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Associations ( anglais )

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No information concerning the potential predators of permit is currently available. However, it is believed that because juveniles inhabit exposed, sandy beaches they fall prey to piscivorous fish and avian predators. Adult permit are capable of becoming very large and are believed to be preyed upon by large marine carnivores, such as sharks and porpoises. In addition, permit are a highly esteemed game fish and are often sought by recreational fishermen. Their tendency to school and coloration are probably antipredator adaptations that help reduce risk of predation.

Known Predators:

  • humans, (Homo sapiens)

Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic

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Rolf, S. 2011. "Trachinotus falcatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Trachinotus_falcatus.html
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Shea Rolf, Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne
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Mark Jordan, Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne
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John Berini, Special Projects
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Morphology ( anglais )

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Permit are often characterized as short, compressed and deep-bodied fish with a sloping head that terminates in a blunt snout. The body is silvery gray and progressively darkens in a ventrodorsal manner to bluish gray. Their upper jaw is narrow and ends under the midline of the eyes. They have small, conical teeth that are slightly curve toward the caudal fin. Many individuals have a dusky spot near the pectoral fin. Juvenile permit are capable of altering their anal and pelvic fins from silver and black to silver with bright-orange to dark-red. Normally, the dorsal fin has 5 to 6 short spines followed by one larger spine and 17 to 21 soft rays. The first spine on the dorsal fin may be resorbed in larger fish. The anal fin consists of 2 spines followed by a larger spine and 16 to 19 soft rays. The largest specimen on record weighed 23 kg and measured 122 cm in length. Females are generally larger than males.

Range mass: 23 (high) kg.

Range length: 122 (high) cm.

Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; heterothermic ; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: female larger

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Rolf, S. 2011. "Trachinotus falcatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Trachinotus_falcatus.html
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Shea Rolf, Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne
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Mark Jordan, Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne
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John Berini, Special Projects
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Life Expectancy ( anglais )

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Although permit can live for up to 23 years in the wild, most individuals captured during recreational fishing events are between 10 and 15 years of age.

Range lifespan
Status: wild:
23 (high) years.

Typical lifespan
Status: wild:
10 to 15 years.

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Rolf, S. 2011. "Trachinotus falcatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Trachinotus_falcatus.html
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Shea Rolf, Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne
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Mark Jordan, Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne
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John Berini, Special Projects
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Habitat ( anglais )

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Permit inhabit a large variety of aquatic habitats throughout their lives. Adults utilize tidal flats, near-shore reefs, near-shore wrecks, and offshore waters. Although juveniles primarily inhabit near-beach shorelines and windward sandy beaches with sparse sea grass, they can also be found in and around mangrove swamps. Larvae are pelagic before settling on the aforementioned juvenile habitat. Permit are most often found 0.5 to 100 m below the surface of the water.

Range depth: 0.5 to 100 m.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical ; saltwater or marine

Aquatic Biomes: pelagic ; reef ; coastal ; brackish water

Wetlands: swamp

Other Habitat Features: estuarine ; intertidal or littoral

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Rolf, S. 2011. "Trachinotus falcatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Trachinotus_falcatus.html
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Shea Rolf, Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne
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Mark Jordan, Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne
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John Berini, Special Projects
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Distribution ( anglais )

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Permit are native to the Nearctic and Neotropical regions. They can be found along the Atlantic coast of the United States, extending from Massachusetts to southern Florida. Permit are also found throughout the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea south to the Brazilian Coast.

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native ); neotropical (Native )

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Rolf, S. 2011. "Trachinotus falcatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Trachinotus_falcatus.html
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Shea Rolf, Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne
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Mark Jordan, Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne
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John Berini, Special Projects
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Behavior ( anglais )

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There is no information available regarding communication and perception in permit. However, they likely use sight and olfaction to perceive their local environment. The lateral line system allows them to sense changes in pressure and temperature throughout their immediate environment, helping them find food and avoid potential predators.

