Alticus simplicirrus Smith-Vaniz & Springer 1971

Freely movable teeth around 300 in upper jaw and 250 in lower jaw; crenulate lip margins; absence of fleshy disc behind lower lip; short and unbranched supraorbital cirrus; absence of nuchal cirri; males with fleshy occipital crest; body depth at origin of anal fin ca 7-8 SL; deep notch between spinous and soft ray portions of dorsal fin, the last ray joined by membrane to caudal peduncle; last anal ray and peduncle not bound by membrane; male coloration gray-brown, ventrally blending to white, with white vertical rows of white striations reaching dorsal fin parallel with spines and rays; a series of small, dark brown spots running along the back and continuing into dorsal-fin base; head finely dotted with white, turning white on branchiostegal membranes; a curving black line behind eye; cheek with 2 small black spots; caudal and soft dorsal ray tips white. Dorsal rays XIII, 23-24; 13 unbranched caudal rays (Ref. 54980).

Oviparous, distinct pairing (Ref. 205).

Dorsal spines (total): 13; Dorsal soft rays (total): 23 - 24; Analspines: 2; Analsoft rays: 26

Found in surge-zone (Ref. 54980). Oviparous. Eggs are demersal and adhesive (Ref. 205), and are attached to the substrate via a filamentous, adhesive pad or pedestal (Ref. 94114). Larvae are planktonic, often found in shallow, coastal waters (Ref. 94114). Feeds on filamentous algae (Ref. 89972).

Alticus simplicirrus

HOLOTYPE.-BMNH 1926.7.12.40 (adult male, 46.8 mm SL), Marquesas Islands, Fatu Hiva, lat. 10°26′S, long. 138°39′W, (presented to the British Museum by the Scientific Expeditionary Research Association, S. Y. “St. George”).

PARATYPES.—BMNH 1912.7.12.41 (male, 29.2) and USNM 203829 (female, 31.8), collected with the holotype.

DESCRIPTION.—(Meristic and proportional characters for holotype are given first, followed in parentheses by those of the male and then female paratypes when at least one specimen differed from the others). Dentary an open capsule with replacement teeth entering functional series through adjacent excavated area in jaw bone. Dentary canines absent. Premaxillary and dentary teeth freely movable; premaxillary teeth ca. 300; dentary teeth ca. 250. Vomerine teeth absent. Terminal vertebra with two epurals and autogenous hypural 5. Vertebrae 10 + 31; epipleural ribs ca. 22; last pleural rib on vertebra 11. Circumorbital bones 5.

Dorsal spines 13; last spine moderately reduced (see proportional measurements); segmented rays 23 (23;24); basal three-fourths of terminal dorsal ray bound by membrane to caudal peduncle; dorsal fin strongly incised between spinous and rayed portions. Anal spines 2; segmented rays 26; terminal anal ray not bound by membrane to caudal peduncle; interradial membranes of anal fin deeply incised. Caudal fin with 13 segmented rays, none branched; dorsal procurrent rays 7, ventral procurrent rays 6 (6;5). Pelvic rays I,3. Pectoral rays 14. Gill-rakers 18 (–;16). Pseudobranchial filaments 8 (5;6). Nuchal cirri absent; supraorbital cirri shorter than one-third diameter of orbit, simple (except on left side of holotype, where cirrus bears a minute branch at its tip); nasal cirri palmate, irregularly branched, left with 6 (4;2) and right with 5(2;1) branches. Fleshy occipital crest moderately well developed in males. Upper lip crenulae 30(28;29); crenulae present on lower lip, except laterally (difficult to count).

PROPORTIONAL MEASUREMENTS (as percent SL).—Greatest distance from snout tip to posterior margin of opercle 18.8 (21.6;18.8); horizontal fleshy orbital diameter 6.6 (6.8;6.6); fleshy interorbital width 1.5(2.6;2.7); orbital cirrus length 1.7(1.7;2.2); nasal cirrus length 1.3 (1.0;1.3); insertion of last dorsal spine to mid-caudal base 7.3 (7.8;7.5); first dorsal spine length 11.0 (7.5;6.6); second 13.3 (8.5;7.8); third 13.9 (9.2;8.1); fifth 12.0 (8.9;7.5); tenth 8.3(5.8;5.0); thirteenth 3.2(2.0;2.2); none filamentous; first dorsal ray length 9.0 (6.8;6.0); fifth 10.9(7.5;7.2); tenth 11.8(8.2;7.8); last 6.8 (4.1;3.5); longest caudal ray length 25.9 (23.6;22.6).

