dcsimg

Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

fourni par AnAge articles
Observations: Not much is known about the longevity of these animals. One specimen was about 18 years old when it died in captivity (Richard Weigl 2005). Considering the longevity of similar species, maximum longevity is likely much longer, though.
licence
cc-by-3.0
droit d’auteur
Joao Pedro de Magalhaes
rédacteur
de Magalhaes, J. P.
site partenaire
AnAge articles

Sans titre ( anglais )

fourni par Animal Diversity Web

There have been some difficulties in finding information on S. oerstedii due to its rarity. In general, it is believed to be very similar to its sister species, S. sciureus (Moynihan, 1976). Also, the taxonomy of the genus is not completely resolved. Some authors divide Saimiri into two species, S. sciureus and S. oerstedii (Parker, 1990) while others see between five species (Nowak, 1999) and only one species which can be divided into two subspecies (Moynihan 1976).

licence
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citation bibliographique
Ambrose, T. 2002. "Saimiri oerstedii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Saimiri_oerstedii.html
auteur
Thomas Ambrose, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
rédacteur
Ondrej Podlaha, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
Animal Diversity Web

Behavior ( anglais )

fourni par Animal Diversity Web

Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical

licence
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citation bibliographique
Ambrose, T. 2002. "Saimiri oerstedii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Saimiri_oerstedii.html
auteur
Thomas Ambrose, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
rédacteur
Ondrej Podlaha, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
Animal Diversity Web

Conservation Status ( anglais )

fourni par Animal Diversity Web

Although its sister species, S. sciureus, is quite abundant the IUCN places S. oerstedii on the endangered list (Nowak, 1999). The population has declined drastically with the destruction of forest habitats (Nowak, 1999). While abundant in the regions it inhabits, S. oerstedii is restricted to a very small area ( Smuts et al., 1987).

CITES: appendix i

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: vulnerable

licence
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citation bibliographique
Ambrose, T. 2002. "Saimiri oerstedii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Saimiri_oerstedii.html
auteur
Thomas Ambrose, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
rédacteur
Ondrej Podlaha, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
Animal Diversity Web

Benefits ( anglais )

fourni par Animal Diversity Web

Squirrel monkeys in general (not specifically S. oerstedii) do benefit humans in that they are very widely used in biomedical research (Strier, 2000). Half of all squirrel monkeys imported to the United States in 1968 were used in labs while the other half were used in zoos and the pet trade (Nowak, 1999). They are often used for aerospace research as well (Rosenblum and Cooper, 1968). In the past, they have also been kept as pets for the European and American aristocracy (Hearn, 1983).

Positive Impacts: pet trade ; research and education

licence
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citation bibliographique
Ambrose, T. 2002. "Saimiri oerstedii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Saimiri_oerstedii.html
auteur
Thomas Ambrose, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
rédacteur
Ondrej Podlaha, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
Animal Diversity Web

Trophic Strategy ( anglais )

fourni par Animal Diversity Web

The diet of S. oerstedii consists mostly of invertebrates, small vertebrates, fruit, and flower nectar (Reid 1997). They also recognize the leaf-tents made by some fruit-eating bats and attack these tents to extract the bats (Reid 1997).

In general, members of the genus Saimiri feed primarily on fruit, berries, seeds, gums, leaves, buds, insects, arachnids and small vertebrates (Nowak, 1999). Nearly half of their diet is made up of fruit (Smuts et al., 1987). Most of their prey are immobile invertebrates (Smuts et al., 1987). When the animals find food in a tree, they often do not completely use up the resources available and may return to it in the future (Parker, 1990).

Animal Foods: insects; terrestrial non-insect arthropods

Plant Foods: leaves; seeds, grains, and nuts; fruit; nectar; sap or other plant fluids

Primary Diet: omnivore

licence
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citation bibliographique
Ambrose, T. 2002. "Saimiri oerstedii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Saimiri_oerstedii.html
auteur
Thomas Ambrose, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
rédacteur
Ondrej Podlaha, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
Animal Diversity Web

Distribution ( anglais )

fourni par Animal Diversity Web

Saimiri oerstedii inhabits parts of the Pacific coast of Panama and Costa Rica (Nowak, 1999).

Biogeographic Regions: neotropical (Native )

licence
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citation bibliographique
Ambrose, T. 2002. "Saimiri oerstedii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Saimiri_oerstedii.html
auteur
Thomas Ambrose, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
rédacteur
Ondrej Podlaha, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
Animal Diversity Web

Habitat ( anglais )

fourni par Animal Diversity Web

Little information is available about the habitat of S. oerstedii. In general, squirrel monkeys are arboreal and can be found in primary and secondary forests (Nowak, 1999), thickets, and mangrove swamps (Macdonald, 1984). They are also found in cultivated areas, usually around streams (Nowak, 1999). Saimiri oerstedii is known to inhabit humid Pacific slope forests (Reid, 1997).

Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: forest ; rainforest

licence
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citation bibliographique
Ambrose, T. 2002. "Saimiri oerstedii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Saimiri_oerstedii.html
auteur
Thomas Ambrose, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
rédacteur
Ondrej Podlaha, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
Animal Diversity Web

Morphology ( anglais )

fourni par Animal Diversity Web

Saimiri oerstedii is a small, slender monkey with a long tail (Reid, 1997). Much of their body fur is yellow brown in color with a pale yellow belly (Reid, 1997). Saimiri oerstedii can be distinguished from its sister species Saimiri sciureus because the crown of S. oerstedii is covered with black fur while that of S. sciureus is not (Chiarelli, 1972). Also, S. oerstedii has golden-red colored fur on its back (Rosenblum and Coe, 1985). Saimiri oerstedii weighs between 500 and 1100 g (Reid, 1997). Squirrel monkeys are typically 225 to 295 mm long with tails adding between 370 and 465 mm (Chiarelli, 1972).

Range mass: 500 to 1100 g.

Range length: 225 to 295 mm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike

licence
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citation bibliographique
Ambrose, T. 2002. "Saimiri oerstedii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Saimiri_oerstedii.html
auteur
Thomas Ambrose, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
rédacteur
Ondrej Podlaha, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
Animal Diversity Web

Reproduction ( anglais )

fourni par Animal Diversity Web

The birth rate in the genus Saimiri is about one birth per year (no information specifically for S. oerstedii). Females do not resume cycling until their infant either dies or is weaned (Smuts et al., 1987). The infants are usually born at night (Parker, 1990). Females of S. oerstedii give birth to one young after a gestation period of 7 months (Reid, 1997). The births usually occur during the wet season (Reid, 1997). Although no data were available S. oerstedii, females of its sister species Saimiri sciureus are in a period of estrous around 12 to 36 hours (Hayssen et al., 1993)

Females are sexually mature at about 1 year old, males reach sexual maturity between 4 and 6 years old.

Breeding interval: The birth rate in the genus Saimiri is about one birth per year

Average number of offspring: 1.

Average gestation period: 7 months.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 1 years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 4-6 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization ; viviparous

Average number of offspring: 1.

In general, a Saimiri mother takes care of the young although sometimes other females help (Parker, 1990). These females are sometimes referred to as "aunts" (Parker, 1990).

For the first few weeks of its life, an infant of genus Saimiri, probably including S. oerstedii, rides along on its mother's back and nurses, with little attention paid to it by the group members (Parker, 1990). During its third and fourth weeks of life, the young monkey begins to move around more and between weeks five and ten, it occasionally disembarks from its mother's back, explores the nearby area, and starts to eat solid foods (Parker, 1990). Over the next couple of months, contacts with the mother become less frequent (Parker, 1990).

In other Saimiri (S. oerstedii is poorly studied), social play first occurs around two months (Parker, 1990). Social play serves to help separate the infant from its mother (Macdonald, 1984). In the first year of life, the young monkeys engage in social play with each other, usually in the form of fighting games (Parker, 1990). Females become adult around month twelve to thirteen while males achieve maturation around their fourth or sixth year (Parker, 1990).

Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-independence (Protecting: Female); extended period of juvenile learning

licence
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citation bibliographique
Ambrose, T. 2002. "Saimiri oerstedii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Saimiri_oerstedii.html
auteur
Thomas Ambrose, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
rédacteur
Ondrej Podlaha, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
Animal Diversity Web

Biology ( anglais )

fourni par Arkive
Little is known about the biology of this species. Like other squirrel monkeys it is active during the day and is arboreal (6). This small primate is omnivorous and spends most of the morning and afternoon foraging in the trees for fruits, leaves, buds, gums, insects and small vertebrates (7). It has been reported that this species recognises the leaf-tents constructed by some fruit-eating bats and attacks these structures to extract the bats roosting within (8). Red-backed squirrel monkeys are social primates. They live in large multi-male / multi –female groups of about two-dozen individuals on average, and travel between 2.5 and 4.2 km a day, with home ranges of 0.175 km² (2) (6) (9). Reproduction is seasonal, with mating occurring in January and February (2), with single births occurring at the period of greatest food availability. This ensures there will be adequate food available for the mothers and their young, and requires less time spent foraging (10).
licence
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Wildscreen
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
Arkive

Conservation ( anglais )

fourni par Arkive
Like so many species the survival of the red-backed squirrel monkey is inextricably entwined with the future of the forests. Where there are protected reserves, there is hope for South America's wildlife (1). The largest single population of the subspecies Saimiri oerstedii citrinellus occurs in the Manuel Antonio National Park in Panama. However this park is only 683 hectares in size (1). A recent survey (2003) did, however, indicate that the total population size for the red-backed squirrel monkey is significantly larger than had been previously estimated, numbering between 1300 and 1780 individuals (6). It will be extremely important to monitor and protect the remaining populations in the future, and find ways of securing their survival (8).
licence
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Wildscreen
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
Arkive

Description ( anglais )

fourni par Arkive
This small monkey has a slender body and a tail that is longer than the body itself. The tail is not prehensile, but it does aid in balance as this monkey leaps between branches in a squirrel-like fashion. The limbs are fairly long and slender, and the thighs are shorter in relation to the lower leg than in species that clamber, such as howler monkeys. This adaptation allows squirrel monkeys to exert more force when jumping and so they can propel themselves further (4). This monkey's fur is short, thick and yellow brown in colour, with the underside being a paler yellow. As its common name, the red-backed squirrel monkey suggests, this primate has red-coloured fur on its back (5). It also bears a distinctive crown on its head; in the black-crowned subspecies (Saimiri oerstedii oerstedii), this crown is, as the name suggests, black, whereas in the grey-crowned Central American squirrel monkey (Saimiri oerstedii citrinellus) it is agouti in the male, and blackish-grey in the female (2) (4). Males and females are similar in appearance, though males are slightly larger in size. During the breeding season males also become 'fatted', with a noticeable increase in size around the neck and shoulders (4).
licence
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Wildscreen
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
Arkive

Habitat ( anglais )

fourni par Arkive
This species mainly lives in lowland scrub forest (2), although it also inhabits humid tropical forest, mature upland forest, river edge and mangrove forest (1).
licence
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Wildscreen
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
Arkive

Range ( anglais )

fourni par Arkive
The black crowned subspecies has a restricted range along the Pacific coast of the Puntarenas province in south-western Costa Rica, and in Chiriqui and Veraguas provinces, northwestern Panama (2). The grey crowned subspecies is found in south-western Costa Rica where it has an even more restricted range, of only 210 km², on the Pacific coastal forests of Quepos (1).
licence
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Wildscreen
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
Arkive

Status ( anglais )

fourni par Arkive
Classified as Endangered (EN B1ab (i, ii, iii)) on the IUCN Red List 2003 (1) and listed on Appendix I of CITES (3). This species has two subspecies: the black-crowned Central American squirrel monkey, Saimiri oerstedii oerstedii, is classified as Endangered (EN B1ab (i, ii, iii)) and the grey-crowned Central American squirrel monkey, Saimiri oerstedii citrinellus, is classified as Critically Endangered (CR B1ab (i, ii, iii)) (1).
licence
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Wildscreen
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
Arkive

Threats ( anglais )

fourni par Arkive
The grey-crowned subspecies Saimiri oerstedii citrinellus is critically endangered and has lost 89% of its original habitat in Costa Rica, with the remaining range (just 210km²) being severely fragmented (1). This is due to widespread logging and clearing for cattle ranches which started during the 1950s. Large areas were also planted with African oil palms and rice. In Panama, the black-crowned subspecies Saimiri oerstedii oerstedii has also suffered habitat losses of 76%, and now occurs in fragmented forest areas throughout its range (1,166km²) (1).
licence
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Wildscreen
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
Arkive

Primate Factsheets: Squirrel monkey (Saimiri) ( anglais )

fourni par EOL authors

Webpage from Primate Info Net on this genus. Includes info on taxonomy, morphology, ecology, behavior, and conservation.

Red-backed or Central American squirrel monkey (Saimiri oerstedii) ( anglais )

fourni par EOL authors
The binomial name Saimiri oerstedii was given by Johannes Theodor Reinhardt to honour his fellow Danish biologist Anders Sandøe Ørsted. The red-backed squirrel monkey occurs along the Pacific coast of Costa Rica and Panama inland to altitudes of up to 500 m asl. (28,31,32,38), being restricted to the northwest tip of Panama near the border with Costa Rica and the central and southern Pacific coast of Costa Rica, primarily in Manuel Antonio and Corcovado National Parks [8]. It is the only species of squirrel monkey occurring outside South America [5]. Some people think squirrel monkeys lived in Colombia in the late Miocene or Pliocene and migrated to Central America, becoming the ancestors of the red-backed species. Passage through the isthmus of Panama later closed due to rising oceans, and eventually opened up to another wave of migration @ 2 million years ago, when ancestors of modern populations of monkeys out-competed the earlier migrants, leading to the small range of the red-backed squirrel monkey [19]. The red-backed species was thought to be a a population of a South American species of squirrel monkey brought to Central America by humans. Evidence included the very small range of the red-backed species and the large gap from the range of other species. Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA showed tht the red-backed squirrel monkey is a separate species that apparently diverged from the South American species 260,000 to over 4 million years ago.[3] The squirrel lives mainly in lowland scrub forest, but also inhabits humid tropical forest, mature upland forest, river edge and mangrove forest (22). It prefers seasonally inundated forests, forest, floodplain, secondary forests and primary forests which have been partially logged [12]. It needs forests with abundant low and mid-level vegetation and has difficulty surviving in tall, mature, undisturbed forests that lack such vegetation [8,12,42]. In general, squirrel monkeys are arboreal and can be found in primary and secondary forests (38), thickets, and mangrove swamps (52). They are also found in cultivated areas, usually around streams (38). Saimiri oerstedii is known to inhabit humid Pacific slope forests (28). This small monkey has a slender body. Adults are 225-295 mm long, excluding the 362-465 mm tail, and weigh 500-1,100 g [5,8,28,39]; males weigh @ 750-950 g and females 600-800 g (5). The tail is not fully prehensile, but aids balance as the monkey leaps between branches like a squirrel [10,11]. The limbs are long and slender and the thighs are shorter in relation to the lower leg than in monkeys that clamber. This adaptation lets squirrel monkeys exert more force when jumping, so they can propel themselves further (24). The fur is short, thick and yellow brown, with the underside being white or pale yellow and with red, golden-red or orange fur on the back (25,28,40), olive shoulders, hips and tail, a black cap on top of the head [39], a white face with black rims around the eyes and black around the nose and mouth [7,8], orange hands and feet and a black tail tip. Males and females are similar, but males are 16% larger and generally have lighter caps than females [5]. In the breeding season males become 'fatted', becoming larger around the neck and shoulders (24). Squirrel monkeys have the largest brains of all primates relative to body size; the red-backed squirrel monkey's brain weighs about 25.7 g or @ 4% of its body weight [7,9]. The monkey is active by day and is arboreal (26). It usually walks and runs through the trees on all fours [7]. It lives in groups of 20-75 with several adult males, adult females and juveniles [5,12,43,46,47]. Groups above 100 are thought to be temporary mergers of two groups [2]. On average, groups contain about 60% more females than males [5]. The monkey has an egalitarian social structure; neither males nor females are dominant over each other [5]. Females do not form dominance hierarchies or coalitions [2,5]. There is no evidence of coalition formation in social interactions. Males in a group tend to be related to each other, so tend to form strong affiliations, only forming dominance hierarchies in the breeding season [5,15]. This is especially the case among males of the same age [12]. Groups have a home range of 35-63 hectares [12], which can overlap, especially in large, protected areas rather than more fragmented areas[12]. Groups can travel 2.5-4.2 km a day [13,26,29]. They do not split into separate foraging groups during the day. Individuals may separate from the main group to engage in different activities for periods of time, so the group may be dispersed over an area of up 1.2 hectares at any given time [14]. The group tends to sleep in the same trees every night for months at a time [14]. Groups generally do not compete or fight with each other [2]. The monkey is noisy. It makes many squeals, whistles and chirps[8]. It travels through the forest noisily, while disturbing vegetation [8]. It has four main calls: a "smooth chuck", "bent mask chuck", "peep" and "twitter".[7] There is little competition or agonistic interactions between groups. The squirrel monkey rarely associates with the white-headed capuchin. Its food occurs in smaller, more dispersed patches than with South American species, so associating with capuchins would impose higher foraging costs. While male white-headed capuchins are alert to predators, they devote more attention to detecting rival males than to detecting predators, and relatively less time to detecting predators than their South American counterparts. Associating with capuchins provides less predator detection benefits and imposes higher foraging costs on the red-backed squirrel monkey than on South American species [5,11,16,17]. Some bird species associate with the red-backed squirrel monkey. They follow monkeys to try and prey on insects and small vertebrates that the monkeys flush out, especially in the wet season, when arthropods are harder to find [12]. The monkey is omnivorous and spends most of the morning and afternoon foraging through the lower and middle levels of the forest (mainly the lower canopy and understory), typically at 4.5-9 m high.[12,14], but may travel at other levels. It eats berries and other fruits, nuts, seeds, leaves, buds, flower nectar, gums and other plant materials, invertebrates (especially grasshoppers and caterpillars) and small vertebrates [4,27,28,38,41,43,44]. Nearly half of the diet is made up of fruit [4]. It has difficulty finding its desired food late in the wet season, when fewer arthropods are available [8]. It is said to recognise the folded leaf-tents made by some fruit-eating bats, attacking them to extract roosting bats (28). When it finds a bat it climbs to a higher level and jumps onto the tent from above, trying to dislodge the bat. If the fallen bat doesn't fly away in time, the monkey pounces on it on the ground and eats it [12]. The fruits the monkey typically exploits occur in small and very scarce patches; feeding competition is very low. In the dry season shortages of appropriate fruiting trees means it may depend entirely on animal prey (45). The monkey is an important seed disperser and a pollinator of passion flowers and other flowers [12]. It is not a significant agricultural pest, but may eat corn, coffee, bananas, mangos and other fruits[12,14]. When monkeys find food in a tree, they often do not completely use up the resources available and may return to it later (6). Predators include birds of prey, cats and constricting and venomous snakes [5]. The oldest males show high levels of vigilance for predators and bear most responsibility for detecting them [2,12]. When a monkey detects a raptor, it gives a high-pitched alarm peep and dives for cover, as do other monkeys that hear the alarm call. The monkeys are very cautious about raptors and give alarms when they detect any raptor-like object, including small airplanes, falling branches and large leaves [14]. Raptors spend much more time near monkey troops when infants are born and prey on many of the newborn infants. Other predators include toucans, tayras, opossums, coatis and spider monkeys [14]. Reproduction is seasonal, seldom exceeding two months in duration in the dry season (51). Mating occurs in September [12] or January and February. All females enter oestrus at about the same time. A month or two before the breeding season begins, males become larger, due to altered water balance within the body. This is caused by converting the male hormone testosterone into oestrogen; the more testosterone he produces, the more he grows before the breeding season. Reproductively mature males collaborate in mobbing females in the mating season. As males in a group have not been seen fighting over access to females in the breeding season, nor trying to force females to copulate with them, it is thought that female choice determines which males get to breed with females. Females tend to prefer males that expand the most in advance of breeding season. This may be because the most enlarged males are generally the oldest and most effective at detecting predators or it may be due to runaway intersexual selection [14]. Males may leave their group for short periods of time in the breeding season to try to mate with females from neighboring groups. Females are receptive to males from other groups, but resident males try to repel intruders. Mating usually occurs during the dry season. In S. oerstedii, sexual receptivity in females is synchronized, lasting perhaps 12-36 hours a season [50]. Single births occur after 6-7 months at night and during wet season, the period of greatest food availability, within a single week in February and March [5,6,12,14,28], so there is enough food for mothers and their young and less time is spent foraging (30). The infant has a fully prehensile tail [10,11]. It depends on its mother for about one year [12]. The mother takes care of the young, which rides on her back and nurses, with little attention paid to it by the group members (6), but other females ('aunts') may help (6). During its third and fourth weeks of life, the infant begins to move around more and between weeks five and ten, it occasionally disembarks from its mother's back, explores the nearby area, and starts to eat solid foods (6). Over the next few months, contacts with the mother become less frequent (6). Social play probably first occurs @ 2 months (6) and helps separate the infant from its mother (52). In the first year of life, the young monkeys engage in social play with each other, usually in the form of fighting games (6). Females give birth every 12 months [48,53], so the prior infant becomes independent at about the same time the new infant is born. Only 50% of infants survive over 6 months, largely due to predation by birds [5]. Females do not resume cycling until their infant either dies or is weaned (4). Females become adult at 12-13 months and sexually mature at 1-2.5 years old; males become sexually mature at 4-6 years old [5,6]. Females leave their natal group on reaching sexual maturity; males usually stay with their group for their entire lives [5]. Males of the same age tend to associate with each other in age cohorts. On reaching sexual maturity, an age cohort may choose to leave the group and try to oust the males from another group to attain increased reproductive opportunities [5]. Captive can live over 15-18 years [12,55]; other species may live over 20 years.[5] The monkey was classified as Endangered on the IUCN Red List 2003 (2,22,38) and is listed on Appendix I of CITES (23). The population declined steeply after the 1970s, probably due to deforestation for agriculture and logging, hunting and capture to be kept as pets; its fragmented range encompasses 8,000 square km [18,38]. In 2008 the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) upgraded its conservation status from "endangered" to "vulnerable"; it is abundant in the areas it inhabits [4]. Its survival is entwined with the future of the forests (22). A survey in 2003 showed that the total population size (1300-1780) is significantly larger than previous estimates (26,28). The population density is estimated at 36 monkeys per square kilometre in Costa Rica and 130 in Panama.[13] It has been estimated that the population of the Central American squirrel monkey has been reduced from about 200,000 in the 1970s to less than 5000 [18]. There are significant efforts within Costa Rica to try to preserve this monkey from extinction.[20] A reforestation project within Panama tries to preserve the vanishing population of the Chiriqui Province.[21] There are two subspecies [1]. The black-crowned Central American squirrel monkey (Saimiri oerstedii oerstedii) lives in the Chiriqui and Veraguas provinces, on the Pacific coast of northwest Panama and the coast of the Puntarenas province and Osa Peninsula area of south-west Costa Rica (including Corcovado National Park) (28,29,31-34). It lives at 0-500 m above sea level (31). It has a black crown and more yellowish limbs and underparts [3]. In Panama, it has suffered habitat losses of 76% and now occurs in fragmented forest areas throughout its range (1,166km²) (22). It is Endangered. The grey-crowned Central American squirrel monkey (Saimiri oerstedii citrinellus) lives in the Quepos forests in the Central Pacific portion of south-west Costa Rica [22,26,35], up to 500 m above sea level. In 2003, the remaining wild population was estimated to be 1300-1800 individuals [2] in a restricted, severely fragmented range of 210 km² [22,36,37]. The male has an agouti crown; the crown is blackish-grey in the female (24). It is Critically Endangered and has lost 89% of its original habitat, due to widespread logging and clearing for cattle ranches which started during the 1950s. Large areas were planted with African oil palms and rice. The largest single population occurs in the Manuel Antonio National Park in Panama (22). The total number is up to 1300-1800 individuals (26,32,37).
licence
cc-by-3.0
droit d’auteur
Olingo
auteur
(Olingo)
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
EOL authors

