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Poralia ( anglais )

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Poralia is a genus of jellyfish in the family Ulmaridae. It is a monotypic genus containing a single species, Poralia rufescens.[1] This jellyfish is pelagic, and is found in deep water in most of the world's oceans.

In 2021, a NOAA expedition discovered a possible additional Poralia species in the Atlantic Ocean.[2]

Description

Poralia rufescens has a bell about 9 cm (3.5 in) in diameter. It has 30 marginal tentacles interspersed with 15 rhopalia (sensory organs). The lappets (flaps) are rectangular in outline and are all the same length, the rhopalial lappets having deep clefts and the tentacular lappets shallow clefts.[3] This jellyfish is very fragile and most specimens examined have been damaged.[4][5]

Distribution

The distribution of this mesobathypelagic species is not well delineated. Before 1962, only eleven damaged specimens from the North Atlantic had been examined, mostly brought up from waters deeper than 1,500 m (4,900 ft).[4] It seems to be quite common in the vicinity of Bermuda and the Bahamas, mostly in the lowest 100 m (300 ft) of the water column.[5]

In a study of deep sea jellyfish in the Southern Ocean performed by the USNS Eltanin, the coronates Periphylla periphylla, Atolla wyvillei and Atolla chuni were the most common species found, comprising over 90% of the individuals sampled. P. rufescens was the most common semaeostome, making up 2% of the collection.[6] A study using a remotely operated vehicle in deep water in the Japan Trench showed that P. rufescens was the most common scyphomedusan there.[7] It has also been recorded from several locations in the eastern Pacific Ocean, including off the coast of southern California.[8]

Ecology

The biology and ecology of the mesobathypelagic jellyfishes is poorly known.[8] Their gelatinous bodies tend to have a low proportion of protein; P. rufescens has a protein content of 0.1% of the body dry weight as compared to an average of 4% for all gelatinous taxa. Some parts of the body have a higher nitrogenous content than others, and in the Pacific, leatherback sea turtles, whose diet consists largely of jellyfish, have been observed feeding on their gonads and tentacles, the parts which have the highest nutritional values.[9]

Poralia specimens have been shown to be bioluminescent, producing blue light.[10] The function of this is not known for this species.

References

  1. ^ "WoRMS – World Register of Marine Species – Poralia rufescens Vanhöffen, 1902". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
  2. ^ Price, Mark (11 August 2021). "Mystery jellyfish has stinging warts, extra tentacles, NOAA says. Is it a new species?". Charlotte Observer. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
  3. ^ Fautin, Daphne G.; Westfall, Jane A.; Cartwright, Paulyn; Daly, Marymegan; Wyttenbach, Charles R. (2005). Coelenterate Biology 2003: Trends in Research on Cnidaria and Ctenophora. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 542. ISBN 978-1-4020-2761-1.
  4. ^ a b Russell, F.S. (1962). "On the scyphomedusa Poralia rufescens Vanhöffen" (PDF). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 42 (2): 387–390. doi:10.1017/S0025315400001375. S2CID 86290599.
  5. ^ a b Williams, R.B.; Cornelius, P.F.S.; Hughes, R.G.; Robson, E.A. (2012). Coelenterate Biology: Recent Research on Cnidaria and Ctenophora. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 315. ISBN 978-94-011-3240-4.
  6. ^ Larson, Ronald J. (1986). "Pelagic Scyphomedusae (Scyphozoa: Coronatae and Semaeostomeae) of the Southern Ocean". Biology of the Antarctic Seas. XVI (1). doi:10.1002/9781118666579.ch3 (inactive 31 December 2022).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2022 (link)
  7. ^ Lindsay, Dhugal J.; Furushima, Yasuo; Miyake, Hiroshi; Kitamura, Minoru; Hunt, James C. (2003). The scyphomedusan fauna of the Japan Trench: preliminary results from a remotely-operated vehicle. Coelenterate Biology. Developments in Hydrobiology. Vol. 178. pp. 537–547. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-2762-8_61. ISBN 978-1-4020-2761-1.
  8. ^ a b Larson, R.J. (1990). "Scyphomedusae and Cubomedusae from the Eastern Pacific". Bulletin of Marine Science. 47 (2): 546–556.
  9. ^ Capone, Douglas G.; Bronk, Deborah A.; Mulholland, Margaret R.; Carpenter, Edward J. (2008). Nitrogen in the Marine Environment. Academic Press. p. 1755. ISBN 978-0-12-372522-6.
  10. ^ Haddock, S. H. D.; Case, J. F. (8 April 1999). "Bioluminescence spectra of shallow and deep-sea gelatinous zooplankton: ctenophores, medusae and siphonophores". Marine Biology. 133 (3): 571–582. doi:10.1007/s002270050497. S2CID 14523078.

