dcsimg

Symmetrodonts (Order Symmetrodonta) ( anglais )

fourni par EOL authors
Symmetrodonta is a traditionally paraphyletic group of Mesozoic mammals and mammal-like synapsids, ranging from the latest Triassic to Late Cretaceous. Symmetrodonts belonged to the Superlegion Trechnotheria. They were placed in the Infraclass Pantotheria and are considered to be distant relatives of more derived therian mammals, including the extinct eupantotheres, such as dryolestids, and the living placental and marsupial mammals. These small insectivorous or carnivorous animals were the size of a shrew or mouse. The molar cusps have a symmetrical triangular aspect when viewed from above and the re is no well-developed talonid. The central high cusp is flanked by two smaller cusps and several low minor cusps. The triangular upper and lower cheek teeth fill in the gaps between the adjacent teeth of the opposite tooth row and are specialized to crush insects or slice worms. Symmetrodonts lack a basinlike heel in the lower teeth that helps grind ingested food more derived living therian mammals and their kin. They also differ from more derived therians by lacking the angle on the mandible. 'Symmetrodonts' probably do not represent a discrete phylogenetic category, but the name is still used informally for convenience, or is restricted to Spalacotheriids (Family Spalacotheriidae) and Zhangheotheriids (Family Zhangheotheriidae) [1]. Other authors include 3 families: Kuehneotheriidae (considered to be close to the ancestry of all other therian mammals); Amphidontidae; and Spalacotheriidae, which have highly acute triangular cheek teeth. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Wikipedia on Answers.com: SymmetrodontaTop Home >Library >Miscellaneous >Wikipedia Symmetrodonta Fossil specimen of Zhangheotherium quinquecuspidens Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Superlegion: Trechnotheria Order: †Symmetrodonta Subgroups †Spalacotheriidae †Zhangheotheriidae Symmetrodonta is a traditionally paraphyletic group of Mesozoic mammals and mammal-like synapsids characterized by the triangular aspect of the molars when viewed from above and the absence of a well-developed talonid. The traditional group of 'symmetrodonts' ranges in age from the latest Triassic to the Late Cretaceous. One species, Spalacotheridium noblei, is notable for its small size. It is one of the smallest known mammals. Each individual molar is little more than 1/100th of an inch across. 'Symmetrodonts' are generally rare and poorly represented in the fossil record. Most reearch during the 21st century has concluded that they do not represent a discrete phylogenetic category. however, the name is still used informally by some researchers for convenience, or restricted to the Spalacotheriids and Zhangheotheriids.[1] Particular sub−groups of Symmetrodonta are better studied, e.g. Spalacotheriidae, which has acute−angled molariform teeth, strongly reduced talonids, and conspicuous anterior and posterior cingulids.
licence
cc-by-3.0
droit d’auteur
Olingo
auteur
(Olingo)
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
EOL authors

Simetrodonts ( catalan ; valencien )

fourni par wikipedia CA

Els simetrodonts (Symmetrodonta, del grec symmetros, 'simètric', i odont-, declinació d'odous, 'dent') són un grup primitiu de mamífers del Mesozoic, caracteritzats per l'aspecte triangular de les dents molars en la vista d'oclusió (de cim) i l'absència d'un talònid ben desenvolupat. Els simetrodonts tradicionals sorgiren en el final del Triàsic en Cretaci i els seus fòssils poden ser trobats a Nord-amèrica, Sud-amèrica, Europa, Àfrica i Àsia. Malgrat la seva extensa distribució els registres fòssils són escassos. Anteriorment eren inclosos en la subclasse Prototheria.

Grups inclosos

Els simetrodonts són considerats un grup parafilètic. La llista següent mostra els tàxons que incloïa abans que se'n determinés el parafiletisme.
 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Simetrodonts Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Autors i editors de Wikipedia
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia CA

Simetrodonts: Brief Summary ( catalan ; valencien )

fourni par wikipedia CA
 src= Zhangheoteri

Els simetrodonts (Symmetrodonta, del grec symmetros, 'simètric', i odont-, declinació d'odous, 'dent') són un grup primitiu de mamífers del Mesozoic, caracteritzats per l'aspecte triangular de les dents molars en la vista d'oclusió (de cim) i l'absència d'un talònid ben desenvolupat. Els simetrodonts tradicionals sorgiren en el final del Triàsic en Cretaci i els seus fòssils poden ser trobats a Nord-amèrica, Sud-amèrica, Europa, Àfrica i Àsia. Malgrat la seva extensa distribució els registres fòssils són escassos. Anteriorment eren inclosos en la subclasse Prototheria.

licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Autors i editors de Wikipedia
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia CA

Symmetrodonta ( anglais )

fourni par wikipedia EN

Symmetrodonta is a group of Mesozoic mammals and mammal-like synapsids characterized by the triangular aspect of the molars when viewed from above, and the absence of a well-developed talonid. The traditional group of 'symmetrodonts' ranges in age from the latest Triassic to the Late Cretaceous, but most research in the last 20-30 years has concluded that they are not a true taxonomic group, but include several unrelated branches of the mammal tree. Despite this, the name is still used informally by some researchers for convenience, usually restricted to the spalacotheriids and zhangheotheriids[1].[2]

There are some symmetrodonts with acutely-triangulated molar cusps (“acute-angled symmetrodonts”) that seem to form a true monophyletic group, and lasted from the Early Cretaceous to the Campanian,[3][4] although Zhangheotheriidae might be paraphyletic in relation to other forms.[4] Chronoperates has been suggested to be a late surviving representative of this clade,[5] offering a ghost lineage extending to the late Paleocene; however, no recent phylogenetic studies have incorporated it.

Particular sub−groups of Symmetrodonta are better studied, e.g. Spalacotheriidae, which has acute−angled molariform teeth, strongly reduced talonids, and conspicuous anterior and posterior cingulids.

Biology

Though some forms like Zhangheotherium retain a Meckelian groove, at least Spalacotheriinae lost it, acquiring modern ear anatomy. Their deciduous canines and premolars as well as long lower jaw indicate a carnivorous/insectivorous diet.[6]

Zhangheotherium was specialised to a tree-dwelling lifestyle.[7] It shows evidence of tarsal spurs, indicating that, like most non-therian Mammaliaformes, at least some symmetrodonts were venomous like the modern platypus.[8]

One species, Spalacotheridium noblei, is notable for its small size. It is one of the smallest known mammals. Each individual molar is little more than 0.25 mm across.

See also

References

  1. ^ Martin, T., 2018. 6. Mesozoic mammals—early mammalian diversity and ecomorphological adaptations. In Mammalian evolution, diversity and systematics (pp. 199-300). De Gruyter.
  2. ^ Meng, J.; Hu, Y.; Li, C.; Wang, Y. (2006). "The mammal fauna in the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota: implications for diversity and biology of Mesozoic mammals". Geological Journal. 41 (3–4): 439–463. doi:10.1002/gj.1054. S2CID 84397126.
  3. ^ Bi, Shundong; Wang, Yuanqing; Guan, Jian; Sheng, Xia; Meng, Jin (2014). "Three new Jurassic euharamiyidan species reinforce early divergence of mammals". Nature. 514 (7524): 579–584. Bibcode:2014Natur.514..579B. doi:10.1038/nature13718. PMID 25209669. S2CID 4471574.
  4. ^ a b Bi, Shundong; Zheng, Xiaoting; Meng, Jin; Wang, Xiaoli; Robinson, Nicole; Davis, Brian (2016). "A new symmetrodont mammal (Trechnotheria: Zhangheotheriidae) from the Early Cretaceous of China and trechnotherian character evolution". Scientific Reports. 6: 26668. Bibcode:2016NatSR...626668B. doi:10.1038/srep26668. PMC 4877676. PMID 27215593.
  5. ^ Meng, J.; Hu, Y.; Wang, Y.; Li, C. (2003). "The ossified Meckel's cartilage and internal groove in Mesozoic mammaliaforms: implications to origin of the definitive mammalian middle ear". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 138 (4): 431–448. doi:10.1046/j.1096-3642.2003.00064.x.
  6. ^ Han, Gang; Meng, Jin (2016). "A new spalacolestine mammal from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota and implications for the morphology, phylogeny, and palaeobiology of Laurasian 'symmetrodontans'". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 178 (2): 343–380. doi:10.1111/zoj.12416.
  7. ^ Chen, Meng; Wilson, Gregory P. (2015). "A multivariate approach to infer locomotor modes in Mesozoic mammals". Paleobiology. 41 (2): 280–312. doi:10.1017/pab.2014.14. S2CID 86087687.
  8. ^ Hurum, Jørn H.; Luo, Zhe-Xi; Kielan-Jaworowska, Zofia (2006). "Were mammals originally venomous?". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 51 (1): 1–11.

licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia EN

Symmetrodonta: Brief Summary ( anglais )

fourni par wikipedia EN

Symmetrodonta is a group of Mesozoic mammals and mammal-like synapsids characterized by the triangular aspect of the molars when viewed from above, and the absence of a well-developed talonid. The traditional group of 'symmetrodonts' ranges in age from the latest Triassic to the Late Cretaceous, but most research in the last 20-30 years has concluded that they are not a true taxonomic group, but include several unrelated branches of the mammal tree. Despite this, the name is still used informally by some researchers for convenience, usually restricted to the spalacotheriids and zhangheotheriids.

