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Description ( anglais )

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This is a tiny species; adult standard length averages 17.9 mm in 12 males (range 15.5-19.3) and 18.5 mm in 10 females (range 16.9-21.4). The head is relatively broad; SL averages 7.0 times head width in males (range 6.2-7.4) and 7.1 times head width in females (range 6.5-7.7). Snouts are short and pointed. Nostrils are round to slightly oval; the mean ratio of major axis to minor axis is 1.06 in males (range 1.00-1.11) and 1.03 in females (range 1.00-1.11). Nostrils are relatively small in both sexes, but slightly larger in males (mean length of major axis 0.41 mm) than in females (0.39 mm), despite the males' smaller average body size. The eyes, though small, are prominent and extend beyond the margin of the head in ventral view. A suborbital groove intersects the lip on each side of the head. There are 1-2 premaxillary teeth in males (mean 1.2) and 2-4 teeth in females (mean 2.8). Vomerine teeth average 6.4 in males (range 5-8) and 6.2 in females (range 6-7). There are no maxillary teeth. Limbs are relatively long; limb interval averages 4.3 in males (range 3-5.5) and 4.6 in females (range 3.5-5.5). Hands and feet are narrow; digits are short and the longest ones are pointed. The tail is relatively long, typically much longer than standard length; mean SL divided by tail length equals 0.83 in males (range 0.60-1.08) and 0.80 in females (range 0.70-0.96). The parotoid gland is discrete, but the mental gland is indistinct, even in large adult males. In terms of external characters, this is among the least sexually dimorphic of any species in the genus.Coloration in life, based on field notes by J. Hanken for MVZ 186902: There is a brownish dorsal stripe with a fine, black-and-brown herringbone pattern. The venter is dark with fine white flecking

Référence

Wake, D.B., Papenfuss, T.J., and Lynch, J.F. (1992). ''Distribution of salamanders along elevational transects in Mexico and Guatemala.'' Tulane Studies in Zoology and Botany, Supplementary Publication, 1, 303-319.

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Distribution and Habitat ( anglais )

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Thorius pennatulus is known from a number of forest localities in lowland Veracruz, Mexico. Elevations range from about 1000 m between Orizaba and Cordoba, to almost 2000 m near Soledad Atzompa (KU 154630-33). It is an exclusively terrestrial species; according to field notes by D. Wake (3 Apr. 1970) and J. Hanken (31 Jan. 1976), specimens in Cuautlapan were found under rocks, inside and under rotting logs, and among the leaf litter at the base of banana trees. Northernmost samples are from the vicinity of Teocelo (ca. 1000 m), which is ca. 15 km south of Jalapa and near, but much lower in elevation than, the type locality of T. minydemus. (These samples are the basis for including T. pennatulus in the Veracruz transect of Wake et al. [1992]). We assign specimens from Teocelo to T. pennatulus based on their general morphological similarity to specimens from more southerly localities. Dunn (1926:375) referred montane populations of Thorius from widely scattered localities in Oaxaca (Cerro San Felipe) and Veracruz (Xometla) to T. pennatulus, but these populations belong to different species.
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Thorius pennatulus ( anglais )

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Thorius pennatulus is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae and one of the smallest tetrapods, with adults reaching a length of about 15 to 21 millimetres (0.59 to 0.83 in).[2] It is endemic to the mountains of Veracruz, Mexico.[3]

Description

Thorius pennatulus is a very small species of salamander reaching a total length of up to 21 millimetres (0.83 in). The head is broad with a pointed snout, small nostrils and protuberant eyes. The tail and limbs are relatively long. The hands and feet are slender with short digits, the longest of which are pointed. The colour is generally pale brown with a regular pattern of darker markings on the back.[2]

Distribution and habitat

Thorius pennatulus has been found at several locations on the Gulf slope of the northern Sierra Madre de Oaxaca, between 1,000 and 1,500 meters elevation.[1] It is a terrestrial species and during the day hides under rocks, in or under rotten logs or among leaf litter in banana plantations.[2] It inhabits cloud forest and lower altitude forest and is also found in damp coffee plantations.

Biology

The young of Thorius pennatulus develop directly in the egg and do not have a larval stage.[1]

Status

Thorius pennatulus is listed as "Endangered" by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[1] At one time it was a very common species in the limited area of forest and plantation where it is found but it underwent a large, unexplained decrease in population so that by the mid-1970s it was uncommon and since then it has continued to decline. There has been an increase in agricultural activities within its range but there is still plenty of good quality habitat remaining so its decline is a mystery. One individual was recorded in 2004 and another in 2006.[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Thorius pennatulus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T59424A53987201. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T59424A53987201.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c Wake, David B. (2008). "Thorius pennatulus ". AmphibiaWeb. Retrieved 2012-09-16.
  3. ^ Frost, Darrel R. (2015). "Thorius pennatulus Cope, 1869". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
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Thorius pennatulus: Brief Summary ( anglais )

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Thorius pennatulus is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae and one of the smallest tetrapods, with adults reaching a length of about 15 to 21 millimetres (0.59 to 0.83 in). It is endemic to the mountains of Veracruz, Mexico.