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; chemical

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Rolf, S. 2011. "Trachinotus falcatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Trachinotus_falcatus.html
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Shea Rolf, Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne
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Mark Jordan, Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne
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John Berini, Special Projects
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Conservation Status ( anglais )

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Permit have not been evaluated by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) or any other conservation-based organization. In Florida, commercial landings peaked in 1991 with approximately 91,000 kg. Combined commercial and recreational harvest in 1991 for Florida was 272,000 kg, and has not exceeded 136,000 kg since. As a result of perceived population declines, permit are only to be caught with light tackle (i.e., hook and line) via recreational vessels. In addition, Florida has established fishing regulations that limit fisherman to 6 permit per person per day, ranging from 28 to 51 cm, and only 2 fish per vessel exceeding 51 cm.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

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Rolf, S. 2011. "Trachinotus falcatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Trachinotus_falcatus.html
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Shea Rolf, Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne
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Mark Jordan, Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne
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John Berini, Special Projects
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Life Cycle ( anglais )

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Permit develop in three life stages; larvae, juvenile, and adult. The life cycle of a permit begins in a cloud of gametes during spawning. Upon fertilization, eggs develop into planktonic larvae in pelagic waters. Approximately 15 to 20 days after hatching, permit measure between 8 mm to 10 mm, and begin settling on windward sandy beaches. After settling on coastal habitats, larval permit begin developing into juveniles. As juveniles, permit measure between 10 mm and 400 mm. Once permit reach sexual maturity they are considered adults, which typically occurs between 400 mm and 500 mm in length and 2 to 3 years of age.

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Rolf, S. 2011. "Trachinotus falcatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Trachinotus_falcatus.html
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John Berini, Special Projects
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Benefits ( anglais )

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There are no known adverse affects of permit on humans.

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Rolf, S. 2011. "Trachinotus falcatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Trachinotus_falcatus.html
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Shea Rolf, Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne
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Mark Jordan, Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne
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John Berini, Special Projects
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Benefits ( anglais )

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Permit are a large part of the recreational fishing industry throughout their geographic range, but specifically in Florida and Belize, and are often the subject of studies investigating marine aquaculture.

Positive Impacts: food ; ecotourism

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Rolf, S. 2011. "Trachinotus falcatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Trachinotus_falcatus.html
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Mark Jordan, Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne
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John Berini, Special Projects
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Associations ( anglais )

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In all stages of life, permit are both predators and prey. Permit are also host to a number of parasites. As juveniles, they are often found with ectoparasitic isopods and fish lice attached to the mouth, gills and skin. Juveniles are also found with mature and immature roundworms in the viscera or within a body cavity.

Commensal/Parasitic Species:

  • isopods, (Isopoda)
  • roundworms, (Nematoda)
  • fish lice, (Argulus)
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Rolf, S. 2011. "Trachinotus falcatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Trachinotus_falcatus.html
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John Berini, Special Projects
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Trophic Strategy ( anglais )

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The diet of permit changes throughout their life. Larvae are planktivorous, and as juveniles, permit begin feeding on copepods, amphipods, mysids, shrimp and larval fish. Once they reach 35 mm in length, they begin feeding on benthic prey, including crabs, clams, polychaetes, gastropods, echinoids, and pelecypods. The development of small, conical teeth during adulthood allows them to crush the hard exoskeletons of their prey.

