dcsimg

Behavior ( anglais )

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The middle lobe of the mantle edge has most of a bivalve's sensory organs. Paired statocysts, which are fluid filled chambers with a solid granule or pellet (a statolity) are in the mussel's foot. The statocysts help the mussel with georeception, or orientation.

Mussels are heterothermic, and therefore are sensitive and responsive to temperature.

Unionids in general may have some form of chemical reception to recognize fish hosts. Mantle flaps in the lampsilines are modified to attract potential fish hosts. How the fragile papershell recognizes and/or attracts its fish host is unknown.

Glochidia respond to touch, light and some chemical cues. In general, when touched or a fluid is introduced, they will respond by clamping shut.

Communication Channels: chemical

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; vibrations ; chemical

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citation bibliographique
Mulcrone, R. 2006. "Leptodea fragilis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Leptodea_fragilis.html
rédacteur
Renee Sherman Mulcrone
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Conservation Status ( anglais )

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Leptodea fragilis is listed as Endangered in Vermont and Threatened in Virginia.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

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citation bibliographique
Mulcrone, R. 2006. "Leptodea fragilis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Leptodea_fragilis.html
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Renee Sherman Mulcrone
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Life Cycle ( anglais )

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Fertilized eggs are brooded in the marsupia (water tubes) up to 11 months, where they develop into larvae, called glochidia. The glochidia are then released into the water where they must attach to the gill filaments and/or general body surface of the host fish. After attachment, epithelial tissue from the host fish grows over and encapsulates a glochidium, usually within a few hours. The glochidia then metamorphoses into a juvenile mussel within a few days or weeks. After metamorphosis, the juvenile is sloughed off as a free-living organism. Juveniles are found in the substrate where they develop into adults.

Development - Life Cycle: metamorphosis

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citation bibliographique
Mulcrone, R. 2006. "Leptodea fragilis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Leptodea_fragilis.html
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Renee Sherman Mulcrone
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Animal Diversity Web

Benefits ( anglais )

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There are no significant negative impacts of mussels on humans.

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citation bibliographique
Mulcrone, R. 2006. "Leptodea fragilis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Leptodea_fragilis.html
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Renee Sherman Mulcrone
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Animal Diversity Web

Benefits ( anglais )

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Mussels are ecological indicators. Their presence in a water body usually indicates good water quality.

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citation bibliographique
Mulcrone, R. 2006. "Leptodea fragilis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Leptodea_fragilis.html
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Renee Sherman Mulcrone
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Animal Diversity Web

Associations ( anglais )

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Fish hosts are determined by looking at both lab transformations and natural infestations. Looking at both is necessary, as lab transformations from glochidia to juvenile may occur, but the mussel may not actually infect a particular species in a natural situation. Natural infestations may also be found, but glochidia will attach to almost any fish, including those that are not suitable hosts. Lab transformations involve isolating one particular fish species and introducing glochidia either into the fish tank or directly inoculating the fish gills with glochidia. Tanks are monitored and if juveniles are later found the fish species is considered a suitable host.

Natural infestations of Leptodea fragilis have been found on the freshwater drum (also called the sheepshead). However, no glochidial metamorphosis has been observed.

Ecosystem Impact: parasite

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citation bibliographique
Mulcrone, R. 2006. "Leptodea fragilis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Leptodea_fragilis.html
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Renee Sherman Mulcrone
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Trophic Strategy ( anglais )

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In general, unionids are filter feeders. The mussels use cilia to pump water into the incurrent siphon where food is caught in a mucus lining in the demibranchs. Particles are sorted by the labial palps and then directed to the mouth. Mussels have been cultured on algae, but they may also ingest bacteria, protozoans and other organic particles.

The parasitic glochidial stage absorbs blood and nutrients from hosts after attachment. Mantle cells within the glochidia feed off of the host’s tissue through phagocytocis.

Plant Foods: algae; phytoplankton

Other Foods: detritus ; microbes

Foraging Behavior: filter-feeding

Primary Diet: planktivore ; detritivore

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citation bibliographique
Mulcrone, R. 2006. "Leptodea fragilis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Leptodea_fragilis.html
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Renee Sherman Mulcrone
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Animal Diversity Web

Distribution ( anglais )

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The fragile papershell is found throughout the Mississippi drainage, in the Gulf of Mexico drainage from Alabama to Texas. It is also found in the St. Lawrence river drainage from Lake St. Clair to Quebec City.

In Michigan, L. fragilis is found in the lower peninsula from the Muskegon River drainages to the southern part of the state. In eastern Michigan this species is found through the Saginaw and Lake Erie drainage systems.

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )

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citation bibliographique
Mulcrone, R. 2006. "Leptodea fragilis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Leptodea_fragilis.html
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Renee Sherman Mulcrone
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Habitat ( anglais )

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The fragile papershell is found in various sized water bodies, from headwater streams to rivers and lakes. Substrates it inhabits include mud and gravel, but is sometimes found in sand.