Habitat ( espagnol ; castillan )

fourni par INBio
Viven principalmente en bosques secundarios y utilizan de paso los bosques húmedos. Se han observado en parches de "guayabales" (Psidium guajaba)
licence
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
INBio, Costa Rica
auteur
Luis Humberto Elizondo C.
rédacteur
The Nature Conservancy
site partenaire
INBio

Behavior ( espagnol ; castillan )

fourni par INBio
Son diurnos.En el Parque Nacional Manuel Antonio se determinó que el bosque secundario maduro fue el hábitat más representado en los ámbitos de acción de tres tropas residentes, mientras que el bosque secundario joven fue el hábitat más representado en los ámbitos de las tropas existentes fuera del Parque.Los ámbitos de acción de S.o. citrinellus de 10 tropas variaron entre 35 y 63 ha., no hubo diferencia entre los ámbitos de acción de las tropas residentes y fuera del Parque Nacional Manuel Antonio. Nueve de las 14 observadas traslapan sus ámbitos de acción, pero las mayores sobreposiciones se produjeron entre las tropas residentes en el Parque. El área de traslape entre grupos varió de 1 a 28ha.. De las 6 tropas residentes en el Parque , 4 compartieron más de un 40 % de sus ámbitos de acción con otras. Fuera del Parque, 4 grupos compartieron menos de un 33 % de sus ámbitos, y cinco utilizaron el área en forma exclusiva. Desde el punto de vista de conservación de la subespecie, estos traslapes son muy importantes, ya que permiten que las tropas no estén aisladas en sectores, y a la vez, el mismo traslape entre ámbitos de acción puede favorecer el intercambio de individuos entre las tropas.
licence
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
INBio, Costa Rica
auteur
Luis Humberto Elizondo C.
rédacteur
The Nature Conservancy
site partenaire
INBio

Distribution ( espagnol ; castillan )

fourni par INBio
Distribucion en Costa Rica: Tierras bajas del Pacífico Central (Parque Nacional Manuel Antonio) y al sur de la vertiente pacífica. Se localizan desde el nivel del mar hasta los 500 m.s.n.m. Esta especie fue introducida en América Central en tiempos relativamente recientes, por amerindios pre-hispánicos de poblaciones Sciurus sciurus macrodon de Perú o Ecuador. Por otro lado, también se favorece la hipótesis de que la dispersión de monos "ardilla" de América del Sur a América Central fue promovida por fluctuaciones climáticas en el Pleistoceno.
Distribucion General: Desde la parte central de la vertiente pacífica de Costa Rica hasta el oeste de Panamá. Se localiza sólo en las tierras bajas.
licence
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
INBio, Costa Rica
auteur
Luis Humberto Elizondo C.
rédacteur
The Nature Conservancy
site partenaire
INBio

Trophic Strategy ( espagnol ; castillan )

fourni par INBio
Se alimentan de artrópodos, frutos, néctar; pequeños vertebrados como lagartijas; huevos de aves y murciélagos.En la estación lluviosa se alimentan tanto de frutos como de insectos y flores. Invierten un 90% de las horas-luz en viajar y forrajear.Es un agente polinizador de la "granadilla" (Passiflora adenopoda).

En el Parque Nacional Corcovado, algunos individuos parece ser que reconocen los refugios hechos en hojas por el "murciélago" (Artibeus watsoni), entonces los revisan desde abajo para asegurarse que haya ocupantes y brincan sobre ellos, la mayoría de los murciélagos huyen, sin embargo, algunos pueden caer, y ahí son capturados y comidos.

En el Parque Manuel Antonio se encontró que S.o. citrinellus se alimenta de 33 especies de plantas (28 especies: frutos y 5 especies: néctar), entre ellas, "cerillo" (Symphonia globulifera), "quieura" (Pseudolmedia spuria), "jobo" (Spondias mombin), "yayo" (Xylopia sericophylla), "espavel" (Anacardium excelsum), "roble de sabana" (Tabebuia rosea), "garrocho" (Quararibea asterolepis), "canfín" (Trichilia propincua), "guayabón" (Eugenia sp.), "guayaba" (Psidium guajaba), "mamón de montaña" (Talisia nervosa), "naranjilla" (Swartzia simplex), "guajiniquil" (Inga multijuga), "guabo grande" (Inga spectabilis), "guayabo de mono" (Posoqueria latisphata), "lengua de vaca" (Miconia argentea), "Santa María" (Miconia schlimii), "guarumo" (Cecropia insignis), "higuerón" (Ficus insípida, F. retusa), "nance" (Byrsonima crassifolia), "mamón" (Meliccoca bijuga), "cafecillo" (Faramea occidentalis), "bejuco" (Clitoria javitensis), "bejuco" (Mendoncia retusa), "capulín" (Muntigia calabura), "platanilla" (Heliconia spp.), "bejuco" (Magfadyena uncata), Guettarda sp., "balsa" (Ochroma lagopus), "banano" (Musa acuminata), "manzana rosa" (Eugenia jambos).

licence
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
INBio, Costa Rica
auteur
Luis Humberto Elizondo C.
rédacteur
The Nature Conservancy
site partenaire
INBio

Associations ( espagnol ; castillan )

fourni par INBio
En el Parque Nacional Corcovado se observó una tropa de 30 individuos asociada con una tropa de 15 individuos de mono "carablanca" (Cebus capucinus), alimentándose de de frutos de "guarumo" (Cecropia sp.). A las tropas de esta especie, se le asocian dos especies de aves, que usualmente siguen a las hormigas "guerreras o arrieras" (Eciton sp.) para atrapar insectos que los individuos del mono "ardilla o tití" ahuyentan, estas son: Eucometis penicillata (Thraupidae) y Dendrocincla anabatina (Dendrocolaptidae). Asimismo, el "gavilán" (Harpagus bidentatus) los sigue para alimentarse de las presas que huyen de ellos.Otras especies de aves y mamíferos que los siguen ocasionalmente son: Dendrocolaptes certhia (Dendrocolaptidae), el "bobo" (Momotus momota), el "gavilán chapulinero" (Buteo magnirostris, Accipitridae), Malacoptila panamensis (Bucconidae), Trogon rufus (Trogonidae), el "gavilán blanco" (Leucopternis albicollis), el "gavilán" (Leucopternis semiplumbea) (Accipitridae), y el "halcón caza murciélagos" (Falco rufigularis).Entre los posibles depredadores están: el "jaguar" (Panthera onca), el "zorro pelón" (Didelphis marsupialis), el "pizote" (Nasua narica), el "mono carablanca" (Cebus capucinus), el "tolomuco" (Eira barbara), el "halcón" (Micrastur semitorquatus), el "águila crestada" (Morphnus guianensis), la "béquer" (Boa constrictor emperator), la "terciopelo" (Bothrops asper).

licence
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
INBio, Costa Rica
auteur
Luis Humberto Elizondo C.
rédacteur
The Nature Conservancy
site partenaire
INBio

Population Biology ( espagnol ; castillan )

fourni par INBio
Las tropas varían de 12 a 45 individuos y utilizan un territorio anual de 2 km2, aproximadamente.En el Parque Nacional Manuel Antonio se estimó que la densidad es de 0.66 ind./ha. Asimismo, en otro estudio, se estimó que la densidad poblacional de S. o. citrinellus fue de 31 ind./ km2. El tamaño de 14 tropas estudiadas varió de 22 a 66 individuos.Se considera que viven en el país unos 3.000 individuos de S.o. oerstedii y unos 500-1000 individuos de la subespecie endémica (S.o. citrinellus) localizada en el Parque Nacional Manuel Antonio y alrededores. Una pequeña proporción de estos monos se encuentra protegida en 3 áreas silvestres de manejo:1- Parque Nacional Manuel Antonio, 683 ha. tiene 105 individuos de S.o. citrinellus; 2- Parque Nacional Corcovado, 41.789 ha. tiene un mínimo de 200 ind. de S.o. oerstedii; 3- Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Golfito, 2.830 ha. tiene al menos una tropa de 58 ind. de S.o. oerstedii. En otro estudio se estimó que un total de 1.500 ind. de S.o. citrinellus y 2.000 ind. de S.o. oerstedii sobreviven en estado silvestre, o como comensales del hombre.
licence
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
INBio, Costa Rica
auteur
Luis Humberto Elizondo C.
rédacteur
The Nature Conservancy
site partenaire
INBio

Reproduction ( espagnol ; castillan )

fourni par INBio
La copulación se lleva a cabo en enero, con un pico de nacimientos en agosto. La época de crianza se extiende desde principios de agosto hasta inicios de octubre, cuando las lluvias caen fuertemente.En el Parque Nacional Manuel Antonio se encontró que dentro de S.o.citrinellus la tasa promedio de natalidad durante 1990 fue del 76% y el número de nacimientos por tropa varió entre 4 y 17 individuos; no se encontró diferencia entre la tasa de natalidad de las tropas residentes dentro y fuera del Parque.
licence
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
INBio, Costa Rica
auteur
Luis Humberto Elizondo C.
rédacteur
The Nature Conservancy
site partenaire
INBio

Diagnostic Description ( espagnol ; castillan )

fourni par INBio
Longitud de la cabeza y cuerpo 266-330mm, longitud de la cola 360-390mm, peso 0.5-1.1kg..Pequeño y delgado (las hembras son más pequeñas que los machos). La cara, orejas y el pecho son blancuzcos con un contrastante hocico, ojos y una gorra de color negro, La espalda, miembros inferiores y las patas son de color anaranjado. Los hombros, muslos y la base de la cola es de color café amarillento pardo u oliváceo. El vientre es de color amarillo pálido.
licence
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
INBio, Costa Rica
auteur
Luis Humberto Elizondo C.
rédacteur
The Nature Conservancy
site partenaire
INBio

Benefits ( espagnol ; castillan )

fourni par INBio
Es una especie apreciada como mascota, por lo que es una especie importante en el tráfico ilegal de fauna silvestre a nivel nacional e internacional.

licence
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
INBio, Costa Rica
auteur
Luis Humberto Elizondo C.
rédacteur
The Nature Conservancy
site partenaire
INBio

Diagnostic Description ( espagnol ; castillan )

fourni par INBio
Localidad del tipo: Panamá, Chiriquí, David.
Depositario del tipo:
Recolector del tipo:
licence
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
INBio, Costa Rica
auteur
Luis Humberto Elizondo C.
rédacteur
The Nature Conservancy
site partenaire
INBio

Conservation Status ( espagnol ; castillan )

fourni par INBio
ESTADO:
Es considerada como la especie de mono más amenazada en América Central. En Costa Rica, S. o. oerstedii se considera una subespecie en peligro de extinción, principalmente por que son capturados y vendidos como mascotas y a la pérdida de su habitat por la deforestación. Asimismo, S. o. citrinellus (subespecie endémica de Costa Rica) está considerada como una subespecie en peligro de extinción tanto por la presión de cacería, como a la pérdida de su habitat para la construcción de planta turística, alrededor del Parque Nacional Manuel Antonio. Está protegida y regulada por la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre No. 7317, la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente No. 7554 y el decreto No. 26435-MINAE. Asimismo está incluída en el Apéndice l del Convenio sobre el Comercio Internacional de Especies Amenazadas de Fauna y Flora Silvestre (CITES).

licence
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
INBio, Costa Rica
auteur
Luis Humberto Elizondo C.
rédacteur
The Nature Conservancy
site partenaire
INBio

Mona esquirol de dors vermell ( catalan ; valencien )

fourni par wikipedia CA

La mona esquirol de dors vermell (Saimiri oerstedii) és una espècie de mico de la família dels cèbids que viu a la costa pacífica de Costa Rica i Panamà.

Subespècies

Referències

Enllaços externs

En altres projectes de Wikimedia:
Commons
Commons Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
Viquiespècies
Viquiespècies
licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Autors i editors de Wikipedia
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia CA

Mona esquirol de dors vermell: Brief Summary ( catalan ; valencien )

fourni par wikipedia CA

La mona esquirol de dors vermell (Saimiri oerstedii) és una espècie de mico de la família dels cèbids que viu a la costa pacífica de Costa Rica i Panamà.

licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Autors i editors de Wikipedia
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia CA

Mittelamerikanischer Totenkopfaffe ( allemand )

fourni par wikipedia DE

Der Mittelamerikanische Totenkopfaffe oder Rotrücken-Totenkopfaffe (Saimiri oerstedii) ist eine Primatenart aus der Gruppe der Neuweltaffen.

Merkmale

Mittelamerikanische Totenkopfaffen sind wie alle Totenkopfaffen relativ kleine, schlanke Primaten. Sie erreichen eine Kopfrumpflänge von 28 bis 33 Zentimetern, der Schwanz wird 33 bis 43 Zentimeter lang. Ihr Gewicht beträgt etwa 0,6 bis 0,9 Kilogramm, wobei die Männchen etwas schwerer werden als die Weibchen. Der Rücken und die Gliedmaßen sind orangerot gefärbt, die Unterseite ist gelblich-weiß. Das Gesicht, die Kehle und die Ohrbüschel sind weiß, der Bereich um den Mund ist dunkel. Die Farbe der Kappe ist variabel: Bei der Unterart Saimiri oerstedii oerstedii ist sie schwarzbraun bei Männchen und schwarz bei Weibchen, bei der Unterart S. o. citrinellus ist sie graugrün bei Männchen und schwarzgrau bei Weibchen.

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

Mittelamerikanische Totenkopfaffen sind in Mittelamerika beheimatet, ihr Verbreitungsgebiet umfasst die Pazifikküste Costa Ricas und des westlichen Panamas. Ihr Lebensraum sind Wälder, wobei sie in verschiedenen Waldtypen, etwa Regen-, Galerie- und Mangrovenwäldern zu finden sein können.

Lebensweise und Ernährung

Diese Primaten sind tagaktiv und halten sich zumeist in den Bäumen, insbesondere in den unteren Regionen, auf. Sie sind schnelle und geschickte Kletterer, die sich meist auf allen vieren fortbewegen.

Sie leben in großen Gruppen aus etwa 40 bis 60 Tieren. Die Gruppen setzen sich aus vielen Männchen und Weibchen und dem gemeinsamen Nachwuchs zusammen. Innerhalb der Gruppe gibt es relativ wenig Aggressionen. Die Weibchen haben relativ wenig Bindung zueinander und etablieren auch keine Rangordnung. Die Rangordnung der Männchen ist nur schwach ausgeprägt, schwächer als bei anderen Totenkopfaffen.

Mittelamerikanische Totenkopfaffen ernähren sich vorwiegend von Insekten und Früchten, deren Anteil je nach Jahreszeit variieren kann. Die Jagd auf Insekten nimmt den größten Teil des Tages in Anspruch.

Fortpflanzung

Die Paarungszeit liegt in den Monaten August bis Oktober, die Männchen nehmen in dieser Zeit bis zu 20 % an Gewicht zu und können so offensichtlich ihren Paarungserfolg steigern. Nach einer rund 150-tägigen Tragzeit bringt das Weibchen zwischen Februar und April meist ein einzelnes Jungtier zur Welt. Die Geburten innerhalb einer Gruppe sind synchronisiert und erfolgen innerhalb zweier Wochen. Nach rund vier Monaten sind die Jungen selbstständig, Weibchen werden mit 2,5 und Männchen mit 3,5 Jahren geschlechtsreif. Während die Männchen in ihrer Geburtsgruppe verbleiben, müssen die Weibchen diese verlassen – eine unter Primaten seltene Anordnung, weitaus häufiger ist es umgekehrt.

Gefährdung

Hauptbedrohungen für die Mittelamerikanischen Totenkopfaffen stellt die Zerstörung ihres Lebensraums durch Waldrodungen dar. Dadurch ist ihr Verbreitungsgebiet stark verkleinert und zerstückelt worden. Die IUCN listet die Art als „gefährdet“ (vulnerable). Kritisch ist die Situation der Unterart S. o. citrinellus, deren Verbreitungsgebiet in Costa Rica stark fragmentiert ist, und deren Gesamtpopulation auf höchstens 1300 bis 1800 Tiere geschätzt wird.

Literatur

Weblinks

 src=
– Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien
 title=
licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia DE

Mittelamerikanischer Totenkopfaffe: Brief Summary ( allemand )

fourni par wikipedia DE

Der Mittelamerikanische Totenkopfaffe oder Rotrücken-Totenkopfaffe (Saimiri oerstedii) ist eine Primatenart aus der Gruppe der Neuweltaffen.

licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia DE

Central American squirrel monkey ( anglais )

fourni par wikipedia EN

The Central American squirrel monkey (Saimiri oerstedii), also known as the red-backed squirrel monkey, is a squirrel monkey species from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica and Panama. It is restricted to the northwestern tip of Panama near the border with Costa Rica, and the central and southern Pacific coast of Costa Rica, primarily in Manuel Antonio and Corcovado National Parks.

It is a small monkey with an orange back and a distinctive white and black facial mask. It has an omnivorous diet, eating fruits, other plant materials, invertebrates and some small vertebrates. In turn, it has a number of predators, including raptors, cats and snakes. It lives in large groups that typically contain between 20 and 75 monkeys. It has one of the most egalitarian social structures of all monkeys. Females do not form dominance hierarchies, and males do so only at breeding season. Females become sexually mature at 2+12 years, and males at 4 to 5 years. Sexually mature females leave the natal group, but males can remain with their natal group their entire life. The Central American squirrel monkey can live for more than 15 years.

The Central American squirrel monkey population declined precipitously after the 1970s. This decline is believed to be caused by deforestation, hunting, and capture to be kept as pets. Efforts are underway to preserve the species.

