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Castoroides ( catalan ; valencien )

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Castoroides és un gènere extint de castors gegants que visqueren a Nord-amèrica durant el Pliocè i el Plistocè. Se'n coneixen dues espècies:

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Riesenbiber ( allemand )

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Die Riesenbiber (Castoroides) sind eine fossile Gattung sehr großer Biber, die während des Pleistozäns in Nordamerika vorkamen. Castoroides dilophides und die Schwesterart C. ohioensis sind die größten bekannten Biber, die je existiert haben.

Beschreibung

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Illustration von Castoroides von Charles R. Knight aus dem Jahr 1904

Riesenbiber ähnelten den modernen Bibern, aber wie der Name andeutet, waren sie beträchtlich größer. Sie erreichten Längen von über 2,50 m.[1] Damit waren sie nicht nur die größten Nagetiere Nordamerikas während der letzten Eiszeit, sondern erreichten mit ungefähr 60 bis 100 kg das Gewicht eines rezenten Schwarzbären.[2][3] Manche Schätzungen gehen sogar von 220 kg aus.[4] Ihre Hinterfüße waren viel größer als bei den modernen Bibern. Da die Weichteile fossil jedoch nicht überliefert sind, ist nicht bekannt, ob wie bei den modernen Bibern Schwimmhäute zwischen den Zehen vorhanden waren.[2] Aus gleichem Grund kann ebenso nur vermutet werden, ob der Schwanz dem des modernen Bibers ähnelte; skelettanatomisch muss der Schwanz der Riesenbiber länger, dafür aber schmäler gewesen sein.[1] Die Schneidezähne waren 15 cm lang und hatten stumpfe, abgerundete Spitzen.[5] Im Gegensatz dazu haben die Schneidezähne moderner Biber meißelartige Spitzen. Die Backenzähne waren gut an das Zermahlen von Nahrung angepasst und ähnelten somit denen der Wasserschweine, die ein S-förmiges Muster auf den Schleifflächen haben.[2] Ihre große Masse könnte ihre Bewegung an Land eingeschränkt haben. Wie Isotopenuntersuchungen ergaben, ernährten sich die Riesenbiber nicht vor allem von Zweigen, Rinde und Blättern wie ihre rezenten Verwandten, sondern von Wasserpflanzen.[6]

Systematik

Es sind zwei Arten bekannt: Die Überreste von Casteorides dilophides wurden in Florida und South Carolina entdeckt. Knochenfunde von Castoroides ohioensis sind aus den gesamten kontinentalen Vereinigten Staaten und Kanada bekannt. Castoroides ist nicht nah mit den modernen Bibern der Gattung Castor verwandt.[2] Es ist die Typusgattung der Unterfamilie Castoroidinae, die zusätzlich die fossilen Gattungen Monosaulax, Eucastor, Dipoides, Priusaulax und Procastoroides enthält.[7] Castor hingegen gehört zur Unterfamilie der Castorinae. Sowohl die Castorinae als auch die Castoridinae bilden allerdings eine monophyletische Einheit, die die semi-aquatisch lebenden Biber zusammenfasst. Ihnen gegenüber steht eine Gruppe terrestrisch lebender beziehungsweise grabender Formen, die sich auf die Unterfamilien der Palaeocastorinae und der Migmacastorinae aufteilen. Molekulargenetische Untersuchungen, die auch das Erbgut des Riesenbibers mit einbezogen, lassen eine Trennung der Linien von Castoroides und Castor im Unteren Miozän annehmen. Demnach besteht die semi-aquatisch lebende Gruppe der Biber seit wenigstens rund 19,7 Millionen Jahren.[8]

Entdeckungsgeschichte

 src=
Ein Abguss von C. ohioensis zusammengesetzt aus verschiedenen Exemplaren

Die ersten Riesenbiber-Fossilien wurde 1837 in einem Torfmoor in Ohio zu Tage gefördert, daher das Artepitheton ohioensis. Nichts ist darüber bekannt, ob die Riesenbiber Bauten errichtet haben. In Ohio gibt es Behauptungen über eine mögliche Riesenbiber-Burg, die eine Höhe von 122 cm und einen Durchmesser von 244 cm haben soll. Sie soll aus kleinen, jungen Baumstämmen gebaut worden sein. Einen klaren Nachweis für das Errichten einer Biberburg gibt es bei der verwandten Gattung Dipoides. Dies lässt die Vermutung zu, dass auch Riesenbiber solche Bauten errichtet haben könnten. Fossilien von Riesenbibern sind auf den Mittleren Westen der Vereinigten Staaten konzentriert, insbesondere Illinois und Indiana. Nachweise gibt es jedoch auch aus Alaska, Kanada und Florida.[1] Exemplare aus Florida wurden in eine eigene Unterart Castoroides ohioensis dilophidus klassifiziert, basierend auf Unterschieden in den Backenzähnen und Prämolaren.[9] Fossilien von Castoroides leiseyorum wurden in Florida und South Carolina entdeckt. Mark D. Uhen, Ph.D. an der George Mason University, datierte die Überreste aus der Fundstätte Cooper River in South Carolina auf ein Alter von 1,8 Millionen bis 11.000 Jahre. Die Exemplare aus den paläontologischen Lagerstätten Leisey Shell Pit 1A und 3B im Hillsborough County (Florida)[10] wurden im November 2007 von John Alroy auf ein Alter von 2,1 Millionen Jahren bestimmt.[11][12] Castoroides leiseyorum wurde 1995 von Gary S. Morgan und John A. White beschrieben und nach der Leisey-Familie, Phosphat-Steinbruch-Eigentümern aus dem Hillsborough County, die den ersten Schädel entdeckt hatten, benannt.[13][14] 2014 erhielt Castoroides dilophodus Artrang und der Name C. leiseyorum wurde zum Synonym, da dass fossile Zahnmaterial beider Taxa identisch ist.[15]