Animal Foods: fish; aquatic or marine worms; aquatic crustaceans; echinoderms; other marine invertebrates; zooplankton

Primary Diet: carnivore (Piscivore , Eats non-insect arthropods, Vermivore, Eats other marine invertebrates); planktivore

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Rolf, S. 2011. "Trachinotus falcatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Trachinotus_falcatus.html
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Shea Rolf, Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne
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Mark Jordan, Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne
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John Berini, Special Projects
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Reproduction ( anglais )

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Permit are broadcast spawners, which spawn in large aggregations of 250 to 500 individuals near offshore reefs. Between 4 and 10 days after a full moon, large aggregations begin to form near reef promontories around sunset. Schools gather between 5 m and 20 m in depth prior to descending to deeper waters, from 25 m to 50 m. Small subgroups, consisting of 5 to 10 fish led by a large female, rise to the apex of the school to commence spawning. Pursuit males force the vent of the lead female upward as the group ascends through the water column. Once the lead female stops its ascent and begins releasing eggs, pursuing males position their vents as close as possible to that of the female while releasing sperm. Once gamete release is complete, the spawning subgroup quickly descends to rejoin the larger group of conspecifics.

Mating System: polyandrous

Permit spawn multiple times per year and spawning season varies geographically. In general, the farther south a population is, the longer the spawning season. Although some populations spawn from May through July, more southerly populations spawn from February to October. Prolonged settlement of larval and juvenile permit on sandy, windward beaches, suggests year-round breeding in some populations; however, this has not been verified. Average age of reproductive maturity is 2.3 years in males and 3.1 years in females.

Breeding interval: Permit spawn multiple times a year.

Breeding season: Spawning season varies geographically, but generally occurs during spring and summer.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 3.1 years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 2.3 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization (External ); broadcast (group) spawning; oviparous

As broadcast spawners, permit provide no parental care to offspring.

Parental Investment: no parental involvement

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Rolf, S. 2011. "Trachinotus falcatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Trachinotus_falcatus.html
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Mark Jordan, Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne
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John Berini, Special Projects
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Diagnostic Description ( anglais )

fourni par Fishbase
Dorsal and anal fins have very long, dark anterior lobes (Ref. 26938). No scutes; a broad patch of orange-yellow on abdomen in front of anal fin; pectoral fins blackish (Ref. 13442).
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Recorder
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Diseases and Parasites ( anglais )

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Hurleytrematoides Infestation 9. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)
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Morphology ( anglais )

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Dorsal spines (total): 6 - 7; Dorsal soft rays (total): 18 - 21; Anal spines: 2 - 3; Analsoft rays: 16 - 18
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Biology ( anglais )

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Adults frequently in channels or holes, over sandy flats, around reefs, and at times over mud bottoms; usually solitary or in small schools; smaller fish tolerate brackish water. Spawn offshore (Ref. 26938). During the summer, juveniles are found in large schools especially in the surf zone along sandy beaches. Adults feed on mollusks, crabs, shrimps, and small fishes; juveniles on benthic invertebrates. Excellent food fish (Ref. 9626). Highly esteemed game fish caught on light tackle (Ref. 26938).
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Importance ( anglais )

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fisheries: commercial; aquaculture: commercial; gamefish: yes; aquarium: public aquariums
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Trachinotus falcatus ( catalan ; valencien )

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Trachinotus falcatus és una espècie de peix de la família dels caràngids i de l'ordre dels perciformes.

Morfologia

Els mascles poden assolir els 122 cm de longitud total.[2]

Distribució geogràfica

Es troba a l'Atlàntic occidental: des de Massachusetts (Estats Units) fins al sud-est del Brasil, incloent-hi les Bahames i les Índies Occidentals.[2]

Referències

  1. ITIS
  2. 2,0 2,1 FishBase (anglès)

Bibliografia

  • Helfman, G., B. Collette i D. Facey: The diversity of fishes. Blackwell Science, Malden, Massachusetts (Estats Units), 1997.
  • Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae, Ed. X. (Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata.) Holmiae. Systema Nat. ed. 10 v. 1: i-ii + 1-824.
  • Moyle, P. i J. Cech.: Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology, 4a edició, Upper Saddle River (Nova Jersey, Estats Units): Prentice-Hall. Any 2000.
  • Nelson, J.: Fishes of the World, 3a edició. Nova York, Estats Units: John Wiley and Sons. Any 1994.
  • Wheeler, A.: The World Encyclopedia of Fishes, 2a edició, Londres: Macdonald. Any 1985.

