a marae. Two of its common names, tāwhiri ("to wave to") and rautāwhiri ("to wave a leaf") reflect this.[34]
Pittosporum tenuifolium is a small evergreen tree endemic to New Zealand – up to 10 m (33 ft) – commonly known as kōhūhū and black matipo, and by other Māori names kohukohu and tawhiwhi. Its small, very dark, reddish-purple flowers generally go unnoticed, and are scented only at night. The Latin tenuifolium means "slender-leaved"
Pittosporum tenuifolium, el pitosporo de hojas tenues,[1] es una especie de planta fanerógama perteneciente a la familia Pittosporaceae.
Es un arbusto pequeño (de hasta 10 m) nativo de Nueva Zelanda, es también conocido por los nombres maoríes de kohuhu o kohukohu. Es a veces plantado con el nombre del cultivar 'Nigricans', así llamado por sus tallos negros. El follaje horticultural incluye hojas púrpura, "plateadas" y jaspeadas. Las flores generalmente pasan desapercibidas por su color, morado-rojizo muy oscuro, y despiden su perfume solo en la noche. Se le encuentra en la naturaleza en las costas y bosques bajos en las montañas hasta una altitud de 900 msnm .
Pittosporum tenuifolium fue descrita por Banks & Sol. ex Gaertn. y publicado en De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum. . . . 1: 286, pl. 59. 1788.[2][3]
Pittosporum: nombre genérico que deriva del idioma griego πίττα (por πίσσα) 'resina' y σπόρος, 'semilla, simiente', o sea 'simientes pegajosas', pues las semillas están embebidas en una sustancia resinosa-viscosa blanquecina.
tenuifolium: epíteto latino que significa 'con flores delgadas'[4]
Pittosporum tenuifolium, el pitosporo de hojas tenues, es una especie de planta fanerógama perteneciente a la familia Pittosporaceae.
Pittospore de Nouvelle-Zélande
Pittosporum tenuifolium, le Pittospore de Nouvelle-Zélande[2], est une espèce de plantes à fleurs de la famille des Pittosporaceae et du genre Pittosporum. C'est un arbuste à feuilles persistantes, endémique de Nouvelle-Zélande.
tenuifolium signifie « à feuilles minces », de tenui - mince, et folium - feuille. Appelé aussi Pittospore à petites feuilles[réf. nécessaire]. Communément appelé kōhūhū et matipo noir, et par d'autres noms maoris kohukohu et tawhiwhi.
Cette espèce a la ramure compacte, mesure jusqu'à 10 m.
Son tronc est mince (30 à 40 cm de diamètre) avec une couleur d'écorce gris foncé marbré qui noircit puis rougit progressivement vers l'extrémité des branches [3]. Le système racinaire est peu profond et étalé[4].
Sa feuille ovale satiné argenté, à marge ondulés, à un pétiole court, mesure jusqu'à 4 cm.
Sa floraison a lieu au printemps. Sa fleur est pourpre à violacée d'environ 1 cm[5] rarement jaune. Les fleurs se développent à partir de bourgeons latéraux, individuellement ou en touffes, et peuvent être hermaphrodites ou seulement mâles. Les fleurs sont remplies de nectar et dégagent un parfum de miel la nuit, le parfum étant plus évident dans des conditions légèrement humides. Ce dernier attire les mites et autres insectes volants la nuit, qui aident probablement à la pollinisation.
Son fruit est une capsule[6]. Le fruit est recouvert d'une petite couche de poils au début de la maturation, qui disparaît progressivement à maturité. La maturation du fruit a lieu entre le milieu de l'été et l'automne[7]. Cette capsule rétrécit, durcit et devient presque noire, se divisant en deux ou trois segments lorsqu'elle est mûre. À l'intérieur se trouvent des graines noires, enfermées dans une substance très collante. Le caractère collant des graines est susceptible d'aider à la dispersion des graines.
Feuilles de variegatum
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Rameau
Plante complète
De zone de rusticité 8, cette espèce a besoin d’un sol drainé, plutôt frais, possiblement pauvre calcaire ou sec. Son exposition est plutôt plein soleil et elle supporte le vent[8].
Sa croissance est relativement rapide passant de 5 cm à 3 m en cinq ans. La taille est facile.