Taxonomy

The Central American squirrel monkey is a member of the family Cebidae, the family of New World monkeys containing squirrel monkeys, capuchin monkeys, tamarins and marmosets. Within the family Cebidae, it is a member of the subfamily Saimiriinae, the subfamily containing squirrel monkeys.[5] It is one of five recognized species of squirrel monkey, and the only species occurring outside South America.[6] The Central American Squirrel Monkey is placed in genus Saimiri (Voigt, 1831) along with all the other squirrel monkey species. Among the squirrel monkeys, the Central American squirrel monkey is most closely related to the Guianan squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) and the bare-eared squirrel monkey (Saimiri ustus) and these three species form the S. sciureus species group.[7][8] The binomial name Saimiri oerstedii was given by Johannes Theodor Reinhardt in honor of his fellow Danish biologist Anders Sandøe Ørsted.

There are two subspecies of the Central American squirrel monkey:[1]

S. o. oerstedii lives in the western Pacific portion of Panama and the Osa Peninsula area of Costa Rica (including Corcovado National Park), while S. o. citrinellus lives in the Central Pacific portion of Costa Rica. The largest estimate (most recently in 2003) is that the remaining wild population of S. o. citrinellus is only 1,300 to 1,800 individuals.[2]

Physical description

The Central American squirrel monkey differs in coloration from South American squirrel monkeys. While South American squirrel monkeys tend to be primarily greenish in color, the Central American species has an orange back with olive shoulders, hips and tail, and white undersides. The hands and feet are also orange. There is a black cap at the top of the head, and a black tip at the end of the tail. Males generally have lighter caps than females. The face is white with black rims around the eyes and black around the nose and mouth.[9][10]

Body coloration

The two subspecies are similar in coloration, but differ in the shade of the cap. The northern subspecies, living in Central Pacific Costa Rica, has a lighter cap than the southern subspecies, which lives in Panama and in parts of Costa Rica near Panama.[10] The southern subspecies also has more yellowish limbs and underparts.[4]

Adults reach a length of between 266 and 291 millimetres (10+12 and 11+12 inches), excluding tail, and a weight between 600 and 950 grams (21 and 34 ounces).[6][10] The tail is longer than the body, and between 362 and 389 mm (14+14 and 15+38 in) in length.[10] As with other squirrel monkeys, there is considerable sexual dimorphism. On average, males weigh 16% more than females.[6] Males have an average body weight of 829 g (29+14 oz) and females average 695 g (24+12 oz).[6] Squirrel monkeys have the largest brains of all primates relative to their body size; the Central American squirrel monkey's brain weighs about 25.7 g (2932 oz), or about 4% of its body weight.[9][11] Unlike larger relatives, such as the capuchin, spider and howler monkeys, Central American squirrel monkeys do not have a fully prehensile tail, except as newborn infants, and the tail is primarily used to help with balance.[12][13]

Behavior

Social structure

The Central American squirrel monkey is arboreal and diurnal, and most often moves through the trees on four legs (quadrupedal locomotion).[9] It lives in groups containing several adult males, adult females, and juveniles. The group size tends to be smaller than that of South American squirrel monkeys, but is still larger than for many other New World monkey species. The group generally numbers between 20 and 75 monkeys, with a mean of 41 monkeys.[6][14] Groups in excess of 100 sometimes occur, but these are believed to be temporary mergers of two groups.[2] On average, groups contain about 60% more females than males.[6]

Resting on a branch

The squirrel monkey groups have a home range of between 35 and 63 hectares (86 and 156 acres).[14] Group ranges can overlap, especially in large, protected areas such as Manuel Antonio National Park. Less overlap occurs in more fragmented areas.[14] Groups can travel between 2,500 and 4,200 m (8,200 and 13,800 ft) per day.[15] Unlike some other monkey species, the group does not split into separate foraging groups during the day. Individual monkeys may separate for the main group to engage in different activities for periods of time, and thus the group may be dispersed over an area of up to 1.2 hectares (3 acres) at any given time.[16] The group tends to sleep in the same trees every night for months at a time, unlike other squirrel monkeys.[16]

There are no dominance hierarchies among the females, and the females do not form coalitions.[2][6] Males in the group are generally related to each other and thus tend to form strong affiliations, and only form dominance hierarchies during the breeding season.[6] This is especially the case among males of the same age.[14] Neither males nor females are dominant over each other, an egalitarian social system that is unique to Central American squirrel monkeys. In South American species, either the females (S. boliviensis) or males (S. sciureus) are dominant over the other sex, and both sexes form stable dominance hierarchies.[6] Groups of Central American squirrel monkeys generally do not compete or fight with each other.[2] Male Costa Rican squirrel monkeys are known to have very close bonds with each other.[17]

Although South American species of squirrel monkeys often travel with and feed together with capuchin monkeys, the Central American squirrel monkey only rarely associates with the white-headed capuchin. This appears to be related to the fact that the food the Central American squirrel monkey eats is distributed in smaller, more dispersed patches than that of South American squirrel monkeys. As a result of the different food distribution, associating with capuchin monkeys would impose higher foraging costs for the Central American squirrel monkey than for their South American counterparts. In addition, while male white-headed capuchins are alert to predators, they devote more attention to detecting rival males than to detecting predators, and relatively less time to detecting predators than their South American counterparts. Therefore, associating with capuchins would provide less predator detection benefits and impose higher foraging costs on the Central American squirrel monkey than on South American squirrel monkeys.[6][13][18][19] An alternative explanation is that capuchin groups are larger than squirrel monkey groups in Central America, but in South America the squirrel monkey groups are larger.[20]

In one study a slight tendency was observed in which Central American squirrel monkeys were more likely to travel near mantled howler monkeys if the howlers were vocalizing loudly within their home range, but no physical contact or obvious social interaction was observed.[20] Variegated and red-tailed squirrels may join Central American monkey groups without eliciting a reaction from the monkeys.[20]

Certain bird species associate with the Central American squirrel monkey. The birds follow the monkeys in an attempt to prey on insects and small vertebrates that the monkeys flush out. At Corcovado National Park, bird species known to regularly follow squirrel monkeys include the double-toothed kite, the grey-headed tanager and the tawny-winged woodcreeper, but other woodcreepers and such species as motmots and trogons do so as well. This activity increases during the wet season, when arthropods are harder to find.[14]

Diet

The Central American squirrel monkey is omnivorous. Its diet includes insects and insect larvae (especially grasshoppers and caterpillars), spiders, fruit, leaves, bark, flowers, and nectar. It also eats small vertebrates, including bats, birds, lizards, and tree frogs. It finds its food foraging through the lower and middle levels of the forest, typically between 4.5 and 9 metres (15 and 30 feet) high.[14][16] Two-thirds to three-quarters of each day is spent foraging for food. It has difficulty finding its desired food late in the wet season, when fewer arthropods are available.[10]

It has a unique method of capturing tent-making bats. It looks for roosting bats by looking for their tents (which are made of a folded leaf). When it finds a bat it climbs to a higher level and jumps onto the tent from above, attempting to dislodge the bat. If the fallen bat does not fly away in time, the monkey pounces on it on the ground and eats it.[14]

The Central American squirrel monkey is an important seed disperser and a pollinator of certain flowers, including the passion flower.[14] While it is not a significant agricultural pest, it does sometimes eat corn, coffee, bananas and mangos.[14] Other fruits eaten include cecropias, legumes, figs, palms, cerillo, quiubra, yayo flaco and wild cashew fruits.[14][16]

Communication

The Central American squirrel monkey is noisy. It makes many squeals, whistles and chirps.[10] It also travels through the forest noisily, disturbing vegetation as it moves through.[10] It has four main calls, which have been described as a "smooth chuck", a "bent mask chuck", a "peep" and a "twitter".[9]

Predators

Predators of the Central American squirrel monkey include birds of prey, cats and snakes. Constricting and venomous snakes both prey on squirrel monkeys. Raptors are particularly effective predators of Central American squirrel monkeys.[6] The oldest males bear most of the responsibility for detecting predators.[2][14] When a Central American squirrel monkey detects a raptor, it gives a high-pitched alarm peep and dives for cover. All other squirrel monkeys that hear the alarm call also dive for cover. The monkeys are particularly cautious about raptors, and give alarms when they detect any raptor-like object, including small airplanes and even falling branches and large leaves.[16]

Predator detection by males becomes particularly important during the period when the infants are born. Raptors spend significantly more time near the squirrel monkey troops during this period, and prey on a significant number of newborn infants. Other animals that prey on Central American squirrel monkey infants include toucans, tayras, opossums, coatis, snakes, and even spider monkeys.[16]

Reproduction

Two-month-old infant riding on mother's back

The breeding season for the Central American squirrel monkey is in September.[14] All females come into estrus at virtually the same time. A month or two before the breeding season begins, males become larger. This is not due to extra muscle, but to altered water balance within the male's body. This is caused by the conversion of the male hormone testosterone into estrogen; thus the more testosterone a male produces, the more he grows in advance of the breeding season. Since males within a group have not been observed fighting over access to females during the breeding season, nor attempting to force females to copulate with them, it is believed that female choice determines which males get to breed with females. Females tend to prefer the males that expand the most in advance of breeding season. This may be because the most enlarged males are generally the oldest and the most effective at detecting predators, or it may be a case of runaway intersexual selection.[16]

Males sometimes leave their group for short periods of time during the breeding season in order to try to mate with females from neighboring groups. Females are receptive to males from other groups, although resident males attempt to repel the intruders. The gestation period is six months, and the infants are born within a single week during February and March. Typically, a single infant is born.[6][14][16]

Only 50% of infants survive more than six months, largely due to predation by birds.[6] The infant remains dependent on its mother for about one year.[14] Females give birth every 12 months, so the prior infant becomes independent at about the same time the new infant is born. Females become sexually mature at 2+12 years old, while males become sexually mature at between 4 and 5 years old.[6] The females leave their natal group upon reaching sexual maturity, while males usually remain with their group for their entire lives. This is different from South American squirrel monkey species, where either males disperse from their natal group or both sexes disperse.[6] Males of the same age tend to associate with each other in age cohorts. Upon reaching sexual maturity, an age cohort may choose to leave the group and attempt to oust the males from another group in order to attain increased reproductive opportunities.[6]

The lifespan of the Central American squirrel monkey in the wild is unknown, but captive specimens have been known to live more than 15 years.[14] Other squirrel monkey species are known to be able to live more than 20 years.[6]

Distribution and habitat

The Central American squirrel monkey has a restricted distribution in Costa Rica and Panama. It lives only near the Pacific coast. Its range covers Central Pacific Costa Rica in the north through western Panama.[10] It lives in two of Costa Rica's national parks—Manuel Antonio National Park and Corcovado National Park—where it can be seen by visitors, but it is not as commonly seen in these parks as the white-headed capuchin or the mantled howler monkeys.[21] It lives in lowland forests and is restricted to secondary forests and primary forests which have been partially logged.[14] It requires forests with abundant low and mid-level vegetation and has difficulty surviving in tall, mature, undisturbed forests that lack such vegetation.[10][14] Its specialization for coastal lowland forest may explain its restricted distribution.[8]

Conservation status

It was once believed that the Central American squirrel monkey was just a population of a South American species of squirrel monkey brought to Central America by humans. Evidence for this theory included the very small range of the Central American squirrel monkey and the large gap from the range of any other squirrel monkey species. A study of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA demonstrated that the Central American squirrel monkey is indeed a separate species that apparently diverged from the South American species long ago – at least 260,000 years ago and possibly more than 4 million years ago.[4] A genetic study by Lynch Alfaro, et al. in 2015 estimated that the Central American squirrel monkey diverged from S. scuireus a little less than 1 million years ago.[8]

On a balcony of a hotel near Manuel Antonio National Park, Costa Rica

One popular theory is that squirrel monkeys did live in Colombia during the late Miocene or Pliocene and these squirrel monkeys migrated to Central America, becoming the ancestors of the current Central American species. According to this theory, the Guatemalan black howler migrated to Central America around the same time. Passage through the isthmus of Panama later closed due to rising oceans, and eventually opened up to another wave of migration about 2 million years ago. These later migrants, ancestors to modern populations of white-headed capuchins, mantled howlers and Geoffroy's spider monkeys, out-competed the earlier migrants, leading to the small range of the Central American squirrel monkey and Guatemalan black howler.[22] Ford suggested that high water levels during the Pleistocene not only cut off the Central American squirrel monkey from other squirrel monkeys, but was also responsible for the formation of two subspecies.[8][22] Lynch Alfaro, et al. suggested that the separation of the Central American squirrel monkey from other squirrel monkeys may have resulted from a period of high aridity in northern South America.[8]

The population density has been estimated at 36 monkeys per square kilometer (93 per square mile) in Costa Rica and 130 monkeys per square kilometer (337 per square mile) in Panama.[15] It has been estimated that the population of the Central American squirrel monkey has been reduced from about 200,000 in the 1970s to less than 5,000.[21] This is believed to be largely due to deforestation, hunting, and capture for the pet trade.[21] There are significant efforts within Costa Rica to try to preserve this monkey from extinction.[23] A reforestation project within Panama tries to preserve the vanishing population of the Chiriqui Province.[24]

As of 2021, the Central American squirrel monkey is listed as endangered from a conservation standpoint by the IUCN.[2] This is due mainly to deforestation ongoing habitat loss, but other sources such as capture for the pet trade also contribute.[2]

References

  1. ^ a b Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 138–139. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Solano-Rojas, D. (2021). "Saimiri oerstedii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T19836A17940807. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T19836A17940807.en. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
  3. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  4. ^ a b c Rylands, A.; Groves, C.; Mittenmeier, R.; Cortes-Ortiz, L. & Hines, J. (2006). "Taxonomy and Distributions of Mesoamerican Primates". In Estrada, A.; Garber, P.; Pavelka, M. & Luecke, L. (eds.). New Perspectives in the Study of Mesoamerican Primates. New York: Springer. pp. 37–39. ISBN 978-0-387-25854-6.
  5. ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 138–139. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Jack, K. (2007). "The Cebines". In Campbell, C.; Fuentes, A.; MacKinnon, K.; Panger, M.; Bearder, S. (eds.). Primates in Perspective. The Oxford University Press. pp. 107–120. ISBN 978-0-19-517133-4.
  7. ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 138–139. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  8. ^ a b c d e Lynch Alfaro, J.W.; et al. (2015). "Biogeography of squirrel monkeys (genus Saimiri): South-central Amazon origin and rapid pan-Amazonian diversification of a lowland primate". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 82: 436–454. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.09.004. PMID 25305518.
  9. ^ a b c d Rowe, N. (1996). The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates. Pogonias Press. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-9648825-0-8.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i Emmons, L. (1997). Neotropical Rainforest Mammals A Field Guide (Second ed.). The University of Chicago Press. pp. 126–127. ISBN 978-0-226-20721-6.
  11. ^ "Squirrel Monkey". Rainforest Alliance. Retrieved 2008-10-18.
  12. ^ Sussman, R. (2003). Primate Ecology and Social Structure Volume 2: New World Monkeys (Revised First ed.). Pearson Custom Publishing. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-536-74364-0.
  13. ^ a b Fleagle, J. (1998). Primate Adaption and Evolution (Second ed.). Academic Press. pp. 157–160. ISBN 978-0-12-260341-9.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Wainwright, M. (2002). The Natural History of Costa Rican Mammals. Zona Tropical. pp. 131–134. ISBN 978-0-9705678-1-9.
  15. ^ a b Sussman, R. (2003). Primate Ecology and Social Structure Volume 2: New World Monkeys (Revised First ed.). Pearson Custom Publishing. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-536-74364-0.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h Boinski, S. (1992). "Monkeys with Inflated Sex Appeal". In Ciochon, R.; Nisbett, R. (eds.). The Primate Anthology. Prentice-Hall. pp. 174–179. ISBN 978-0-13-613845-7.
  17. ^ Boinski, S. (1994). "Affiliation Patterns among Male Costa Rican Squirrel Monkeys". Behaviour. 130 (3): 191–209. doi:10.1163/156853994X00523.
  18. ^ Boinski, S. (2000). "Social Manipulation Within and Between Troops Mediates Primate Group Movement". In Boinski, S.; Garber, P. (eds.). On the Move. The University of Chicago Press. pp. 447–448. ISBN 978-0-226-06340-9.
  19. ^ Boinski, S. (1989). "Why don't Saimiri oerstedii and Cebus capucinus form mixed-species groups?". International Journal of Primatology. 10 (2): 103–114. doi:10.1007/BF02736248. S2CID 24192169.
  20. ^ a b c Baldwin, J.D. (1985). "The Behavior of Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri) in Natural Environments". In Rosenblum, L.A.; Coe, C.L. (eds.). Handbook of Squirrel Monkey Research. Plenum Press. pp. 49–50. ISBN 978-0306417542.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link)
  21. ^ a b c Hunter, L.; Andrew, D. (2002). Watching Wildlife Central America. Lonely Planet Publications. pp. 100, 148. ISBN 978-1-86450-034-9.
  22. ^ a b Ford, S. (2006). "The Biographic History of Mesoamerican Primates". In Estrada, A.; Garber, P.A.; Pavelka, M.S.M.; Luecke, L. (eds.). New Perspectives in the Study of Mesoamerican Primates. New York: Springer. pp. 100–107. ISBN 978-0-387-25854-6.
  23. ^ "Save the Mono Titi Manuel Antonio Costa Rica". ASCOMOTI. Archived from the original on April 3, 2009. Retrieved 2008-05-12.
  24. ^ "The Rainforest Returns". Saimiri Wildlife. Archived from the original on 2008-05-07. Retrieved 2008-10-25.

licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia EN

Central American squirrel monkey: Brief Summary ( anglais )

fourni par wikipedia EN

The Central American squirrel monkey (Saimiri oerstedii), also known as the red-backed squirrel monkey, is a squirrel monkey species from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica and Panama. It is restricted to the northwestern tip of Panama near the border with Costa Rica, and the central and southern Pacific coast of Costa Rica, primarily in Manuel Antonio and Corcovado National Parks.

It is a small monkey with an orange back and a distinctive white and black facial mask. It has an omnivorous diet, eating fruits, other plant materials, invertebrates and some small vertebrates. In turn, it has a number of predators, including raptors, cats and snakes. It lives in large groups that typically contain between 20 and 75 monkeys. It has one of the most egalitarian social structures of all monkeys. Females do not form dominance hierarchies, and males do so only at breeding season. Females become sexually mature at 2+1⁄2 years, and males at 4 to 5 years. Sexually mature females leave the natal group, but males can remain with their natal group their entire life. The Central American squirrel monkey can live for more than 15 years.

The Central American squirrel monkey population declined precipitously after the 1970s. This decline is believed to be caused by deforestation, hunting, and capture to be kept as pets. Efforts are underway to preserve the species.

licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia EN

Saimiri oerstedii ( espagnol ; castillan )

fourni par wikipedia ES
 src=
Mono ardilla trepado en un árbol.
 src=
Un mono ardilla en Costa Rica.

El mono ardilla de América Central (Saimiri oerstedii) es un primate de la familia Cebidae. También se llama el mono de espalda roja por su cabello rojo dorado en la espalda. Son los miembros en mayor peligro de extinción de las otras familias de monos ardillas

Distribución y hábitat

Con dos subespecies llamadas Saimiri oerstedii oersted y Saimiri oerstedii citrinellus que viven en dos poblaciones geográficamente separadas en las costas del Pacífico de Colombia,Costa Rica y Panamá,[1]​ por debajo de los 500 msnm. Prefiere el bosque secundario.[2]

Descripción

La longitud del cuerpo con la cabeza alcanza entre 26 y 33 cm, la cola entre 36 y 39 cm. Pesa entre 0,5 y 1,1 kg. La hembra es más pequeña que el macho. La cara tiene una máscara blanca, las orejas y el pecho son blancuzcos, en contrastante con el hocico, ojos y la corona, que son de color negro; los hombros son de color pardo a gris amarillento, la espalda es de color castaño rojizo a anaranjado y las patas de color gris, con las manos y patas anaranjadas; el vientre es blanquecino a color crema; mientras los flancos y la cola son de color amarillento; los muslos y la base de la cola son de color marrón amarillento a pardo olváceo y la punta de la cola es negruzca.[2]

Hábitos

Se trata de animales diurnos y arbóreos viven en grupos de 12 a 66 individuos,[2]​ que se desplazan en una zona de 0,2 km cuadrados en 5 km en un día. Por esta razón son diferentes que los otros monos ardillas porque viven en grupos más pequeños. Usualmente las otras familias de monos ardillas viven en grupos de casi 300 miembros en comparación. En las familias de monos ardillas de América Central, las madres cuidan a sus niños y a veces ayudan con los niños de otras madres del grupo.

