Egyptian rousettes are one of 3 members of the Rousettus genus to use both visual orientation and echolocation. Echolocation in this species is produced through a series of crude, short clicks of the tongue against the side of the mouth (Roberts, 1975; Holland et al., 2004). These short, impulsive-paired clicks assist in navigation in the dark. The frequency range is usually 12 to 70 kHz, with click structure and duration most similar to dolphins. This form of echolocation has evolved independently from the echolocation system used by other echolocating bats, such as vespertilionids (Roberts, 1975; Holland et al., 2004; Holland and Waters, 2007).
Communication Channels: visual ; acoustic ; chemical
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; echolocation ; chemical
Because of their frugivorous diet, Egyptian rousettes are sometimes considered a threat to fruit crops during the growing season. Plantation owners and farmers often hunt Egyptian rousettes or hire bounty hunters during the flowering and fruiting seasons to reduce the risk of crop damage and profit loss (Fujita and Tuttle, 1991). Egyptian rousettes, like many members of the Family Pteropodidae, are hunted for meat as well. As a result roost population densities have declined (Fujita and Tuttle, 1991). Natural predators have not been described but are likely to include aerial predators, such as falcons, and cave predators, such as snakes and mustelids. Their nocturnal habits, cave roosting, flight, and cryptic coloration all help them to avoid predation.
Known Predators:
Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic
Egyptian rousettes are medium sized bats with dorsal pelage ranging from dark brown to medium gray. Ventral pelage in both genders is several shades lighter than dorsal coloration, with a collar of pale yellow or orange fur often seen around the neck. There is no color difference between genders; however, males have well-developed stiff hairs along the throat that are more recognizable than in females (Kwiecinski and Griffiths, 1999). Short fur completely covers the head almost to the end of the muzzle, with the exception of the forehead, where the fur is slightly longer. Ears are around the length of the muzzle, with blunt tips and dark coloration when compared to dorsal pelage. Egyptian fruit bats have large eyes adapted for twilight and night vision. Wing membranes are dark brown with short fur extending to the proximal half of the forearm. A claw is present on both the first and second digits, while all other digits have cartilage. Egyptian rousettes have five toes on both hind limbs, each with claws (Kwiecinski and Griffiths, 1999).
Males are typically larger than females with a total body length ranging from 14 to 19.2 cm, while females range from 12.1 to 16.7 cm. Adults may weigh 80 to 170 g and have a wingspan close to 60 cm. The forearm varies between 85 to 101.9 mm in males and 88.1 to 99 mm in females (Kwiecinski and Griffiths, 1999; Grzimek, 2003).
Range mass: 80 to 170 g.
Range length: 12.1 to 19.2 cm.
Average wingspan: 60 cm.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: male larger
The recorded maximum lifespan of Rousettus aegyptiacus is 22 years in the wild, with a maximum of 25 years in captivity for both males and females. In wild populations, average lifespan is typically 8 to 10 years due to factors such as predation, vitamin D deficiency, calcium-phosphorus imbalance, and osteoproliferation. Longevity in captive bats is also dependent on environmental temperatures and neurological impairment (Kwiecinski and Griffiths, 1999).
Average lifespan
Status: wild: 9 years.
Range lifespan
Status: captivity: 25 (high) years.
Average lifespan
Status: captivity: 22 years.
Typical lifespan
Status: wild: 8 to 10 years.
Typical lifespan
Status: captivity: 25 (high) years.
Average lifespan
Status: captivity: 22 years.
Egyptian rousettes are found throughout Africa’s tropical rain forests, tropical deciduous forests, savanna, and Turkey’s Mediterranean scrub forests. Egyptian rousettes have been found in arid biomes; however, they prefer to remain in habitats that provide forest cover, roosting opportunities, and abundant fruit tree growth (Kwiecinski and Griffiths, 1999).
Range elevation: 0 to 4000 m.
Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: savanna or grassland ; forest ; rainforest ; scrub forest
Other Habitat Features: caves
Rousettus aegyptiacus is considered a species of least concern by the IUCN. However, due to poaching and a negative interactions with commercial farming, there has been a decline in roosting sites (Albayrak et al., 2008).
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
State of Michigan List: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
Rousettus aegyptiacus is perceived by many fruit farmers to be a pest of fruit crops grown commercially for human production throughout its range, though little evidence supports this and cases are often exaggerated (Albayrak et al., 2008).
Rousettus aegyptiacus is found throughout Africa south of the Sahara, in Egypt, and on the coastlines of the Arabian Peninsula (Grzimek, 2003). Egyptian rousettes are most common from latitudes 15 degrees north through 37 degrees south. However, they have been found as far as 40 degrees north in southern Turkey. They are also found on each of the Canary Islands, western North Africa, and throughout the Gulf of Guinea (Nogales et al., 2006; Nowak, 1999).
Biogeographic Regions: palearctic (Native ); ethiopian (Native )
Egyptian rousettes are frugivores, preferring to eat the pulp and juice of very ripe fruit. They typically take fruit from trees, such as lilac, mulberry, carob, sycamore, fig, and baobob (Kwiecinski and Griffiths, 1999; Korine et al., 1996; Grzimek, 2003). Egyptian rousettes consume 50 to 150% of total body mass in fruit each night. After selecting fruit, Egyptian rousettes take their fruit and roost close to the feeding tree. Only the pulp and juice is consumed; after thorough chewing, the seeds are spit out. Egyptian rousettes feed while holding the fruit close to the body, as a means of protecting the fruit from being pilfered by other bats. Stealing fruit is common, and these bats are aggressive when feeding (Kwiecinski and Griffiths, 1999).
Plant Foods: fruit
Primary Diet: herbivore (Frugivore )
Egyptian rousettes are pollinators of many nocturnally flowering trees throughout paleotropical forests. Due to their frugivorous diets, they not only pollinate the flowers of fruit trees but also assist as the primary agent in seed dispersal for many tree species (Fujita and Tuttle, 1991). Egyptian rousettes are carriers for both ectoparasites and endoparasites throughout their geographic range. Ectoparasites that use Egyptian rousettes as hosts include: Spinturnix lateralis, Ancystropus leleupi, Ancystropus zelebori, Ancystropus lateralis, Ancystropus zeleborii, Liponyssus glutinosus, Liponyssus longimanus, Eucampsipoda africanum, Nycteribosca africana, Brachytarsina alluaudi, Eucampsipoda hyrtlii, Nycteribosca diversa, Thaumapsylla brevicep, Nycteribia pedicularia, Nycteribia schmidlii, Eucampsipoda africana, Afrocimex leleupi, Thaumapsylla breviceps, Archaeopsylla metallescens, and Alectorobius camicasi (Kwiecinski and Griffiths, 1999). Endoparasites that are found in Rousettus aegyptiacus include the hemosporidian Plasmodium roussetti and the roundworm Nycteridocoptes rousetti. Outbreaks of rabies are also found in populations of Egyptian fruit bats (Kwiecinski and Griffiths, 1999).
Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds; pollinates
Mutualist Species:
Commensal/Parasitic Species:
Throughout their range, Egyptian rousettes pollinate many commercially valuable fruit trees. This species also works to disperse seeds away from the parent plant, allowing seed germination and spread in unpredictable conditions (Fujita and Tuttle, 1991; Izhaki et al., 1995).
Positive Impacts: food ; pollinates crops
Rousettus aegyptiacus is a polygamous species, with biannual breeding seasons. However, instances of monoestry have been recorded at higher latitudes (Baydemir and Albayrak, 2006; Bernard and Cumming, 1997). Egyptian rousettes observed in latitudes south of Egypt have two distinct peak breeding seasons separated by short periods. The first peak breeding season is from spring through summer, the second is fall through winter. Births occur towards the end of each breeding season (Okia, 1987).
Mating System: polygynandrous (promiscuous)
Females give birth to and raise a single pup with each breeding effort, though twins have been recorded occasionally (Korine et al., 1994). Estimated gestation length is 3.5 to 4 months, with synchronized births occurring in breeding colonies (Kwiecinski and Griffiths, 1999; Okia, 1987). Newborn bats are born with deciduous teeth and are altricial - completely naked apart from a thin layer of down along the head and back. Pups are weaned at 6 to 10 weeks with no difference in growth between sexes. Young reach full adult weight and size around 9 months old, about the same time young become independent from their mothers (Kwiecinski and Griffiths, 1999). Sexual maturity is reached on average at 15 months, however, females have been noted to be sexually mature at 5 to 7 months ("Egyptian Fruit Bat", 2006).
Breeding interval: Breeding occurs twice yearly throughout most of their range, although one breeding effort per season may occur in northern latitudes.
Breeding season: Breeding occurs typically from April to August and October to February
Range number of offspring: 1 to 2.
Average number of offspring: 1.
Range gestation period: 3.5 to 4 months.
Average gestation period: 4 months.
Range weaning age: 6 to 10 weeks.
Range time to independence: 8 to 9 months.
Average time to independence: 9 months.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 5 to 16 months.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 15 months.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 14 to 18 months.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 15 months.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous
After birth Egyptian rousette pups are cared for solely by their mothers for around 9 months. They are capable of flying at 63 to 70 days after birth and stay with their mother until they have reached adult weight and size. Once mature, males leave maternity colonies to join bachelor groups, females join maternity colonies (Kwiecinski and Griffiths, 1999).
Parental Investment: altricial ; female parental care ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female)
Egyptian fruit bat. Egyptian rousette.Rousettus aegyptiacus.All these names refer to this widespread megabat.These bats are typically dark brown to light grey incolourand weigh an average of 150 g.Its wingspan stretches to 60 cm.Their eyes are large and are adapted for twilight and night vision.
Like the name suggests, Egyptian fruit bats feed on large amounts of fruit.Wild dates are their favourite but they will consume any soft, pulpy fruit.They can also eat unripe, insect damaged fruit which helps them to tolerate habitats that may not have ripe fruit all year round.These bats perform a vital ecosystem role by pollinating the fruit trees as well as aid seed dispersal when they spit out the seeds of the fruit.
These bats form colonies that vary insize.Once breeding season is finished, males and females will roost closely together to reduce fluctuations in temperature.This also allows the colony to communicate during the day.At sunset, individuals leave the roost to forage and will return before sunrise.These bats use visual orientation and echolocation to navigate their environment.Egyptian fruit bats produce a series of short clicks using their tongue against the side of their mouth and use these clicks to navigate in the dark.
Egyptian fruit bats usually havea single babyeach year but twins are occasionally born. Female bats carry their young at first but after awhile they will leave them at the roosts while they find fruit. At 3 months old, young bats learn to fly on their own. These bats typically stay in the same colony that they were born in.
TheIUCN Red listclassifies Egyptian fruit bats as a species of Least Concern.Despite some fruit farmers poisoning and killing some bats on their farm, the species is wide spread and abundant.
For more information on MammalMAP, visit the MammalMAPvirtual museumorblog.
Die Egiptiese vrugtevlermuis (Rousettus aegyptiacus) kom in die kusgebiede van Suid-Afrika, die Krugerwildtuin, Mosambiek en die oostelike gedeelte van Zimbabwe voor.
Die vlermuis is donkerbruin tot grysbruin en die onderkant is grys. Die keel is bruin en om die nek is 'n gelerige kraag. Hulle maak gebruik van eggo-navigasie. Die soogdier word tot 15 cm lank en weeg ±130g.
Bedags rus die vlermuise in kolonies van duisende in grotte. Hulle bly in grotte met genoeg wilde vrugte in die omgewing en eet sagtevrugte. Een kleintjie word vroegsomer gebore in die noorde en laatwinter in die suide.
Die Egiptiese vrugtevlermuis (Rousettus aegyptiacus) kom in die kusgebiede van Suid-Afrika, die Krugerwildtuin, Mosambiek en die oostelike gedeelte van Zimbabwe voor.
El ratpenat frugívor d'Egipte (Rousettus aegyptiacus) és una espècie de ratpenat de la família dels pteropòdids.