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Poralia: Brief Summary ( anglais )

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Poralia is a genus of jellyfish in the family Ulmaridae. It is a monotypic genus containing a single species, Poralia rufescens. This jellyfish is pelagic, and is found in deep water in most of the world's oceans.

In 2021, a NOAA expedition discovered a possible additional Poralia species in the Atlantic Ocean.

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Poralia ( espagnol ; castillan )

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Poralia es un género de medusas en la familia Ulmaridae. Es un género monotípico, su única especie es Poralia rufescens. Esta medusa es pelágica y se encuentra en aguas profundas en la mayoría de los océanos del mundo.[1]

Características

Poralia rufescens tiene una campana de unos 9 cm de diámetro. Tiene 30 tentáculos marginales intercalados con 15 rhopalia (órganos sensoriales). Los tentáculos tienen un contorno rectangular y son todos de la misma longitud, los tentáculos ropaliales tienen hendiduras profundas y las aberturas tentaculares son hendiduras poco profundas. [2]​Esta medusa es muy frágil y la mayoría de los especímenes examinados han sido dañados.[3][4]

Referencias

  1. «WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Poralia rufescens Vanhöffen, 1902». www.marinespecies.org. Consultado el 30 de abril de 2019.
  2. Fautin, Daphne G.; Westfall, Jane A.; Cartwright, Paulyn; Daly, Marymegan; Wyttenbach, Charles R. (7 de marzo de 2005). Coelenterate Biology 2003: Trends in Research on Cnidaria and Ctenophora (en inglés). Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9781402027611. Consultado el 30 de abril de 2019.
  3. Russell, F. S. (1962/06). «On the scyphomedusa poralia rufescens Vanhöffen». Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom (en inglés) 42 (2): 387-390. ISSN 1469-7769. doi:10.1017/S0025315400001375. Consultado el 30 de abril de 2019.
  4. Williams, R. B.; Cornelius, P. F. S.; Hughes, R. G.; Robson, E. A. (6 de diciembre de 2012). Coelenterate Biology: Recent Research on Cnidaria and Ctenophora: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Coelenterate Biology, 1989 (en inglés). Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9789401132404. Consultado el 30 de abril de 2019.
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Poralia: Brief Summary ( espagnol ; castillan )

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Poralia es un género de medusas en la familia Ulmaridae. Es un género monotípico, su única especie es Poralia rufescens. Esta medusa es pelágica y se encuentra en aguas profundas en la mayoría de los océanos del mundo.​

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Poralia rufescens ( italien )

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Poralia rufescens Vanhöffen, 1902 è una specie di scifomedusa, l'unica del genere monospecifico Poralia della sottofamiglia monogenerica Poraliinae Larson, 1986.[1][2]

Descrizione

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Ombrella di P. rufescens (H.B. Bigelow)

P. rufescens ha una campana di circa 9 cm di diametro. Ha 30 tentacoli marginali intervallati da 15 ropali, gli organi sensoriali della medusa. I lembi dei ropali sono di forma rettangolare, con fessure profonde, e tutti della stessa lunghezza[3]. Questa medusa è molto fragile e la maggior parte dei campioni esaminati sono stati danneggiati durante la cattura[4].

