Biology
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The tussock and sedges are not only used for nesting sites, but also constitute the bulk of the diet, supplemented with seeds, berries and flowers (2). In addition, the Antipodes island parakeet will occasionally scavenge on carcasses and eggs of penguins and petrels (4) (5). Breeding occurs from October to January and, in captivity (5), clutch-size is between five and six, but only one to three fledged young are normally seen with adults in the wild (2) (5). Young are thought to start breeding at one year, and two individuals have been recorded to reach at least 10 years of age, indicating that these birds may be fairly long-lived (2).
Conservation
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The Antipodes island parakeet is totally protected under the Wildlife Act 1953 (6). The islands are uninhabited and protected, being nature reserves with landing strictly by permit only (2). New Zealand's wildlife service removed approximately 11 of these birds from the islands in the 1970s and 1980s to launch a captive breeding programme that would safeguard the species from total extinction (6). There are currently more than 100 Antipodes Island parakeets in captivity, and the species appears to breed well (4). However, the release of six birds on Stephens Island in 1985 was unsuccessful (6). In 1907, 12 birds were released on Kapati Island and survived for around 20 years, but today this species no longer exists there (2). Thus, further reintroductions into the wild are a possibility for the future, if the recipe for establishing a successful population can be determined. Nevertheless, current populations of the Antipodes island parakeet appear stable, and will hopefully remain that way provided their remote island haven remains protected from human interference.
Description
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Also known as the Antipodes green parakeet, this parakeet is a plump bird with a green head and body, but with purplish-blue wing-coverts and some flight feathers (2) (5). The forehead and face are a bright emerald green, while the rest of the plumage is a more olive colour, being yellower below (5). This bird is the largest of its genus (4), and produces a wide range of chattering calls, lower-pitched than other Cyanoramphus species (2).
Habitat
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Occupies a variety of habitats on the islands, but most common in the tall, tussock grassland and sedges (2), especially on coastal slopes and along water courses (5). Nesting typically takes place in underground burrows, dug into the base of tussock or sedge (2) (4).
Range
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Endemic to the Antipodes, New Zealand. Common on the main island and Bollons Island, and found in small numbers on Leeward, Inner Windward and Archway islets (2).
Status
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Classified as Vulnerable (VU D2) on the IUCN Red List 2004 (1) and listed on Appendix II of CITES (3).
Threats
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In 1978, the total population of these birds was estimated at 2,000 to 3,000 birds and, although population trends are unknown, numbers are thought likely to be stable (2). Whilst there appears to be no immediate danger to this relatively common bird, its restricted range means that it will always be vulnerable to catastrophic loss, most likely by the accidental introduction of carnivores to the small predator-free islands, which could decimate current populations (4) (2). The fear is that fishing boats or other passing vessels could introduce predators such as rats (Rattus spp.), cats and mustelids (Mustela spp.), or mice that may compete for food (2). Although such introductions were once thought unlikely due to the islands' isolated location, increased fishing pressure in waters around the Antipodes has greatly increased the chance of such a potentially devastating possibility (5) (2).
Antipodes parakeet
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fourni par wikipedia EN
The Antipodes parakeet or Antipodes Island parakeet (Cyanoramphus unicolor) is a parrot in the family Psittaculidae that is endemic to the Antipodes Islands of New Zealand. It is one of two parrot species found on the islands, and one of only five ground-dwelling parrots in the world. They are long-living birds that may live up to 10 years of age, but the introduction of mice that compete with them for food was a threat to their survival on the Antipodes Islands until the mice were successfully eradicated from the Islands in 2016 (confirmed 2018).[3] Unusually for parrots, they sometimes prey upon other birds, a trait shared by another New Zealand parrot, the kea.