PIGMENTATION OF HOLOTYPE.—Lateral and anterior portions of head with numerous fine, pale spots against dusky background. Indication of large pale spot on side of head posterior and ventral to eye with less distinct pale area extending dorsoposteriorly from anterior end of large pale spot to origin of dorsal fin. Dorsal surface of head and eyes dusky with pale spots in interorbital region. Ventral surface of head pale. Sides of body with numerous irregularly vertical, dusky bands separated by narrow, white interspaces. Bands becoming indistinct on caudal peduncle. A row of indistinct white spots along mid-portion of body. Venter pale. Dorsal fin evenly dusky with narrow, clear areas basally outlining posterior margins of some spines and rays; distal tips of most fin elements pale, giving appearance of narrow, pale margin to fin. Anal fin similarly marked as dorsal, but with distal third of rays pale. Caudal fin dusky basally, membrane otherwise mostly clear with dusky areas extending length of each ray. Pectoral fin similarly marked as caudal, but fleshy base dusky with pale spots extending onto upper fin rays. Pelvic fins pale dusky.

The female paratype differs most noticeably from the holotype in having the anal fin completely clear. In the male paratype the anal fin is marked with irregular dusky spots.

DISTRIBUTION.—Eastern Indian Ocean; central Pacific Ocean.

Antennablennius Fowler

Antennablennius Fowler, 1931, p. 248 [type-species: Blennius hypenetes Klunzinger, 1871, by original designation].

Croaltus Smith, 1959, p. 247 [type-species: Blennius bifilum Günther, 1861, by original designation].

Litanchus Smith, 1959, p. 248 [as a subgenus of Antennablennius; type-species: Antennablennius velifer Smith, 1959, by original designation].

DIAGNOSIS.—Dentary a closed capsule with replacement teeth entering functional series through foramina in jawbone. Anterior dentary canines absent; posterior dentary canines present (minute) or absent. Premaxillary and dentary teeth immovable or nearly so, numbering 32 to 42 in upper jaw and 26 to 34 in lower jaw. Vomer toothless. Dorsal rays XII or XIII, 17 to 21; anal rays II, 19 to 23; segmented caudal rays 13, middle 9 branched; pectoral rays 14; pelvic rays I, 3. Terminal anal ray bound to caudal peduncle by membrane. Lateral line not consisting of two overlapping disconnected portions; no scalelike flaps covering lateral-line pores. Preoperculomandibular pores without cirri. Mid-dorsal supratemporal pores 1–4 (typically 3 in subgenus Antennablennius and usually 2 in subgenus Croaltus). Upper lip without free dorsal margin. No cup-shaped fleshy disk or appendage behind lower lip. Gill membranes free. Occipital crest present or absent. Nuchal and nasal cirri simple; supraorbital cirri absent. Postcleithra consisting of two elongate bones, head of ventral element overlapping ventral end of dorsal element. Lateral extrascapular not fused with pterotic. Median ethmoid ossified. Circumorbital bones 5.

Relationships are discussed under section titled “Recognition of Genera.”

Fraser-Brunner (1951) described several new species of Antennablennius and included a key to the species. Subsequently, Smith (1959) described one additional new species and revised the work of Fraser-Brunner.

Antennablennius bifilum (Günther) differs from other members of the genus in possessing nuchal cirri that are set close together, their bases nearly touching, and in usually having 2 instead of 3 pores at the mid-dorsal point of the supratemporal sensory canal (Figure 48). In 54 specimens examined 1 had one, 34 had two, 18 had three, and 1 had four pores in this position. The nuchal cirri are greatly elongated in males of A. bifilum. Smith (1959, p. 247) proposed the monotypic genus Croaltus for bifilum, based only on the relative lengths of the nuchal cirri. In view of the close relationship of Antennablennius to Alloblennius, we feel that Croaltus should be afforded only subgeneric status.

At least in the males of some species of Antennablennius a cutaneous flap is present anteriorly on the first dorsal spine. For those species Smith (1959) erected the subgenus Litanchus. A. bifilum also possesses a cutaneous flap on the first dorsal spine. The degree of development is variable in those species that have the flap, being well developed in an apparently undescribed species (USNM 201-868) that we have examined, and only slightly developed in A. velifer Smith. In at least the males of some species a well-developed fleshy occipital crest is present, while in other species both sexes are without a crest. We question the significance attributed to the cutaneous flap on the first dorsal spine, while ignoring the presence or absence of an occipital crest as a generic group character.

DISTRIBUTION.—Restricted to the Red Sea and Indian Ocean.

Atrosalarias Whitley

Atrosalarias Whitley, 1933, p. 93 [type-species: Salarias phaiosoma Bleeker, 1855b, = Salarias fuscus Rüppell, 1838, by original designation].