Distribuzione e habitat

Questi scifozoi vivono in acque profonde, nella zona meso e batipelàgica di tutti gli oceani, in particolare nell'Atlantico Orientale e le coste della California[4]; già descritte nel 1938 da Henry Bryant Bigelow, tutti gli esemplari da lui rinvenuti attorno alle Bermude e le Bahamas nuotavano a più di 700 m di profondità[4][5]. Una campagna di ricerca sulle meduse delle acque profonde nell'Oceano Antartico eseguito dall'USSN Eltanin ha evidenziato che la P. rufescens è la specie di semeostomee più diffusa, rappresentante il 2% delle specie campionate; oltre il 90% è rappresentato dalle coronate Periphylla periphylla, Atolla wyvillei e Atolla chuni[6].

Biologia

La biologia e l'ecologia delle meduse della zona mesobatipelàgica sono scarsamente conosciute[7]. I loro corpi gelatinosi tendono ad avere una bassa percentuale di proteine; P. rufescens ha un contenuto proteico corrispondente al 0,1% del peso secco corporeo, basso se comparato con una media del 4% per tutti gli altri taxa con corpi gelatinosi. Alcune parti del corpo hanno un contenuto azotato più elevato di altre e nel Pacifico le tartarughe liuto, tartarughe marine la cui dieta consiste in gran parte di meduse, è stato osservato che si nutrono in particolare delle loro gonadi e tentacoli, le parti che hanno i più alti valori nutrizionali[8].

Note

  1. ^ (EN) Collins, A. G.; Jarms, G.; Morandini, A. C. (2018), Poralia rufescens Vanhöffen, 1902, in WoRMS (World Register of Marine Species). URL consultato il 12 agosto 2018.
  2. ^ Nell'estate 2021 è stata avvistata una medusa scarlatta attribuibile al genere Poralia che potrebbe essere una nuova specie - la cosa però al momento aspetta conferma. V. p.es. IFL Science.
  3. ^ (EN) Fautin Daphne, Coelenterate biology 2003 : trends in research on Cnidaria and Ctenophora : proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Coelenterate Biology, held at the University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A., 6-11 July 2003, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2004, p. 542, ISBN 9781402027628, OCLC 229457691. URL consultato il 12 agosto 2018.
  4. ^ a b c (EN) R. B. Williams, P. F. S. Cornelius e R. G. Hughes, Coelenterate Biology: Recent Research on Cnidaria and Ctenophora: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Coelenterate Biology, 1989, Springer Science & Business Media, 6 dicembre 2012, p. 315, ISBN 9789401132404. URL consultato il 12 agosto 2018.
  5. ^ (EN) H.B. Bigelow, Medusae taken during the years 1929 and 1930. Plankton of the Bermuda Oceanographic Expeditions. VIII., in Zoologica, vol. 23, n. 5, New York, 1938, pp. 99–189.
  6. ^ (EN) Ronald J. Larson, Pelagic Scyphomedusae (Scyphozoa: Coronatae and Semaeostomeae) of the Southern Ocean, in Biology of the Antarctic Seas, XVI, n. 1, DOI:10.1002/9781118666579.ch3. URL consultato il 12 agosto 2018.
  7. ^ (EN) Larson, R. J., Scyphomedusae and Cubomedusae from the Eastern Pacific, in Bulletin of Marine Science, vol. 47, n. 2, pp. 546–556. URL consultato il 12 agosto 2018. Più di un parametro tra sito e rivista specificato (aiuto)
  8. ^ (EN) Douglas G. Capone, Nitrogen in the marine environment, 2ª ed., Elsevier, 2008, p. 1755, ISBN 9780080558929, OCLC 608467759. URL consultato il 12 agosto 2018.

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Poralia rufescens: Brief Summary ( italien )

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Poralia rufescens Vanhöffen, 1902 è una specie di scifomedusa, l'unica del genere monospecifico Poralia della sottofamiglia monogenerica Poraliinae Larson, 1986.

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Poralia ( néerlandais ; flamand )

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Poralia is een geslacht van schijfkwallen uit de familie van de Ulmaridae.

Soort

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Poralia: Brief Summary ( néerlandais ; flamand )

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Poralia is een geslacht van schijfkwallen uit de familie van de Ulmaridae.

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