A causa del hábitat de otras especies y la constante distancia entre otras especies de monos ardilla han sido dos teorías, según la primera, los hombres los introdujeron en tiempos prehistóricos y posteriormente evolucionaron por su cuenta.[2]​ Un estudio genético de 2000 rechazó esta hipótesis.[3]

La más acreditada teoría es que los antepasados de estos animales vivían en la actual Colombia entre el Mioceno y el Plioceno y desde allí se trasladaron a Centroamérica por el istmo de Panamá junto con otras especies. La dispersión pudo haber sido promivida por fluctuaciones climáticas.[2]

La dieta es basada en insectos, arañas y pequeños vertebrados, pero también consume frutos, flores y néctar.[2]

Debido a la extrema rareza de este animal no se sabe mucho de su reproducción; se cree que nace de una sola cría y su gestación de 7 meses. Los apareamientos ocurren en enero y los nacimientos en agosto; la crianza se extiende hasta octubre.[2]

Referencias

  1. a b Wong, G., Cuarón, A.D., Rodriguez-Luna, E. & de Grammont, P.C. (2008) Saimiri oerstedii; The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, versión = 2014.3. Consultada el 19 de diciembre de 2014.
  2. a b c d e f g Elizondo C., Luis Humberto (2013) Saimiri oerstedii Archivado el 19 de diciembre de 2014 en Wayback Machine.; Biodiversidad de Costa Rica. Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, Santo Domingo de Heredia, Costa Rica.
  3. Cropp, Susan & Sue Boinski (2000) "The Central American Squirrel Monkey (Saimiri oerstedii): Introduced Hybrid or Endemic Species?" ; Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 16 (3): 350-365.

 title=
licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia ES

Saimiri oerstedii: Brief Summary ( espagnol ; castillan )

fourni par wikipedia ES
 src= Mono ardilla trepado en un árbol.  src= Un mono ardilla en Costa Rica.

El mono ardilla de América Central (Saimiri oerstedii) es un primate de la familia Cebidae. También se llama el mono de espalda roja por su cabello rojo dorado en la espalda. Son los miembros en mayor peligro de extinción de las otras familias de monos ardillas

licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia ES

Saimiri oerstedii ( basque )

fourni par wikipedia EU

Saimiri oerstedii Saimiri generoko animalia da. Primateen barruko Saimiriinae azpifamilia eta Cebidae familian sailkatuta dago

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)Mammals - full taxonomy and Red List status Ugaztun guztien egoera 2008an
  2. Reinhardt (1872) Vidensk. Medd. Nat. Hist. Kjobenhaven 157. or..

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Wikipediako egileak eta editoreak
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia EU

Saimiri oerstedii: Brief Summary ( basque )

fourni par wikipedia EU

Saimiri oerstedii Saimiri generoko animalia da. Primateen barruko Saimiriinae azpifamilia eta Cebidae familian sailkatuta dago

licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Wikipediako egileak eta editoreak
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia EU

Panamansaimiri ( finnois )

fourni par wikipedia FI

Panamansaimiri (Saimiri oerstedii) on vaarantunut apinalaji. Sitä esiintyy Costa Ricassa ja Panamassa. 1970-luvulla panamansaimireita oli 200 000, mutta nykyään niitä elää vain 5 000 yksilöä. Kanta on harventunut hakkuiden, metsästyksen ja lemmikkikaupan myötä.

Koko ja ulkonäkö

Panamansaimiri on noin 30 cm pitkä ja painaa kilon tai vähän alle.

Levinneisyys

Panamansaimiria tavataan Costa Ricassa ja Panamassa. Panamassa sitä tavataan Tyynenmeren puoleisella rannikolla pohjoisessa kärjessä lähellä Costa Rican rajaa. Costa Ricassa sitä tavataan Tyynenmeren puoleisella rannikolla Costa Rican etelä- ja keskiosassa.

Elintavat

Panamansaimirit ovat aktiivisia päiväsaikaan. Ne kiipeilevät puissa, mutta toisin kuin muut pienet apinat, ne eivät käytä häntäänsä kiipeilyn apuvälineenä. Ne elävät suurissa, jopa satojen yksilöiden laumoissa joissa on molemia sukupuolia.

Ravinto

Panamansaimirit ovat kaikkiruokaisia. Ne syövät pääasiassa hedelmiä ja hyönteisiä, lisäravintona myös pähkinöitä, versoja, munia ja pieniä selkärankaisia.

Lähteet

  1. Wong, G., Cuarón, A.D., Rodriguez-Luna, E. & de Grammont, P.C.: Saimiri oerstedii IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.1. 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 5.7.2014. (englanniksi)
licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Wikipedian tekijät ja toimittajat
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia FI

Panamansaimiri: Brief Summary ( finnois )

fourni par wikipedia FI

Panamansaimiri (Saimiri oerstedii) on vaarantunut apinalaji. Sitä esiintyy Costa Ricassa ja Panamassa. 1970-luvulla panamansaimireita oli 200 000, mutta nykyään niitä elää vain 5 000 yksilöä. Kanta on harventunut hakkuiden, metsästyksen ja lemmikkikaupan myötä.

licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Wikipedian tekijät ja toimittajat
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia FI

Saimiri oerstedii

fourni par wikipedia FR

Sapajou à dos rouge, Saïmiri à dos roux, Saïmiri d'Amérique centrale

Saimiri oerstedii est une espèce de primates de la famille des Cebidae, appelé Sapajou à dos rouge[1], Singe-écureuil à dos rouge[1], Saïmiri à dos roux[2] ou encore Saïmiri d'Amérique centrale[3].

Distribution

le Saïmiri d'Amérique centrale est présent sur la côte pacifique du Costa Rica et du Panamá, dans une aire géographique historique extrêmement restreinte (8 000 km2). Le delta des Ríos Sierpe-Terraba constitue la limite entre les deux sous-espèces. Certains pensent que cette espèce a été introduite par l’homme dans cette région du monde car elle est séparée par plus de 600 km de la plus proche espèce de saïmiri sud-américain. Cette introduction récente, antérieure à la colonisation hispanique, serait le fait d’Amérindien du Pérou ou de l’Équateur ayant amené avec eux des saïmiris de l'Équateur (S. sciureus macrodon). D’autres scientifiques, sur la base de travaux génétiques et morphologiques, pensent, au contraire, que cette dispersion a eu lieu de façon naturelle au gré des fluctuations climatiques du pléistocène, il y a au moins 500 000 ans.

Sous-espèces

Deux sous-espèces sont reconnues :

  • Saïmiri d’Amérique centrale à couronne grise (Saimiri oerstedii citrinellus) : Côte pacifique entre 0 et 400 m d’altitude, approximativement à l’ouest jusqu’au Río Tulín et le Cerro Herradura (9°40’N et 84°35’O), à l’est jusqu’au Río Grande de Terraba (8°25’N et 84°25’O). Le cœur de la répartition est située entre le Río Parrita à l’ouest et le Río Naranjo à l’est.
  • Saïmiri d’Amérique centrale à couronne noire (Saimiri oerstedii oerstedii) : Extrême sud-est du Costa Rica (est du Río Grande Terraba et péninsule d’Osa) et extrême sud-ouest du Panamá (à l’ouest depuis la région de Coto à la frontière costaricienne et la péninsule de Burica, à l’est jusqu’à l’embouchure du Río Fonseca et l’archipel du golfe de Chiriquí), sur la côte pacifique.

Saïmiri à dos roux (S. o. oerstedii), Saïmiri du Costa Rica (S. o. citrinellus). Central american squirrel monkey. Red-backed american squirrel monkey (S. o. oerstedii), black-crowned american squirrel monkey (S. o. citrinellus). Mono ardilla, tití, barizo dorsirojo (Costa Rica). S’écrirait oerstedti d’après Groves.

Habitat

Forêt secondaire intermédiaire et mature. Plus rarement forêt primaire et mangrove. Zones cultivées, comme les plantations de goyaviers.

Sympathie et association

Souvent en compagnie du Capucin à face blanche (Cebus (Cebus) capucinus). Il est suivi par de nombreuses espèces d’oiseaux qui profitent des proies dérangées par ce singe, notamment le Tangara à tête grise (Eucometis penicillata), le Grimpar à ailes rousses (Dendrocincla anabatina), le Milan bidenté (Harpagus bidentatus) mais aussi le Grimpar barré (Dendrocolaptes certhia), le Motmot houtouc (Momotus momota), le Tamatia de Lafresnaye (Malacoptila panamensis), le Trogon aurore (Trogon rufus), la Buse blanche (Leucopternis albicollis), la Buse semiplombée (Leucopternis semiplumbea), la Buse à gros bec (Buteo magnirostris) et le Faucon des chauves-souris (Falco rufigularis).

Description

Dos doré orangé. Dessous orange pâle. Membres orangés chez S. o. oerstedii, bras orangés et jambes chamois ou gris agouti chez S. o. citrinellus. Pieds et mains doré orangé. Queue olivacée puis noire. Gorge, côté du cou et menton blancs. Oreilles touffues. Tache préauriculaire noirâtre chez S. o. oerstedii, chamois ou gris agouti chez S. o. citrinellus. Couronne et joues noirâtres chez les deux sexes pour S. o. oerstedii, noirâtres chez la femelle et gris agouti chez le mâle pour S. o. citrinellus. L’arche au-dessus des yeux est de type Gothique (en pointe) comme chez le Saïmiri commun.

Mensurations

Mâle : Corps 31 cm. Queue de 36 à 40 cm. Poids de 0,55 à 1,135 kg. Femelle : Corps 28,5 cm. Queue 36 à 40 cm. Poids de 0,365 à 0,75 kg. Cerveau : 25,7 g. Les canines sont plus longues chez le mâle (3,9 mm) que chez la femelle (2,7 mm). Caryotype : 2n = 44.

Domaine

Vit aujourd’hui sur des domaines peu étendus. Un groupe de 23 membres étudié au Panamá occupait un domaine alimentaire de 17 ha, avec une aire exclusive de 1,8 ha. Un autre groupe de 27 individus évoluait dans les marais côtiers sur un domaine de 20 à 40 ha. Dans le PN de Manuel Antonio et alentour, le domaine s’étend sur 35 à 63 ha (voire seulement 27 ha) avec un chevauchement nul ou parfois de 25 à 50 %. Plus souvent, on ne rencontre plus que de petits groupes non viables d’une dizaine d’éléments survivant dans des bois isolés de 1 à 2 ha. Dans les zones non dégradées, le territoire annuel de l’espèce pourrait dépasser 2 km2.

Densité

Au maximum 130/km². 86/km² (péninsule d’Osa). 31/km² ou 66/km² (PN de Manuel Antonio).

Locomotion

Quadrupède. Sauteur. Ses bonds horizontaux dépassent rarement les 2 m de long.

Comportements basiques

Diurne. Arboricole.

Activités

Se montre le plus actif le matin et en fin d’après-midi, se déplaçant tantôt avec bruit tantôt dans le plus grand silence, seule la chute des feuilles témoignant alors de son passage. Il voyage et se nourrit exclusivement sur les petites branches de 1 à 2 cm de diamètre, dans la strate moyenne essentiellement. Il doit se déplacer plus vite et se reposer moins longtemps lorsque la nourriture se fait rare. Les femelles adultes influencent largement le choix des trajets empruntés. Il parcourt chaque jour 2,6 à 3,3 km. À la tombée du jour, tous les membres grimpent à la cime d’un émergeant pour s’y endormir pelotonnés, cet arbre géant servant plusieurs nuits de suite.

Alimentation

Frugivore-insectivore. Consomme des végétaux (baies, noix, fleurs, bourgeons, feuilles, graines, gomme, nectar - des héliconias, notamment), des invertébrés (insectes tels que mouches, chenilles et papillons, araignées, escargots, limaces, crabes terrestres) à hauteur de 20 % de son régime, des petits vertébrés (lézards, rainettes, chiroptères) et visite parfois les plantations (bananes, fruits des palmiers à huile, jamboses, fruits de la passion, fruits des ingás). Les grosses chenilles sont débarrassées de leurs poils urticants, de la tête et des organes internes avant d’être consommées. Les membres entrent en compétition pour les insectes mais pas pour les fruits. S’attaque aux chauves-souris à tente communes (Uroderma bilobatum) et aux artibées glauques (Artibeus glaucus watsoni) : les premières se cachent sous de larges feuilles de bananiers qu’elles ont mordues pour les faire plier et former abri, les secondes sous les feuilles non moins larges de l’anthurium Anthurium ravenii. Celles qui ne réussissent pas à s’extirper de leur torpeur assez rapidement ou qui tombent au sol finissent sous les crocs des singes.

Dans le PN de Manuel Antonio, le Saïmiri d’Amérique centrale à couronne grise (S. o. citrinellus) consomme 33 espèces de plantes dont 28 pour leurs fruits et 5 pour leur nectar. Ces plantes sont : l’omniprésent manglier blanc cerillo (Symphonia globulifera), le mombin jaune (Spondias mombin), le cajou (Anacardium excelsum), le bananier (Musa acuminata), le goyavier (Psidium guajaba), le « chêne » de la savane (Tabebuia rosea) aux belles fleurs roses, le sapotier garrocho (Quararibea asterolepis), le balsa (Ochroma lagopus), le « ramboutan » de montagne (Talisia nervosa), le jambosier (Eugenia jambos), les eugénias guayabón (Eugenia sp.), les heliconias (Heliconia spp.), les ingás (Inga multijuga et Inga spectabilis), le « goyavier du singe » (Posoqueria latifolia), la « langue de vache » (Miconia argentea), la Santa María (Miconia schlimii), le bois-trompette (Cecropia insignis), les figuiers (Ficus insipida et Ficus retusa), le quieura (Pseudolmedia spuria) dont les fruits rouges à maturité sont extrêmement convoités par les singes et les oiseaux, le canfín (Trichilia propincua), le naranjillo (Swartzia simplex), le nance (Byrsonima crassifolia), le mamoncillo (Meliccoca bijuga), le cafecillo (Faramea occidentalis), le bejuco (Magfadyena unguis-cati, Clitoria javitensis et Mendoncia retusa), le capulín (Muntigia calabura), le yayo (Xylopia sericophylla) et Guettarda sp.

Important pollinisateur de la grenadille Passiflora adenopoda appelée localement comida de culebra.

Taille du groupe

De 40 à 70 (10 à 35 le plus souvent). 32 (de 15 à 80), moyenne sur 45 fragments forestiers. Jamais aussi nombreux que les rassemblements amazoniens.

Structure sociale et système de reproduction

Groupe multimâle-multifemelle. Polygamie. Sex-ratio : 3. Dans les groupes de citrinellus, on a compté en moyenne 35 % de femelles adultes, 12 % de mâles adultes, 25 % de jeunes et 27 % d’enfants.

Hiérarchie

Évolue dans un contexte non agressif et égalitaire.

Dispersion

La femelle émigre vers 2 ans. Les mâles restent le plus souvent dans leur clan natal (philopatrie), formant ainsi des patrilignées dont le but est de régner sur un bon territoire accueillant et protégeant de nombreuses femelles évoluant de façon autonomes (elles ne coopèrent pas les unes avec les autres).

Reproduction

Les mâles examinent ensemble les femelles lorsqu’elles sont en chaleur, sans exclusive. Le mâle ayant le plus grossi avant la période des amours monopolise une grande partie des accouplements. Mais comme tous les mâles sont apparentés, le grand succès reproductif du mâle alpha contribue à la perpétuation des gènes des subordonnés. Ce système patrilinéaire atténue les pressions de la sélection sexuelle qui conduisent au dimorphisme sexuel chez d’autres espèces, si bien que les mâles sont à peine plus grands que les femelles. Les singes diminuent leurs trajets quotidiens dès que les femelles ont mis bas. Diverses stratégies sont mises au point pour répondre à un taux élevé de prédation. D’une part, le synchronisme des naissances, étalées sur seulement une semaine (!). D’autre part, la femelle met bas chaque année (contre une fois tous les deux ans chez le Saïmiri commun). Enfin, le jeune est sevré vers l’âge de 6 mois, bien plus tôt que le jeune Saïmiri commun. Gestation de 152 à 172 jours. Un seul petit naît, entre février et avril, à la saison d’abondance.

Développement

Indépendance à 1 an. Maturité sexuelle : 3 ans (F) et 5 ans (M).

Communication orale

Quatre types principaux de vocalisation. Un appel court et doux (smooth chuck des Anglo-Saxons), une variante du précédent émise tête penchée (bent mask chuck), un piaulement et un gazouillis d’oiseau. 60 % des vocalisations produites sont l’un des quatre sous-types de smooth chuck.

Prédateurs

Jaguar, eyra, coati, Sarigue à oreilles noires (Didelphis marsupialis), Capucin à face blanche (Cebus capucinus). Rapaces, tels le Carnifex à collier (Micrastur semitorquatus) et la Harpie huppée (Morphnus guianensis). Serpents, tels le Boa constricteur (Boa constrictor emperator) et le fer-de-lance (Bothrops asper).

Menaces

Parmi les primates néotropicaux les plus menacés. Déforestation : débitage du bois, agriculture, pollution (pesticides), destruction des mangroves pour le tourisme. Les biologistes s’inquiètent du stress provoqué par les touristes indisciplinés qui jettent des pierres et des branches pour forcer ce singe timide à se montrer. Les électrocutions sur les lignes électriques ne sont pas rares. Diverses épidémies et la fièvre jaune ont aussi contribué à la diminution du stock. Enfin, les conditions climatiques jouent leur rôle. Ainsi, en août 1993, l’ouragan Gert a dévasté le quart de la forêt du PN de Manuel Antonio. L’ouragan Caesar en juillet 1996 a également causé beaucoup de dégâts. Toutefois, ces catastrophes naturelles n’ont pas que des inconvénients : en détruisant la forêt mature, elles permettent la repousse d’une végétation favorable à ces petits singes. En effet, les habitats dégradés en régénérescence profitent bien à l’espèce dans la mesure où les insectes (notamment les sauterelles), sa nourriture préférée, y abondent. A contrario, la déforestation implique une fragmentation (routes, etc.) hautement préjudiciable à cette espèce arboricole qui a besoin d’un couvert végétal continu.

Effectifs

~ 2000 (S. o. citrinellus). ~ 4000 (S. o. oerstedii).

Conservation

Saïmiri d’Amérique centrale à couronne noire (S. o. oerstedii) : PN de Corcovado et PN de Golfito (Costa Rica). PN du Golfe de Chiriquí (Panamá).

Saïmiri d’Amérique centrale à couronne grise (S. o. citrinellus) : PN de Manuel Antonio (Costa Rica).

Le Saïmiri d’Amérique centrale à couronne noire (S. o. oerstedii) ne survit que sur une minuscule partie de son aire originelle qui s’étendait naguère depuis les forêts humides de plaine de la côte pacifique dans la province de Puntarenas (incluant la péninsule d’Osa) jusqu’au Panamá dans les provinces de Chiriquí et Veraguas. Un ou deux groupes survivraient sur le versant panaméen de la péninsule de Burica (forêt d’El Chorogo dans le PN du Golfe de Chiriquí). Côté costaricien, on compte 2000 à 3000 individus dont environ 500 pour le seul PN de Corcovado (418 km2) avec une quinzaine de troupes dispersées dans et aux alentours du parc. Le récent PN de Golfito (28 km2), également à l’extrême sud du pays, pourrait constituer un nouveau refuge (~60 individus).

Le Saïmiri d’Amérique centrale à couronne grise (S. o. citrinellus) est essentiellement restreint aux alentours du PN de Manuel Antonio, un sanctuaire végétal côtier situé à Quepos (120 km au sud de San José). On y recense quelque 580 saïmiris placés sous constante surveillance et jusqu’à 1200 en comptant les spécimens vivant aux alentours. Ailleurs, cette sous-espèce est dispersée sur une cinquantaine de sites dans des fragments de forêt. 500 à 1000 individus survivraient dans les collines basses entre le Cerro Dota (haut Río Parrita) et le Cerro Herradura (juste au nord de San Isidro), ainsi que plus au sud dans les mangroves du delta formé par les fleuves Terraba et Sierpe. Ce sont souvent des micropopulations de moins de 50 individus, non viables à long terme, hormis celle qui vit dans l’interfluve Río Naranjo au nord et Río Savegre-División au sud (ce secteur se trouve juste au sud du parc Manuel Antonio).

À Manuel Antonio, le Jardín Gaia, aujourd’hui restreint à une activité botanique par le gouvernement, fut pendant près d’une décennie un précieux refuge pour les primates abandonnés ou blessés qui recueillait les saïmiris d’Amérique centrale, les capucins à face blanche (Cebus capucinus) et les pinchés à crête blanche (Saguinus oedipus).

Statut

En danger.

Saïmiri d’Amérique centrale à couronne grise (S. o. citrinellus) : en danger critique d’extinction.

Saïmiri d’Amérique centrale à couronne noire (S. o. oerstedii) : en danger.

Notes et références

  1. a et b (en) Murray Wrobel, Elsevier's Dictionary of Mammals : in Latin, English, German, French and Italian, Amsterdam, Elsevier, 2007, 857 p. (ISBN 978-0-444-51877-4, lire en ligne), entrée N°6202.
  2. Annexes au Journal officiel des Communautés européennes du 18 décembre 2000. Lire en ligne.
  3. Meyer C., ed. sc., 2009, Dictionnaire des Sciences Animales. consulter en ligne. Montpellier, France, Cirad.