Aussterben

 src=
Montiertes Skelett

Fossilien der älteren Art C. dilophides aus Florida sind 1,4 Millionen Jahre alt, während Fossilien der jüngeren Art C. ohioensis aus Toronto, Ontario und dem Old Crow Basin, Yukon, 130.000 Jahre alt sind. Jedoch wird angenommen, dass die Riesenbiber gemeinsam mit den Mammuts, Mastodons und Eiszeitpferden in der quartären Aussterbewelle am Ende der letzten Eiszeit vor 10.000 Jahren ausgestorben sind. Riesenbiber waren am häufigsten südlich der Großen Seen im heutigen Indiana und Illinois.[2] Das Aussterben der Riesenbiber könnte auf die ökologischen Veränderungen am Ende des Pleistozäns zurückzuführen sein.[16] Das Auftauchen des Menschen in Nordamerika könnte ebenfalls ein Faktor gewesen sein, jedoch gibt es keinen Nachweis dafür, dass die Riesenbiber von Menschen gejagt wurden.[5]

Folklore

Sowohl beim Stamm der Mi'kmaq aus Kanada als auch beim Stamm der Pocumtuc aus dem Connecticut River Valley in Massachusetts ranken sich Mythen um Riesenbiber. Auch bei den Cree-Indianern existieren solche Mythen. Im April 2022 wurde Castoroides ohioensis als Staatsfossil für Minnesota vorgeschlagen.[17]

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c Björn Kurten, Elaine Anderson: Pleistocene Mammals of North America. Columbia University Press, New York NY 1980, ISBN 0-231-03733-3.
  2. a b c d e Giant Beaver: Natural History Notebooks. Canadian Museum of Nature. 2. Mai 2011. Abgerufen am 18. Oktober 2013.
  3. Canadian Museum of Nature, Notebooks: Giant Beaver
  4. P. S. Reynolds: How Big Is a Giant? The Importance of Method in Estimating Body Size of Extinct Mammals. In: Journal of Mammalogy. Bd. 83, Nr. 2, May 2002, S. 321–332, doi:10.1644/1545-1542(2002)0832.0.CO;2.
  5. a b C.R. Harrington: Yukon Beringia Interpretive Center – Giant Beaver. 1996. Archiviert vom Original am 14. September 2007. Abgerufen am 18. Oktober 2013.
  6. Tessa Plint et al. 2019. Giant beaver palaeoecology inferred from stable isotopes. Scientific Reports 9, article number: 7179, doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-43710-9
  7. William W. Korth: The Tertiary record of rodents in North America (= Topics in Geobiology. Bd. 12). Plenum Press, New York u. a. 1994, ISBN 0-306-44696-0, S. 145.
  8. Georgios Xenikoudakis, Mayeesha Ahmed, Jacob Colt Harris, Rachel Wadleigh, Johanna L. A. Paijmans, Stefanie Hartmann, Axel Barlow, Heather Lerner, Michael Hofreiter: Ancient DNA reveals twenty million years of aquatic life in beavers. Current Biology 30, 2020, S. R110–R111, doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.12.041.
  9. Robert A. Martin: Taxonomy of the Giant Pleistocene Beaver Castoroides from Florida. In: Journal of Paleontology. Bd. 43, Nr. 4, July 1969, S. 1033–1041.
  10. R. C. Hulbert Jr., G. S. Morgan: Stratigraphy, Paleoecology, and vertebrate fauna of the Leisey Shell Pit local fauna, early Pleistocene (Irvingtonian) of Southwestern Florida (= Papers in Florida Paleontology. Nr. 2, ). University of Florida – Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville FL 1989.
  11. John Alroy: Conjunction among taxonomic distributions and the Miocene mammalian biochronology of the Great Plains. In: Paleobiology. Bd. 18, Nr. 3, 1992, S. 326–343, online (PDF; 2,79 MB).
  12. John Alroy: Speciation and extinction in the fossil record of North American mammals. In: Roger K. Butlin, Jon R. Bridle, Dolph Schluter (Hrsg.): Speciation and patterns of diversity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge u. a. 2009, ISBN 978-0-521-70963-7, S. 301–323, online (PDF; 182,5 kB).
  13. Gary S. Morgan, John A. White: Small mammals (Insectivora, Lagomorpha, and Rodentia) from the early Pleistocene (early Irvingtonian) Leisey Shell Pit Local Fauna, Hillsborough County, Florida. In: Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History. Bd. 37, Tl. 2, Nr. 13, 1995, , S. 397–461, online.
  14. Paleobiology Database, Collection 20403 und 20400. Location Leisey's Shell Pits 1A and 3B, Hillsborough County, Florida. Authorized and entered by John Alroy, on February 18, 1993 and Mark D. Uhen, Ph.D.
  15. Richard C. Hulbert Jr., Andreas Kerner, and Gary S. Morgan: Taxonomy of the Pleistocene giant beaver Castoroides (Rodentia: Castoridae) from the southeastern United States. In: University of Florida (Hrsg.): Bulletin of the Florida State Museum. Band 53, Nr. 2. Gainesville 10. November 2014, S. 26–43.
  16. Paul W. Parmalee, Russell Wm. Graham: Additional records of the Giant Beaver, Castoroides, from the mid-South: Alabama, Tennessee, and South Carolina. In: Robert J. Emry (Hrsg.): Cenozoic Mammals of Land and Sea. Tributes to the career of Clayton E. Ray (= Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology. Bd. 93, ). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC 2002, S. 65–71, online (PDF; 148,45 MB).
  17. Briana Bierschbach: An extinct, bear-sized beaver could be chosen as Minnesota's state fossil. In: Star Tribune. 2. April 2022, abgerufen am 12. April 2022 (amerikanisches Englisch).
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Riesenbiber: Brief Summary ( allemand )