Il existe plus de 50 espèces d'insectes répertoriées dans la base de données Plant-SyNZ[9] qui se nourrissent ou parasitent cette plante : guêpes, punaises suceuses, mouches, mites, papillons, thrips, acariens et coléoptères. Il y a aussi plus d'une douzaine de coléoptères qui se nourrissent de la matière végétale morte.
Ces caractéristiques la rendent idéal, lorsqu'elle est utilisée avec d'autres plantes pour une utilisation dans la stabilisation des cours d'eau et la lutte contre l'érosion[10].
Elle est endémique de Nouvelle-Zélande. Elle y est bien répandu partout, n'étant absent qu'à l'ouest des Alpes et dans l'île Stewart.
Elle pousse à l'état sauvage dans les zones forestières côtières et de basse montagne jusqu'à une altitude de 900 m[11].
Elle pousse particulièrement rapidement aux lisières des forêts situées au bas des hautes terrasses, et peut également pousser dans les lits des rivières. Elle pousse facilement dans les zones boisées qui ont été perturbées ou dans les terres agricoles en reconversion, jouant un rôle important dans la succession écologique.
C'est une plante ornementale en haie et occultante. Il est parfois cultivé sous le nom de cultivar ‘Nigricans’, ainsi appelé en raison de ses tiges noires. En horticulture, il est apprécié pour son feuillage coloré (les variations cultivées incluent les feuilles pourpres, « argentées » et panachées).
Plusieurs hybrides et cultivars ont été développés et cinq variétés ont remporté le prix du mérite du jardin la Royal Horticultural Society.
Pittosporum tenuifolium a pour synonymes[12] :
Pittospore de Nouvelle-Zélande
Pittosporum tenuifolium, le Pittospore de Nouvelle-Zélande, est une espèce de plantes à fleurs de la famille des Pittosporaceae et du genre Pittosporum. C'est un arbuste à feuilles persistantes, endémique de Nouvelle-Zélande.
tenuifolium signifie « à feuilles minces », de tenui - mince, et folium - feuille. Appelé aussi Pittospore à petites feuilles[réf. nécessaire]. Communément appelé kōhūhū et matipo noir, et par d'autres noms maoris kohukohu et tawhiwhi.
Wuski pitosporum (Pittosporum tenuifolium) je rostlina ze swójby pitosporowych rostlinow (Pittosporaceae).
Wuski pitosporum (Pittosporum tenuifolium) je rostlina ze swójby pitosporowych rostlinow (Pittosporaceae).
Il Pittosporum tenuifolium o P. nigricans è un arbusto originario della Nuova Zelanda facente parte della famiglia delle Pittosporaceae, conosciuto con il nome maori kōhūhū.
Si presenta con foglie di forma ovato-oblunghe e di colore verde chiaro della dimensione da 3 a 6 centimetri. La fioritura avviene in aprile con fiori scuri tendenti al marrone-porpora e che esalano un leggero profumo di vaniglia.
La specie si presenta con numerose varietà tra cui:
Alcune varietà come la Silver queen e la nevato vengono anche usate come fronde recise per confezionare mazzi di fiori.
È pianta molto visitata dalle api per il suo nettare.[1]
Il Pittosporum tenuifolium o P. nigricans è un arbusto originario della Nuova Zelanda facente parte della famiglia delle Pittosporaceae, conosciuto con il nome maori kōhūhū.
Si presenta con foglie di forma ovato-oblunghe e di colore verde chiaro della dimensione da 3 a 6 centimetri. La fioritura avviene in aprile con fiori scuri tendenti al marrone-porpora e che esalano un leggero profumo di vaniglia.
La specie si presenta con numerose varietà tra cui:
Augyrophillum - con foglie variegate di bianco. Aureo-variegatum - con foglie picchiettate di giallo Garnettii - con foglie bordate in bianco tendente al crema Irene Patterson - con foglie macchiate di bianco-crema, detto anche pitosforo nevato Purpureum - con foglie tendenti al bronzo Silver queen - con foglie striate in grigio-argento Variegatum - con portamento del fusto colonnare e foglie acuminate di colore verde chiaro con margine biancoAlcune varietà come la Silver queen e la nevato vengono anche usate come fronde recise per confezionare mazzi di fiori.
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