DIAGNOSIS.—Dentary an open capsule with replacement teeth entering functional series through excavated area in jaw bone. Anterior dentary canines absent; posterior dentary canines present. Premaxillary and dentary teeth freely movable, numbering 185 to 226 in upper jaw and 120 to 147 in lower jaw. Vomer toothless. Dorsal rays IX to XI, 18 to 22; anal rays II, 18 to 21; segmented caudal rays 10 to 14 (usually 12 or 13), none branched; pectoral rays 15 to 18 (usually 16); pelvic rays I,3 (innermost pelvic ray minute, visible only in cleared and stained material). Terminal anal ray bound by membrane to caudal peduncle. Lateral line not consisting of two overlapping disconnected portions; no scalelike flaps covering lateral-line pores. Preoperculomandibular pores without cirri. A single mid-dorsal supratemporal pore. Upper lip without free dorsal margin. No cup-shaped fleshy disk or appendage behind lower lip. Gill membranes free. Occipital crest absent. Nuchal, supraorbital, and nasal cirri simple. Postcleithra consisting of two elongate bones, head of ventral element overlapping ventral end of dorsal element. Lateral extrascapular not fused with pterotic. Median ethmoid ossified. Circumorbital bones 5.

Relationships are discussed under section title “Recognition of Genera.”

The systematics and distribution of this monotypic genus have recently been reported by Springer and Smith-Vaniz (1968). We used Salarias fuscus Rüppell, 1838, as the senior specific synonym for the genus, but gave the date as 1835 (the same as that given on the title page of the article and the same to which it has almost always been referred). We now note that Rüppell referred to Cuvier and Valenciennes (1836) in the paper in which he described S. fuscus. Thus, Salarias ruficaudus Valenciennes, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1836, which we tentatively placed in junior synonymy under S. fuscus, predates S. fuscus. We have since examined the holotype of S. ruficaudus and can verify that it and S. fuscus are the same species (and subspecies, both described from the Red Sea). Sawyer (1952) established the date of publication of that portion of Rüppell’s work referring to blenniids as 1838. (Note: the Rüppell paper that we refer to as 1830 is, as far as we know, usually referred to as 1828. In the Division of Fishes, USNM, however, there is a copy of this study in the original dated wrappers. These wrappers show that this study appeared in parts with dates of 1828, 1829, and 1830. All the blenniid accounts appeared in a part dated 1830.)

In view of this, the two subspecies we (1968) recognized in Atrosalarias might be referred to as A. r. ruficaudus and A. r. holomelas. We had called the latter subspecies A. fuscus holomelas, but because S. fuscus has always been used as a synonym senior to S. ruficaudus in all studies where both species names have been included, because we know of no study using S. ruficaudus as other than a listed name referring back to Cuvier and Valenciennes (1836)—and the most recent of these is Günther (1861)—because the species is a common one that for many years has been recognized as fuscus, because the genus has been revised recently, and because we believe only confusion would result if the name we accepted as a senior synonym were changed, we retain the name Salarias fuscus Rüppell for the monotypic genus Atrosalarias. In doing this we comply with the spirit of Rule 23b of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.

Since publication of our revision we have examined specimens of A. fuscus holomelas in the California Academy of Sciences that extend the known distribution of the subspecies. These specimens are reported here under their George Vanderbilt Foundation register numbers (localities abbreviated): South Viet Nam, numbers 2116, 2789, 2790; Jokaj Island, off Ponape Island, number 497; Palaus, Koror Island, number 1412. The last two localities refute our postulation that the specimens from Boston Island, Marshall Islands, might be an erroneous locality record.

In addition to the distinguishing characters listed in the Key and Tables 2 to 6, mature males of Atrosalarias differ from Salarias in having the spines and anterior rays of the anal fin frequently rugose, and the anterior anal rays never elongated.

DISTRIBUTION.—Red Sea; Indian Ocean; western and central Pacific Ocean.

Cirripectes Swainson

Cirripectes Swainson, 1839, pp. 79, 80, 182, 275 [type-species: Salarias variolosus Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1836, by monotypy].