fourni par wikipedia DE

Die Riesenbiber (Castoroides) sind eine fossile Gattung sehr großer Biber, die während des Pleistozäns in Nordamerika vorkamen. Castoroides dilophides und die Schwesterart C. ohioensis sind die größten bekannten Biber, die je existiert haben.

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Castoroides ( anglais )

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Castoroides (Latin: "beaver" (castor), "like" (oides)[2]), or giant beaver, is an extinct genus of enormous, bear-sized beavers that lived in North America during the Pleistocene. Two species are currently recognized, C. dilophidus in the Southeastern US and C. ohioensis in the rest of its range. C. leiseyorum was previously described from the Irvingtonian of Florida, but is now regarded as an invalid name. All specimens previously described as C. leiseyorum are considered to belong to C. dilophidus.

Description

Species of Castoroides were much larger than modern beavers. Their average length was approximately 1.9 m (6.2 ft), and they could grow as large as 2.2 m (7.2 ft). The weight of the giant beaver could vary from 90 kg (198 lb) to 125 kg (276 lb). This makes it the largest known rodent in North America during the Pleistocene and the largest known beaver.[3] Recent analyses suggest that they weighed less, closer to 77 kg (170 lb), but this is disputable.[4]

The hind feet of the giant beaver were much larger than in modern beavers, while the hind legs were shorter. The tail was longer and may not have been paddle-shaped as in modern beavers.[1] It can only be assumed that its feet were webbed as in modern species.[3][5] The skull structure of the giant beaver suggests that it participated in extended underwater activity, thanks to the ability to take more oxygen into its lungs.[5]

One of the defining characteristics of the giant beaver was their incisors, which differed in size and shape from those of modern beavers. Modern beavers have incisor teeth with smooth enamel, while the teeth of the giant beaver had a striated, textured enamel surface.[6] Their teeth were also much larger, up to 15 cm (6 in) long.[6]

One other major difference between the giant beaver and the modern beaver is that the size of its brain was proportionally smaller. As a result, the giant beaver may have had inferior interactions in its environment, as well as less complex patterns of thoughts and behavior.[7]

Classification

There are two known species:

  • Castoroides dilophidus (found in Florida and the southeastern states only)
  • Castoroides ohioensis, synonym Castoroides nebrascensis (found throughout continental United States and Canada)

These two species of giant beaver (genus Castoroides) are not close relatives to modern beavers (genus Castor).[5]

This genus typifies the extinct subfamily Castoroidinae, which forms a North American lineage beginning with the Hemingfordian genus Monosaulax, followed by Eucastor, Dipoides, and Procastoroides, to finally culminate and go extinct with Castoroides.[8]

Discovery and species

A cast of C. ohioensis assembled from various specimens

Castoroides fossils were first discovered in 1837 in a peat bog in Ohio,[6] hence the species epithet ohioensis. Catalogue no.1195, Mus. North. Ind. Hist. Soc. Well-preserved skull of Castoroides ohioensis but with the mandibles lost, both zygomatic arches missing, and the facial portions of the maxillae broken away; dental series complete and in good condition.[9] Castoroides had cutting teeth up to 15 cm-long with prominently-ridged outer surfaces. These strong enamel ridges would have acted as girders to support such long teeth. Further, the deep masseteric fossa of the lower jaw suggests a very powerful bite.[10] Remains of the giant beaver, along with Paleo Indian artifacts and the remains of the flat-headed peccary, giant short-faced bear, and the stag moose were found in the Sheriden Cave in Wyandot County, Ohio.[11]