Habitat Regions: freshwater

Aquatic Biomes: rivers and streams

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citation bibliographique
Mulcrone, R. 2006. "Leptodea fragilis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Leptodea_fragilis.html
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Renee Sherman Mulcrone
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Life Expectancy ( anglais )

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The age of mussels can be determined by looking at annual rings on the shell. However, no demographic data on this species has been recorded.

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citation bibliographique
Mulcrone, R. 2006. "Leptodea fragilis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Leptodea_fragilis.html
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Renee Sherman Mulcrone
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Morphology ( anglais )

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The fragile papershell is up to 15 cm (6 inches) long , and is oval or oblong in shape. The shell is usually fairly thin and compressed. Younger individuals have a dorsal wing. The anterior end is uniformly rounded and the posterior end broadly rounded with an acute angle, depending on the wear on the wing. The dorsal margin varies depending on the wing. The ventral margin is uniformly rounded.

Umbos are low, slightly elevated above the hinge line, and situated more near the anterior end. The beak sculpture has three or four weak ridges, the first concentric and the second double looped.

The periostracum (outer shell layer) is smooth, and younger individuals are light yellow-tan, sometimes with green bands. Older specimens tend to be darker yellow-brown. Usually umbos are darker than the rest of the shell.

On the inner shell, the left valve has two pseudocardinal teeth, which are thin and the second tooth is sometimes absent. The two lateral teeth are thin, short and slightly curved. The right valve has one thin and low pseudocardinal tooth. The lateral tooth is thin and slightly curved.

The beak cavity is shallow or absent. The nacre is bluish-white or yellowish, pink or purple under the umbo or lateral tooth, and iridescent throughout.

In Michigan, this species can be confused with the white heelsplitter or pink heelsplitter. The white heelsplitter is darker in color, more rounded in shaped, usually rayed, and has a purple nacre. The pink heelsplitter is also darker and has a more broadly rounded posterior end.

Range length: 15 (high) cm.

Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; heterothermic ; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike

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citation bibliographique
Mulcrone, R. 2006. "Leptodea fragilis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Leptodea_fragilis.html
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Renee Sherman Mulcrone
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Animal Diversity Web

Associations ( anglais )

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Unionids in general are preyed upon by muskrats, raccoons, minks, otters, and some birds. Juveniles are probably also fed upon by freshwater drum, sheepshead, lake sturgeon, spotted suckers, redhorses, and pumpkinseeds.

Unionid mortality and reproduction is affected by unionicolid mites and monogenic trematodes feeding on gill and mantle tissue. Parasitic chironomid larvae may destroy up to half the mussel gill.

Known Predators:

  • muskrat, Ondatra zibethicus
  • mink, Neovison vison
  • raccoon Procyon lotor
  • otter, Lontra canadensis
  • turtles, Testudines
  • hellbenders, Cryptobranchus
  • freshwater drum, Aplodinotus grunniens
  • sheepshead, Archosargus probatocephalus
  • lake sturgeon, Acipenser fulvescens
  • shortnosed sturgeon, Acipenser brevirostrum
  • spotted suckers, Minytrema melanops
  • common red-horse, Moxostoma
  • catfish, Siluriformes
  • pumpkinseed, Lepomis gibbosus
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citation bibliographique
Mulcrone, R. 2006. "Leptodea fragilis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Leptodea_fragilis.html
rédacteur
Renee Sherman Mulcrone
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Animal Diversity Web

Reproduction ( anglais )

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Age to sexual maturity for this species is unknown. Unionids are gonochoristic (sexes are separate) and viviparous. The glochidia, which are the larval stage of the mussels, are released live from the female after they are fully developed.

In general, gametogenesis in unionids is initiated by increasing water temperatures. The general life cycle of a unionid, includes open fertilization. Males release sperm into the water, which is taken in by the females through their respiratory current. The eggs are internally fertilized in the suprabranchial chambers, then pass into water tubes of the gills, where they develop into glochidia.

Leptodea fragilis is a long-term brooder. Although there are no recorded data, it probably spawns in the summer months in Michigan.

Breeding interval: The fragile papershell breeds once in the warmer months of the year.

Breeding season: In Michigan, the breeding season is probably in the summer months.

Range gestation period: 10 (high) months.

Key Reproductive Features: seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization (Internal ); viviparous

Females brood fertilized eggs in their marsupial pouch. The fertilized eggs develop into glochidia. There is no parental investment after the female releases the glochidia.

Parental Investment: pre-fertilization (Provisioning); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female)

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The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citation bibliographique
Mulcrone, R. 2006. "Leptodea fragilis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Leptodea_fragilis.html
rédacteur
Renee Sherman Mulcrone
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Animal Diversity Web