Enllaços externs

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Trachinotus falcatus: Brief Summary ( catalan ; valencien )

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Trachinotus falcatus és una espècie de peix de la família dels caràngids i de l'ordre dels perciformes.

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Permit (fish) ( anglais )

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The permit (Trachinotus falcatus) is a game fish of the western Atlantic Ocean belonging to the family Carangidae. Adults feed on crabs, shrimp, and smaller fish.

Taxonomy

The permit was first described by the "father of taxonomy", Carl Linnaeus in his 10th edition of the work Systema Naturae, which was published in 1758. He originally classified it as Labrus falcatus, though the fish has since been placed in the genus Trachinotus.[3] It is the type species of the genus Trachinotus.[4]

Etymology

The permit's genus name, Trachinotus comes from a fusion of the Greek words trachys (τραχύς), which means "rough", and noton (νῶτον), meaning "back".[5] The species name for the permit, falcatus, is a Latin adjective, which roughly means "armed with scythes". This serves as a reference to the permit's dorsal fin that occasionally protrudes from the water when schools of permit feed near the surface.[3]

Anatomy and morphology

A preserved permit from the Gulf of Mexico

Permit can be distinguished by their elongated dorsal fins and anal fin.[3] The dorsal fin is shaped like a scythe. Permit tails are also deeply forked, and their bodies are compressed laterally, making the fish tall and thin when viewed from the front. [3]

The average permit has six or seven dorsal spines, and 18 to 21 soft rays. The anal fin has two or three spines, and 16 to 18 soft rays.[2] Both dorsal and anal fins have dark, anterior lobes.[6] Permit have no scutes and have a large, orange-yellow patch on their abdomens in front of their anal fins, while their pectoral fins are dark.[7]

The permit fish can reach a maximum length of 48 in (122 cm) and can weigh up to 79 lb (36 kg), according to the Florida Museum of Natural History.

Distribution and habitat

Permit are usually found in shallow, tropical waters such as mudflats, channels, and muddy bottoms.[3][2] Although permit are found close to shore and even in some brackish areas, they spawn offshore.[6] Young are found usually in the surf zone where small invertebrates are available for them to eat.

Permit are found in the western Atlantic Ocean from Massachusetts to Brazil, including most of the Caribbean islands.[2]

Two submarines of the United States Navy were named USS Permit in its honor, in keeping with the "denizens of the deep" theme of submarine names that prevailed before the 1971 naming of USS Los Angeles.

References

  1. ^ Smith-Vaniz, W.F.; Williams, J.T.; Pina Amargos, F.; Curtis, M.; Brown, J. (2015). "Trachinotus falcatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T190407A16510662. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T190407A16510662.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2019). "Trachinotus falcatus" in FishBase. August 2019 version.
  3. ^ a b c d e "Florida Museum of Natural History". Retrieved 2008-03-03.
  4. ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Trachinotus". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
  5. ^ Romero, P., 2002. An etymological dictionary of taxonomy. Madrid, unpublished.
  6. ^ a b Smith, C.L., 1997. National Audubon Society field guide to tropical marine fishes of the Caribbean, the Gulf of Mexico, Florida, the Bahamas, and Bermuda. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., New York. 720 p.
  7. ^ Randall, J.E., 1996. Caribbean reef fishes. Third edition - revised and enlarged. T.F.H. Publications, Inc. Ltd., Hong Kong. 3rd ed. 368 p.

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Permit (fish): Brief Summary ( anglais )

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The permit (Trachinotus falcatus) is a game fish of the western Atlantic Ocean belonging to the family Carangidae. Adults feed on crabs, shrimp, and smaller fish.