Skeleton in Minnesota Science Museum

Fossils of Castoroides are concentrated around the midwestern United States in states near the Great Lakes, particularly Illinois and Indiana, but specimens are recorded from Alaska and Canada to Florida. In Canada, fossils of this species are commonly found in the Old Crow Basin, Yukon, and single specimens are known from Toronto, Ontario and Indian Island, New Brunswick. A hitherto overlooked 1891 record of a Castoroides skull from near Highgate, Ontario is the earliest for Canada.[12] In Old Crow region, Castoroides fossils occur in deposits of the Sangamonian interglacial.[13]

The discovery of giant beaver remains in New Brunswick adds significantly to the Quaternary terrestrial mammal fauna of New Brunswick, and suggests that the terrestrial fauna was probably richer than earlier evidence indicated. The known North American distribution of giant beaver is not significantly changed by this occurrence.[1][14] Specimens from the southeastern US have been placed in a separate species, Castoroides dilophidus, based on differences in premolar and molar features.[15] Martin (1969) considered it a subspecies, but new research by Hulbert et al. place them in their own species, Castoroides dilophidus., It is recorded from more than 25 Pleistocene localities in Florida, 23 of Rancholabrean age, one possibly of Irvingtonian age, and one of late Blancan age.[16]

Castoroides dilophidus specimens have been unearthed in Florida and South Carolina. The latter site (Cooper River) was dated at 1.8 million—11,000 years ago. The Castoroides leiseyorum was named by S. Morgan and J. A. White in 1995 for the Leisey shell pit.[17][18] Specimens were found in Leisey Shell Pit 1A and 3B, Hillsborough County, Florida, in paleontological sites about 2.1 Mya.[19][20][21] These specimens are now considered to belong to C. dilophidus, C. leiseyorum is no longer a valid species name. Specimens were also found at the Strawberry Hill site, (Cooper River dredging) Charleston County, South Carolina from about 1.8 Mya to 11,000 years ago.[22]

Ecology

Stable isotopes suggest that Castoroides probably predominantly consumed submerged aquatic plants, rather than the woody diet of living beavers. There is no evidence that giant beavers constructed dams or lodges. The shape of the incisors of Castoroides would have made it much less effective in cutting down trees than living beavers. It was likely heavily dependent on wetland enviroments for both food and protection from predators.[23]

Extinction

Mounted skeleton

Castorodies was likely extirpated from Alaska and the Yukon after 75,000 years ago due to increasingly hostile environmental conditions.[23] Castoroides went extinct during the Pleistocene–Holocene Transition, alongside most other North American Pleistocene megafauna, including mammoths, mastodons and steppe bisons. This roughly coincides with the arrival of the Clovis people in the region—who rapidly colonized the area by 12,800 years ago—as well the beginning of an aridity trend. It has been long debated if humans ("overkill hypothesis") or climate change had a bigger effect in the extinction event, but they took several thousands of years to completely die out.[24][25][26]

The loss of both wetland habitats in lowland regions and associated mixed-conifer forests coincide with regional disappearances of Castoroides populations in North America. Castoroides populations were extirpated from different regions such as the southeast, Great Plains regions, and northern North America (Canada and Alaska) as a direct result of local glacial periods within the Last Glacial Maximum that brought aridification to the habitats and made them unsuitable. Radiocarbon dates from Ohio and New York indicate that the Great Lakes Basin (lowlands south of the Great Lakes) was home to the last, isolated Castoroides populations when it eventually disappeared from Eastern North America shortly before the Pleistocene-Holocene transition event, bringing the complete extinction of the genus. The youngest known Castoroides specimens from New York State overlap with human artifacts (dating to 10,150 ± 50 years BP), suggesting that it overlapped with Paleoindian populations for up to a thousand years. However, there is no zooarchaeological evidence that humans butchered, hunted, or used Castoroides as a resource. Although causes of the extinction of the Great Lakes Basin population are not specifically known, potential competition for habitat space and climate change brought about their extinction.[27]

Interaction with humans

Little is known for certain about human interactions with Castoroides. Remains of Castoroides are found along with human artefacts in Sheriden Cave. Differing scientific theories exist considering whether the extinction of Castoroides was due to hunting or not by the early human arrivals in the Americas. First Nations such as the Innu and Mississaugas feature giant beaver in their traditional mythology, of which some Nation members believe is evidence of human interaction with Castoroides.[28][29]

In 1972, American ethnologist Jane Beck hypothesized C. ohioensis was the basis of an Algonquin myth where a gargantuan beaver created a dam so high on the Saint John River, the lake behind it almost reached the sea. The dam was struck down by the popular heroic figure Glooscap with his axe, creating the Reversing Falls. Glooscap chased the monster upstream, creating several islands in the river while attempting to strike the beaver through the ice. The beaver constructed another dam which created the Great Lakes, and fled through these to the land beyond.[30]