Es distribueix geogràficament per Angola, Burundi, el Camerun, la República del Congo, la República Democràtica del Congo, Costa d'Ivori, Xipre, Egipte, Guinea Equatorial, Eritrea, Etiòpia, el Gabon, Gàmbia, Ghana, Guinea, l'Iran, Israel, Jordània, Kenya, el Líban, Lesotho, Libèria, Líbia, Malawi, Moçambic, Nigèria, Oman, el Pakistan, Palestina, Ruanda, São Tomé i Príncipe, l'Aràbia Saudita, el Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sud-àfrica, el Sudan, el Sudan del Sud, Síria, Tanzània, Togo, Turquia, Uganda, els Emirats Àrabs Units, el Iemen, Zàmbia i Zimbabwe.[1] Té una àmplia varietat d'hàbitats, que van des de les zones àrides fins als biomes tropicals i subtropicals humits. Es creu que no hi ha cap amenaça significativa per a la supervivència d'aquesta espècie, però algunes poblacions estan amenaçades per la caça.[2]
El ratpenat frugívor d'Egipte és petit en comparació als seus parents megaquiròpters. Es caracteritza per presentar un color marró clar al cos, contrastat per unes ales molt més fosques. A més, destaca per les seves orelles puntegudes, ulls negres i un morro allargat. De punta a punta de les ales pot arribar a mesurar 60 cm mentre que la llargada del seu cos (de peus a orelles) oscil·la al voltant dels 15 cm. Quant al pes mig, s'han enregistrat dades al voltant de 160 g. S'ha de tenir en compte, però, que el mascle tendeix a presentar una mida major a més de poder-se discernir per una marcada bossa escrotal.
Típicament, el ratpenat frugívor d'Egipte és d'activitat nocturna, durant la qual s'alimenta. Aprofita totes les hores de foscor, des del vespre fins a l'alba. De dia, en canvi, es refugia dins de coves o arbres (espais que proveeixin cobertura de focus de llum intensos) descansant cap per avall i embolcallat amb les seves ales per a mantenir l'escalfor. Es caracteritza per ser un animal social, convivint en comunitats (a vegades arribant als milers d'individus) tant durant les hores de descans com d'activitat.
La seva alimentació és purament basada en fruita pulposa i tova. Com és lògic, té preferència per la fruita madura ja que presenta major concentració de sucres. No obstant, pot alimentar-se de fruits immadurs així com fruita feta malbé per fongs o insectes (durant l'any poques èpoques presenten fruita madura).[3]
Característicament, aquesta espècie de ratpenats així com la resta dels Rousettus són els únics megaquiròpters capaços d'usar l'ecolocalització, és a dir, l'ús de sons a mode de radar per percebre amb precisió el seu voltant. El duen a terme emetent clics aguts lenta i periòdicament, accelerant-ne l'emissió a mesura que s'aproximen a un objecte. A més, al ser animals socials, no és il·lògic pensar que puguin utilitzar els sons per comunicar-se entre individus. Estudis han detectat que els ratpenats posseeixen un rang determinat de sons que únicament usen en comunitat (aquests són grunyits i xisclets, per exemple). Aquesta és la causa que una colònia de mida considerable profereixi un soroll eixordador.[4]
Els individus solen assolir la maduresa sexual als 9 mesos d'edat. El període de gestació oscil·la al voltant dels 120 dies, després dels quals la femella dóna a llum a una sola cria (també existeix el fenomen dels bessons). Al cap de sis setmanes després del part, la cria pot deixar la permanent companyia de la mare (a la qual s'agafa fins aleshores). Aquest és el moment en què un individu ja pot aguantar el seu propi pes penjant cap per avall, on esperen el retorn de la mare, la qual únicament els abandona per buscar menjar. Passats els 3 mesos de vida, el ratpenat ja pot volar sol i valdre's per si mateix, tot i que és usual que els nous individus es quedin en les colònies on neixen.[5]
El ratpenat frugívor d'Egipte (Rousettus aegyptiacus) és una espècie de ratpenat de la família dels pteropòdids.
Kaloň egyptský (Rousettus aegyptiacus) se vyskytuje v částech Afriky (Egypt, Jižní Afrika) a Asie (Indie, Irák, Írán, Pákistán, Jemen, Turecko). Obývá biotopy lesních porostů a jeskyň. Je také jediným druhem kaloně, vyskytujícím se v Evropě (zasahuje na Kypr).
Kaloň egyptský žije v tisícihlavých koloniích v jeskyních a jejich okolí, aktivní je především v noci. . Nejprve byl objeven v pyramidách Areál jeho rozšíření zahrnuje Afriku, Arábii a Blízký východ po Pákistán a v menší míře také Kypr.
Živí se ovocem a plody, mohou být pronásledováni pro škody na plantážích. Mají dobrý zrak a čich. Jako jediní z kaloňů si vytvořili i určitý druh echolokace - orientaci pomocí reakce na odraz zvuku od překážek.
Na rozdíl od netopýrů vydávají pro člověka částečně slyšitelné zvuky rychlým chvěním jazyka, svůj let pak usměrňují podle zpětně přijatých signálů. Přesto echolokaci kombinují se zrakovým vnímáním.
Jeho hmotnost je do 180 g. Patří mezi jedním z mála kaloňů využívající echolokaci. Jedná se o býložravce, v zajetí jsou krmena ovocem, nektarem, pupeny a zeleninou.
Rozmnožování: Po 120 dnech se rodí jedno mládě výjimečně dvě, která nosí na břiše. Při porodu byla pozorována i asistence tzv. tetiček - zkušených samic. Mléčné bradavky má v podpaždí.
Chování kaloně není náročné, je třeba dostatečně velký proletový prostor bez překážek s dostatečnou teplotou a vlhkostí. Důležitá je bohatá spleť větví na zavěšení. V ČR je můžeme spatřit v Podkrušnohorským zooparku v Chomutově nebo v Zoo Plzeň v expozici Svět v podzemí z roku 2012 (v roce 1999 zde byli chováni volně v tropickém pavilonu v chodbě návštěvníků).
Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu kaloň egyptský ve Wikimedia Commons
Kaloň egyptský (Rousettus aegyptiacus) se vyskytuje v částech Afriky (Egypt, Jižní Afrika) a Asie (Indie, Irák, Írán, Pákistán, Jemen, Turecko). Obývá biotopy lesních porostů a jeskyň. Je také jediným druhem kaloně, vyskytujícím se v Evropě (zasahuje na Kypr).
Kaloň egyptský žije v tisícihlavých koloniích v jeskyních a jejich okolí, aktivní je především v noci. . Nejprve byl objeven v pyramidách Areál jeho rozšíření zahrnuje Afriku, Arábii a Blízký východ po Pákistán a v menší míře také Kypr.
Živí se ovocem a plody, mohou být pronásledováni pro škody na plantážích. Mají dobrý zrak a čich. Jako jediní z kaloňů si vytvořili i určitý druh echolokace - orientaci pomocí reakce na odraz zvuku od překážek.
