El ratpenat frugívor equatorià (Artibeus fraterculus) és una espècie de ratpenat estenodermatiní que viu a l'Equador i al Perú.[1]
El ratpenat frugívor equatorià (Artibeus fraterculus) és una espècie de ratpenat estenodermatiní que viu a l'Equador i al Perú.
The fraternal fruit-eating bat (Artibeus fraterculus) is a species of bat in the family Phyllostomidae that is found in drier habitats in Ecuador and Peru. It was formerly considered to be a subspecies of the Jamaican fruit bat, but was raised to species level in 1978. The smallest species in the group of large Artibeus (a group that also includes the Jamaican fruit bat, flat-faced fruit-eating bat, and great fruit-eating bat), it has a forearm length of 52–59 mm (2.0–2.3 in), a total length of 64–76 mm (2.5–3.0 in), and a weight of 30–55 g (1.1–1.9 oz).
It is a generalist frugivore, feeding on a variety of fruit and supplementing its diet with insects. It breeds in both the wet and dry season, with parturition peaking in February and May. The only known predator is the barn owl, although it may also be hunted by other birds of prey and the spectral bat. It is parasitized by species of streblid bat flies, mites, and protozoans.
The fraternal fruit-eating bat is listed as being a species of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) on the IUCN Red List due to its commonness, large range, and lack of significant population declines. However, it may be threatened by heavy metal poisoning in some areas.
The fraternal fruit-eating bat was first described in 1924 by Harold Elmer Anthony on the basis of a specimen collected at an altitude of 2,000 ft (610 m) in Portovelo, el Oro, Ecuador. It was subsequently considered a subspecies of Jamaican fruit bat (Artibeus jamaicensis), until it was raised to species level again by Karl Koopman in 1978 on the basis of morphological data.[2]
The generic name Artibeus is from the Greek arti, meaning straight, and bao, meaning to walk. The specific name fraterculus means "little brother" in Modern Latin|Latin, referring to the fact that the fraternal fruit-eating bat is the smallest species in the group of large Artibeus. In English, the species is also known as the western artibeus, while it is known as the murciélago frutero fraternal or murciélago frutero del suroccidente in Spanish.[2]
The fraternal fruit-eating bat is one of 12 species in the genus Artibeus. Within the genus, it was historically considered to be part of the Jamaican fruit bat complex. Instead, studies of mitochondrial DNA have shown that it is sister to the hairy fruit-eating bat, and these two species form a sister clade to the Honduran fruit-eating bat.[3] It diverged from other species around 2.3 million years ago, after the closure of the Panamian land bridge. The species is considered to be representative of a historical connection between bats on the west Andean slope and Middle America, as it is most closely related to species that are now restricted to Middle America.[2][4]
The fraternal fruit-eating bat is the smallest species of large Artibeus (a group that also includes the Jamaican fruit bat, flat-faced fruit-eating bat, and great fruit-eating bat),[5] with a forearm length of 52–59 mm (2.0–2.3 in) and total length of 64–76 mm (2.5–3.0 in). Adults weigh 30–55 g (1.1–1.9 oz). It is the palest South American Artibeus, and is similar in appearance to Anderson's fruit-eating bat, but smaller. It occurs in both grayish-brown and yellowish-brown color morphs. It has soft velvety fur, which is short on the back. The dorsal fur is dark gray to dark brown. The fur on the underside is pale and appears frosted due to the silvery-gray tip of each hair.[2]
The head is large with a relatively big snout and a large, well-developed, and elliptical noseleaf with a free horseshoe. The ears and noseleaf, along with the skin membrane on the forearm, tibia, metacarpals, and phalanges are pale brown, contrasting with the dark blackish patagium (wing membrane). The tragus (a projection in front of the ear) is gray to dark gray, while the feet and uropatagium (tail membrane) are dark brown. The propatagium extends to the first thumb phalanx, while the wing membrane extends to the base of the thumbs. The tail membrane has a slightly hairy central notch and the tail is absent. The dental formula is 2.1.2.22.1.2.3, with a total of 30 teeth.[2]
The fraternal fruit-eating bat's facial lines are faint and hardly visible, and some individuals have lower stripes that are unnoticeable. Contrastingly, Anderson's fruit bats have thin, clearly visible facial lines, while the great fruit-eating bat has prominent facial lines. The flat-faced fruit-eating bat also has conspicuous facial lines.[2]
The fraternal fruit-eating bat is mainly a frugivore, feeding on a wide variety of fruit such as Ficus figs, mangoes, loquats, Brosimum alicastrum, Muntingia calabura, Psidium guajava, Syzygium jambos, Iochroma arborescens, Solanum crinitipes, Styrax subargentea, Cecropia obtusifolia, and Cecropia polystachya. It also supplements its diet with insects.[2]
The fraternal fruit-eating bat is a seasonal breeder which breeds twice a year in both the wet and dry season. Although it gives birth in both seasons, it peaks during February and May. Pregnant females have also been reported in October and November, while lactating females have been reported in July and November. During the dry season, males with descended gonads and females with developed nipples have been reported in September.[2]