Taxonomy
The Antipodes parakeet was depicted in 1831 by the English artist Edward Lear in his Illustrations of the Family of Psittacidae, or Parrots. Lear used the common name "Uniform parakeet" and coined the binomial name Platycercus unicolor.[4] The species is now placed in the genus Cyanoramphus that was introduced in 1854 by the French ornithologist Charles Lucien Bonaparte.[5][6]
Its closest relative is Reischek's parakeet, which also lives on the Antipodes Islands. Other relatives include the Norfolk parakeet, Society parakeet and Chatham parakeet.
Description
It is the largest species in the genus Cyanoramphus at 30 cm (12 in) long.[7] and makes a penetrating kok-kok-kok-kok noise.
Illustration of
Antipodes Parakeet by
Edward Lear (1812-1888).
Distribution and habitat
The Antipodes parakeet is endemic to the Antipodes Islands of New Zealand. They are common on the main Antipodes Island, but are less common on smaller islands in the group such as Bollons Island. They live in very small numbers on Leeward Island, where they only live in a 0.1 square kilometre region of the island. The Antipodes parakeet also live on the 0.1 square kilometre Archway Island as well.
Behaviour and ecology
These parakeets eat leaves, buds, grass, and tussock stalks, as well as sometimes feeding on seeds, flowers, and will scavenge dead seabirds. The Antipodes parakeet also preys on grey-backed storm petrels, entering burrows to kill incubating adults, even digging at the entrance if it is too small.[8]
Antipodes parakeets spend much of their time on the ground and in very small groups, in pairs or solitary.
They are quite inquisitive, territorial, probing and mischievous.[9]
Their nest is in a tunnel 2 metres beneath the fibrous peat away from the wind.[10]
Status
The population is stable but conservation status is Vulnerable. The population is 2,000-3,000.[1] Originally entirely restricted to the islands that bear their name there is now a small captive population, founded with less than 20 individuals, on the mainland.
References
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^ a b BirdLife International (2016). "Cyanoramphus unicolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22685162A93061319. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22685162A93061319.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
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^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
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^ https://library.sprep.org/sites/default/files/2021-07/eradication-mice-new-zealand.pdf
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^ Lear, Edward (1831). Illustrations of the Family of Psittacidae, or Parrots. London: Published by the author. Plate 25.
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^ Bonaparte, Charles Lucien (1854). "Tableau des perroquets". Revue et Magasin de Zoologie Pure et Appliquée. 2nd series. 6: 145–158 [153].
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^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (2020). "Parrots, cockatoos". IOC World Bird List Version 10.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
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^ Forshaw, Joseph M. (2006). Parrots of the World; an Identification Guide. Illustrated by Frank Knight. Princeton University Press. Plate 59. ISBN 0-691-09251-6.
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^ Greene, T. (1999) "Aspects of the ecology of Antipodes Parakeet ( Cyanoramphus unicolor) and Reischek's Parakeet ( C. novaezelandiae hochstetten) on Antipodes Island, October - November 1995 Archived 2007-06-28 at the Wayback Machine" Notornis 46: 301-310
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^ Department of Conservation (1995) Captive Management Plan Antipodes Island Parakeet http://www.doc.govt.nz/documents/science-and-technical/tsop07.pdf
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^ TerraNature | New Zealand ecology - Antipodes Island parakeet (Cyanoramphus unicolor) http://terranature.org/parakeetantipodes.htm
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Antipodes parakeet: Brief Summary
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anglais
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fourni par wikipedia EN
The Antipodes parakeet or Antipodes Island parakeet (Cyanoramphus unicolor) is a parrot in the family Psittaculidae that is endemic to the Antipodes Islands of New Zealand. It is one of two parrot species found on the islands, and one of only five ground-dwelling parrots in the world. They are long-living birds that may live up to 10 years of age, but the introduction of mice that compete with them for food was a threat to their survival on the Antipodes Islands until the mice were successfully eradicated from the Islands in 2016 (confirmed 2018). Unusually for parrots, they sometimes prey upon other birds, a trait shared by another New Zealand parrot, the kea.
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- cc-by-sa-3.0
- droit d’auteur
- Wikipedia authors and editors