Na rozdíl od netopýrů vydávají pro člověka částečně slyšitelné zvuky rychlým chvěním jazyka, svůj let pak usměrňují podle zpětně přijatých signálů. Přesto echolokaci kombinují se zrakovým vnímáním.
Der Nilflughund (Rousettus aegyptiacus) ist ein fruchtfressendes Fledertier, das zur Familie der Flughunde gehört. Er kommt weitverbreitet in Afrika und im Nahen Osten bis nach Indien vor.
Nilflughunde wurden erstmals 1810 vom französischen Naturforscher und Zoologen Etienne Geoffrey Saint-Hilaire beschrieben. Er entdeckte sie in der Pyramide von Cheops während der ägyptischen Kampagne von Napoleon (Bergmans, 1994).[1] Gemäß der morphologischen Systematik gehörten ägyptische fliegende Hunde zur Chiroptera-Gruppe, der Unterordnung Megachiroptera, der Familie Pteropodidae, der Unterfamilie Pteropodinae, dem Tribus Pteropodini, der Gattung Rousettus (Kwiecinski und Griffiths, 1999)[2]. Neuere molekulare Studien schreiben diese Gattung jedoch der Unterordnung Yinpterochiroptera und der Überfamilie Pteropodoidea zu (Ao et al., 2007).[3]
Nilflughunde sind mittelgroße Fledertiere mit einer Flügelspannweite von bis zu 60 cm und einem Gewicht von 80–170 Gramm. Die Körperlänge der Männchen variiert zwischen 14 und 19,2 cm, während die Weibchen meist kleiner sind (12,1–16,7 cm).[4] Die Farbe des Rückens variiert von dunkelbraun bis mäßig grau. Das Fell am Bauch ist in mehreren Farbtönen heller (aschgrau). Kurzes Fell bedeckt den ganzen Kopf bis zur Nase. Sexueller Dimorphismus wird nicht in der Farbe beobachtet, aber bei Männchen ist der lange Mantel auf dem Nacken stärker entwickelt und hat den Anschein einer Mähne in rostigem Farbton. Nilflughunde haben ein eher primitives und einfaches Echoortungssystem. Ihre Ohren sind klein, schwarz oder dunkelbraun, der Tragus ist nicht spezialisiert wie bei den Vertretern der Yangochiroptera. Die Nilflughunde besitzen große Augen, die an Dämmerung und Nachtsicht angepasst sind. Die Farbe der Iris ist braun.[5]
Unter den Flughunden sind die Nilflughunde die am weitesten verbreitete Art. Auf dem afrikanischen Kontinent befinden sie sich nördlich von Angola und Nigeria, östlich von Mosambik, Kenia und Äthiopien. Sie kommen im Niltal bis zur Küste des Mittelmeers vor, sie sind typisch im Nahen Osten bis Zypern und in der südlichen Türkei. Im Osten umfasst ihr Lebensraum den Iran, Pakistan und Indien.
Ihre Flügel sind sowohl in feuchtem Tropenklima als auch in ariden Regionen, die zwischen 0 und 4000 Meter über dem Meeresspiegel liegen, gleichermaßen gut ausgeprägt.[6][7]
Die Tiere halten sich tagsüber in Höhlen oder in Gebäuden auf, die von Menschen bewohnt werden. Im Gegensatz zu den meisten anderen fleischfressenden Fledertieren aus der Superfamilie Pteropodoidea setzen sich die Nilflughunde nicht auf Bäumen und offenen Flächen ab. Sie leben in Kolonien, deren Anzahl von mehreren bis zu Hunderten von Individuen variiert.[8]
Ihre Population ist groß, im Durchschnitt gibt es mehrere hundert Tiere in den Höhlen, in einigen Gebieten gibt es aber bis zu 3.000 Individuen.[9]
Es gibt mehrere Unterarten, die sich voneinander unterscheiden, einschließlich Schattierungen der Wolle.[6][7]
Nilflughunde haben einen zweihörnigen Uterus mit einer einzigen Vagina,[10] daher haben sie eine doppelte Schwangerschaft. Nach der Befruchtung der ersten Eizelle in einem Horn der Gebärmutter erfolgt eine zweite Befruchtung mit verzögerter Embryonenimplantation. Wenn das erste Jungtier aus irgendeinem Grund zugrunde geht, wird sich der Embryo aus dem anderen Teil des Uterus aktiv entwickeln. Diese Tatsache wurde durch Beobachtungen bei Tieren in Gefangenschaft festgestellt.[11]
Das Körpergewicht des Neugeborenen beträgt mehr als 20 % des Gewichts der Mutter.[12] Im Vergleich zu anderen Säugetieren ist dieser Anteil außergewöhnlich hoch. Die Jungen der Nilflughunde (Rousettus aegyptiacus) wiegen am zweiten Lebenstag 22,5 g und die Mutter wiegt 127 g (17 % des Muttergewichts), wie der Zoologe Erwin Kulzer 1966 beobachtete. Das Baby wird blind und hilflos geboren, ist aber fähig, die Brustwarze der Mutter zu erreichen und fest daran zu saugen.[13] Der Zeitpunkt des Öffnens der Augen variiert individuell. Manche Babys öffnen am ersten Tag ihre Augen, andere erst am 9. Tag. Die Fläche der Flugmembran ist im Vergleich zu erwachsenen Tieren noch klein, aber in allen anderen Details ist der Flügel bereits vollständig ausgeformt. Charakteristisch sind die Größen des ersten (großen) Fingers am Flügel und die Beine mit Klauen. Für ein Neugeborenes ist dies beim Greifen von entscheidender Bedeutung.[12] Bis zwei Wochen hängt das Baby an der Mutter, klammert sich mit Krallen an die Wolle und hält die Brustwarze fest.
Ihre Ernährung umfasst eine Vielzahl von Früchten (Bananen, Orangen, Trauben, Mangos, Aprikosen, Pfirsiche, Äpfel, Litchi-Früchte), Blüten, Pollen, selten Blätter.[7]
Nachdem sie Nahrung gefunden haben, suchen sie einen ruhigen Ort auf. Die Nahrung wird beim Verzehr mit einer Hinterpfote festgehalten. Nach jeder Mahlzeit lecken sich die Tiere fleißig.[7]
Nilflughunde paaren sich das ganze Jahr über, aber in einigen Gebieten (mit einem gemäßigteren Klima) wird eine jahreszeitabhängige Fortpflanzung in natürlicher Umgebung beobachtet.[6] In der Gefangenschaft bringen die Tiere Nachkommen synchron zur Welt. Die Frequenz solcher "Wellen" beträgt etwa fünf Monate.[14] Der Paarungsinitiator ist das Männchen, der das Weibchen mit den Flügeln packt, es zu sich zieht und ihr Genick mit seinen Zähne packt. Normalerweise schreit das Weibchen, bis die Kopulation abgeschlossen ist.