Voir aussi

Références taxonomiques

licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia FR

Saimiri oerstedii: Brief Summary

fourni par wikipedia FR

Sapajou à dos rouge, Saïmiri à dos roux, Saïmiri d'Amérique centrale

Saimiri oerstedii est une espèce de primates de la famille des Cebidae, appelé Sapajou à dos rouge, Singe-écureuil à dos rouge, Saïmiri à dos roux ou encore Saïmiri d'Amérique centrale.

licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia FR

Moncaí iorach Lar-Mheiriceánach ( irlandais )

fourni par wikipedia GA

Is ainmhí é an Moncaí iorach Lar-Mheiriceánach. Mamach atá ann.


Ainmhí
Is síol ainmhí é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Údair agus eagarthóirí Vicipéid
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia GA

Saimiri oerstedii ( italien )

fourni par wikipedia IT

Il saimiri del Centro America (Saimiri oerstedii Reinhardt, 1872) è un primate platirrino della famiglia dei Cebidi.

Distribuzione

Con due sottospecie (Saimiri oerstedii citrinellus e Saimiri oerstedii oerstedii) vive in due popolazioni geograficamente separate sulla costa pacifica di Costa Rica e Panama.

Descrizione

Dimensioni

Misura circa 60 cm di lunghezza, di cui più della metà spettano alla coda, per un peso medio di 800 g.

Aspetto

 src=
Un esemplare selvatico: notare il colore rossiccio del dorso.

Mentre le scimmie scoiattolo dell'America Meridionale tendono ad avere come colore primario il verde oliva, questi animali hanno il dorso bruno-rossiccio con le zampe grigie ed il ventre biancastro, anche se i fianchi e la coda sono giallastri. La testa è nera, ma la faccia presenta una mascherina bianca che circonda il muso, anch'esso nero, e si estende anche sulle tempie. La punta della coda è nera.

Biologia

Si tratta di animali diurni e sociali: vivono in gruppi che, a causa dell'esiguo numero di esemplari rimasti, contano poche unità. I gruppi si muovono all'interno di un territorio che misura circa 0,2 km², percorrendo fino a 5 km al giorno.
A causa dell'habitat piuttosto esiguo della specie e della grande distanza che separa gli areali di questi animali da quelli delle altre specie di scimmie scoiattolo, è stata a lungo caldeggiata l'ipotesi che questi animali siano in realtà discendenti di scimmie scoiattolo importate dall'uomo nella zona in tempi preistorici, ed evolutisi successivamente per conto proprio. Tale ipotesi è stata infine scartata dopo gli esami del DNA mitocondriale delle varie specie di saimiri, dai quali è emerso che questa specie ha intrapreso un proprio cammino evolutivo, separandosi dalle altre quattro, in un periodo compreso fra i 260.000 anni fa ed i sei milioni di anni fa.[1].
La teoria più accreditata è che questi animali vivessero in Columbia fra Miocene e Pliocene, e da qui si spostarono in America Centrale attraverso l'istmo di Panama, assieme ad altre specie come gli antenati della scimmia urlatrice guatemalteca (Alouatta pigra): quando l'istmo venne sommerso dagli oceani in crescita, circa due milioni di anni fa, queste popolazioni rimasero isolate, per poi venire investite da una nuova ondata migratoria quando l'istmo si ricompose, con specie come il cappuccino tasta bianca (Cebus capucinus), la scimmia urlatrice dal mantello (Alouatta palliata) e l'atele di Geoffroy (Ateles geoffroyi), i quali ebbero la meglio nella competizione per il cibo lasciando gli animali evolutisi a partire dalla precedente ondata migratoria confinati in spazi ristretti[2].
Si stima che la popolazione totale di questi animali sia calata negli ultimi trent'anni dalle 200.000 alle meno di 5000 unità.[3], a causa della deforestazione, della caccia per il bushmeat e della cattura per fare di questi animali degli animali domestici[4][5].

Alimentazione

La dieta di questi animali è sostanzialmente insettivora: si nutrono di insetti, piccoli invertebrati, ma anche di frutta, fiori e nettare. Sono state osservate alcune popolazioni controllare periodicamente le costruzioni di foglie fatte dai pipistrelli delle foglie per verificare la presenza dei legittimi abitatori ed eventualmente mangiarli. Essendo animali molto intelligenti, tendono a non esaurire del tutto le risorse dell'ambiente in cui vivono, in modo tale da dar loro il tempo di rigenerarsi.

Riproduzione

A causa dell'estrema rarità della specie, poco o nulla si conosce sui suoi comportamenti riproduttivi: si pensa che in genere la riproduzione del saimiri centro-americano differisca molto poco da quella delle altre specie congeneri, che partoriscono un unico cucciolo dopo una gravidanza di sette mesi.

Note

  1. ^ Rylands, A.; Groves, C.; Mittenmeier, R.; Cortes-Ortiz, L.; Hines, J., Taxonomy and Distributions of Mesoamerican Primates, in Estrada, A.; Garber, P.A.; Pavelka, M.S.M.; Luecke, L. (a cura di), New Perspectives in the Study of Mesoamerican Primates, 2006, p. 38, ISBN 978-0-387-25854-6.
  2. ^ Ford, S., The Biographic History of Mesoamerican Primates, in Estrada, A.; Garber, P.A.; Pavelka, M.S.M.; Luecke, L. (a cura di), New Perspectives in the Study of Mesoamerican Primates, 2006, pp. 100-107, ISBN 978-0-387-25854-6.
  3. ^ Hunter, L., Andrew, D., Watching Wildlife Central America, 2002, p. 148.
  4. ^ Saving the Central American Squirrel Monkey, su theboquetetimes.com. URL consultato il 7 agosto 2008 (archiviato dall'url originale il 9 ottobre 2007).
  5. ^ Save the Mono Titi Manuel Antonio Costa Rica, su ascomoti.com (archiviato dall'url originale il 3 aprile 2009).

Bibliografia

 title=
licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Autori e redattori di Wikipedia
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia IT

Saimiri oerstedii: Brief Summary ( italien )

fourni par wikipedia IT

Il saimiri del Centro America (Saimiri oerstedii Reinhardt, 1872) è un primate platirrino della famiglia dei Cebidi.

licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Autori e redattori di Wikipedia
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia IT

Geel doodshoofdaapje ( néerlandais ; flamand )

fourni par wikipedia NL

Het geel doodshoofdaapje (Saimiri oerstedii) is een kleine soort aap, die leeft in Centraal-Amerika in de landen Costa Rica en Panama.

Taxonomie

Het geel doodshoofdaapje behoort tot de familie Cebidae, die naast de doodshoofdaapjes ook de kapucijnapen en de klauwaapjes omvat. Binnen de familie Cebidae behoort het tot de geslacht van doodshoofdaapjes, bestaande uit vijf soorten. Het geel doodshoofdaapje de enige soort die buiten Zuid-Amerika in het wild leeft. De wetenschappelijke benaming Saimiri oerstedii is toegekend door Johannes Theodor Reinhardt. Hij gaf de benaming ter ere van collega bioloog en botanicus Anders Sandøe Ørsted.

Van het gele doodshoofdaapje bestaan twee ondersoorten:

  • Roodrug-doodshoofdaapje (Saimiri oerstedii citrinellus)
  • Zwartkap-doodshoofdaapje (Saimiri oerstedii oerstedii)

Uiterlijk

Deze kleine aap bereikt maximaal een lichaamslengte van 26 tot 30 cm en weegt tussen de 600 en 950 gram. De kleur van deze in Centraal-Amerika voorkomende ondersoort van de doodshoofdaapjes verschilt redelijk van de groenige ondersoort welke voorkomt in zuidelijk Amerika. De vacht op de rug, handen en onderarmen is oranjebruin gekleurd. Op de schouders, relatief lange bovenarmen, en de basis van de staart is de vacht vlekkerig grijs. De borst en hals is lichtgrijs. Het kleine, ongeveer 6 cm grote hoofdje heeft een zwart-witte masker wat iets weg heeft van een doodshoofd. Hieraan heeft het aapje de Nederlandse benaming doodshoofdaapje te danken. De vacht boven op de kop is wat donkerder van kleur. De oren en de huid rondom de ogen zijn naakt en roze. De grijze staart is met een lengte van 36 tot 39 cm iets langer dan de lichaamslengte en eindigt in een zwarte punt. Deze aap heeft in tegenstelling tot veel andere primaten uit het Neotropisch gebied geen grijpstaart. De staart kan dus niet fungeren als een extra 'arm' maar wordt door het dier gebruikt voor balans tijdens het verplaatsen in de bomen.

Het zwartkap-doodshoofdaapje (Saimiri oerstedii oerstedii) is te herkennen aan de wat donkerdere vacht bovenop de kop. De andere ondersoort, het roodrug-doodshoofdaapje (Saimiri oerstedii citrinellus) heeft deze donkere kap niet.

In de afmeting is er seksueel dimorfisme, verschil tussen de mannetjes en de vrouwtjes: mannetjes zijn 15% zwaarder en iets groter dan de vrouwtjes. Ondanks de kleine afmeting heeft het doodshoofdaapje in verhouding tot het lichaam de grootste hersenen.

Verspreidingsgebied

Het verspreidingsgebied van deze soort is beperkt. S. o. oerstedii is te vinden in Costa Rica vanaf Río Grande de Térraba en het Osa-schiereiland met het daarop gevestigde Nationaal park Corcovado, verder langs de kust tot de eilandengroep van de Golfo de Chiriquí in Panama. Het verspreidingsgebied van de S. o. citrinellus loopt vanaf Río Grande de Térraba naar het noorden tot aan het Herradura- en Dota-gebergte. Deze ondersoort is eenvoudig te zien in het Nationaal park Manuel Antonio. Hier houdt hij zich niet aan de parkgrenzen en komt hij regelmatig in de tuinen van de hotels rondom Quepos. Het dier leeft in de primaire en secondaire laaglandwouden tot een hoogte van 500 meter boven zeeniveau.

Gedrag

Het geel doodshoofdaapje is overdag actief. Hij leeft voornamelijk in de bomen en komt zelden op de grond. Het dier leeft in groepen welke meestal tussen de 20 tot 75 exemplaren bedraagt. Groepen van meer dan 100 exemplaren worden soms ook waargenomen. Ongeveer een derde deel van de groep bestaat uit mannetjes. Het overige deel zijn vrouwtjes en hun jongen. Het territorium bedraagt een oppervlakte van tussen de 35 tot 63 hectare. Territoria kunnen overlappen, met name in gebieden met beperkte leefruimte en voldoende voedsel. Overdag trekken de groepen door hun territoria op zoek naar voedsel. Hierbij leggen de dieren een afstand af welke ligt tussen de 2500 tot 4200 meter per dag. Over het algemeen blijft de groep overdag bij elkaar hoewel het voorkomt dat kleine groepjes zich overdag soms tijdelijk toch afsplitsen. In tegenstelling tot andere doodshoofdaapjes maakt het geel doodshoofdaapje elke nacht gebruik van dezelfde bomen als slaapplaats.

Gedurende de paartijd bestaat er een dominante hiërarchie binnen de groep. Deze dominantie is voornamelijk aanwezig tussen mannetjes die ongeveer even oud zijn. Buiten de paartijd heerst er geen sterke dominantie en is er geen uitgesproken hiërarchie. Er is geen dominantie van mannetjes over vrouwtjes of vice versa. Iets wat uniek is voor deze doodshoofdapensoort. In tegenstelling tot de andere soorten vecht deze soort onderling nauwelijks.

Diverse diersoorten maken gebruik van de activiteiten van de doodshoofdaap. Ettelijke soorten vogels volgen de apen om op deze manier insecten en kleine zoogdieren te pakken die worden opgeschrikt door de apen. Enkele vogelsoorten welke gebruikmaken van deze situatie zijn de bruinvleugel-muisspecht, Amazone-tangare en de tandwouw. Andere vogels zoals diverse soorten motmot en trogons maken hier in mindere mate gebruik van. Ook zoogdieren zoals de witsnuitneusbeer en pekari volgen de apen soms om het gevallen fruit te eten.

Voortplanting

Het broedseizoen begint in de maand september. Alle vrouwtjes zijn in dezelfde periode ontvankelijk. Twee maanden voor aanvang van het broedseizoen worden de mannetjes groter. Reden hiervoor is een toename van water in het lichaam van het mannetje. Oorzaak hiervan is de omzetting van het mannelijke testosteron hormoon naar oestrogenen. Des te meer testosteron het mannetje produceert, des te groter hij groeit en des te meer voordeel hij hiervan heeft tijdens het broedseizoen. Vrouwtjes kiezen de grootste mannetjes uit om mee te paren. Over het algemeen zijn de grootste mannetjes ook de oudste mannetjes.

Soms verlaten mannetjes tijdelijk hun groep om zich aan te sluiten bij een nabije groep en te paren met vrouwtjes van deze groep. Vrouwtjes van deze groep zijn ontvankelijk voor de vreemde mannetjes. Hoewel mannetjes van de nieuwe groep indringers niet altijd dulden.

De draagtijd is zes maanden waarna er 1 jong wordt geboren. Alle jongen in de groep worden in dezelfde week geboren. Dit is in februari of maart. Slechts de helft overleeft de eerste zes maanden. De meeste jongen vallen ten prooi aan roofdieren. Jongen blijven ongeveer een jaar lang afhankelijk van hun moeder. Interval tussen de worpen is 12 maanden. Het jong wordt dus onafhankelijk van zijn moeder zodra zijn moeder een nieuw jong heeft geworpen. Vrouwtjes zijn na 2½ jaar geslachtsrijp. Bij mannetjes duurt dit langer, deze worden tussen hun vierde en vijfde levensjaar geslachtsrijp. Zodra de vrouwtjes volwassen zijn verlaten ze hun groep en sluiten ze zich aan bij andere groepen. Mannetjes blijven over het algemeen hun hele leven bij dezelfde groep.

De levensverwachting van deze aap in het wild is niet bekend. In gevangenschap zijn er exemplaren meer dan 15 jaar oud geworden.

Voedsel

Deze doodshoofdaap is een omnivoor. Maaltijden bestaan uit een variatie aan insecten en larven. Met name sprinkhanen en rupsen worden gegeten. Verder eet het dier spinnen, fruit, bladeren, boomschors, bloemen en nectar. Qua fruit eet het dier o.a. cecropia, vijgen, vruchten van diverse soorten palmen en cashew. Ook staan kleine gewervelden zoals vleermuizen, vogels, hagedissen en boomkikkers op het menu.

Het merendeel van het voedsel vindt het dier op hoogte van 5 tot 10 meter in de bomen. De bomen worden intensief doorzocht op mogelijke maaltijden. Ongeveer twee derde tot drie kwart van de dag wordt besteed aan het foerageren. De doodshoofdaap is een belangrijk dier voor zijn omgeving. Vanwege de strooptocht door de bomen is het dier een goede bestuiver voor bloemen. Stuifmeel blijft hangen aan de vacht van het dier waardoor het later bij andere bloemen in andere bomen terecht kan komen. Onder andere de passiebloem wordt op deze manier bestoven. Daarnaast zorgt het dier ook verspreiding van diverse soorten zaden. Zaden welke door de maag van het dier zijn gegaan komen later sneller uit.

Soms zorgt het dier rondom boerderijen voor overlast. Het dier lust namelijk ook graag mais, bananen, mango en koffiebonen. Bij de diverse hotels rondom Quepos worden diverse buffetten regelmatig geplunderd door de apen.

Geluid

Het geluid wat de dieren produceren is niet een geluid welke men zou verwachten van een aap. De dieren maken een grote variatie van hoge, vogelachtig tjsilpende geluiden. Door deze vogel achtige geluiden worden de dieren niet altijd direct opgemerkt. De dieren bewegen zich echter ook vrij luidruchtig door de bomen voort waardoor ze hun aanwezigheid toch verraden.

Vijanden

Met name door de kleine afmeting valt het geel doodshoofdaapje regelmatig ten prooi aan diverse roofdieren. Zo valt hij ten prooi aan roofvogels, zowel wilde katachtigen als huiskatten, slangen, tayra, opossums, witsnuitneusberen en soms zelfs een toekan. De oudere mannetjes speuren de omgeving af voor roofdieren. Zodra er een potentieel gevaar wordt gespot slaat het mannetje alarm. De alarmkreet is een harde hoge piep waarna het dier wegduikt. De overige leden van de groep reageren hierop door direct beschutting te zoeken.

Status

Voorheen nam men aan dat het geel doodshoofdaapje een subpopulatie was van een Zuid-Amerikaanse soort meegenomen naar Costa Rica door mensen. Als bewijs werd het zeer kleine leefgebied van het geel doodshoofdaapje aangedragen en de enorme afstand tussen deze soort en andere soorten in Zuid-Amerika. Uiteindelijke studie heeft als bewijs aangedragen dat deze soort inderdaad ontstaan is uit een soort in Zuid-Amerika, echter minimaal al meer dan 260.000 jaar geleden en mogelijk zelfs meer dan 4 miljoen jaar geleden.

Een populaire theorie is dat deze dieren leefden in Colombia gedurende het late mioceen of plioceen tijdperk en migreerden naar Centraal-Amerika. Deze soort was de voorouder van het huidige geel doodshoofdaapje. Rondom dezelfde periode migreerde ook de Zwarte brulaap richting Guatemala. De dieren passeerden door de istmus van Panama. Deze istmus, of landengte, sloot later weer vanwege het stijgen van het water in de oceanen om zich vervolgens 2 miljoen jaar geleden weer opnieuw te openen. Met de nieuwe opening van de istmus kwam er een nieuwe stroom van migranten waaronder de witschouderkapucijnaap en de zwarthandslingeraap. De nieuwe migranten verdrongen de oude migranten zoals het geel doodshoofdaapje en beperkten hiermee hun leefgebied.

De populatie van deze soort is drastisch afgenomen. Rondom 1970 telde men nog ongeveer 200.000 exemplaren. De huidige populatie bedraagt naar schatting rondom de 5.000 exemplaren. De grootste oorzaak van de sterke afname is ontbossing, jacht en illegale dierhandel. Een grote populatie leeft rondom Quepos een sterk ontwikkeld gebied ten aanzien van het toerisme. Veel dieren worden hier slachtoffer van de toegenomen verkeersdrukte ondanks het aanbrengen van grote aantallen gespannen apenbruggen over de wegen. Ook worden de dieren regelmatig slachtoffer van elektrocutie door de gespannen stroomkabels langs de weg. Costa Rica heeft diverse programma's voor het behoud van deze dieren. In Panama is een groot herbebossingsproject van start gegaan in de provincie Chiriqui, dat moet bijdragen aan het behoud van deze dieren.

In 2010 had deze aap nog steeds bij het IUCN, de status kwetsbaar. Met name omdat er nog steeds leefgebied verdwijnt, onder meer door de oprukkende palmplantages voor palmolie. In 2003 stond het dier echter nog genoteerd als bedreigd.

Afbeeldingen

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia NL

Geel doodshoofdaapje: Brief Summary ( néerlandais ; flamand )

fourni par wikipedia NL

Het geel doodshoofdaapje (Saimiri oerstedii) is een kleine soort aap, die leeft in Centraal-Amerika in de landen Costa Rica en Panama.

licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia NL

Saimiri oerstedii ( portugais )

fourni par wikipedia PT

Saimiri oerstedii é uma espécie do gênero Saimiri (macacos-de-cheiro) da costa do Oceano Pacífico da Costa Rica e Panamá. É restrito ao noroeste do Panamá na fronteira com a Costa Rica, e na parte central e sul da costa do Pacífico na Costa Rica, principalmente no Parque Nacional Manuel Antonio e no Parque Nacional Corcovado.

É um pequeno macaco com as costas laranja e uma distinta máscara facial preta e branca. Possui uma dieta onívora, comendo frutos, e outros materiais vegetais, invertebrados e pequenos vertebrados. Possui muitos predadores, como rapinantes, felinos e cobras. Vive em grandes grupos que contem entre 20 e 75 indivíduos. S. oerstedii possui uma das organizações sociais mais igualitárias entre os primatas. Fêmeas não formam hierarquia de dominância, e machos só a formam durante o período de acasalamento. Elas ficam sexualmente maduras com 2,5 anos de idade, e machos entre 4 e 5 anos. As fêmeas deixam o grupo quando adultas, mas os machos podem permanecer no grupo pela vida inteira. Samiri oerstedii pode viver até 15 anos de idade.

A população da espécie vem declinando, principalmente depois da década de 1970. Este declínio é causado pelo desmatamento, caça, e captura para o comércio de animais de estimação. Existem esforços para preservar a espécie, principalmente na Costa Rica. Apesar das ameaças às populações, em 2008 a IUCN atualizou seu estado de conservação de "em perigo" para "vulnerável".

Taxonomia e evolução

Saimiri oerstedii é um membro da família Cebidae, uma família de macacos do Novo Mundo que reúne os macacos-de-cheiro, caiararas e saguis. Dentro desta família, é membro da subfamília Saimiriinae, na qual estão classificados os macacos-de-cheiro.[2] É uma das cinco espécies reconhecidas deste tipo de macaco, e a única delas que ocorre fora da América do Sul.[3] Faz parte do gênero Saimiri (Voigt, 1831), assim como todos os outros macacos-de-cheiro. Dentro desse gênero, S. oerstedii tem um parentesco mais próximo com S. sciureus e S. ustus, e essas três espécies formam o complexo de espécie S. sciureus.[4] O binomial Saimiri oerstedii foi dado por Johannes Theodor Reinhardt em homenagem a seu colega, o biólogo dinamarquês Anders Sandoe Oersted.