Several versions of an Anishinaabe story tell of "giant beavers" who "walked upright and stood as tall as the tallest man."[31] Many scholars believe that stories like these could be evidence of North American indigenous peoples encountering C. ohioensis or, at the very least, their fossils. [32]

See also

  • Trogontherium, a genus of giant beaver from the Pliocene-Late Pleistocene of Eurasia

References

  1. ^ a b c d Kurtén, B. and E. Anderson (1980). Pleistocene Mammals of North America. Columbia University Press. pp. 236–237. ISBN 978-0-231-03733-4.
  2. ^ "Glossary. American Museum of Natural History". Archived from the original on 20 November 2021.
  3. ^ a b Swinehart, Anthony L.; Richards, Ronald L. (2001). "Paleoecology of Northeast Indiana Wetland Harboring Remains of the Pleistocene Giant Beaver (Castoroides Ohioensis)". Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science. 110: 151. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  4. ^ Grayson, Donald (2011-04-18). The Great Basin: A Natural Prehistory. ISBN 9780520267473.
  5. ^ a b c "Giant Beaver: Natural History Notebooks". Canadian Museum of Nature. 2011-05-02. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
  6. ^ a b c Harrington, C.R. (1996). "Yukon Beringia Interpretive Center – Giant Beaver". Archived from the original on 2007-09-14. Retrieved 2007-09-17.
  7. ^ Canadian Museum of Nature, Notebooks: Giant Beaver
  8. ^ Korth, William W (1994). The Tertiary record of rodents in North America. Springer. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-306-44696-2.
  9. ^ Engels, William L. (1931). "Two new records of the Pleistocene beaver, Castoroides ohioensis". American Midland Naturalist. 12 (12): 529–532. doi:10.2307/2420204. JSTOR 2420204.
  10. ^ Miller, R.F.; Harington C.R.; Welch, R. (2000). "A giant beaver (Castoroides ohioensis Foster) fossil from New Brunswick, Canada". Atlantic Geology. 36 (1): 1–5. doi:10.4138/1982.
  11. ^ Brian G. Redmond, PhD., Curator of Archaeology (March 2006). "Before the Western Reserve: An Archaeological History of Northeast Ohio" (PDF). The Cleveland Museum of Natural History. p. 2. Retrieved January 28, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ Harington, C.R. (2007). "Giant Beaver, Castoroides ohioensis, remains in Canada and an overlooked report from Ontario". Canadian Field-Naturalist. 121 (3): 330–333. doi:10.22621/cfn.v121i3.486.
  13. ^ Harington, C.R. (1977). Pleistocene mammals of the Yukon Territory (Ph.D thesis). Edmonton: University of Alberta. 1060 pp.
  14. ^ Miller, R.F.; Harington C.R.; Welch, R. (2000). "A giant beaver (Castoroides ohioensis Foster) fossil from New Brunswick, Canada". Steinhammer Palaeontology Lab. 36 (1): 1–5. doi:10.4138/1982.
  15. ^ Martin, R.A. (1969). "Taxonomy of the giant Pleistocene beaver Castoroides from Florida". Journal of Paleontology. 43 (4): 1033–1041.
  16. ^ Martin, Robert A. (1969). "Taxonomy of the giant Pleistocene beaver Castoroides from Florida". Journal of Paleontology. 43 (4): 1033–1041.
  17. ^ Morgan, G.S.; J.A. White (1995). "Small mammals (Insectivora, Lagomorpha, and Rodentia) from the early Pleistocene (Irvingtonian) Leisey Shell Pit Local Fauna, Hillsborough County, Florida". Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History. 37: 397–461.
  18. ^ Paleobiology Database, Collection 20403 and 20400. Location Leisey's Shell Pits 1A and 3B, Hillsborough County, Florida. Authorized and entered by John Alroy on February 18, 1993 and Mark D. Uhen, Ph.D.
  19. ^ R. C. Hulbert Jr. and G. S. Morgan. 1989. Papers in Florida Paleontology 2.
  20. ^ Alroy J (1992). "Conjunction among taxonomic distributions and the Miocene mammalian biochronology of the Great Plains". Paleobiology. 18 (3): 326–343. doi:10.1017/S0094837300010873. S2CID 128744064.
  21. ^ Alroy, J., Speciation and extinction in the fossil record of North American mammals. Ecological Reviews, 2008.
  22. ^ Parmalee P. W.; Graham R. W. (2002). "Additional records of the giant beaver, Castoroides, from the Mid-South: Alabama, Tennessee, and South Carolina". Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology. 93: 65–71.
  23. ^ a b Plint, Tessa; Longstaffe, Fred J.; Zazula, Grant (2019). "Giant beaver palaeoecology inferred from stable isotopes". Scientific Reports. 9 (7179): 1–12. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-43710-9.
  24. ^ Boulanger, M. T.; Lyman, R. L. (2014). "Northeastern North American Pleistocene megafauna chronologically overlapped minimally with Paleoindians". Quaternary Science Reviews. 85: 35–46. Bibcode:2014QSRv...85...35B. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.11.024.
  25. ^ Faith, J. Tyler (2011). "Late Pleistocene Climate Change, Nutrient Cycling, And The Megafaunal Extinctions In North America". Quaternary Science Reviews. 30 (13–14): 1675–1680. Bibcode:2011QSRv...30.1675F. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.03.011.
  26. ^ Parmalee (2002). "Additional records of the Giant Beaver, Castoroides, from the mid-South: Alabama, Tennessee, and South Carolina" (PDF). Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology. 93: 65–71.
  27. ^ Plint, Tessa; Longstaffe, Fred J.; Zazula, Grant (2019). "Giant beaver palaeoecology inferred from stable isotopes". Scientific Reports. 9 (7179): 1–12. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-43710-9.
  28. ^ Simpson, Leanne Betasamosake (2021). A Short History of the Blockade: Giant Beavers, Diplomacy, and Regeneration in Nishnaabewin. University of Alberta Press. ISBN 9781772125382.
  29. ^ "Giant Beaver | The Canadian Encyclopedia". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Retrieved 2021-09-27.
  30. ^ Beck, J. C. (1972). "The Giant Beaver: A Prehistoric Memory?". Ethnohistory. 19 (2): 109–122. doi:10.2307/481746. JSTOR 481746.
  31. ^ Dunn, Anne M., and Sharon L. White. “Summer: When Beaver Was Very Great.” When Beaver Was Very Great: Stories to Live By, Midwest Traditions, Inc., Mount Horeb, WI, 1995, pp. 80–83.
  32. ^ Ethnohistory. No. 2, (Spring, 1972) ed., Vol. 19, Duke University Press, 1999.
  • Ruez, Dennis R, "Early Irvingtonian (Latest Pliocene) Rodents from Inglis 1C, Citrus County, Florida", 2001 The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology.
  • Alroy, J., Equilibrial diversity dynamics in North American mammals. pp. 232–287 in M. L. McKinney and J. A. Drake (eds.), Biodiversity dynamics: turnover of populations, taxa, and communities. Columbia University Press, New York.
  • Swinehart, Anthony L., and Richards, Ronald L. "Palaeoecology of a Northeast Indiana Wetland Harboring Remains of the Pleistocene Giant Beaver (Castoroides Ohioensis)." Indiana Academy of Science, 2001.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Castoroides.
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Castoroides: Brief Summary ( anglais )