Typischerweise bringt das Weibchen ein einzelnes Junges zur Welt. Im Moskauer Zoo gab es keine Fälle einer Geburt von zwei Jungen der geflügelten Nilflughunde, jedoch erwähnt die wissenschaftliche Literatur solche Ereignisse.[6]
Gewöhnlich verlassen die Nilflughunde ihre Unterkunft eine Stunde nach Sonnenuntergang, um nach Nahrung zu suchen. Sie kehren gegen vier Uhr morgens zurück. Bis zum Mittag schlafen oder dösen sie, eng miteinander verknotet. Dann wachen sie auf und bereiten sich auf den Nachtflug vor, sie putzen Flügel und Fell.
Während des Fluges und der Suche nach Nahrung verwenden die Tiere drei sensorische Systeme. Die Augen des Nilflughundes sind genauso gut entwickelt wie bei anderen Arten von Pteropodidae, jedoch hat die Gattung Rousettus als einzige der Pteropodidae,[15] die Fähigkeit der Echolokalisierung erlangt,[16] sodass sie in absoluter Dunkelheit fliegen können. Mit Hilfe der Zunge und der Mundwinkel erzeugen die Tiere eine Reihe von Klicks, die bei der Orientierung helfen.[17] Bei der Nahrungssuche spielt der Geruchssinn eine wichtige Rolle. Mit ihm kann das Tier nicht nur ein fünfzig bis einhundert Milligramm kleines Bananenstück in einem zwanzig Meter langen Korridor erkennen, sondern auch die Qualität und Reife der Früchte beurteilen.[17]
In der Gattung Rousettus ist die postnatale Entwicklung ähnlich. Mütter tragen in den ersten 2–3 Wochen ihre Jungen ständig auf sich. Danach lassen sie die Jungen zunächst nur für wenige Minuten in den Gewölben der Höhle. Fast ständigen Kontakt haben Mutter und Kind bei Rousettus 30–40 Tage.[18][12] Im Laufe der Zeit verlässt die Mutter ihr Junges für immer längere Zeiträume. Die Jungtiere, die inzwischen Unabhängigkeit gewinnen, beginnen nach mindestens 25 Tagen, sich in der Kolonie durch aktiven Einsatz ihrer Flügel zu bewegen. R. leschenaulti versucht ab 40–55 Tagen nach der Geburt, kurze Strecken plump in einer geraden Linie flattern.[18] R. Aegyptiacus's erster Flug im Alter von 63–70 Tagen erfolgt immer während des Tages und wird über die Mutter[5] durchgeführt. Das Weibchen hört nach 60–70 Tagen auf, das Junge mit Milch zu füttern[19] und es wechselt zu Obst. Am 100sten Tag nach der Geburt verlassen die Jungtiere den Bau ihrer Mütter.[5] Sie bleiben zunächst in der Nähe. Völlig unabhängig werden sie nach neun Monaten, wenn sie die Größe und das Gewicht von Erwachsenen erreichen.[18]
Der Hauptfeind ist der Mensch. Natürliche Räuber sind nicht beschrieben worden, aber wahrscheinlich sind Greifvögel wie Falken und Höhlenräuber wie Schlangen. Ihr Nachtleben, ihre Höhlenwohnungen, ihre Flug- und Tarnfarben helfen ihnen, sich vor Räubern zu schützen.[20]
Nilflughunde sind Bestäuber für diejenigen Pflanzen, an denen sie sich ernähren.
Aufgrund ihrer fruchtfressenden Ernährung werden die Nilflughunde während der Vegetationsperiode oft als Bedrohung für Obstkulturen angesehen. Plantagenbesitzer und Landwirte machen oft Jagd auf die Nilflughunde, um das Risiko von Ernteschäden und Gewinnverlusten zu verringern.[20]
Außerdem werden sie als Nahrungsmittel verwendet. Infolgedessen nimmt ihre Anzahl in einigen Regionen ab.[20]
Der Nilflughund ist in Anh.IV FFH-Richtlinie gelistet und daher in Deutschland nach § 7 Abs. 2 Nr. 14 b) Bundesnaturschutzgesetz streng geschützt.
Der Nilflughund (Rousettus aegyptiacus) ist ein fruchtfressendes Fledertier, das zur Familie der Flughunde gehört. Er kommt weitverbreitet in Afrika und im Nahen Osten bis nach Indien vor.
Nilflughunde wurden erstmals 1810 vom französischen Naturforscher und Zoologen Etienne Geoffrey Saint-Hilaire beschrieben. Er entdeckte sie in der Pyramide von Cheops während der ägyptischen Kampagne von Napoleon (Bergmans, 1994). Gemäß der morphologischen Systematik gehörten ägyptische fliegende Hunde zur Chiroptera-Gruppe, der Unterordnung Megachiroptera, der Familie Pteropodidae, der Unterfamilie Pteropodinae, dem Tribus Pteropodini, der Gattung Rousettus (Kwiecinski und Griffiths, 1999). Neuere molekulare Studien schreiben diese Gattung jedoch der Unterordnung Yinpterochiroptera und der Überfamilie Pteropodoidea zu (Ao et al., 2007).
Nilflughunde sind mittelgroße Fledertiere mit einer Flügelspannweite von bis zu 60 cm und einem Gewicht von 80–170 Gramm. Die Körperlänge der Männchen variiert zwischen 14 und 19,2 cm, während die Weibchen meist kleiner sind (12,1–16,7 cm). Die Farbe des Rückens variiert von dunkelbraun bis mäßig grau. Das Fell am Bauch ist in mehreren Farbtönen heller (aschgrau). Kurzes Fell bedeckt den ganzen Kopf bis zur Nase. Sexueller Dimorphismus wird nicht in der Farbe beobachtet, aber bei Männchen ist der lange Mantel auf dem Nacken stärker entwickelt und hat den Anschein einer Mähne in rostigem Farbton. Nilflughunde haben ein eher primitives und einfaches Echoortungssystem. Ihre Ohren sind klein, schwarz oder dunkelbraun, der Tragus ist nicht spezialisiert wie bei den Vertretern der Yangochiroptera. Die Nilflughunde besitzen große Augen, die an Dämmerung und Nachtsicht angepasst sind. Die Farbe der Iris ist braun.