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Trachinotus falcatus ( espagnol ; castillan )

fourni par wikipedia ES

Trachinotus falcatus es una especie de peces de la familia Carangidae en el orden de los Perciformes.

Morfología

• Los machos pueden llegar alcanzar los 122 cm de longitud total.[1]

Distribución geográfica

Se encuentra en el Atlántico occidental: desde Massachusetts (Estados Unidos) hasta el sureste del Brasil, incluyendo las Bahamas e Indias Occidentales.

Referencias

  1. FishBase (en inglés)

Bibliografía

  • Eschmeyer, William N., ed. 1998. Catalog of Fishes. Special Publication of the Center for Biodiversity Research and Information, núm. 1, vol. 1-3. California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco, California, Estados Unidos. 2905. ISBN 0-940228-47-5.
  • Fenner, Robert M.: The Conscientious Marine Aquarist. Neptune City, Nueva Jersey, Estados Unidos : T.F.H. Publications, 2001.
  • Helfman, G., B. Collette y D. Facey: The diversity of fishes. Blackwell Science, Malden, Massachusetts, Estados Unidos , 1997.
  • Hoese, D.F. 1986: . A M.M. Smith y P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlín, Alemania.
  • Maugé, L.A. 1986. A J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse y D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). ISNB Bruselas; MRAC, Tervuren, Flandes; y ORSTOM, París, Francia. Vol. 2.
  • Moyle, P. y J. Cech.: Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology, 4a. edición, Upper Saddle River, Nueva Jersey, Estados Unidos: Prentice-Hall. Año 2000.
  • Nelson, J.: Fishes of the World, 3a. edición. Nueva York, Estados Unidos: John Wiley and Sons. Año 1994.
  • Wheeler, A.: The World Encyclopedia of Fishes, 2a. edición, Londres: Macdonald. Año 1985.

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Trachinotus falcatus: Brief Summary ( espagnol ; castillan )

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Trachinotus falcatus es una especie de peces de la familia Carangidae en el orden de los Perciformes.

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Trachinotus falcatus ( basque )

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Trachinotus falcatus Trachinotus generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Carangidae familian sailkatzen da.

Banaketa

Erreferentziak

  1. Froese, Rainer & Pauly, Daniel ed. (2006), Trachinotus falcatus FishBase webgunean. 2006ko apirilaren bertsioa.

Ikus, gainera

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Trachinotus falcatus: Brief Summary ( basque )

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Trachinotus falcatus Trachinotus generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Carangidae familian sailkatzen da.

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Trachinotus falcatus ( italien )

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Esemplare fotografato in Honduras

Trachinotus falcatus (Linnaeus, 1758), noto in inglese come permit e in spagnolo come palometa, è un pesce osseo marino appartenente alla famiglia Carangidae[2], diffuso nell'oceano Atlantico.

Descrizione

T. falcatus può raggiungere una lunghezza massima di 122 cm, per 36 kg di peso[3]. L'età più elevata mai registrata per questa specie è di 23 anni, appartenente ad un esemplare della Florida; è probabile che, come molti carangidi, possa vivere più a lungo[4].

Possiede un corpo fortemente compresso lateralmente, e, visto di profilo, ha una forma tondeggiante, che diventa via via più oblunga con l'avanzare dell'età. La colorazione di base e grigio-argenteo, con dorso marrone o verde bluastro. Presenta una macchia gialla sull'addome davanti alla pinna anale. Le pinne pettorali, caudale, e i lobi anteriori delle pinne anale e dorsale sono neri o grigi. può presentare macchie scure sul corpo. La pinna dorsale possiede 6-7 raggi spinosi e 18-21 raggi molli[3]. La pinna anale possiede 2-3 raggi spinosi e 16-18 raggi molli[3]. I lobi anteriori delle pinee anale e dorsale sono molto lunghi. Il corpo è sprovvisto di scaglie. T. falcatus ha i denti solo sulla lingua, e delle placche ossee sulla faringe, entrambi adatti a schiacciare e rompere i gusci dei molluschi e dei crostacei di qui di nutre[4]. I denti sono più evidenti negli esemplari giovani.