The only known predator of the fraternal fruit-eating bat is the barn owl. However, it may also be predated by other species of owls and the bat falcon. Another possible predator is the spectral bat.[2]
The fraternal fruit-eating bat is parasitized by the streblid bat flies Aspidoptera phyllostomatis, Megistopoda aranea, Metelasmus pseudopterus, Speiseria ambigua, Strebla guajiro, and Trichobius joblingi and the mite Periglischrus iheringi. It is also parasitized by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi.[2]
The starting frequency of echolocation calls is 89.45–103.99 kHz and the ending frequency is 59.18–84.09 kHz, with a duration of 1.61 milliseconds.[2]
The fraternal fruit-eating bat is found in Peru and Ecuador. In Peru, it is found west of the Andes in the Tumbes, Piura, Lambayeque, and Ica departments and in arid parts of the Amazon Basin in the Cajamarca and Amazonas departments. In Ecuador, it is found in the central and southern coastal areas, and in the southwestern foothills of the Andes.[2]
It inhabits forests, disturbed habitats, and agricultural and urban areas. It is most frequently found in mangrove forests, arid scrubland, and deciduous and semideciduous forests. It is also uncommonly found in wetter habitats. It has been recorded in humid montane scrub in Loja, Ecuador. It occurs at elevations between 0–2,145 m (0–7,037 ft).[2]
Throughout most of its range, the fraternal fruit-eating bat is sympatric with Anderson's fruit-eating bat and the great fruit-eating bat. It also co-occurs with many other species of bats, including endemics in the Tumbesian Center of Endemism, a region of the Andes with a proportion of endemic species. It roosts in hollow trees, shrubs, caves, termite mounds, bridges, churches, houses, gardens, and mines. The number of individuals roosting together can range from nine to hundreds of bats.[2]
The fraternal fruit-eating bat is listed as being a species of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) on the IUCN Red List due to its large range, commonness, and lack of significant population decline. It does not face major threats throughout its range. However, urban populations from Guayaquil in Ecuador have been found to have elevated levels of lead in their vital organs, and heavy metal poisoning may be a localized threat to the species.[1][2]
The fraternal fruit-eating bat (Artibeus fraterculus) is a species of bat in the family Phyllostomidae that is found in drier habitats in Ecuador and Peru. It was formerly considered to be a subspecies of the Jamaican fruit bat, but was raised to species level in 1978. The smallest species in the group of large Artibeus (a group that also includes the Jamaican fruit bat, flat-faced fruit-eating bat, and great fruit-eating bat), it has a forearm length of 52–59 mm (2.0–2.3 in), a total length of 64–76 mm (2.5–3.0 in), and a weight of 30–55 g (1.1–1.9 oz).
It is a generalist frugivore, feeding on a variety of fruit and supplementing its diet with insects. It breeds in both the wet and dry season, with parturition peaking in February and May. The only known predator is the barn owl, although it may also be hunted by other birds of prey and the spectral bat. It is parasitized by species of streblid bat flies, mites, and protozoans.
The fraternal fruit-eating bat is listed as being a species of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) on the IUCN Red List due to its commonness, large range, and lack of significant population declines. However, it may be threatened by heavy metal poisoning in some areas.
Artibeus fraterculus es una especie de murciélago de la familia Phyllostomidae.
Se encuentra en Ecuador y Perú.
Artibeus fraterculus es una especie de murciélago de la familia Phyllostomidae.
Artibeus fraterculus Artibeus generoko animalia da. Chiropteraren barruko Stenodermatinae azpifamilia eta Phyllostomidae familian sailkatuta dago
Artibeus fraterculus Artibeus generoko animalia da. Chiropteraren barruko Stenodermatinae azpifamilia eta Phyllostomidae familian sailkatuta dago
Artibeus fraterculus (Anthony, 1924) è un pipistrello della famiglia dei Fillostomidi diffuso nell'America meridionale.[1][2]
Pipistrello di medie dimensioni, con la lunghezza della testa e del corpo tra 64 e 76 mm, la lunghezza dell'avambraccio tra 52 e 59 mm, la lunghezza del piede tra 12 e 16 mm, la lunghezza delle orecchie tra 15 e 21 mm e un peso fino a 55 g.[3]
La pelliccia è corta, liscia e compatta. Le parti dorsali variano dal grigio al bruno-grigiastro, mentre le parti ventrali sono più chiare, con le punte dei peli argentate. Il muso è corto e largo. La foglia nasale è ben sviluppata e lanceolata. Due strisce chiare poco marcate sono presenti su ogni lato del viso, la prima si estende dall'angolo esterno della foglia nasale fino a dietro l'orecchio, mentre la seconda parte dall'angolo posteriore della bocca e termina alla base del padiglione auricolare. Il labbro inferiore ha una verruca al centro circondata da altre più piccole. Il trago è grigio o grigio scuro. Le membrane alari sono nerastre. È privo di coda, mentre l'uropatagio è ridotto ad una sottile membrana lungo la parte interna degli arti inferiori. Il calcar è corto. Sono presenti due molari sulle semi-arcate superiori e tre in quelle inferiori.