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Thorius pennatulus ( espéranto )

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Thorius pennatulus estas specio de salamandro de la familio Pletodontedoj kaj unu el la plej malgrandaj tetrapodoj, kies plenkreskuloj atingas longon de ĉirkaŭ 15 al 21 mm.[1] Ĝi estas endemio de la montoj de Veracruz, Meksiko.[2]

Priskribo

Thorius pennatulus estas tre malgranda specio de salamandro kiu atingas totalan longon de ĝis 21 mm. La kapo estas larĝa kun pinteca muzelo, malgrandaj naztruoj kaj elstaraj okuloj. La vosto kaj kruroj estas relative longaj. La antaŭaj kaj malantaŭaj piedoj estas maldikaj kun mallongaj fingroj, el kiuj la plej longa estas pinteca. La koloro estas ĝenerale palbruna kun regula bildo de pli malhelaj markoj dorse.[1]

Referencoj

  1. 1,0 1,1 Wake, David B. (2008)Thorius pennatulus . AmphibiaWeb. Alirita 2012-09-16.
  2. Frost, Darrel R. (2015)Thorius pennatulus Cope, 1869. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Alirita 13a de Julio 2015.
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Thorius pennatulus: Brief Summary ( espéranto )

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Thorius pennatulus estas specio de salamandro de la familio Pletodontedoj kaj unu el la plej malgrandaj tetrapodoj, kies plenkreskuloj atingas longon de ĉirkaŭ 15 al 21 mm. Ĝi estas endemio de la montoj de Veracruz, Meksiko.

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Thorius pennatulus ( espagnol ; castillan )

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La salamandra pigmea veracruzana (Thorius pennatulus) es una especie de la familia Plethodontidae, y es endémica del Centro-Oeste de Veracruz, México1.

Clasificación y descripción de la especie

Es una salamandra de la familia Plethodontidae del orden Caudata. El género Thorius es uno de los vertebrados más pequeños que existen en el mundo. Esta especie es de talla pequeña. Alcanza una longitud de 19 a 21 mm. La cola es larga. La cabeza es grande. Los nostrilos son medianos, redondos u ovalados. Dorso gris oscuro con la presencia de una banda dorsal más clara que los lados. La banda tiene barras transversales negras los cuales forman un patrón de "v" 2,3,4.

Distribución de la especie

Endémica de México, se distribuye en una zona restringida en el Centro de Veracruz 2,3,4.

Ambiente terrestre

Vive entre los 800 a 2,000 m.s.n.m. en bosque mesófilo de montaña 2,4. Su hábitat natural son los montanos húmedos tropicales o subtropicales y las plantaciones.

Estado de conservación

Se considera como Sujeta a Protección especial (Norma Oficial Mexicana 059) y en peligro crítico en la lista roja de la UICN debido a la destrucción de su hábitat1.

Referencias

  1. Parra Olea, G. & Wake, D. 2004. Thorius pennatulus. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Consultado el 23 de julio de 2007.
  2. Frost D. R. 2014. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online reference. Version 6.0. (Date of access). Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html.American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA.
  3. Hanken, J. y D. B. Wake. 1998. Biology of tiny animals: Systematic of the minute salamanders (Thorius: Plethodontidae) from Veracruz and Puebla, México, with description of five new species. Copeia 1998:312-345.
  4. Sandoval-Comte, A., E. Pineda y J. L. Aguilar-López. 2012. In Search of Critically Endangered Species: The Current Situation of Two Tiny Salamander Species in the Neotropical Mountains of Mexico. PLoS ONE 7(4): e34023. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034023.

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Thorius pennatulus: Brief Summary ( espagnol ; castillan )

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La salamandra pigmea veracruzana (Thorius pennatulus) es una especie de la familia Plethodontidae, y es endémica del Centro-Oeste de Veracruz, México1.

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Thorius pennatulus ( basque )

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Thorius pennatulus Thorius generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Plethodontidae familian sailkatuta dago, Caudata ordenan.

Erreferentziak

Ikus, gainera

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Thorius pennatulus: Brief Summary ( basque )

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Thorius pennatulus Thorius generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Plethodontidae familian sailkatuta dago, Caudata ordenan.

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Thorius pennatulus

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Thorius pennatulus est une espèce d'urodèles de la famille des Plethodontidae[1].

Répartition

Cette espèce est endémique de l'État de Veracruz au Mexique. Elle se rencontre de 800 à 2 000 m d'altitude dans le centre-Ouest de l'État[1].

Publication originale

  • Cope, 1869 : A review of the species of Plethodontidae and Desmognathidae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 21, p. 93-118 (texte intégral).

Notes et références

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Thorius pennatulus: Brief Summary

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Thorius pennatulus est une espèce d'urodèles de la famille des Plethodontidae.

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Thorius pennatulus ( vietnamien )

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Thorius pennatulus là một loài kỳ giông trong họ Plethodontidae. Nó là loài đặc hữu của México.

Các môi trường sống tự nhiên của chúng là các khu rừng vùng núi ẩm nhiệt đới hoặc cận nhiệt đới và các đồn điền. Nó bị đe dọa do mất môi trường sống.

Nguồn

Tham khảo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết Bộ Có đuôi này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Thorius pennatulus: Brief Summary ( vietnamien )

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Thorius pennatulus là một loài kỳ giông trong họ Plethodontidae. Nó là loài đặc hữu của México.

Các môi trường sống tự nhiên của chúng là các khu rừng vùng núi ẩm nhiệt đới hoặc cận nhiệt đới và các đồn điền. Nó bị đe dọa do mất môi trường sống.

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