fourni par wikipedia EN

Castoroides (Latin: "beaver" (castor), "like" (oides)), or giant beaver, is an extinct genus of enormous, bear-sized beavers that lived in North America during the Pleistocene. Two species are currently recognized, C. dilophidus in the Southeastern US and C. ohioensis in the rest of its range. C. leiseyorum was previously described from the Irvingtonian of Florida, but is now regarded as an invalid name. All specimens previously described as C. leiseyorum are considered to belong to C. dilophidus.

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Castoroides ( espagnol ; castillan )

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Castoroides, también denominado como el castor gigante, es un género extinto de castor que vivió en Norteamérica durante el Pleistoceno. C. leiseyorum y su especie hermana boreal Castoroides ohioensis, fueron los mayores castóridos que hayan vivido.

Descripción

 src=
Ilustración de C. ohioensis por Charles Knight.

El castor gigante se veía similar a los castores modernos excepto por que, como su nombre común implica, era considerablemente mayor: crecía hasta los 2.4 metros de longitud;— lo que lo convertía en uno de los mayores roedores en Norteamérica durante la última era glacial— y pesaba aproximadamente entre 60 a 100 kg— el tamaño de un oso negro actual.[2]

Sus pies posteriores eran mucho mayores que en los castores modernos, pero debido a que no se han encontrado restos de tejidos suaves, no se sabe si su cola era como la de los castores actuales. De la misma forma, solo se puede suponer sobre si sus pies eran palmeados como en las especies modernas.[2]

Los incisivos medían 15 centímetros de largo, y tenían puntas romas y redondeadas, en contraste con las puntas similares a un cincel de los dientes de los castores modernos. Los molares estaban bien adaptados a moler y se parecían a los de capibaras con un patrón en forma de S en las superficies de los molares.[2]

Castoroides ohioensis tenía una longitud de 2.5 m[1]​ y un peso de hasta 100 kg; estimaciones anteriores sugerían un peso de hasta 220 kg.[3]​ Vivió en Norteamérica durante la época del Pleistoceno y se extinguió al final de la última era de Hielo, hace 12.000 años.[4]

C. leiseyorum tenía una longitud cercana a los 2.5 metros y un peso estimado de 60–100 kg.[5]

Clasificación

Existen dos especies actualmente reconocidas como válidas:

  • Castoroides leiseyorum (hallado sólo en Florida y Carolina del Sur)
  • Castoroides ohioensis, sinónimo más antiguo de Castoroides nebrascensis (hallado a través de la parte continental de Estados Unidos y Canadá)

Estas dos especies no son parientes cercanos de los castores actuales (del género Castor).[2]

El género Castoroides tipifica la extinta subfamilia Castoroidinae, la cual forma un linaje norteamericano que empieza en el Hemingfordiense (principios del Mioceno) con el género Monosaulax, seguido por Eucastor, Dipoides y Procastoroides, para culminar finalmente con Castoroides.[6]

Descubrimiento y especies

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Reconstrucción de C. ohioensis realizada a partir de varios especímenes

Los primeros fósiles de castor gigante fueron descubiertos en 1837 en una turbera en Ohio,[4]​ de donde proviene su nombre de especie ohioensis. No se sabe si el castor gigante construía represas como los castores actuales. En Ohio, ha habido reportes de una posible represa de castor gigante de cuatro pies de alto y ocho de diámetro, formada de pequeños árboles jóvenes.[4]​ El reciente descubrimiento de clara evidencia de construcción de represas en el género relacionado Dipoides indica que el castor gigante probablemente también las construía.[7]

Los fósiles de castor gigante se concentran alrededor del mediooeste de Estados Unidos en estados cercanos a los Grandes Lagos, particularmente en Illinois e Indiana, pero también se conocen especímenes desde Alaska y Canadá a Florida.[1]​ Los especímenes de Florida han sido situados en la subespecie Castoroides ohioensis dilophidus, basándose en diferencias en características de los premolares y molares.[8]

Los ejemplares de Castorides leiseyorum fueron descubiertos en Florida y Carolina del Sur. Mark D. Uhen, Ph.D. de la Universidad George Mason dató el último sitio (río Cooper) en 1.8 millones—11.000 años. Los especímenes de Florida fueron datados por John Alroy, Ph.D. usando la ordenación por evento de aparición para una edad de 2.1 millones de años. Castoroides leiseyorum fue nombrado por S. Morgan y J. A. White en 1995 en reconocimiento a la familia Leisey, propietarios de la cantera de fosfatos en la cual se halló el primer cráneo.[9][10]​ Los especímenes fueron hallados en la Cantera Leisey Shell 1A y 3B, en Hillsborough County, Florida de hace 2.1 millones de años.[11]​ La edad se basa en la evaluación de J. Alroy del 11 de noviembre de 2007,[12][13]​ y del sitio Strawberry Hill, (dragado del río Copper) en el condado de Charleston en Carolina del Sur. entre hace 1.8 Ma a 11,000 años.[14]

Extinción

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Esqueleto en exhibición

Los más antiguos fósiles conocidos (Castoroides leiseyorum) de Florida son de hace 1.4 millones de años, mientras que los más recientes (Castoroides ohioensis) de Toronto, Ontario, y del río Old Crow, en la región del Yukon, son de hace 130.000 años, pero se cree que el castor gigante murió hace cerca de 10 000 años junto a varias otras especies de megafauna americana como los mamuts, mastodontes y caballos.[2]

La extinción del castor gigante pudo deberse a la reestructuración ecológica del final del Pleistoceno.[15]​ La llegada de los humanos a América pudo haber sido también un factor, pero no hay evidencia de que los humanos cazaran al castor gigante.[4]

Folclore

Los pueblos nativos Mi'kmaq de Canadá y los Pocumtuck del Valle del río Connecticut de Massachusetts han relatado significativos mitos acerca de castores gigantes; véase Glooscap y Pocumtuck Range para los detalles. El pueblo cree también tiene mitos acerca de castores gigantes.

Referencias

  1. a b c d Kurtén, B. and E. Anderson (1980). Pleistocene Mammals of North America. Columbia University Press. pp. 236–237. ISBN 0-231-03733-3.
  2. a b c d e «Giant Beaver: Natural History Notebooks». Canadian Museum of Nature. 2 de mayo de 2011. Consultado el diciembre de 2011.
  3. Reynolds, P.S. (2002). «How big is a giant? The importance of methods in estimating body size of extinct mammals». Journal of Mammalogy 83 (2): 321-332. doi:10.1644/1545-1542(2002)0832.0.CO;2.
  4. a b c d Harrington, C.R. (1996). «Yukon Beringia Interpretive Center – Giant Beaver». Archivado desde el original el 14 de septiembre de 2007. Consultado el 17 de septiembre de 2007.
  5. Canadian Museum of Nature, Notebooks: Giant Beaver
  6. Korth, William W (1994). The Tertiary record of rodents in North America. Springer. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-306-44696-2.
  7. Rybczynski, N. (2007). «Castorid phylogenetics: implications for the evolution of swimming and tree-exploitation in beavers». Journal of Mammalian Evolution 14 (1): 1-35. doi:10.1007/s10914-006-9017-3.
  8. Martin, R.A. (1969). «Taxonomy of the giant Pleistocene beaver Castoroides from Florida». Journal of Paleontology 43 (4): 1033-1041.
  9. G. S. Morgan and J. A. White. 1995. Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 37(13).
  10. Paleobiology Database, Collection 20403 and 20400. Location Leisey's Shell Pits 1A and 3B, Hillsborough County, Florida. Authorized and entered by Dr. John Alroy, on February 18, 1993 and Mark D. Uhen, Ph.D.
  11. R. C. Hulbert, Jr. and G. S. Morgan. 1989. Papers in Florida Paleontology 2.
  12. Alroy, J., Conjunction among taxonomic distributions and the Miocene mammalian biochronology of the Great Plains. Paleobiology 18(3):326-343.
  13. Alroy, J., Speciation and extinction in the fossil record of North American mammals. Ecological Reviews, 2008.
  14. P. W. Parmalee and R. W. Graham. 2002. Additional records of the giant beaver, Castoroides, from the Mid-South: Alabama, Tennessee, and South Carolina. Smithsonian Contribution to Paleobiology 93:65-71
  15. Parmalee, P.W. and R.W. Graham (2002). «Additional records of the Giant Beaver, Castoroides, from the mid-South: Alabama, Tennessee, and South Carolina». Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 93: 65-71.