Perçemka mêwexwer ya Misrê , rûviya firrinde [2] an rozeta misrî (Rousettus aegyptiacus), cureyekî perçemkên Cîhana Kevn û ji famîleya perçemkên mêwxwer (Pteropodidae) ne.
Perçemka(şevşevok) mêwexwer ya Misrê li Rojhilata Navîn, rojhilata Pakistanê, bakura Hindê û li parzemîna Afrîkayê ji xeynî beybana Sahara têne dîtin.
Perçemka(şevşevok) mêwexwer ya Misrê ji perçemkên dêw (Megachiroptera) biçûktir e. Dirêjiya piyalên herdu baskên perçemka mêwexwer ya Mîsrê nêzî 60 cm. Dirêjiya laşê derdorî 15 cm. Giraniya wê nêzîkî 160 g. Nêr ji mê mestir e. Rengê vê perçemkê qehweyî yê vekirî û rengê baskan qehweyî tarî ye. Çavên wê tarî yên û guhên wê mezin û tûj in. Poz an bêvila vê perçemkê dirûvê kûçikan e, ku bû sedema navlêkirina wê wek rûviyê firrinde di zimanê îngilîzî de.
Nolê gelek perçemkan, perçemka mêwexwer ya Misrê di şevê de li xwarinê xwe digere.
.
Perçemka mêwexwer ya Misrê gelek cureyên mêweyan nerm û hişk dixwe, lê bi taybetî ji xurmên bejî hez dike.
Perçemka mêwexwer ya Misrê , rûviya firrinde an rozeta misrî (Rousettus aegyptiacus), cureyekî perçemkên Cîhana Kevn û ji famîleya perçemkên mêwxwer (Pteropodidae) ne.
Rousettus aegyptiacus is ne Oard fon do Pteropodidae, do der, as do nai früünde heemske Fläddermuuse uk, tou do Flädderdierte heere. Disse Oard is ju eensige fon do Pteropodidae, ju sik, as dät normoal bloot Fläddermuuse moakje, mäd Echolot orientierje kon. Disse Oard frät bienaist bloot Fruchte, man fon ju Boomoard Ceratonia siliqua ok gans litje Bleede.
Jo lieuwje ap Zypern, gans in dät Suude fon ju Turkäi, in Israel, Jordanien, Iran, Pakistan, Saudi Arabien un in dät Nil-Delta in Ägypten. Ätter SPITZENBERGER, 1979, kuud me do in disse Tied noch in gans groote Gruppen fon bit tou 800 Dierte in Höölen fiende, do der 20 bit 40 Minuten ätter dän Sunnenunnergong uutkoomen. Man wült do Appeltuun-Oainere disse Oard (owwol ju bienaist bloot fuule Fruchte frät) fernäile wollen, kon me der däälich bloot noch litje Gruppen mäd bit tou 20 Dierte fiende.
Rousettus aegyptiacus häd ne keetich griesbruune Faawe, man is an ju Unnersiede un an ju Näkke moor bruunelk jeel. Junge fon disse Oard hääbe äänelke Faawen, man jo hääbe n kuuter Fäl.
Ju Laangte fon Kop un Rump is 138 bit 168 mm. Die Stäit is 16,8 bit 24,5 cm un die Unnerierm (beeter gekweeden: Unnerjuuke) is 89 bit 100 mm loange. Ju Juuken-Sponwiete is sowät 60 cm. N Diert fon disse Oard wächt 135 bit 175 g.
Rousettus aegyptiacus is ne Oard fon do Pteropodidae, do der, as do nai früünde heemske Fläddermuuse uk, tou do Flädderdierte heere. Disse Oard is ju eensige fon do Pteropodidae, ju sik, as dät normoal bloot Fläddermuuse moakje, mäd Echolot orientierje kon. Disse Oard frät bienaist bloot Fruchte, man fon ju Boomoard Ceratonia siliqua ok gans litje Bleede.
The Egyptian fruit bat or Egyptian rousette (Rousettus aegyptiacus) is a species of megabat that is found in Africa, the Middle East, the Mediterranean, and the Indian subcontinent. It is one of three Rousettus species with an African-Malagasy range, though the only species of its genus found on continental Africa. The common ancestor of the three species colonized the region in the late Pliocene or early Pleistocene. The species is traditionally divided into six subspecies. It is considered a medium-sized megabat, with adults weighing 80–170 g (2.8–6.0 oz) and possessing wingspans of approximately 60 cm (24 in). Individuals are dark brown or grayish brown, with their undersides paler than their backs.