There are some symmetrodonts with acutely-triangulated molar cusps (“acute-angled symmetrodonts”) that seem to form a true monophyletic group, and lasted from the Early Cretaceous to the Campanian, although Zhangheotheriidae might be paraphyletic in relation to other forms. Chronoperates has been suggested to be a late surviving representative of this clade, offering a ghost lineage extending to the late Paleocene; however, no recent phylogenetic studies have incorporated it.

Particular sub−groups of Symmetrodonta are better studied, e.g. Spalacotheriidae, which has acute−angled molariform teeth, strongly reduced talonids, and conspicuous anterior and posterior cingulids.

licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia EN

Symmetrodontit ( finnois )

fourni par wikipedia FI

Symmetrodontit (Symmetrodonta) oli varhaisiin nisäkkäisiin kuuluva lahko, joka eli Mesotsooisella kaudella. Symmetrodontit olivat eräänlainen siirtymävaihe synapsideista varsinaisiin nisäkkäisiin. Lahkon lajit olivat kooltaan pieniä. Lukuun ottamatta Zhangheotheriumia symmetrodonttien hampaiden pinnan rakenne oli oudosti hajanainen.

Heimoja ja sukuja

Heimo Kuehneotheriidae

Heimo Zhangotheriidae

Lähteet

  1. Symmetrodonta Palaeos. Viitattu 27.8.2014. (englanniksi)

Aiheesta muualla

licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Wikipedian tekijät ja toimittajat
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia FI

Symmetrodontit: Brief Summary ( finnois )

fourni par wikipedia FI

Symmetrodontit (Symmetrodonta) oli varhaisiin nisäkkäisiin kuuluva lahko, joka eli Mesotsooisella kaudella. Symmetrodontit olivat eräänlainen siirtymävaihe synapsideista varsinaisiin nisäkkäisiin. Lahkon lajit olivat kooltaan pieniä. Lukuun ottamatta Zhangheotheriumia symmetrodonttien hampaiden pinnan rakenne oli oudosti hajanainen.

licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Wikipedian tekijät ja toimittajat
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia FI

Symmetrodonta ( néerlandais ; flamand )

fourni par wikipedia NL

De Symmetrodonta is een nogal vage orde van primitieve zoogdieren die behoort tot de Trechnotheria. Tot de Trechnotheria behoren ook de Metatheria (buideldieren) en de Eutheria (placentale zoogdieren). Symmetrodonten leefden van het Vroeg-Jura tot het Laat-Krijt en fossielen van deze dieren zijn gevonden in Noord-Amerika, Europa, Oost-Azië en Noord-Afrika. Vooral vondsten uit de Chinese provincie Liaoning hebben sterk bijgedragen aan de kennis over de Symmetrodonta.

Beschrijving

Kenmerkend voor de symmetrodonten is de driehoekige rangschikking van de drie cuspides (de “punten”) op de kiezen, hoewel een dergelijke rangschikking ook bij andere zoogdieren voorkomt. De kiezen van symmetrodonten zijn verder lang en puntig. Tot de vondst van Zhangheotherium in 1997 waren de symmetrodonten alleen bekend van tanden en kaakfragmenten. De symmetrodonten hadden de grootte en leefwijze van een hedendaagse spitsmuis en het waren bodembewonende dieren, wat blijkt uit de korte, rechte vingers en de brede klauwen van Zhangheotherium.

De Symmetrodonta bestaat uit drie families, de Spalacotheriidae, de Zhangheotheriidae en de Tinodontidae. Tot de bekendste soorten behoren Heishanlestes changi, Akidolestes cifellii, Maotherium sinensis en Zhangheotherium quinquecuspidens. Fossielen van deze vier symmetrodonten zijn afkomstig uit Liaoning en werden gevonden in de late jaren negentig van de twintigste eeuw en het begin van de eenentwintigste eeuw.