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Castoroides: Brief Summary ( espagnol ; castillan )

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Castoroides, también denominado como el castor gigante, es un género extinto de castor que vivió en Norteamérica durante el Pleistoceno. C. leiseyorum y su especie hermana boreal Castoroides ohioensis, fueron los mayores castóridos que hayan vivido.

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Castoroides

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Le genre Castoroides regroupe deux espèces éteintes de castoridés géants de la sous-famille des Castoroidinae. Elles vivaient en Amérique du Nord (Mégafaune d'Amérique du Nord) durant le Pléistocène (Mégafaune du Pléistocène :

Elles ont disparu à la fin du Pléistocène, il y a environ 11 700 ans.

Description

Ces castors se nourrissaient de plantes aquatiques (macrophytes) submergées. Leur masse atteignait 100 kilos[1].

À la différence des castors modernes il semble que Castoroides ne se nourrissait pas de bois, ni ne coupait des arbres pour construire des barrages[1].

Notes et références

Références

  1. a et b (en) Tessa Plint et al. 2019. Giant beaver palaeoecology inferred from stable isotopes. Scientific Reports 9, article number: 7179; doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-43710-9

Références taxinomiques

Annexes

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Castoroides: Brief Summary

fourni par wikipedia FR

Le genre Castoroides regroupe deux espèces éteintes de castoridés géants de la sous-famille des Castoroidinae. Elles vivaient en Amérique du Nord (Mégafaune d'Amérique du Nord) durant le Pléistocène (Mégafaune du Pléistocène :

Castoroides leiseyorum - Castor géant de Floride ; † Castoroides ohioensis (appelé aussi Castoroides nebrascensis), (États-Unis et Canada) - Castor géant du Nebraska.

Elles ont disparu à la fin du Pléistocène, il y a environ 11 700 ans.

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Castoroides ( néerlandais ; flamand )

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Castoroides is een uitgestorven geslacht van bevers, die in Noord-Amerika leefde in het Pleistoceen.

Soorten

Er zijn twee soorten bekend:

Kenmerken

De castoroides was de grootste knaagdierensoort die bestond. Hij woog wel 200 kilo en werd zo groot als een beer.

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Castoroides: Brief Summary ( néerlandais ; flamand )

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Castoroides is een uitgestorven geslacht van bevers, die in Noord-Amerika leefde in het Pleistoceen.

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Castor-gigante ( portugais )

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O castor-gigante (Castoroides sp.) é um dos maiores roedores que já existiram, chegando a atingir o tamanho de um urso (cerca de 2,7 m de comprimento) e os 250 kg de peso. Viveu há aproximadamente 50 mil anos durante o Pleistoceno na América do Norte.

Este herbívoro utilizava seus dentes para roer vegetações duras como cascas de árvores. Era bom nadador, porém não construía represas; os atuais castores constroem represas para se protegerem de predadores e o tamanho agigantado do castor-gigante o protegia.

Foram encontrados fósseis de castor-gigante desde a Flórida (sul dos Estados Unidos) até o norte do Canadá.

Espécies

Ver também

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Castor-gigante: Brief Summary ( portugais )

fourni par wikipedia PT

O castor-gigante (Castoroides sp.) é um dos maiores roedores que já existiram, chegando a atingir o tamanho de um urso (cerca de 2,7 m de comprimento) e os 250 kg de peso. Viveu há aproximadamente 50 mil anos durante o Pleistoceno na América do Norte.

Este herbívoro utilizava seus dentes para roer vegetações duras como cascas de árvores. Era bom nadador, porém não construía represas; os atuais castores constroem represas para se protegerem de predadores e o tamanho agigantado do castor-gigante o protegia.

Foram encontrados fósseis de castor-gigante desde a Flórida (sul dos Estados Unidos) até o norte do Canadá.

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