The Egyptian fruit bat is a highly social species, usually living in colonies with thousands of other bats. It, along with other members of the genus Rousettus, are some of the only fruit bats to use echolocation, though a more primitive version than used by bats in other families. It has also developed a socially-complex vocalization system to communicate with conspecifics. The Egyptian fruit bat is a frugivore that consumes a variety of fruits depending on the season and local availability. Because of its consumption of commercially-grown fruits, the Egyptian fruit bat is considered a pest by farmers. It also acts as a pollinator and seed disperser for many species of trees and other plants.[3]
Other pteropodid species
R. aegyptiacus
Relationship of R. aegyptiacus within Pteropodidae (not all Rousettus species included) based on 2016 study of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA[7]The Egyptian fruit bat was described as a new species in 1810 by French naturalist Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, who gave it the name Pteropus egyptiacus.[8] He later revised the specific epithet to ægyptiacus, given as 1812[3] or 1818.[9][2] In 1870, John Edward Gray placed it in the now-defunct genus Eleutherura, treating the taxon as two species (E. unicolor and E. ægyptiaca).[4] Danish mammalogist Knud Andersen was the first reviser of the taxon; he used Rousettus ægyptiacus and wrote that egyptiacus "may [...] be considered a slip or misprint corrected by the author himself".[10]
In 1992, G. B. Corbet and J. E. Hill argued that Geoffroy's revision from egyptiacus to ægyptiacus was invalid according to the ICZN Code, and changed the name back to egyptiacus.[11] The 1999 Mammalian Species review used egyptiacus as well.[3] However, Geoffroy's revision was supported in 2001 by D. Kock.[12] He notes that aegyptiacus was "accepted almost universally by the scientific community", emphasizing its use by Andersen in 1912.[12] Kock argued that even if it was an unjustified emendation at first, it became a justified emendation through widespread use, as the use of aegyptiacus was undisputed until Corbet and Hill (the ICZN Code also mandates that use of "æ" become "ae", hence ægyptiacus is no longer in use).[12][13] Kock also writes that since the Latin adjective for "Egyptian" is aegyptiacus, egyptiacus is a simple misspelling in the original description.[12] The Agreement on the Conservation of Populations of European Bats was amended to use the specific name aegyptiacus in 2003.[14][15] Books like Mammal Species of the World (2005) and Mammals of Africa (2013) follow Kock and use the name aegyptiacus.[6][2]
Two other members of Rousettus have an African-Malagasy range: the Madagascan rousette (R. madagascariensis) and the Comoro rousette (R. obliviosus). Based on an analysis of both mitochondrial and nuclear genetics, the Egyptian fruit bat forms a clade with the Madagascan and Comoro rousettes. The Rousettus lineage colonized Africa in a single event in the late Pliocene or early Pleistocene. Diversification into three species followed soon after, with the Egyptian fruit bat the first to branch—the Comoro and Madagascan rousettes have a more recent common ancestor with each other than with the Egyptian fruit bat.[16]
There are six subspecies of Rousettus aegyptiacus.[17][3][2]
The Egyptian fruit bat is considered a medium-sized megabat. Adults have an average total body length of 15 cm (5.9 in) and an average wingspan of about 60 cm (24 in). Its forearm length is 81–102 mm (3.2–4.0 in) and its thumb length is 22–31 mm (0.87–1.22 in).[3] Adults weigh 80–170 g (2.8–6.0 oz).[3] Males are larger than females and can be easily distinguished by their large scrotums and the prominent, stiff strands of hair around their throats.[19][2] It has a dental formula of 2.1.3.22.1.3.3 for a total of 34 teeth.[3]
The fur on its body is relatively short and consists of soft and sleek strands.[3][2] On its back, the fur's coloration ranges from dark brown to gray-brown, while the coloration on its underside is pale brown with a yellowish-brown collar around its neck.[3] Its wings are of a darker brown than its body and the wing membranes attach to the leg at the first toe. Males and females have similar coloration. Similar to other megachiropteran species, the Egyptian fruit bat only has claws on its first and second digits, while the other digits have extremities made of cartilage.[3]
The Egyptian fruit bat has one of the greatest ratios of brain weight to body weight of any bat species. It is well adapted to seeing in low light and possesses a highly developed sense of smell. The regions of the brain associated with sight and smell are similarly well-developed. Its eyes are large and well-developed, while its ears are considered medium-length. As in all megabats, the choroid of the eye (vascular region between retina and sclera) has tiny projections known as papillae, which is where its photoreceptor cells are located.[3]
The Egyptian fruit bat is frugivorous, consuming mostly fruit,[19] though it also consumes leaves.[3] As a nocturnal animal, it is more active in the evening. It leaves its roost at dusk to begin foraging.[2] The Egyptian fruit bat has a flexible diet, consuming any soft, pulpy fruit from nearby fruiting trees. Common fruits eaten by the Egyptian fruit bat are Persian lilacs, loquat, figs, and wild dates.[19] The type of fruit consumed is influenced by overall availability depending on the season and habitat type.[20] Its dietary flexibility includes eating unripe fruits or those damaged by insects or fungi, allowing them to persist in habitats where ripe fruits are not perennially available.[21]
The Egyptian fruit bat usually makes multiple, short flights from its roost to various fruiting trees. It prefers to pick fruit and carry it back to the roost or another tree before eating it.[3][19] A study of Egyptian fruit bats in Cyprus noted that if Egyptian fruit bats are aware of an abundant fruit source somewhere, they will travel distances of about 15–20 km (9–12 mi) to reach it.[20] It eats large quantities of fruit each evening, equivalent to about 50 to 150 percent of its weight.[3] While eating, it will hold the fruit tightly against its body to prevent theft by other bats.[3] Its intestinal transit time is rapid, with food passing through the small and large intestines in 18–100 minutes.[3][19] The Egyptian fruit bat serves as a seed disperser of large and small seeds. Seeds are dispersed 25–400 m (82–1,312 ft) away from parent trees. Even seeds too large to ingest are dispersed due to its habit of picking fruits in one tree and consuming them in another, where larger seeds are spat out.[22]
Egyptian fruit bats are ecologically important as pollinators or seed dispersers for many species of trees and plants. The baobab tree, for instance, relies almost exclusively on fruit bats to pollinate its flowers.[3][23]
The Egyptian fruit bat has two breeding seasons: the first is from April to August, while the second season is from October to February.[24] When the breeding season begins, the bats within the colony separate based on sex. The males gather together to form bachelor groups while the females form maternity colonies.[3] Female bats have control over copulation; therefore, to increase the chances of mating, male Egyptian fruit bats will provide a nuptial gift to the female bat. The nuptial gifts are fruits that the male allows the female to scrounge.[25] By allowing the female to scrounge, it strengthens the bond between the pair, thus increasing the probability of the female copulating with a given male.[25] Females typically give birth to only a single offspring each year (called a "pup"), but twins are occasionally born, after a gestation period of around 115 to 120 days.[3][26] Newborn Egyptian fruit bat pups are altricial at birth with their eyes shut until they are nine days old.[3] The female carries the pup until it is six weeks old, which is when it can hang in the roost on its own. Afterwards, the pup is left in the roost while the mother forages. Before the pup is left in the roost, the mother repeatedly transports the pup to the same tree and is left there for the night while the mother forages. The pup learns this location and visits it first when at about three months of age, the pup will leave the roost on its own to forage for its food.[27] They only become independent from their mothers after nine months, once they have finally reached their adult physique. Offspring typically stay with the same colony as the parents for their entire lives.[3]