Há duas subespécies de S. oerstedii:[5]

Acreditava-se que essa espécie era derivada de indivíduos sul-americanos trazidos à América Central por humanos. Evidências para essa teoria incluem a pequena distribuição geográfica de S. oerstedii e um grande espaço "vazio" entre sua área de ocorrência e as de outras espécies de macacos-de-cheiro. Mas um estudo publicado em 2006, no qual foram analisados DNA nuclear e mitocondrial de primatas, demonstrou que S. oerstedii é, de fato, uma espécie distinta das demais, e que aparentemente divergiu dos macacos-de-cheiro sul-americanos entre 260 mil e 4 milhões de anos atrás.[6]

Uma hipótese popular é de que os macacos-de-cheiro da Colômbia do fim do Mioceno e início do Plioceno migraram para a América Central, tornando-se os ancestrais dos atuais macacos-de-cheiro centro-americanos.[7] De acordo com essa hipótese, Alouatta pigra também migrou para América Central nesta época. Passaram pelo istmo do Panamá, e eventualmente abriram caminho para outra onda de migração há cerca de 2 milhões de anos.[7] Esses últimos migrantes, ancestrais dos modernos macacos centro-americanos, competiram com os mais antigos migrantes, S. oerstedii e Alouatta pigra, restringindo a distribuição geográfica dessas espécies.[7]

Distribuição geográfica e habitat

A espécie é restrita à Costa Rica e Panamá e somente na costa do Oceano Pacífico.[8] Vai desde a parte central do litoral da Costa Rica até o oeste do Panamá.[8] Ocorre em dois parques nacionais da Costa Rica: Parque Nacional Manuel Antonio e Parque Nacional Corcovado, onde podem ser avistados por turistas, mas são menos comuns que Alouatta palliata e o Cebus capucinus.[9] Vive em florestas de terras baixas, e habitat a floresta secundária e a primária, mesmo que parcialmente derrubada.[10] S. oerstedii requer florestas com abundante vegetação em estratos baixos da floresta e parece ter dificuldades para sobreviver em florestas maduras e não perturbadas em que essa vegetação carece.[8][10]

Descrição

Saimiri oerstedii difere em coloração dos macacos-de-cheiro sul-americanos.[11] Enquanto esses últimos tendem a ser esverdeados, S. oerstedii possui o dorso laranja, com ombros, quadris e cauda oliváceos, e a parte interior dos membros de cor branca. As mãos e pés são laranja.[11] Há um capuz preto na cabeça, e a ponta da cauda é preta.[11] Machos geralmente possuem esse capuz de cor mais clara que as fêmeas. A face é branca com um arco ao redor dos olhos, nariz e boca de cor preta.[11][8]

 src=
Coloração do corpo

As duas subespécies são similares em coloração, mas diferem na tonalidade do capuz. A subespécie mais ao norte, que vive na costa do Pacífico na Costa Rica, possui esse capuz de cor mais clara quando comparado com a subespécie que ocorre mais ao sul, que vive no Panamá e em partes da Costa Rica próximas ao Panamá.[8] Essa última subespécie também possui membros e partes inferiores de cor amarelada.[6]

Adultos atingem um comprimento entre 26,6 cm e 29,1 cm, sem a cauda, e podem pesar entre 600 g e 950 g.[3][8] A cauda é mais longa que o corpo, tendo entre 36,2 e 38,9 cm de comprimento.[8] Como os outros macacos-de-cheiro, há considerável dimorfismo sexual. Em média, machos são 16% maiores do que as fêmeas.[3] Machos pesam cerca de 829 g, e fêmeas, cerca de 695 g.[3] Macacos-de-cheiro possuem grandes cérebros em relação ao corpo, pesando cerca de 25,7 g, o que corresponde a 4% da massa corporal.[11][12] Ao contrário de seus parentes próximos, como os macacos-pregos, macacos-aranhas e bugios, a sua cauda não é completamente preênsil, exceto em recém-nascidos, e ela é utilizada primariamente para manutenção de equilíbrio.[13][14]

Ecologia e comportamento

Organização social

Os macacos-de-cheiro são arborícolas e diurnos, e frequentemente se locomovem pelas árvores com os quatro membros (quadrupedalismo).[11] Vivem em grupos contendo vários machos e fêmeas adultos e juvenis.[3][10] O tamanho do grupo tende a ser menor do que as espécies sul-americanas, mas ainda é maior que muitos outros macacos do Novo Mundo.[3][10] O grupo geralmente tem entre 20 e 75 indivíduos, com uma média de 41 macacos por grupo.[3][10] Grupos com mais de 100 indivíduos podem ocorrer, mas acredita-se que são fusões temporárias de dois grupos.[1] Em média, grupos contém 60% a mais de fêmeas.[3]

 src=
Descansando em um galho

S. oerstedii possui territórios entre 35 e 63 hectares.[10] Territórios podem se sobrepor, especialmente em grandes áreas protegidas, como o Parque Nacional Manuel Antonio. Menos sobreposição ocorre em áreas mais fragmentadas.[10] O deslocamento diário está entre 2500 e 4200 m.[15] Ao contrpario de outras espécies de macacos, os grupos não se separam em grupos de forrageio durante o dia. Indivíduos podem se isolar do grupo para engajar em diferentes atividades várias vezes ao dia, o que acaba dispersando o grupo em 1,2 hectares em um dado momento. O grupo tende a dormir na mesma árvore toda noite por meses, ao contrário das outras espécies do mesmo gênero.[16]

Não há hierarquia de dominância entre as fêmeas, e elas não formam coalizões.[1][3] Machos do grupo são geralmente parentes e podem formar coalizões muito estáveis e duradouras, e somente formam hierarquia de dominância durante o período de estro das fêmeas.[3] Isto é especialmente o caso entre machos de mesma idade.[10] Machos e fêmeas não estabelecem dominância entre si, e é um sistema social único aos primatas centro-americanos. Em espécies da América do Sul, as fêmeas (S. boliviensis) ou os machos (S. sciureus) são dominantes em relação ao outro sexo, e ambas as espécies formam hierarquias bem estabelecidas[1] Machos dos macacos-de-cheiro costarriquenhos são conhecidos por formarem relações muito fortes entre si.[17]

Associações com outras espécies

Embora as espécies sul-americanas frequentemente se deslocam e comem junto com os caiararas e macacos-pregos, S. oerstedii raramente forma associações com Cebus capucinus. Isto parece se relacionar ao fato de que os alimentos consumidos por S. oerstedii estão distribuídos em trechos menores e mais dispersos em comparação aos macacos-de-cheiro sul-americanos.[3] Como resultado da diferença na distribuição de alimento, associações com os macacos-pregos resultam em altos custos de forrageamento aos macacos-de-cheiro centro-americanos.[3] Ademais, enquanto os machos de C. capucinus estão alertas aos predadores, eles devotam mais atenção a potenciais machos rivais, e passam menos tempo se defendendo de predadores do que seus parentes sul-americanos.[3] Portanto, associações com caiararas providenciam menos benefícios da proteção contra predadores e impõem maiores custos de forrageio para os macacos-de-cheiro centro-americanos.[3][14][18][19]

Certas espécies de aves se associam com S. oerstedii. Aves seguem os macacos numa tentativa de predar insetos e pequenos vertebrados que esses macacos espantam. No Parque Nacional Corcovado, espécies de aves regularmente seguem macacos-de-cheiro, como Harpagus bidentatus, Eucometis penicillata e Dendrocincla anabatina, mas outras espécies de arapaçus e espécies de juruvas e Trogoniformes também fazem isso. Esta atividade aumenta durante a estação chuvosa, quando artrópodes são mais difíceis de serem encontrados.[10]

Dieta e forrageio

Saimiri oerstedii é onívoro. Sua dieta inclui insetos e larvas, (especialmente gafanhotos e lagartas), aranhas, frutos, casca de árvores, folhas, flores e néctar.[10][16] Também se alimentam de pequenos vertebrados, incluindo morcegos, insetos, lagartos e pererecas. Forrageam nos estratos médio e baixos da floresta, tipicamente entre 4,5 m e 9,1 m de altura.[10][16] Gastam até 75% do dia forrageando. É difícil encontrar seus alimentos preferidos no fim da estação chuvosa, quando poucos artrópodes estão disponíveis.[8]

Possuem um método único de capturar morcegos da espécie Uroderma bilobatum.[10] Olham para os morcegos pousados, procurando pelas tendas desses animais que são formadas por folhas dobradas.[10] Quando encontrado um morcego, o macaco-de-cheiro escala até estratos altos das árvores e pulam das tendas, tentando desalojar o morcego. Se o morcego caído não voa para longe, o macaco o agarra no chão e o come.[10]

S. oerstedii é um importante dispersor de sementes e polinizador de certas flores, incluindo Passiflora.[10] Enquanto não sendo uma praga na agricultura, eles podem comer milho, café, bananas e mangas.[10] Outros frutos ingeridos incluem os da embaúba, legumes, figos, de palmeiras, de Symphonia globulifera, de Pseudolmedia, de Xylopia e cajueiros selvagens.[10][16]

Comunicação

Saimiri oerstedii é um macaco barulhento. Produz muitos assovios, guinchos e gorjeios.[8] O deslocamento através da floresta é feito acompanhado desses sons, além de movimentação da vegetação feita pelo deslocamento.[8] Tem quatro vocalizações principais, que são descritas como "cacarejos", "cacarejos distorcidos", "piados" e "chilros".[11]

Predadores

Predadores da espécie incluem rapinantes, felinos e cobras. Serpentes peçonhentas e constritoras se alimentam de macacos-de-cheiro. Aves de rapina são predadores particularmente efetivos de S. oerstedii.[3] Os machos mais velhos se responsabilizam na detecção de predadores.[1][10] Quando um predador é detectado os animais emitem um piado de alarme muito agudo e corre em busca de abrigo. Todos os outros indivíduos que ouvem o alarme correm também. Esses macacos são particularmente cuidadosos com aves de rapina, e dão alarmes com qualquer objeto que lembre esses predadores, incluindo pequenos aviões, indo para lugares mais seguros.[16]

A detecção de predadores pelos machos é particularmente importante durante o período que os filhotes nascem. Aves de rapina passam significativamente mais tempo perseguindo macacos-de-cheiro neste período, e atacam um número significativo de recém-nascidos. Outros animais que predam recém-nascidos da espécie são tucanos, a irara, gambás, quatis, cobras e até mesmo macacos-aranhas.[16]

Reprodução

 src=
Juvenil de dois meses de idade nas costas da mãe

Existe estação de acasalamento sendo em setembro.[10] Todas as fêmeas entram no estro praticamente ao mesmo tempo. Um mês ou dois antes dessa estação começar, os machos se tornam maiores.[16] Não é necessariamente por conta de massa muscular extra, mas por alterações na quantidade de água no corpo dos machos. Isto é causado pela conversão da testosterona em estrógeno: portanto, quanto mais testosterona eles produzem, maiores ficam.[16] Já que machos dentro de um grupo não são observados brigando pelo acesso à fêmeas no estro, e nem tentativas de forcá-las a copular, acredita-se que a escolha da fêmea é que determina qual macho irá copular. Fêmeas tendem a escolher machos que crescem mais durante a estação de acasalamento.[16] Isto deve estar relacionado ao fato de que machos maiores são geralmente os mais velhos e mais eficientes em detectar predadores, ou isso pode ser um caso de seleção sexual.[16]

Machos às vezes deixam o grupo por curtos períodos durante a estação de acasalamento para tentar acasalar com fêmeas de outros grupos. Fêmeas são receptivas aos machos de outros grupos, embora os machos residentes tentem repelir esses intrusos.[16] A gestação dura seis meses, e os juvenis nascem todos em uma semana entre fevereiro e março. Geralmente, dão à luz a um filhote por vez.[3][10][16]

Apenas 50% dos filhotes sobrevivem por mais de seis meses, principalmente devido à predação por aves de rapina.[3] Os juvenis permanecem dependentes da mãe por cerca de um ano.[10] Fêmeas dão à luz a cada 12 meses, portanto, o primeiro filhote se torna independente logo que nasce o mais novo. Elas se tornam sexualmente maduras com dois anos e meio de idade, enquanto os machos atingem a maturidade sexual bem mais tarde, entre os 4 e 5 anos. As fêmeas deixam o grupo natal logo após serem capazes de se reproduzir, enquanto que os machos geralmente permanecem nele por toda a vida. Este comportamento é diferente dos macacos-de-cheiro sul-americanos, cujos machos se dispersam para outros grupos, ou ambos os sexos fazem isso. Os machos da mesma idade tendem a associar-se uns aos outros em subgrupos etários. Quando atingem a maturidade sexual, um subgrupo pode escolher deixar o grupo e tentar conquistar outro bando a fim de aumentar as oportunidades reprodutivas.[3]

A expectativa de vida de S. oerstedii em liberdade é desconhecida, mas indivíduos em cativeiro podem viver até mais de 15 anos.[10] Outras espécies de macacos-de-cheiro são conhecidas por viverem mais de 20 anos.[3]

Conservação

A densidade populacional tem sido estimada em 36 macacos por km² na Costa Rica e 130 no Panamá.[15] Estima-se que a população da espécie diminuiu de 200 mil indivíduos na década de 1970, para menos de 5 mil.[9] Isto se deve à desflorestação, caça e captura para o comércio de animais de estimação.[9] Há significantes esforços na Costa Rica para preservar este macaco da extinção.[20] Um projeto de reflorestamento no Panamá tenta preservar populações da província de Chiriquí.[21]

Em 2008, S. oerstedii foi listado como "vulnerável" do ponto de vista do estado de conservação, pela IUCN. Isso deve ao fato de que sua ocorrência se restringe a 8 000 km², mas é fragmentada e sofre com a perda de habitat. Esta avaliação melhorou em relação a de 2003, na qual S. oerstedii era listado como "em perigo".[1]

Referências

  1. a b c d e f Wong, G., Cuarón, A.D., Rodriguez-Luna, E. & de Grammont, P.C. (2008). Saimiri oerstedii (em inglês). IUCN 2012. Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas da IUCN de 2012 . Página visitada em 06 de março de 2013..
  2. Groves, C.P. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (eds.), ed. Mammal Species of the World 3 ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 138–139. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494 !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de editores (link)
  3. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Jack, K.; Campbell, C., Fuentes, A., MacKinnon, K., Panger, M., & Bearder, S. (2007). «The Cebines». Primates in Perspective. [S.l.]: The Oxford University Press. p. 107–120. ISBN 978-0-19-517133-4 A referência emprega parâmetros obsoletos |coautores= (ajuda)
  4. Groves, C.P. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (eds.), ed. Mammal Species of the World 3 ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 138–139. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494 !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de editores (link)
  5. Groves, C.P. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (eds.), ed. Mammal Species of the World 3 ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 138–139. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494 !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de editores (link)
  6. a b Rylands, Groves, Mittermeier, Cortes-Ortiz & Hines (2005). «Taxonomy and Distributions of Mesoamerican Primates». In: Estrada, A.; Garber, P. A.; Pavelka, M.S.M.; Luecke, L. New Perspectives in the Study of Mesoamerican Primates: Distribution, Ecology, Behavior and Conservation. (PDF). Nova Iorque: Springer. pp. 29–79. ISBN 978-0-387-25854-6 !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de autores (link)
  7. a b c Ford, S. (2006). «The Biographic History of Mesoamerican Primates». In: Estrada, A.; Garber, P.A.; Pavelka, M.S.M.; Luecke, L. New Perspectives in the Study of Mesoamerican Primates. New York: Springer. pp. 100–107. ISBN 978-0-387-25854-6 !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de editores (link)
  8. a b c d e f g h i j Emmons, L. (1997). Neotropical Rainforest Mammals A Field Guide Second ed. [S.l.]: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 126–127. ISBN 0-226-20721-8
  9. a b c Hunter, L., Andrew, D. (2002). Watching Wildlife Central America. [S.l.]: Lonely Planet Publications. pp. 100, 148. ISBN 1-86450-034-4 !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de autores (link)
  10. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Wainwright, M. (2002). The Natural History of Costa Rican Mammals. [S.l.]: Zona Tropical. pp. 131–134. ISBN 0-9705678-1-2
  11. a b c d e f g Rowe, N. (1996). The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates. [S.l.]: Pogonias Press. p. 98. ISBN 0-9648825-0-7
  12. «Squirrel Monkey». Rainforest Alliance. Consultado em 18 de outubro de 2008
  13. Sussman, R. (2003). Primate Ecology and Social Structure Volume 2: New World Monkeys Revised First ed. [S.l.]: Pearson Custom Publishing. p. 76. ISBN 0-536-74364-9
  14. a b Fleagle, J. (1998). Primate Adaption and Evolution Second ed. [S.l.]: Academic Press. pp. 157–160. ISBN 0-12-260341-9
  15. a b Sussman, R. (2003). Primate Ecology and Social Structure Volume 2: New World Monkeys Revised First ed. [S.l.]: Pearson Custom Publishing. p. 86. ISBN 0-536-74364-9
  16. a b c d e f g h i j k l Boinski, S. (1992). «Monkeys with Inflated Sex Appeal». In: Ciochon, R. & Nisbett, R. The Primate Anthology (em inglês). [S.l.]: Prentice-Hall. pp. 174–179. ISBN 0-13-613845-4 !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de editores (link)
  17. Boinski, S. (1994). «Affiliation Patterns among Male Costa Rican Squirrel Monkeys». Behaviour. 130 (3): 191–209. doi:10.1163/156853994X00523
  18. Boinski, S. (2000). «Social Manipulation Within and Between Troops Mediates Primate Group Movement». In: Boinski, S. and Garber, P. On the Move. [S.l.]: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 447–448. ISBN 0-226-06340-2 !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de editores (link)
  19. Boinski, S. (1989). «Why don't Saimiri oerstedii and Cebus capucinus form mixed-species groups?». International Journal of Primatology. 10 (2): 103–114. doi:10.1007/BF02736248
  20. «Save the Mono Titi Manuel Antonio Costa Rica». ASCOMOTI. Consultado em 12 de maio de 2008. Arquivado do original em 3 de Abril de 2009
  21. «The Rainforest Returns». Saimiri Wildlife. Consultado em 25 de outubro de 2008. Arquivado do original em 7 de Maio de 2008

 title=
licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Autores e editores de Wikipedia
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia PT

Saimiri oerstedii: Brief Summary ( portugais )

fourni par wikipedia PT

Saimiri oerstedii é uma espécie do gênero Saimiri (macacos-de-cheiro) da costa do Oceano Pacífico da Costa Rica e Panamá. É restrito ao noroeste do Panamá na fronteira com a Costa Rica, e na parte central e sul da costa do Pacífico na Costa Rica, principalmente no Parque Nacional Manuel Antonio e no Parque Nacional Corcovado.

É um pequeno macaco com as costas laranja e uma distinta máscara facial preta e branca. Possui uma dieta onívora, comendo frutos, e outros materiais vegetais, invertebrados e pequenos vertebrados. Possui muitos predadores, como rapinantes, felinos e cobras. Vive em grandes grupos que contem entre 20 e 75 indivíduos. S. oerstedii possui uma das organizações sociais mais igualitárias entre os primatas. Fêmeas não formam hierarquia de dominância, e machos só a formam durante o período de acasalamento. Elas ficam sexualmente maduras com 2,5 anos de idade, e machos entre 4 e 5 anos. As fêmeas deixam o grupo quando adultas, mas os machos podem permanecer no grupo pela vida inteira. Samiri oerstedii pode viver até 15 anos de idade.

A população da espécie vem declinando, principalmente depois da década de 1970. Este declínio é causado pelo desmatamento, caça, e captura para o comércio de animais de estimação. Existem esforços para preservar a espécie, principalmente na Costa Rica. Apesar das ameaças às populações, em 2008 a IUCN atualizou seu estado de conservação de "em perigo" para "vulnerável".

licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Autores e editores de Wikipedia
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia PT

Saimiri oerstedii ( suédois )

fourni par wikipedia SV

Saimiri oerstedii[2][3][4] är en däggdjursart som först beskrevs av Johannes Theodor Reinhardt 1872. Saimiri oerstedii ingår i släktet dödskalleapor och familjen cebusliknande brednäsor.[5][6] IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som sårbar.[1]

Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.[5] Wilson & Reeder (2005) skiljer mellan 2 underarter.