Biologia

Comportamento

È solito formare banchi, soprattutto da giovane[3]; in genere vive in gruppi di circa una decina di individui, ma può formare aggregazioni significativamente più numerose. Gli esemplari adulti sono tendenzialmente più solitari e possono formare coppie[4].

Alimentazione

Si nutre durante il giorno in periodi regolari scanditi da un ritmo circadiano[1]. I giovani sono prevalentemente planctivori (nutrendosi di principalmente di crostacei e delle loro larve oltre che di piccoli pesci), la dieta degli esemplari adulti è composta soprattutto da invertebrati snidati scavando nello strato superficiale del fondale, sia sui "flats" che in zone adiacenti più profonde. Le prede più comuni sono anfipodi, copepodi, echinodermi (tra cui Diadema antillarum[5]) granchi, anellidi, gasteropodi (tra cui Aliger gigas[5]), pesci e insetti[4].

Predatori

T. falcatus viene predato principalmente, oltre che dall'uomo, da grandi pesci come squali (squali leuca, squali limone, squali martello) e barracuda[4].

Parassiti

Negli allevamenti può essere vittima di infezioni dovute a batteri (Listonella anguillara) e dinoflagellati (Amyloodinium ocellatum, che ne può causare la morte producendo tossine che ne causano il soffocamento[4]). In natura, i parassiti più frequenti sono platelminti (trematodi del genere Lobatostoma e monogenei come Bicotylophora baeri) e acantocefali come Serrasentis sagittifer[4].

Riproduzione

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Esemplare giovanile

Le femmine raggiungono la maturità sessuale poco oltre ai 3 anni di età, quando misurano intorno ai 55 cm; i maschi la raggiungono più presto, a 2,3 anni per 48,6 cm[4]. La riproduzione può avvenire durante tutto l'anno, ma il periodo di attività riproduttiva più intensa è quello estivo. Secondo le ricerche, nelle Florida keys, i mesi preferiti per la riproduzione sono quelli di Maggio e Giugno, a Cuba essa avviene tra marzo e Settembre e in Belize tra Marzo e Ottobre[1]. Depone le uova su barriere naturali o artificiali o lunga la costa. Durante la riproduzione gli adulti formano grandi gruppi che possono arrivare a contare 250-500 esemplari[1]. Lo stadio larvale dura circa 15-20 giorni, e i giovani vivono presso la riva.

Distribuzione e habitat

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Trachinotus falcatus in una prateria marina

Vive lungo le coste atlantiche del continente americano, dal Massachusetts, negli Stati Uniti, sino al Brasile, e in tutto il mar dei Caraibi. Abita le acque costiere tra 1 e 36 m di profondità, in genere su fondali sabbiosi o fangosi pianeggianti ("flats"); è comune intorno a mangrovie, scogliere e praterie marine. Gli esemplari giovani possono sopportare di vivere in acqua salmastra[1][3].

Tassonomia

Questa specie fu inizialmente descritta da Linneo nel 1758 come Labrus falcatus e in seguito spostata nel genere Trachinotus Lacepède, 1801[4].

Rapporti con l'uomo

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Esemplare pescato in Nicaragua

T. falcatus è una specie importante per la pesca commerciale. Nel 2000 ne vennero pescate e sbarcate in Florida 68 tonnellate. Per scongiurare un collasso nei numeri della popolazione di T. falcatus, il governo della Florida ha imposto delle limitazioni alla pesca commerciale e sportiva, come l'imposizione di una taglia minima, di specifici periodi di divieto e la riduzione della quantità massima di pescato[1]. Così nel 2002 solo 14 tonnellate di pesce furono sbarcate in Florida[4]. Gli ultimi anni hanno visto la nascita di allevamenti di T. falcatus a scopo commerciale.
Sono noti casi di intossicazioni alimentari (ciguatera) dovute al consumo di questo pesce[4].