Si nutre di frutta.
Esistono due periodi riproduttivi. Femmine gravide sono state catturate a ottobre e novembre, mentre altre che allattavano a luglio e novembre.
Questa specie è diffusa nell'Ecuador occidentale e nel Perù nord-occidentale e centrale.
Vive in ambienti aridi fino a 1.600 metri di altitudine.
La IUCN Red List, considerato il vasto areale e la popolazione presumibilmente numerosa, classifica A.fraterculus come specie a rischio minimo (LC).[1]
Artibeus fraterculus (Anthony, 1924) è un pipistrello della famiglia dei Fillostomidi diffuso nell'America meridionale.
Artibeus fraterculus is een zoogdier uit de familie van de bladneusvleermuizen van de Nieuwe Wereld (Phyllostomidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Anthony in 1924.
De soort komt voor in Ecuador en Peru.
Bronnen, noten en/of referentiesArtibeus fraterculus is een zoogdier uit de familie van de bladneusvleermuizen van de Nieuwe Wereld (Phyllostomidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Anthony in 1924.
Artibeus fraterculus[2][3][4] är en däggdjursart som beskrevs av Anthony 1924. Artibeus fraterculus ingår i släktet Artibeus, och familjen bladnäsor.[5][6] IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig.[1] Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.[5]
Arten blir 74 till 83 mm lång, saknar svans, har 48 till 50 mm långa underarmar och väger 36 till 43 g. Bakfötterna är 14 till 18 mm låga och öronen är 17 till 20 mm stora. På ovansidan förekommer ljusbrun päls som har inslag av vit och undersidan är täckt av gråbrun päls. I ansiktet förekommer två påfallande lodräta vita strimmor.[7]
Denna fladdermus förekommer i Ecuador och Peru väster om Anderna. Habitatet utgörs av halvöknar och dessutom besöks fruktträdodlingar. Arten äter frukter.[1]
Artibeus fraterculus är en däggdjursart som beskrevs av Anthony 1924. Artibeus fraterculus ingår i släktet Artibeus, och familjen bladnäsor. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.
Arten blir 74 till 83 mm lång, saknar svans, har 48 till 50 mm långa underarmar och väger 36 till 43 g. Bakfötterna är 14 till 18 mm låga och öronen är 17 till 20 mm stora. På ovansidan förekommer ljusbrun päls som har inslag av vit och undersidan är täckt av gråbrun päls. I ansiktet förekommer två påfallande lodräta vita strimmor.
Denna fladdermus förekommer i Ecuador och Peru väster om Anderna. Habitatet utgörs av halvöknar och dessutom besöks fruktträdodlingar. Arten äter frukter.
Цей вид зустрічається на заході Еквадору і північному заходу і центральній частині Перу. Вид поширений в сухих пустелях і посушливих зонах до 1600 метрів над рівнем моря.
Довжина голови й тіла від 64 до 76 мм, довжина передпліччя між мм, 52 і 59, довжина стопи між 12 і 16 мм, довжина вух від 15 до 21 мм і вага до 55 гр.
Шерсть коротка, гладка, на спині від сірого до коричнево-сірого кольору, на череві світліша, з посрібленими кінчиками. Морда коротка і широка. Лист носа добре розвинений, ланцетний. Є дві світлі смуги на кожній стороні обличчя. Мембрани крил чорнуваті. Не має хвоста.
Плодоїдний.
Artibeus fraterculus là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Dơi mũi lá, bộ Dơi. Loài này được Anthony mô tả năm 1924.[1]
Artibeus fraterculus là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Dơi mũi lá, bộ Dơi. Loài này được Anthony mô tả năm 1924.
형제과일먹는박쥐(Artibeus fraterculus)는 주걱박쥐과(신세계잎코박쥐과)에 속하는 박쥐의 일종이다.[2] 에콰도르와 페루에서 발견된다.
몸길이 64~76mm인 보통 크기의 박쥐로 전완장은 52~59mm이다. 발 길이는 12~16mm, 귀 길이는 15~21mm이고 몸무게는 최대 55g이다.[3]
먹이는 열매이다. 임신한 암컷이 10월과 11월 사이에 포획되는 반면에 7월과 11월 사이에는 새끼를 기르는 모습을 볼 수 있다.
에콰도르 서부와 페루 북서부, 중부에 널리 분포한다. 해발 1,600m 이하의 건조한 환경에서 서식한다.
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