Utseende

Hannar är med en vikt av 750 till 900 gram större än honor som når 600 till 800 gram.[1] Kroppslängden (huvud och bål) varierar mellan 28 och 33 cm och svanslängden är 33 till 43 cm. Pälsen har huvudsakligen en gulbrun färg som är på buken lite ljusare och på ryggen mera rödaktig. Markeringarna på huvudet som liknar en krona är hos arten mera svartaktig. Ansiktet (med undantag av den svarta nakna regionen kring munnen) och ibland bröstet är grå.[7]

Utbredning

Denna dödskalleapa förekommer i sydöstra Costa Rica och angränsande regioner av nordöstra Panama. Arten vistas främst i skogar vid vattendrag som ibland översvämmas vid högvatten men även i andra skogar.[1]

Skogarna där arten lever består främst av träd från släktena Cecropia, Posoqueria, Vitex och av guavasläktet (Psidium) och har en undervegetation av buskar samt av växter från banansläktet (Musa), hummerklosläktet (Heliconia) och släktet Piper. I utbredningsområdet ligger den genomsnittliga årsnederbörden vid 4970 mm.[8]

Ekologi

Liksom andra dödskalleapor äter Saimiri oerstedii främst insekter och andra smådjur. Födan kompletteras med frukter, särskilt under den torra perioden.[1] I viss mån ingår blad, unga växtskott och naturgummi i födan.[7] Vuxna hannar och honor bildar tillsammans med sina ungar flockar med 20 till 75 medlemmar (ibland upp till 100 individer).[1] Arten är främst aktiv på dagen.[7] Den håller en längre rast under dagens hetaste timmar. En flock som undersöktes över en längre tid hade bara ett fåtal viloplatser i trädens kronor. Flockens revir var 176 hektar stort och det överlappade med andra flockars territorier. I motsats till Saimiri sciureus upprättar honor ingen hierarki och i motsats till svarthövdad dödskalleapa bildar hannar inga ungkarlsflockar.[8]

I sällsynta fall äter Saimiri oerstedii fladdermöss av familjen bladnäsor (släkten Artibeus, Uroderma, Vampyressa) som bygger tältliknande konstruktioner av blad. Fladdermössen kan uppfatta vibrationer i tältets närhet och därför hoppar dödskalleapan på tältet för att få tag i bytet. I tält som lämnades av fladdermössen kan getingar av släktet Polybia etablera sina bon. Getingboet kastas mot marken och apan rullar åt sidan för att undvika bett.[8]

Bland honor av denna art förekommer ingen hierarki. Honor byter ofta flock före parningstiden. De kan para sig varje år och per kull föds oftast en unge. Vanligen föds alla ungar i flocken ungefär samtidig under den torra perioden.[1] Det är allmänt den största hannen i flocken som parar sig med flest honor. Dräktigheten varar 152 till 168 dagar. Ungarnas främsta naturliga fiender är rovlevande fåglar som gulstrupig tukan, prakthökörn och halsbandsskogsfalk.[8] Vuxna exemplar faller dessutom offer för större rovfåglar, för ormar som kungsboa och lansorm (Bothrops asper) samt för olika däggdjur som pungråttor av släktet Didelphis, röd spindelapa, kapucinapa, vitnosad näsbjörn och tayra.[8]

Källor

  1. ^ [a b c d e f g] 2008 Saimiri oerstedii Från: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2 <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 2012-10-24.
  2. ^ Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. (1992) , Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 2nd ed., 3rd printing
  3. ^ (2005) , website Saimiri oerstedii, Mammal Species of the World
  4. ^ Wilson, Don E., and F. Russell Cole (2000) , Common Names of Mammals of the World
  5. ^ [a b] Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (23 april 2011). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/saimiri+oerstedii/match/1. Läst 24 september 2012.
  6. ^ ITIS: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Orrell T. (custodian), 2011-04-26
  7. ^ [a b c] M. Richardson (6 maj 2006). ”Red-backed squirrel monkey”. ARKive. Arkiverad från originalet den 21 februari 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140221010930/http://www.arkive.org/red-backed-squirrel-monkey/saimiri-oerstedii/. Läst 23 september 2013.
  8. ^ [a b c d e] Don E. Wilson, red (2013). Saimiri oerstedii. Handbook of the Mammals of the World. "3 - Primates". Lynx Edicions. sid. 391-392. ISBN 9788496553897

Externa länkar

licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Wikipedia författare och redaktörer
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia SV

Saimiri oerstedii: Brief Summary ( suédois )

fourni par wikipedia SV

Saimiri oerstedii är en däggdjursart som först beskrevs av Johannes Theodor Reinhardt 1872. Saimiri oerstedii ingår i släktet dödskalleapor och familjen cebusliknande brednäsor. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som sårbar.

Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life. Wilson & Reeder (2005) skiljer mellan 2 underarter.

licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Wikipedia författare och redaktörer
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia SV

Khỉ sóc trung Mỹ ( vietnamien )

fourni par wikipedia VI

Khỉ sóc trung Mỹ,[3] danh pháp hai phầnSaimiri oerstedii, là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Cebidae, bộ Linh trưởng. Loài này được Reinhardt mô tả năm 1872.[2]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ Wong, G., Cuarón, A.D., Rodriguez-Luna, E. & de Grammont, P.C. (2008). Saimiri oerstedii. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2011.2. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 1 năm 2012.
  2. ^ a ă Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Saimiri oerstedii”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  3. ^ “Thông tư số 40/2013/TT-BNNPTNT của Bộ Nông nghiệp và Phát triển nông thôn: Ban hành Danh mục các loài động vật, thực vật hoang dã quy định trong các Phụ lục của Công ước về buôn bán quốc tế các loài động vật, thực vật hoang dã nguy cấp” (Thông cáo báo chí). Truy cập ngày 31 tháng 12 năm 2016.

Tham khảo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến Bộ Linh trưởng này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia VI

Khỉ sóc trung Mỹ: Brief Summary ( vietnamien )

fourni par wikipedia VI

Khỉ sóc trung Mỹ, danh pháp hai phần là Saimiri oerstedii, là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Cebidae, bộ Linh trưởng. Loài này được Reinhardt mô tả năm 1872.

licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia VI

Рыжеспинный саймири ( russe )

fourni par wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Подкласс: Звери
Инфракласс: Плацентарные
Надотряд: Euarchontoglires
Грандотряд: Euarchonta
Миротряд: Приматообразные
Отряд: Приматы
Инфраотряд: Обезьянообразные
Подсемейство: Saimirinae
Род: Саймири
Вид: Рыжеспинный саймири
Международное научное название

Saimiri oerstedii Reinhardt, 1872

Подвиды
См. текст
Ареал

изображение

Охранный статус Wikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
на Викивидах
Commons-logo.svg
Изображения
на Викискладе
ITIS 572980NCBI 70928EOL 323911

Рыжеспинный саймири[источник не указан 401 день] (лат. Saimiri oerstedii) — вид приматов семейства цепкохвостых обезьян, обитающих в Южной Америке.

Классификация

Близкородственные виды — беличий саймири (Saimiri sciureus) и голоухий саймири (Saimiri ustus). Эти три вида образуют группу видов S. sciureus. Видовое название было дано рыжеспинному саймири в честь датского биолога Андерса Эрстеда.

Распознают два подвида рыжеспинных саймири:[1]

Описание

Шерсть рыжеватая. Плечи, бёдра и хвост с оливковым оттенком. Брюхо и грудь белые. Конечности также рыжие. Макушка чёрная, кончик хвоста также чёрный. Морда белая, вокруг глаз и рта шерсть чёрная.[2][3] Два подвида имеют схожую расцветку, отличаясь оттенком шерсти на голове. Северный подвид, живущий в Коста-Рике, имеет более светлую «шапочку», чем южный подвид из Панамы.[3] Кроме того у южного подвида более жёлтые конечности и брюхо.[4]

Длина взрослого животного от 266 до 291 мм, вес от 600 до 950 г.[3][5] Хвост длиной от 362 до 389 мм.[3] Выражен половой диморфизм, в среднем самцы весят на 16 % больше самок.[5] Самцы весят в среднем 829 г, самки 695 г.[5] Масса мозга саймири по отношению массы тела самая большая среди всех приматов и составляет 4 %.[2][6] Хвост хватательного типа только у новорождённых, у взрослых животных используется лишь для балансировки.[7][8]

Поведение

Древесные и дневные приматы. Образуют группы размером от 20 до 75 особей.[5][9] Встречаются стаи величиной более 100 особей, однако считается, что эти стаи временные и состоят из нескольких более мелких групп. Соотношение полов в группе 60 к 40 в пользу самок.[5] Территория группы составляет от 35 до 63 га. В поисках пищи группа преодолевает расстояние от 2500 до 4200 метров в день.[10][11] В отличие от других видов саймири, группы этого вида предпочитают оставаться на ночёвку на тех же деревьях в течение нескольких месяцев.[12]

Всеядны. В рационе насекомые и их личинки (особенно кузнечики и гусеницы), пауки, фрукты, листья, кора деревьев, цветы и нектар. Также поедает мелких позвоночных, таких как летучие мыши, ящерицы и древесные лягушки.[9][11]

Брачный сезон в сентябре.[9] Течка начинается у всех самок практически одновременно.[11] Самцы часто покидают группу во время брачного периода для того, чтобы найти себе самку из другой группы, хотя и встречают там сопротивление местных самцов. Беременность длится шесть месяцев, роды проходят в период с февраля по март. В помёте обычно один детёныш.[5][9][11] Новорожденный полностью зависит от матери до достижения годовалого возраста. Половая зрелость у самок наступает в возрасте 2,5 лет, у самцов в возрасте старше 4 лет.[5] Продолжительность жизни неизвестна, в неволе могут жить более 15 лет.[9]

Распространение

Встречаются на тихоокеанском побережье Панамы и Коста-Рики.[4] Населяют коста-риканские национальные парки — Мануэль-Антонио и Корковадо.[13] Предпочитают низинные леса, как первичные, так и вторичные.[9]

Статус популяции

Плотность популяции оценивается в 36 особей на км2 в Коста-Рике и 130 особей на км2 в Панаме.[10] Численность популяции уменьшилась с 200 тыс. в 1970-х годах до менее, чем 5000 к середине 2000-х.[13] Главные угрозы популяции — разрушение среды обитания, охота и нелегальная торговля животными.[13] В Коста-Рике вид находится по охраной государства. В 2008 году Международный союз охраны природы присвоил виду охранный статус «Уязвимый», что является улучшенной оценкой по сравнению с полученным в 2003 году статусом «Вымирающий».[1]

Примечания

  1. 1 2 Saimiri oerstedii (англ.). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. 1 2 Rowe, N. The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates. — Pogonias Press, 1996. — P. 98. — ISBN 0-9648825-0-7.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Emmons, L. Neotropical Rainforest Mammals A Field Guide. — Second. — The University of Chicago Press, 1997. — P. 126–127. — ISBN 0-226-20721-8.
  4. 1 2 Rylands, A., Groves, C., Mittenmeier, R., Cortes-Ortiz, L. & Hines, J. Taxonomy and Distributions of Mesoamerican Primates // New Perspectives in the Study of Mesoamerican Primates / Estrada, A., Garber, P., Pavelka, M. & Luecke, L.. — New York : Springer, 2006. — P. 37–39. — ISBN 978-0-387-25854-6.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Jack, K. The Cebines // Primates in Perspective / Campbell, C., Fuentes, A., MacKinnon, K., Panger, M., & Bearder, S.. — The Oxford University Press, 2007. — P. 107–120. — ISBN 978-0-19-517133-4.
  6. Squirrel Monkey (неопр.). Rainforest Alliance. Проверено 18 октября 2008.
  7. Sussman, R. Primate Ecology and Social Structure Volume 2: New World Monkeys. — Revised First. — Pearson Custom Publishing, 2003. — P. 76. — ISBN 0-536-74364-9.
  8. Fleagle, J. Primate Adaption and Evolution. — Second. — Academic Press, 1998. — P. 157–160. — ISBN 0-12-260341-9.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Wainwright, M. The Natural History of Costa Rican Mammals. — Zona Tropical, 2002. — P. 131–134. — ISBN 0-9705678-1-2.
  10. 1 2 Sussman, R. Primate Ecology and Social Structure Volume 2: New World Monkeys. — Revised First. — Pearson Custom Publishing, 2003. — P. 86. — ISBN 0-536-74364-9.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Boinski, S. Monkeys with Inflated Sex Appeal // The Primate Anthology / Ciochon, R. & Nisbett, R.. — Prentice-Hall, 1992. — P. 174–179. — ISBN 0-13-613845-4.
  12. Boinski, S. Social Manipulation Within and Between Troops Mediates Primate Group Movement // On the Move / Boinski, S. and Garber, P.. — The University of Chicago Press, 2000. — P. 447–448. — ISBN 0-226-06340-2.
  13. 1 2 3 Hunter, L., Andrew, D. Watching Wildlife Central America. — Lonely Planet Publications, 2002. — P. 100, 148. — ISBN 1-86450-034-4.
licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Авторы и редакторы Википедии

Рыжеспинный саймири: Brief Summary ( russe )

fourni par wikipedia русскую Википедию

Рыжеспинный саймири[источник не указан 401 день] (лат. Saimiri oerstedii) — вид приматов семейства цепкохвостых обезьян, обитающих в Южной Америке.

licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Авторы и редакторы Википедии

紅背松鼠猴 ( chinois )

fourni par wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Saimiri oerstedii
Reinhardt, 1872 亞種
  • S. o. oerstedii
  • S. o. citrinellus

紅背松鼠猴Saimiri oerstedii[2],又名赤背松鼠猴,是哥斯達黎加巴拿馬的一種松鼠猴。牠們只限於在巴拿馬西北端近哥斯達黎加邊界,與及哥斯達黎加的太平洋海岸,主要在瑪蘭安東尼爾國家公園(Manuel Antonio National Park)及基督山國家公園(Corcovado National Park)。

紅背松鼠猴身型細小,背部是橙色的,面部呈黑白色。牠們是雜食性的,主要吃果實植物的其他部份、無脊椎動物及一些細小的脊椎動物。牠們的天敵包括猛禽貓科。牠們是以大群族生活,數量介乎20-75隻。牠們是所有猴子中最為平等的。雌性沒有支配的架構,而雄性只在繁殖季節才會爭鬥。雌性於2.5歲就性成熟,雄性則要4-5歲。成熟的雌性會離開自己的群族,但雄性一生也會留下。牠們的壽命可以多於15歲。

紅背松鼠猴的數量自1970年代就急促下降,相信是由伐林及捕獵造成。世界自然保護聯盟將牠們列為易危

特徵

 src=
紅背松鼠猴的顏色。

紅背松鼠猴與其他南美洲松鼠猴屬的顏色不同。牠們的背部、雙手及雙腳呈橙色,肩膀臀部及尾巴呈橄欖色,腹部呈白色。頭頂蓋呈黑色,尾端也是黑色的。雄性的頭頂蓋一般較雌性的淺色。面部呈白色,眼睛、鼻子及口的周圍是黑色的。[3][4]

紅背松鼠猴的兩個亞種在顏色上相似,但頭頂蓋的形狀不同。北方的亞種的頭頂蓋顏色較淺。[4]南方亞種的四肢及腹部較黃。[5]

成年紅背松鼠猴身長27-29厘米(不包括尾巴),重600-950克。[4][6]尾巴較身體長,長36-39厘米。[4]牠們是兩性異形的,雄性平均較雌性重16%。[6]雄性平均重829克,雌性平均重695克。[6]牠們腦部與身體的比例是所有靈長目中最大的,腦部重約25.7克或體重的4%。[3][7]牠們的尾巴並不可以完全抓住東西的,主要是用作平衡。[8][9]

分佈及棲息地

紅背松鼠猴的分佈地只限於哥斯達黎加巴拿馬。牠們棲息在近太平洋的海岸,包括哥斯達黎加中部至巴拿馬西部。[4]瑪蘭安東尼爾國家公園基督山國家公園可以見到牠們。[10]牠們棲息在低地的次生林原生林[11],在較高及成熟的森林內牠們很難生存。[4][11]

行為

社會結構

紅背松鼠猴是日間活動及棲於樹上,在樹上很多時都是以四足行走。[3]牠們的群族包含幾隻成年雄性、雌性及幼猴。數量比其他南美洲松鼠猴屬為少,但在新世界猴中也算是多。群族的數量介乎20-75隻,平均也有41隻。[11][6]有時一些群族甚至多於100隻,但相信只是兩個群族臨時結合的情況。[1]平均而言,雌性在群族中較雄性多60%。[6]

紅背松鼠猴的領地約為35-63公頃。[11]群族間的領地可以重疊,尤其是在一些受保護地區,如瑪蘭安東尼爾國家公園。但在一些較狹窄的地區,重疊的情況則較少會出現。[11]群族每日會遷移約2.5-4.2公里。[12]群族在日間並不會再細分為細群來覓食。個別猴子可能會暫時遠離群族,所以其分散地可以達1.2公頃。[13]群族晚間傾向睡在同一些樹上。[13]

雌性紅背松鼠猴之間沒有支配架構,也不會組成同盟。[1][6]群族內的雄性一般都是有關係的,故會傾向組成強烈的聯盟,且只會在繁殖季節才會有支配架構的出現[6],尤其是在同齡的雄性。[11]雄性及雌性均不會支配異性,是牠們獨有的平等系統。群族之間也不會互相爭競或打鬥。[1]

由於紅背松鼠猴的食物一般分佈在較為細小的分散的地方,與卷尾猴一同覓食會造成很大的負擔,所以牠們一般不會一同覓食。另外,由於雄性卷尾猴對掠食者有很高的警覺性,故牠們會放更多時間來偵查敵對的雄性,所以紅背松鼠猴若與牠們一同覓食的話,對掠食者的保障就更少。[6][14][15][9]

一些鳥類是會與紅背松鼠猴一同覓食,牠們會吃紅背松鼠猴掉下的昆蟲及細小脊椎動物。在基督山國家公園雙齒鷹灰頭唐納雀褐翅䴕雀等會跟隨紅背松鼠猴,尤其是在雨季當較難尋找節肢動物時。[11]

食性

 src=
正在覓食的紅背松鼠猴。

紅背松鼠猴是雜食性的,主要吃昆蟲及其幼蟲蜘蛛果實葉子、樹皮、花朵花蜜。牠們也會吃細小的脊椎動物,如蝙蝠鳥類蜥蜴青蛙。牠們會在森林的中至低層覓食,即40-50呎高。[11][13]牠們每天約有三分之二至四分之三的時間來吃東西。在雨季由於節肢動物較少,牠們很難找到想吃的食物。[4]

紅背松鼠猴有一種特別的方法來捕捉築帳蝠。牠們會透過尋找牠們的「帳篷」來尋找築帳蝠。當牠們找到築帳蝠後,就會攀到更高的地方,重高處跳入帳篷,嘗試軀逐築帳蝠。若築帳蝠未能飛走,牠們會跳在其上並將築帳蝠吃下。[11]

紅背松鼠猴會幫助一些花朵散播種子花粉[11]雖然牠們並非農業上重大的害蟲,但有時也會吃穀物、咖啡香蕉芒果[11]牠們也會吃豆莢無花果腰果等。[11][13]

溝通

紅背松鼠猴很嘈吵,經常會尖叫、吹哨及唧唧叫。[4]牠們經過森林時會折斷樹枝,造成很多聲音[4]

天敵

紅背松鼠猴的天敵包括有猛禽貓科,當中猛禽捕捉牠們最有效。[6]群族中最老的紅背松鼠猴有責任偵查掠食者[11][1]當牠們發現猛禽時,就會發出高音的警報,並且跳下尋找地方躲避。其他聽見警報的猴子亦會跳下尋找地方躲避。牠們對猛禽特別小心,甚至一些像猛禽的物件也會令牠們呼叫。[13]在幼猴出生的時候,偵查掠食者更為重要。猛禽在此時會經常靠近紅背松鼠猴的群族,掠食大量的幼猴。其他會掠食紅背松鼠猴的動物包括巨嘴鳥狐鼬負鼠長鼻浣熊蜘蛛猴[13]

繁殖

 src=
幼猴在母猴的背上。

紅背松鼠猴的繁殖季節是在9月。[11]所有雌猴都會差不多同一時間進入動情期。在繁殖季節前一或兩個月,雄猴的睪酮會變為動情素,重整了身體內水份的平衡,外觀會變得較大隻。若分泌較多睪酮,牠們就會更大隻。由於從未見到雄猴互相打鬥,或是強迫雌猴交配,故相信是由雌猴選擇交配的雄猴。雌猴可能會選擇較大隻的雄猴,原因是這些雄猴一般年紀都是最大的,且是最能偵查到掠食者,或是失控的性別間選擇。[13]

雄猴在繁殖期有時會離開群族一段短時間,嘗試與其他群族的雌猴交配。雌猴歡迎來自其他群族的雄猴,但雄猴則會驅逐外來的雄猴。妊娠期為6個月,在2月至3月間,幼猴會在一星期內誕下。牠們一胎一般只有一隻幼猴。[11][6][13]

只有一半的幼猴能夠生存多於6個月,很大部份都是因鳥類的掠食。[6]幼猴頭一年需要依賴母猴的照顧。[11]雌猴每12個月就可以生產,所以之前出生的幼猴正好在新幼猴出生時可以獨立。雌猴2.5歲時就達至性成熟,雄猴則要4-5歲才性成熟。[6]雌猴性成熟後就會離開自己的群族,雄猴整生也會留在群族內。雄猴會傾向接觸同齡的雄猴。同一代的雄猴性成熟後可以選擇離開群族,到其他群族中爭取較大的繁殖機會。[6]