Dal punto di vista della pesca sportiva, è insieme al tarpone e ad Albula vulpes una delle specie più importanti per il settore delle gite di pesca con guide specializzate, molto diffuso nel mar dei Caraibi. Viene insidiato attivamente con le tecniche dello spinning e della mosca. Non è considerata facile da catturare[4].

Note

  1. ^ a b c d e f (EN) Smith-Vaniz, W.F., Williams, J.T., Pina Amargos, F., Curtis, M. & Brown, J. 2015, Trachinotus falcatus, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ (EN) Trachinotus falcatus, in WoRMS (World Register of Marine Species).
  3. ^ a b c d e (EN) Trachinotus falcatus, su FishBase. URL consultato il 12 gennaio 2021.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l (EN) Trachinotus falcatus, su Florida Museum. URL consultato il 12 gennaio 2020.
  5. ^ a b (EN) Food items reported for Trachinotus falcatus, su FishBase. URL consultato il 12 gennaio 2020.

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Trachinotus falcatus: Brief Summary ( italien )

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 src= Esemplare fotografato in Honduras

Trachinotus falcatus (Linnaeus, 1758), noto in inglese come permit e in spagnolo come palometa, è un pesce osseo marino appartenente alla famiglia Carangidae, diffuso nell'oceano Atlantico.

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Trachinotus falcatus ( néerlandais ; flamand )

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Vissen

Trachinotus falcatus is een straalvinnige vissensoort uit de familie van de horsmakrelen (Carangidae).[1] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1758 door Linnaeus.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. (en) Trachinotus falcatus. FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. 02 2013 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2013.
Geplaatst op:
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Sernambiguara ( portugais )

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O sernambiguara (Trachinotus falcatus) é uma espécie marinha de peixe teleósteo, perciforme da família dos carangídeos.[1] Chegando a medir até 1,20 m de comprimento, tais animais habitam as águas tropicais da parte ocidental do Atlântico. Também são conhecidos pelos nomes populares de arabebéu, arebebéu, aribebéu, garabebel, garabebéu, pampo, pampo-arabebéu, pampo-gigante, pampo verdadeiro, sarnambiguara, sernambiquara e tambó.

Referências

  1. a b Smith-Vaniz, W.F., Williams, J.T., Pina Amargos, F., Curtis, M. & Brown, J. (2015). Trachinotus falcatus (em inglês). IUCN 2015. Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas da IUCN de 2015 Versão e.T190407A16510662. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T190407A16510662.en Página visitada em 28 de outubro de 2021.
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Sernambiguara: Brief Summary ( portugais )

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O sernambiguara (Trachinotus falcatus) é uma espécie marinha de peixe teleósteo, perciforme da família dos carangídeos. Chegando a medir até 1,20 m de comprimento, tais animais habitam as águas tropicais da parte ocidental do Atlântico. Também são conhecidos pelos nomes populares de arabebéu, arebebéu, aribebéu, garabebel, garabebéu, pampo, pampo-arabebéu, pampo-gigante, pampo verdadeiro, sarnambiguara, sernambiquara e tambó.

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Trachinotus falcatus ( vietnamien )

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Một con cá đang bơi

Trachinotus falcatus hay còn được biết đến với tên gọi tiếng Anh là cá Permit (cá giấy phép) là một loài cá biển trong Họ Cá khế ở vùng phía Tây của Đại Tây Dương, chúng là một loại cá câu thể thao thông dụng. Hai tàu ngầm của Hải quân Hoa Kỳ được đặt tên liên quan đến loài cá này. Loài cá này được mô tả lần đầu tiên bởi Carolus Linnaeus, được xuất bản vào năm 1758. Ban đầu ông xếp nó là Labrus falcatus, dù cá có kể từ khi được đặt trong chi Trachinotus. Cá được tìm thấy ở phía tây Đại Tây Dương từ Massachusetts tới Brazil, bao gồm hầu hết các đảo Caribbe.