Externe link

licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia NL

Symmetrodonta: Brief Summary ( néerlandais ; flamand )

fourni par wikipedia NL

De Symmetrodonta is een nogal vage orde van primitieve zoogdieren die behoort tot de Trechnotheria. Tot de Trechnotheria behoren ook de Metatheria (buideldieren) en de Eutheria (placentale zoogdieren). Symmetrodonten leefden van het Vroeg-Jura tot het Laat-Krijt en fossielen van deze dieren zijn gevonden in Noord-Amerika, Europa, Oost-Azië en Noord-Afrika. Vooral vondsten uit de Chinese provincie Liaoning hebben sterk bijgedragen aan de kennis over de Symmetrodonta.

licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia NL

Symetrodonty ( polonais )

fourni par wikipedia POL
licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Autorzy i redaktorzy Wikipedii
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia POL

Symmetrodonta ( ukrainien )

fourni par wikipedia UK
  1. Meng, J.; Hu, Y.; Li, C.; Wang, Y. (2006). The mammal fauna in the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota: implications for diversity and biology of Mesozoic mammals. Geological Journal 41 (3–4): 439–463. doi:10.1002/gj.1054.

Посилання

  • Averianov, A. O. (2002). Early Cretaceous «symmetrodont» mammal Gobiotheriodon from Mongolia and the classification of «Symmetrodonta». Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 47(4): 705–716. Completo
  • Tsubamoto, T.; Rougier, G. W.; Isaji, S.; Manabe, M.; Forasiepi, A. M. (2004). New Early Cretaceous spalacotheriid «symmetrodont» mammal from Japan. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 49(3): 329–346. Completo


licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Автори та редактори Вікіпедії
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia UK

Symmetrodonta: Brief Summary ( ukrainien )

fourni par wikipedia UK
Meng, J.; Hu, Y.; Li, C.; Wang, Y. (2006). The mammal fauna in the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota: implications for diversity and biology of Mesozoic mammals. Geological Journal 41 (3–4): 439–463. doi:10.1002/gj.1054.
licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Автори та редактори Вікіпедії
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia UK

Симметродонты ( russe )

fourni par wikipedia русскую Википедию
Латинское название Symmetrodonta Simpson, 1925

wikispecies:
Систематика
на Викивидах

commons:
Изображения
на Викискладе

Симметродо́нты[1] (лат. Symmetrodonta) — группа мезозойских млекопитающих, ранее рассматривалась в ранге отряда. Отличительным признаком группы является особой треугольной формы моляры. Жили с конца триасового периода до конца мелового периода. Большинство исследователей в XXI веке пришли к выводу, что они не представляют собой отдельную монофилетическую группу. Тем не менее, название «Symmetrodonta» до сих пор неформально используется некоторыми исследователями для удобства[2]. Другие исследователи сохранили таксон в ранге инфракласса, уменьшив его объём до 4 вымерших родов[3].

Mammaliaformes

Sinoconodon




Adelobasileus





Morganucodon



Megazostrodon






Haldanodon



Castorocauda





Hadrocodium


Mammalia

Australosphenida


Boreosphenida

Fruitafossor




Eutriconodonta



Allotheria

Tinodon




Haramiyavia




Arboroharamiya


Multituberculata

Plagiaulacida



Cimolodonta








Symmetrodonta





Dryolestes



Henkelotherium






Amphitherium



Peramus





Vincelestes




Nanolestes




Aegialodon


Theria

Metatheria



Eutheria


















Примечания

  1. Симметродонты / Лопатин А. В. // Сен-Жерменский мир 1679 — Социальное обеспечение. — М. : Большая российская энциклопедия, 2015. — С. 197. — (Большая российская энциклопедия : [в 35 т.] / гл. ред. Ю. С. Осипов ; 2004—2017, т. 30). — ISBN 978-5-85270-367-5.
  2. Meng, J.; Hu, Y.; Li, C.; Wang, Y. (2006). “The mammal fauna in the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota: implications for diversity and biology of Mesozoic mammals”. Geological Journal. 41 (3—4): 439—463. DOI:10.1002/gj.1054.
  3. Averianov A. O. and Lopatin A. V. 2011. Phylogeny of Triconodonts and Symmetrodonts and the Origin of Extant Mammals. Doklady Biological Sciences 436: 32—35.
licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Авторы и редакторы Википедии