紅背松鼠猴野外的壽命不詳,圈養的則可以多於15歲。[11]

保育狀況

紅背松鼠猴曾一度被認為是人類南美洲帶來中美洲的。DNA測試顯示紅背松鼠猴實際上是自很久遠前就與其他南美松鼠猴分支出來,估計最少是26萬年前或甚至多於400萬年前。[5]

紅背松鼠猴的祖先可能是於中新世末或上新世就已經生存在哥倫比亞,並遷徙至中美洲。懶吼猴也是於此時遷徙至中美洲。後來巴拿馬地峽的通道因海洋高漲而關閉,又於200萬年後重開,形成另一波的遷徙。後來的移民,包括現今卷尾猴鬃毛吼猴黑掌蜘蛛猴的祖先勝過早期的移民,限制了現今紅背松鼠猴的分佈。[16]

哥斯達黎加,估計每平方公里就有36隻紅背松鼠猴;在巴拿馬,則每平方公里就有130隻。[12]牠們的數量就由於1970年代的20萬隻下降至少於5000隻。[10]相信是因伐林及捕獵所致。[10]在哥斯達黎加正在進行保育工作,免得牠們滅絕[17]在巴拿馬也有重植森林的計劃,嘗試保存現有的群族。[18]

紅背松鼠猴的狀況被世界自然保護聯盟瀕危改為易危。這是因牠們的分佈地分散且細小,而其棲息地也不斷減少。[1]

分類

紅背松鼠猴是屬於捲尾猴科松鼠猴亞科[19]牠們是已知五種松鼠猴屬的一種,且是唯一棲息在南美洲以外的地方。[6]與牠們最接近的有松鼠猴馬河松鼠猴[19]其學名是為紀念丹麥生物學家安德斯·奧斯忒(Anders Sandøe Ørsted)。

紅背松鼠猴有兩個亞種,包括:[2]

參考

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Saimiri oerstedii. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2008.
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Groves, Colin. Wilson, D. E., and Reeder, D. M. (eds), 编. Mammal species of the world 3rd edition. Johns Hopkins University Press. 16 November 2005: 138–139. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. 引文格式1维护:冗余文本 (link)
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Rowe, N. The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates. Pogonias Press. 1996: 98. ISBN 0-9648825-0-7.
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 Emmons, L. Neotropical Rainforest Mammals A Field Guide Second Edition. The University of Chicago Press. 1997: 126–127. ISBN 0-226-20721-8. 引文格式1维护:冗余文本 (link)
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Rylands, A., Groves, C., Mittenmeier, R., Cortes-Ortiz, L. & Hines, J. Taxonomy and Distributions of Mesoamerican Primates. (编) Estrada, A., Garber, P., Pavelka, M. & Luecke, L. New Perspectives in the Study of Mesoamerican Primates. New York: Springer. 2006: 37–39. ISBN 978-0-387-25854-6.
  6. ^ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 Jack, K. The Cebines. (编) Campbell, C., Fuentes, A., MacKinnon, K., Panger, M., & Bearder, S. Primates in Perspective. The Oxford University Press. 2007: 107–120. ISBN 978-0-19-517133-4.
  7. ^ Squirrel Monkey. Rainforest Alliance. [2008-10-18].
  8. ^ Sussman, R. Primate Ecology and Social Structure Volume 2: New World Monkeys Revised First Edition. Pearson Custom Publishing. 2003: 76. ISBN 0-536-74364-9. 引文格式1维护:冗余文本 (link)
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Fleagle, J. Primate Adaption and Evolution Second Edition. Academic Press. 1998: 157–160. ISBN 0122603419. 引文格式1维护:冗余文本 (link)
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Hunter, L., Andrew, D. Watching Wildlife Central America. Lonely Planet Publications. 2002: 100, 148. ISBN 1-86450-034-4.
  11. ^ 11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13 11.14 11.15 11.16 Wainwright, M. The Natural History of Costa Rican Mammals. Zona Tropical. 2002: 131–134. ISBN 0-9705678-1-2.
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 Sussman, R. Primate Ecology and Social Structure Volume 2: New World Monkeys Revised First Edition. Pearson Custom Publishing. 2003: 86. ISBN 0-536-74364-9. 引文格式1维护:冗余文本 (link)
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 Boinski, S. Monkeys with Inflated Sex Appeal. (编) Ciochon, R. & Nisbett, R. The Primate Anthology. Prentice-Hall. 1992: 174–179. ISBN 0-13-613845-4.
  14. ^ Boinski, S. Social Manipulation Within and Between Troops Mediates Primate Group Movement. (编) Boinski, S. and Garber, P. On the Move. The University of Chicago Press. 2000: 447–448. ISBN 0-226-06340-2.
  15. ^ Boinski, S. Why don't Saimiri oerstedii and Cebus capucinus form mixed-species groups?. International Journal of Primatology. April 1989, 10 (2): 103–114. doi:10.1007/BF02736248. 引文格式1维护:日期与年 (link)
  16. ^ Ford, S. The Biographic History of Mesoamerican Primates. (编) Estrada, A.; Garber, P.A.; Pavelka, M.S.M.; Luecke, L. New Perspectives in the Study of Mesoamerican Primates. New York: Springer. 2006: 100–107. ISBN 978-0-387-25854-6.
  17. ^ Save the Mono Titi Manuel Antonio Costa Rica. ASCOMOTI. [2008-05-12]. (原始内容存档于2009-04-03).
  18. ^ The Rainforest Returns. Saimiri Wildlife. [2008-10-25]. (原始内容存档于2008-05-07).
  19. ^ 19.0 19.1 Groves, Colin. Wilson, D. E., and Reeder, D. M. (eds), 编. Mammal species of the world 3rd edition. Johns Hopkins University Press. 16 November 2005: 138–139. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. 引文格式1维护:冗余文本 (link)

外部連結

 src= 维基物种中的分类信息:紅背松鼠猴  src= 维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源:紅背松鼠猴
 title=
licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
维基百科作者和编辑

紅背松鼠猴: Brief Summary ( chinois )

fourni par wikipedia 中文维基百科

紅背松鼠猴(Saimiri oerstedii),又名赤背松鼠猴,是哥斯達黎加巴拿馬的一種松鼠猴。牠們只限於在巴拿馬西北端近哥斯達黎加邊界,與及哥斯達黎加的太平洋海岸,主要在瑪蘭安東尼爾國家公園(Manuel Antonio National Park)及基督山國家公園(Corcovado National Park)。

紅背松鼠猴身型細小,背部是橙色的,面部呈黑白色。牠們是雜食性的,主要吃果實植物的其他部份、無脊椎動物及一些細小的脊椎動物。牠們的天敵包括猛禽貓科。牠們是以大群族生活,數量介乎20-75隻。牠們是所有猴子中最為平等的。雌性沒有支配的架構,而雄性只在繁殖季節才會爭鬥。雌性於2.5歲就性成熟,雄性則要4-5歲。成熟的雌性會離開自己的群族,但雄性一生也會留下。牠們的壽命可以多於15歲。

紅背松鼠猴的數量自1970年代就急促下降,相信是由伐林及捕獵造成。世界自然保護聯盟將牠們列為易危

licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
维基百科作者和编辑

セアカリスザル ( japonais )

fourni par wikipedia 日本語
セアカリスザル Central American Squirrel Monkey.jpg
セアカリスザル Saimiri oerstedii
保全状況評価 ENDANGERED
(IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001))
Status iucn3.1 EN.svg ワシントン条約附属書I


S. s. oerstedii

ENDANGERED (IUCN Red List Ver. 3.1 (2001))
Status iucn3.1 EN.svg

S. s. oerstedii

CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (IUCN Red List Ver. 3.1 (2001))
Status iucn3.1 CR.svg
分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 哺乳綱 Mammalia : サル目 Primate 亜目 : 真猿亜目 Haplorhini 下目 : 広鼻下目 Platyrrhini : オマキザル科 Cebidae 亜科 : リスザル亜科 Saimiriinae : リスザル属 Saimiri : セアカリスザル S. oerstedi 学名 Saimiri oerstedii
(Reinhardt, 1872) 和名 セアカリスザル 英名 Central American squirrel monkey

セアカリスザルSaimiri oerstedii)は、オマキザル科リスザル属に分類されるサル。

分布[編集]

リスザル属では最も北に分布する。

コスタリカパナマ

形態[編集]

体長25-35cm。体重0.7-1.2kg。背面は赤褐色の体毛で覆われる。四肢の基部と尾の背面は黒ずむ。頭部や鼻、尾の先端は黒い。顔と喉から胸にかけての体毛は白い。眼の周囲はピンク色の皮膚が露出する。

分類[編集]

  • Saimiri oerstedii oerstedii (Reinhardt, 1872)
  • Saimiri oerstedii citrinellus Thomas, 1904

生態[編集]

森林に生息する。25-40頭からなる群れを形成するが、繁殖期以外は雌雄で別々に群れを形成し生活することが多い。昼行性

食性は雑食で、昆虫類果実等を食べる。

繁殖形態は胎生。主に3-4月に1回に1頭の幼獣を産む。

人間との関係[編集]

開発による生息地の破壊や、実験動物用やペット用の乱獲等により生息数は激減している。

関連項目[編集]

 src= ウィキスピーシーズにセアカリスザルに関する情報があります。

参考文献[編集]

  • 小原秀雄・浦本昌紀・太田英利・松井正文編著 『レッド・データ・アニマルズ3 中央・南アメリカ』、講談社2001年、22-23、153頁。

外部リンク[編集]


執筆の途中です この項目は、動物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますPortal:生き物と自然プロジェクト:生物)。
 title=
licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia 日本語

セアカリスザル: Brief Summary ( japonais )

fourni par wikipedia 日本語

セアカリスザル(Saimiri oerstedii)は、オマキザル科リスザル属に分類されるサル。

licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia 日本語

중앙아메리카다람쥐원숭이 ( coréen )

fourni par wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

중앙아메리카다람쥐원숭이(Saimiri oerstedii)는 다람쥐원숭이의 일종이다. 붉은등다람쥐원숭이로도 불린다. 코스타리카와 파나마의 태평양 해안가에 사는 종이다. 코스타리카 국경에 인접한 파나마의 북서 끝단과 코스타리카의 중부와 남쪽 태평양 해안가, 주로 마누엘 안토니오 국립공원코르코바도 국립공원에 제한적으로 산다.

오렌지색의 등과 흑백의 독특한 얼굴을 지닌 작은 원숭이다. 잡식성 동물로, 과일과 기타 식물, 무척추동물과 일부 작은 척추동물 등을 먹는다. 또한, 맹금류고양이 그리고 을 포함한 수 많은 포식동물의 먹이가 된다.

통상적으로 20 마리에서 75 마리 사이의 원숭이들이 포함된 큰 집단 속에서 생활한다. 이들은 모든 원숭이들 중에서 가장 평등한 군집 생활 구조를 가진 원숭이들 중 하나이다. 암컷들은 우점 계급을 형성하지 않으며, 수컷들도 짝짓기 철만 지배적 위치에 있다. 암컷은 2.5년이면 성적으로 성숙해지고, 수컷은 4~5년이 걸린다. 성적으로 성숙해진 암컷들은 자신들이 태어난 집단을 떠나지만, 수컷들은 평생동안 자신들이 태어난 집단에 남는 것으로 보인다. 중앙아메리카다람쥐원숭이는 15년 이상까지 살 수 있다.

중앙아메리카다람쥐원숭이의 개체수는 1970년대 이래 가파르게 하락하고 있다. 이렇게 감소하는 이유는 삼림 개간과 사냥 그리고 애완용으로 쓰기 위한 포획 등으로 보인다. 이 종들을 보전하기 위한 노력이 진행 중이다. 중앙아메리카다람쥐원숭이의 개체수가 위협받고 있음에도 불구하고, 2008년 국제 자연 보호 연맹(IUCN)은 이들의 보존 상태를 "멸종 위협"에서 "취약"으로 상향 조정했다.

개요

중앙아메리카다람쥐원숭이는 남아메리카의 다람쥐원숭이들과 털 색깔이 다르다. 남아메리카의 다람쥐원숭이가 털 색깔이 주로 녹색을 띠는 경향이 있는 반면에, 중앙아메리카 종들은 올리브색 어깨와 궁둥이 그리고 꼬리와 함께 오렌지색 등을 지니고 있으며, 하체는 희다. 손발도 오렌지색이다. 머리 꼭대기에 검은 관모가 있으며, 꼬리 끝단도 검다. 일반적으로 수컷들의 관모 색깔이 암컷들 것보다 더 밝다. 얼굴은 희고, 눈 주위에 검은 테가 있으며, 코와 입 주위는 검다.[3][4]

 src=
몸 채색

2종의 아종은 털 색깔은 비슷하지만 관모의 형태는 다르다. 중태평양의 코스타리카에 사는 북부 아종은, 관모 색깔이 남부 아종보다 밝으며, 파나마와 파나마 근처의 코스타리카 일부에서 산다.[4] 남부 아종은 또한 좀 더 누르스름한 팔다리와 하체를 지니고 있다.

성숙해지면 꼬리를 제외하고 266mm에서 291mm 사이 까지 자라며, 몸무게는 600g에서 950g 사이 정도 된다.[4][5] 꼬리는 몸 길이보다 더 길어서, 362mm에서 389mm 사이이다.[4] 다른 다람쥐원숭이들처럼 동종이형으로 간주되고 있다. 평균적으로, 수컷이 암컷보다 몸무게가 16% 더 무겁다.[5] 수컷들 평균 몸무게는 829g이고 암컷은695g이다.[5] 다람쥐원숭이는 모든 영장류 중에서, 자신의 몸 크기에 비해 가장 큰 뇌를 지니고 있다. 중앙아메리카다람쥐원숭이의 뇌 무게는 약 25.7g이고, 몸무게의 약 4% 정도 된다.[3][6] 카푸친거미원숭이, 고함원숭이와 같은 큰 원숭이들과 달리, 어른 중앙아메리카다람쥐원숭이들은 물건을 충분히 잡을 수 있을 정도의 꼬리를 가지고 있지 않으며, 갓 태어난 새끼들을 제외하고는, 꼬리는 주로 균형을 잡는 데 사용된다.[7][8]

분포 및 서식

중앙아메리카다람쥐원숭이는 코스타리카와 파나마에 제한적으로 분포한다. 태평양 해안가에만 산다. 서부 파나마 북쪽에서 중태평양 코스트리카에 걸쳐 분포한다.[4] 코스타리카의 국립공원 2곳(마누엘 안토니오 국립공원코르코바도 국립공원)에서는 관광객들이 볼 수 있지만, 이 공원들에서도 흰머리카푸친이나 망토고함원숭이만큼 흔하게 볼 수 있는 것은 아니다.[9] 저지대 숲에 살며, 부분적으로 벌목이 이루어진 1차림과 2차림에 제한적으로 존재한다.[10] 키가 작거나 중간 키의 식물들이 풍부한 숲을 필요로 하며, 그런 식물이 없는 키가 크고, 잘 발달되고, 안정된 숲에서는 살아남기 힘들다.[4][10]

습성

군집 구조

 src=
나무 가지에서 쉬는 모습

중앙아메리카다람쥐원숭이는 수목형 동물이자 주행성 동물이며, 대부분 나무 사이를 네 발(사지 이동)로 이동하곤 한다.[3] 이들은 여러 마리의 성숙한 수컷과 암컷 그리고 어린 원숭이들로 구성된 집단을 형성하여 생활한다. 집단의 크기는 남아메리카의 다람쥐원숭이들보다는 작은 편이지만, 많은 다른 신세계원숭이 종들보다는 크다. 집단은 일반적으로 20마리에서 75마리로 구성되며, 평균적으로 41마리이다.[5][10] 가끔 100마리가 초과되는 집단도 생기지만, 이는 2개의 집단이 일시적으로 통합되었을 때인 것으로 보인다.[2] 평균적으로, 집단 내에 암컷 개체수가 수컷보다 약 60% 더 많다.[5]

이 다람쥐원숭이는 35 ~ 63 헥타르 정도의 행동권 범위를 가지고 있다.[10] 집단의 범위는 서로 겹쳐질 수 있는데, 마누엘 안토니오 국립공원과 같은, 크고 보호된 지역 내에서 특히 그렇다. 좀더 파편화된 지역에서는 덜 겹쳐진다.[10] 집단은 하루에 2,500m에서 4,200m 사이를 이동할 수 있다.[11] 일부 다른 원숭이 종들과는 달리, 이 집단은 하루 동안 먹이를 찾기 위해 별도로 집단으로 나누지 않는다. 각각의 원숭이들은 이 기간 동안 각각 다른 활동에 참가하기 위해 주 집단으로부터 떨어져 나오며, 그래서 그 집단은 주어진 시간 동안 1.2 헥타르에 이르는 지역으로 흩어진다.[12] 이 집단은 특정한 시기에 몇달 동안 매일밤 같은 나무에서 잠을 자는 경향이 있는 데, 이는 다른 다람쥐원숭이들과 다른 점이다.[12]

암컷들 사이에서는 우점 서열이 없으며, 제휴 관계를 형성하지 않는다.[2][5] 집단 내에서 수컷들은 일반적으로 친밀감을 보이고, 그래서 강한 결속력을 형성하는 경향이 있으며, 단지 짝짓기 철 동안에만 우점 서열 관계를 형성한다.[5] 이는 특히 같은 나이의 수컷들 사이의 경우가 그렇다.[10] 수컷들 또는 암컷들 어느쪽도 서로 지배적인 위치에 있지 않는, 일종의 평등한 군집 구조가 중앙아메리카다람쥐원숭이들의 특징이다. 남아메리카 종들은, 암컷들(S. boliviensis)이 다른 성에 비해 지배 우위를 갖거나 수컷들(S. sciureus)이 지배 우위를 보이고, 양성 둘다 안정적인 지배 계급을 형성한다.[5] 중앙아메리카다람쥐원숭이들 집단은 일반적으로 서로 경쟁하거나 싸우지 않는다.[2]

다람쥐원숭이들 중 남아메리카 종들이 종종 카푸친원숭이들과 함께 이동하며 먹이를 구하곤 하지만, 중앙아메리카다람쥐원숭이가 흰머리카푸친과 관계를 맺는 일은 매우 드물다. 이는 중앙아메리카다람쥐원숭이가 먹는 음식이 남아메리카 다람쥐원숭이들의 먹이보다 작고, 더 분산된 지역에 분포하는 사실과 관련이 있는 것으로 보인다.

각주

  1. Groves, C.P. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., 편집. 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》 (영어) 3판. 존스 홉킨스 대학교 출판사. 138-139쪽. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  2. “Saimiri oerstedii”. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2008판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2008. 2008년 10월 7일에 확인함.
  3. Rowe, N. (1996). 《The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates》. Pogonias Press. 98쪽. ISBN 0-9648825-0-7.
  4. Emmons, L. (1997). 《Neotropical Rainforest Mammals A Field Guide》 제2판. The University of Chicago Press. 126–127쪽. ISBN 0-226-20721-8. CS1 관리 - 추가 문구 (링크)
  5. Jack, K. (2007). 〈The Cebines〉. Campbell, C., Fuentes, A., MacKinnon, K., Panger, M., & Bearder, S. 《Primates in Perspective》. The Oxford University Press. 107–120쪽. ISBN 978-0-19-517133-4. CS1 관리 - 여러 이름 (링크)
  6. “Squirrel Monkey”. Rainforest Alliance. 2008년 10월 18일에 확인함.
  7. Sussman, R. (2003). 《Primate Ecology and Social Structure Volume 2: New World Monkeys》 Revis Fir판. Pearson Custom Publishing. 76쪽. ISBN 0-536-74364-9.
  8. Fleagle, J. (1998). 《Primate Adaption and Evolution》 제2판. Academic Press. 157–160쪽. ISBN 0122603419. CS1 관리 - 추가 문구 (링크)
  9. Hunter, L., Andrew, D. (2002). 《Watching Wildlife Central America》. Lonely Planet Publications. 100, 148쪽. ISBN 1-86450-034-4. CS1 관리 - 여러 이름 (링크)
  10. Wainwright, M. (2002). 《The Natural History of Costa Rican Mammals》. Zona Tropical. 131–134쪽. ISBN 0-9705678-1-2.
  11. Sussman, R. (2003). 《Primate Ecology and Social Structure Volume 2: New World Monkeys》 1 개정판. Pearson Custom Publishing. 86쪽. ISBN 0-536-74364-9. CS1 관리 - 추가 문구 (링크)
  12. Boinski, S. (1992). 〈Monkeys with Inflated Sex Appeal〉. Ciochon, R. & Nisbett, R. 《The Primate Anthology》. Prentice-Hall. 174–179쪽. ISBN 0-13-613845-4. CS1 관리 - 여러 이름 (링크)
licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Wikipedia 작가 및 편집자