Đặc điểm

Lòa cá này có thể được phân biệt bởi vây lưng thon dài của chúng và vây hậu môn. Các vây lưng có hình dáng như một lưỡi hái, đuôi cũng được chẻ sâu, và cơ thể của chúng được nén sang hai bên, làm cho cá cao và mỏng khi nhìn từ phía trước. Chúng trung bình có sáu đến bảy gai vây lưng, và từ 18-20 tia mềm. Vây hậu môn có 2-3 gai, và 16-18 tia mềm. Cả hai vây lưng và vây hậu môn tối, thùy trước. Chúng có thể đạt chiều dài tối đa 48 (122 cm) và có thể nặng tới 79 lb (36 kg).

Tập tính

Loài cá này này thường được tìm thấy trong nông, vùng nước nhiệt đới như đất bùn, kênh và đáy bùn Chúng thường được xem là cá thể hoặc trong các nhóm nhỏ, nếu tiếp cận khi một mình, chúng cố gắng để thoát khỏi sự tương tác của con người, nhưng nếu tiếp cận khi trong một hình học, chúng trở nên hung dữ và có thể cắn nguy hiểm. Mặc dù được tìm thấy gần bờ biển và thậm chí ở một số vùng nước lợ, chúng đẻ trứng ở nước ngoài. Cá bột được tìm thấy thường ở khu lướt sóng mà nhiều động vật xương sống nhỏ có sẵn cho chúng ăn. Những con cá lớn sẽ ăn cua, tôm, cá nhỏ hơn.

Chú thích

Tham khảo

  •  src= Dữ liệu liên quan tới Trachinotus falcatus tại Wikispecies
  • Romero, P., 2002. An etymological dictionary of taxonomy. Madrid, unpublished.
  • Smith, C.L., 1997. National Audubon Society field guide to tropical marine fishes of the Caribbean, the Gulf of Mexico, Florida, the Bahamas, and Bermuda. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., New York. 720 p.
  • Randall, J.E., 1996. Caribbean reef fishes. Third edition - revised and enlarged. T.F.H. Publications, Inc. Ltd., Hong Kong. 3rd ed. 368 p.

Liên kết ngoài

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Trachinotus falcatus: Brief Summary ( vietnamien )

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 src= Một con cá đang bơi

Trachinotus falcatus hay còn được biết đến với tên gọi tiếng Anh là cá Permit (cá giấy phép) là một loài cá biển trong Họ Cá khế ở vùng phía Tây của Đại Tây Dương, chúng là một loại cá câu thể thao thông dụng. Hai tàu ngầm của Hải quân Hoa Kỳ được đặt tên liên quan đến loài cá này. Loài cá này được mô tả lần đầu tiên bởi Carolus Linnaeus, được xuất bản vào năm 1758. Ban đầu ông xếp nó là Labrus falcatus, dù cá có kể từ khi được đặt trong chi Trachinotus. Cá được tìm thấy ở phía tây Đại Tây Dương từ Massachusetts tới Brazil, bao gồm hầu hết các đảo Caribbe.

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Diet ( anglais )

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Adults feed on mollusks, crabs, shrimps, and small fishes; juveniles on benthic invertebrates

Référence

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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Distribution ( anglais )

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Western Atlantic: Emerald Bank to southeastern Brazil, including Bahamas and many of the West Indies. Also in Bermuda, Gulf of Mexico

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North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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Habitat ( anglais )

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benthic

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North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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Habitat ( anglais )

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Adults frequently in channels or holes, over sandy flats, around reefs, and at times over mud bottoms; usually solitary or in small schools; smaller fish tolerate brackishwater.

Référence

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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