DIAGNOSIS.—Dentary an open capsule with replacement teeth entering functional series through excavated area in jaw bone. Anterior dentary canines absent; posterior dentary canines present. Premaxillary and dentary teeth freely movable, numbering 180 to 270 in upper jaw and 85 to 134 in lower jaw. Vomer toothless. Dorsal rays XII, 14 to 16; anal rays II, 14 to 16 (rarely 14); segmented caudal rays 13, middle 9 branched; pectoral rays 14 to 16 (usually 15); pelvic rays I,3 or I,4. Terminal anal ray not bound by membrane to caudal peduncle. Lateral line not consisting of two overlapping disconnected portions; no scalelike flaps covering lateral-line pores. Preoperculomandibular pores without cirri. Mid-dorsal supratemporal pores numerous, relatively small, and difficult to count. Upper lip without free dorsal margin. No cup-shaped fleshy disk or appendage behind lower lip. Gill membranes free. Occipital crest absent. Nuchal cirri consisting of an elongate, transverse series of cirri continuous across nape or interrupted at midline of nape by a narrow hiatus no greater than 25 percent length of base of either patch of cirri; supraorbital cirri simple or multifid; nasal cirri multifid. Postcleithra consisting of two elongate bones, head of ventral element overlapping ventral end of dorsal element. Lateral extrascapular not fused with pterotic. Median ethmoid ossified. Circumorbital bones 5.

Relationships are discussed under section titled “Recognition of Genera.”

Schultz and Chapman (1960, p. 307) discussed the problem of the valid spelling of this genus and showed that the correct spelling is Cirripectes, not Cirripectus.

Schultz and Strasburg (1953) discussed the Indo-Pacific species of Cirripectes, Strasburg (1956) reported on the Hawaiian species, and Smith (1959) treated the western Indian Ocean species. Our examination of recent collections of Cirripectes housed in the National Museum of Natural History indicates that this genus needs additional study.

The only characters that we know of that will distinguish the eastern Pacific genus Scartichthys from Cirripectes are the number of rays in the median fins (see Table 4) and the position and development of the nuchal cirri. In Cirripectes the elongate, transverse series of cirri is continuous across the nape or is interrupted at the midline of the nape by a narrow hiatus no greater than 25 percent of the length of the base of either patch of cirri, and the individual cirri are usually unbranched and arranged in a linear series. In Scartichthys the patch of cirri on each side of the nape is separated by a wide hiatus equal to or greater than the length of the base of either patch of cirri and the individual cirri are frequently branched, and their arrangement is often irregular.

The data at hand suggest that Scartichthys and Cirripectes may be combined when the species are better known. We prefer to maintain the status quo until the group can be studied in greater detail.

DISTRIBUTION.—Red Sea; Indian Ocean; western and central Pacific Ocean to Easter Island.

Crossosalarias, new genus

DIAGNOSIS.—Dentary an open capsule with replacement teeth entering functional series through excavated area in jaw bone. Anterior dentary canines absent; posterior dentary canines present. Premaxillary and dentary teeth freely movable, numbering about 150 in upper jaw and 85 to 100 in lower jaw. Vomer toothless. Dorsal rays XII, 16 to 18; anal rays II, 18 to 20; segmented caudal rays 13, middle 9 branched; pectoral rays 15; pelvic rays I, 3. Terminal anal ray bound by membrane to caudal peduncle. Lateral line not consisting of two overlapping disconnected portions; no scalelike flaps covering lateral-line pores. Cirri associated with 2 to 4 preoperculomandibular pores on each side. Mid-dorsal supratemporal pores 3. Upper lip without free dorsal margin. No cup-shaped fleshy disk or appendage behind lower lip. Gill membranes joined to isthmus at about, or slightly below, level of ventralmost pectoral ray (posterior edge of gill membrane occasionally with a narrow free fold, depth no greater than diameter of pupil, extending across isthmus). Occipital crest absent. Nuchal cirri palmate, with short side branches; supraorbital and nasal cirri multifid. Postcleithra consisting of two elongate bones, head of ventral element overlapping ventral end of dorsal element. Lateral extrascapular not fused with pterotic. Median ethmoid ossified. Circumorbital bones 5. Type-species: Crossosalarias macrospilus, new species.

Relationships are discussed under section titled “Recognition of Genera.”

ETYMOLOGY.—A combination of the Greek krosso, fringe or tassel, referring to the cirri associated with the preoperculomandibular pores, and Salarias, the genus that Crossosalarias most closely resembles.

Alticus simplicirrus és una espècie de peix de la família dels blènnids i de l'ordre dels perciformes.

Alticus simplicirrus, the Marquesan rockstripper, is a species of combtooth blenny found in the central Pacific ocean, around the Marquesas Islands. This species reaches a length of 3.7 centimetres (1.5 in) SL.

A population of blennies of this or a related species on Rarotonga has evolved to become largely terrestrial, apparently at least in part as a way of avoiding marine predators.

Alticus simplicirrus es una especie de pez de la familia Blenniidae en el orden de los Perciformes.

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Alticus simplicirrus Alticus generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Actinopterygii klasean sailkatzen da, Blenniidae familian.