“25. Callogorgia Gray, 1858
FIGURE 12A–D
Callogorgia Gray, 1858:286.—Bayer, 1956:F220; 1961:294 [illustrated key to genus]; 1981b:938 [key to genus]; 1982:119–123 [in part: key to Indo-Pacific species, genus synonymy].—Bayer and Stefani, 1989:455 [key to genus].—Bayer, 1998:162–163.—Cairns and Bayer, 2002:841–845 [key to western Atlantic species].
Calligorgia Gray, 1870:35 [unjustified emendation].—Studer, 1887:51.
Callicella Gray, 1870:37.
Xiphocella Gray, 1870:56.
Caligorgia Wright and Studer, 1889:75–77 [in part; unjustified emendation].— Versluys 1906:55–58 [in part].—Kinoshita, 1908a:34.—Kükenthal, 1915:146 [key to genus and species]; 1919:362–366 [in part: key to species]; 1924:267–269 [in part: key to species].
Diagnosis. Colonies usually pinnately branched in an alternating manner (e.g., type species), dichotomously branched in one plane, or, rarely, opposite pinnately branched. Calyces arranged in whorls of up to 12, the appressed calyces facing upward (Figure 12a). Well-developed operculum present, the operculars ridged on their inner surface. Eight marginal scales present, which do not fold over operculars. Polyps protected by four to eight longitudinal rows of up to 12 body wall scales, the abaxials occurring in fully developed rows but lateral and adaxial scale rows progressively shorter toward adaxial side; in some species adaxial and even inner-lateral body wall scales absent, resulting in the lower adaxial body wall being naked. Outer surface of body wall scales smooth, granular, or covered with prominent radiating or reticulate ridges (Figure 12b); distal edge of inner surface of body wall scales radially ridged, these ridges sometimes continuous with the ridges of the outer surface. Coenenchymal scales arranged in one layer, outer surface usually granular.
Discussion. Many of the listings in the genus synonymy must be listed as “in part” because species now attributed to Fanellia were customarily placed in Callogorgia. The 26 valid species known in the genus are listed in Table 4, most of these keyed by either Bayer (1982) or Cairns and Bayer (2002), both of whom extensively discuss the characters used to identify species. Bayer (1982) distinguished two groups of species within the genus based on the sculpturing of the body wall scales (granular versus crested) but did not suggest taxonomic distinction at any level.
Distribution. Indo-Pacific, North Atlantic, 37–2,472 m.
Type Species. Callogorgia: Gorgonia verticillata Pallas, 1766, by monotypy. Type not traced. The type species was well described and illustrated by Carpine and Grasshoff (1975).
Callicella: C. elegans Gray, 1870, by monotypy. The dry types are deposited at the BM (1965.12.15.6, 8).
Xiphocella: Gorgonia verticillata sensu Esper, 1797, by monotypy. Type not traced.”
(Bayer & Cairns, 2009)
Callogorgia is a genus of deep sea corals that are ideally suited to be habitats for different organisms. They reproduce both sexually and asexually, clinging to the hard substrate of the ocean during their maturation process. Callogorgia are found at depths ranging from 750-8200 feet in the Gulf of Mexico, Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. An array of organisms have relationships with Callogorgia, including brittle stars, cat sharks, and copepods. The nature of these relationships are often commensal, with Callogorgia providing a habitat for the organisms.
Callogorgia is a genus of soft corals in the family Primnoidae. Callogorgia exhibit a fan shaped body structure that often serves as a habitat for other organisms[2].[3] Callogorgia are a relatively recently researched genus, with most studies occurring in the last 40 years.[3] Due to the recency of the research on this genus, species are still being discovered and researched.[3]
Callogorgia can reproduce both sexually and asexually.[4] Mature eggs enter the body cavity and spawned via the mouth.[4] A planktonic disc-shaped larva grows from the fertilized egg.[4] The early growth of tentacles, body cavity, and mouth begins their change into adults.[4] Callogorgia cling to a surface in the water as they mature into adults.[4]
Callogorgia can be found in upper bathyal region of the sea between 750–8200 feet deep.[4] Callogorgia inhabit parts of the ocean across the world, from the Atlantic to the Indo-Pacific.[5] The species Callogorgia veriticillata is found in the Mediterranean Sea, while other species such as C. americana are found in the Atlantic.[6] They can reside in brackish water as well, areas with less salinity than true marine environments[7].[8][9] Each species of Callogorgia will bunch together in dense colonies, inhabiting a unique site of ecological parameters.[4] They are often found with brittle stars attached to their branches[4]
The variety of colonies in Callogorgia species makes them an ideal habitat for certain brittle stars.[10] The brittle stars have a commensal relationship with the octocorals, with the ophiurans benefitting by the elevation provided by Callogorgia, allowing them to suspension feed.[10] The genus Callogorgia Gray is known for its propensity to form habitats for fauna in the Pacific Ocean and Gulf of Mexico. In experiments carried out in Eastern Tropical Pacific, the octocoral Callogorgia cf. galapagensis Cairns was found with specimens of the Astrodia cf. excavata ophiuroid.[10] In the Caribbean Sea, Callogorgia gracilis was found with ophiuroids from the genera Asteroschema and Ophiomitra.[10]
Cat sharks use Callogorgia as a nursery habitat by depositing their egg cases on the branches of the sponge.[4] Callogorgia has also formed associations with copepods, zoanthids, and scale worms.[11][12][13] A zoanthid, Isozoanthus primnoidus, was found to exhibit a parasitic relationship by benefitting from the support of the coral and its sclerites for protection, while consuming the coral's tissue.[2]
Threats to Callogorgia include damage from fishing gear and equipment as they trawl the floor of the ocean, which can change the environment the corals grow in. [4]They are also highly sensitive to climate change and ocean acidification which can hinder the growth of Callogorgia.[4] Due to being a coral, they grow very slowly, therefore, any change affecting their rate of growth has profound effects and can linger for decades.[4]
Callogorgia is a genus of deep sea corals that are ideally suited to be habitats for different organisms. They reproduce both sexually and asexually, clinging to the hard substrate of the ocean during their maturation process. Callogorgia are found at depths ranging from 750-8200 feet in the Gulf of Mexico, Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. An array of organisms have relationships with Callogorgia, including brittle stars, cat sharks, and copepods. The nature of these relationships are often commensal, with Callogorgia providing a habitat for the organisms.
Callogorgia est un genre de coraux alcyonaires de la famille des Primnoidae et de l'ordre des Alcyonacea. Ce sont des coraux abyssaux.
L'espèce type est Gorgonia verticillata Pallas, 1766.
Callogorgia est un genre de coraux alcyonaires de la famille des Primnoidae et de l'ordre des Alcyonacea. Ce sont des coraux abyssaux.
L'espèce type est Gorgonia verticillata Pallas, 1766.
Callogorgia is een geslacht van neteldieren uit de klasse van de Anthozoa (bloemdieren).
Dit geslacht werd benoemd door John Edward Gray in een publicatie uit 1858.[1] Hij deelde er de soort Gorgonia verticillata Pallas bij in.
Deze komt voor in de Middellandse Zee en het oosten van de Atlantische Oceaan (Madeira).
Callogorgia is een geslacht van neteldieren uit de klasse van de Anthozoa (bloemdieren).
Dit geslacht werd benoemd door John Edward Gray in een publicatie uit 1858. Hij deelde er de soort Gorgonia verticillata Pallas bij in.