In the wild, the average lifespan of the Egyptian fruit bat ranges from 8 to 10 years, while in captivity its lifespan is about 22 years with proper care.[3][28] The significant difference between the lifespan of Egyptian fruit bats in the wild versus ones in captivity is mostly because of the wild bats’ increased exposure to predation and vitamin D deficiency.[3]
The Egyptian fruit bat has several avian predators, including hawks, owls, and falcons, specifically the lanner falcon. A mammalian predator is the genet.[3] External parasites (ectoparasites) of the Egyptian fruit bat include parasitic mites like Spinturnix lateralis, Liponyssus, and several Ancystropus species. Others parasitic taxa are flies like Eucampsipoda, Nycteribosca, and Nycteribia. Fleas that parasitize it include Archaeopsylla and Thaumapsylla, and it has also been documented with the tick Alectorobius camicasi. Internal parasites (endoparasites) are the hemosporidian Plasmodium roussetti, which causes malaria, and the roundworm Nycteridocoptes rousetti.[3]
Egyptian fruit bats, along with other species in the genus Rousettus, are some of the only megabats to use echolocation, though it is considered a primitive form compared to non-megabat species.[3][29] A few other megabat species echolocate via creating clicks with their wings.[29] It echolocates by emitting a series of sharp clicks with its tongues and by altering teeth and lip positions.[30] The clicks are normally slow and constant, but speed up dramatically when the bat approaches an object. This allows it to effectively navigate in darkness.[31][32]
It also makes use of a range of vocalizations for communication, including grunts and screeches, to communicate with other bats within the colony. As a result, a large roosting colony can be a deafening cacophony. Additionally, according to several studies, it is thought that because of their constant exposure to thousands of other individuals, they can form their own language to interact with one another about specific topics such as food. Colonies of Egyptian fruit bats develop their own dialects, producing sounds at different frequencies.[33] Egyptian fruit bat pups acquire the dialect of their colonies by listening to their mothers' vocalizations.[33][34]
The Egyptian fruit bat is vastly dispersed across various locations and can be found throughout Africa, the Middle East, Pakistan, and the northern regions of the Indian subcontinent.[21] Other populations can additionally be found in the Mediterranean on the mainland coasts of Cyprus and Turkey. It is the only frugivorous bat species in Europe.[20] Outside of its natural distribution, an Egyptian fruit bat was observed in the Greek island of Kastellorizo during a zoological expedition in 2017.[35] Usually found in various kinds of habitats such as tropical rain forests, savannas, or other forests, the Egyptian fruit bat tends to live in large colonies that consist of thousands of individuals in their established roosts.[20][3] It prefers to establish roosts wherever there are plenty of fruiting trees nearby; most roosts are in caves.[19] When no caves are nearby, it establishes roosts in cave-like human structures, such as abandoned depots and hangars.[19][2]
Since fruit bats also eat commercially grown fruits intended for human consumption, many of them are poisoned or otherwise persecuted and eliminated by farmers to prevent crop loss.[20][19] In Turkey, Israel, and Cyprus, farmers have poisoned Egyptian fruit bats via insecticides and pesticides. Other techniques used to kill the bats include using dynamite to destroy cave roosts, or fumigating cave entrances with sulfur to exterminate entire bat colonies.[19] While Egyptian fruit bats do eat commercially grown fruits, the percentage of crops lost to bats may be overestimated.[20][19]
In the 1950s in Israel, Egyptian fruit bats were declared pests, which led to an eradication campaign starting in 1958. Its roosting caves were poisoned with the pesticides 1,2-Dibromoethane or lindane, which not only killed Egyptian fruit bats, but many insectivorous bat species. Populations of insectivorous bats declined by approximately 90% in fifteen years as a result of the fumigation of caves, despite being protected under the Israeli Wild Animals Protection Law.[36]
The Egyptian fruit bat has been a suspected reservoir for several human diseases under surveillance. It is hypothesized that it can spread Marburg virus to conspecifics through contact with infected excretions such as guano, but a 2018 review concluded that more studies are necessary to determine the specific mechanisms of exposure that cause Marburg virus disease in humans. Exposure to guano could be a route of transmission to humans.[37] It has been documented with antibodies against Ebola virus in its blood, known as being seropositive, but has not tested positive for the virus itself. Evidence that it or any other megabat species is the natural reservoir of Ebola virus is "far from decisive".[38]
The Egyptian fruit bat is well represented in zoos around the world. As of 2015, there were 616 Egyptian fruit bats housed in twenty-three Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) member facilities, slightly more than 5% of all captive bat individuals of twenty-eight different species.[39]: 12–13 In the future, the AZA emphasized the need to ensure that males are rotated among facilities to promote genetic variation within the captive population. Captive individuals are susceptible to hemochromatosis (iron overload), necessitating further research into the dietary risk factors for this condition, as well as general nutritional requirements for the Egyptian fruit bat.[39]: 34–35 While import of fruit bats into the US is usually closely regulated, a procedural error in 1994 allowed the importation of thousands of Egyptian fruit bats (and other species).[40][41] Given that the Egyptian fruit bat is highly adaptable, there are concerns that, through the pet trade, it could become an introduced species in the Southern US, competing with native animals and causing destruction to fruit agriculture.[40]
The Egyptian fruit bat is used as a model animal in navigation research.[42][43][44] They are especially suitable for this kind of research, because they use visual inputs in conjunction with echolocation to navigate.[45][30] Additionally, their head is large enough to hold a wireless device that holds both electrodes that go into the brain and measure electrical activity of the cells, as well as a tracking device.[42] This method was used to show that bats have place cells,[46][47] which are cells that track their location, as well as head direction cells, which track the orientation of their head.[43] Additionally they have vector cells, which contain a representation of the location relative to an important object.[42] The bats are of particular interest, because these three types of cells have been shown to represent location and direction in 3D.[43][47] Bats also have cells that represent the location of other bats, which researchers have called 'social place cells'.[44] This finding was published in conjunction with a similar finding in rats.[44][48]
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) The Egyptian fruit bat or Egyptian rousette (Rousettus aegyptiacus) is a species of megabat that is found in Africa, the Middle East, the Mediterranean, and the Indian subcontinent. It is one of three Rousettus species with an African-Malagasy range, though the only species of its genus found on continental Africa. The common ancestor of the three species colonized the region in the late Pliocene or early Pleistocene. The species is traditionally divided into six subspecies. It is considered a medium-sized megabat, with adults weighing 80–170 g (2.8–6.0 oz) and possessing wingspans of approximately 60 cm (24 in). Individuals are dark brown or grayish brown, with their undersides paler than their backs.
The Egyptian fruit bat is a highly social species, usually living in colonies with thousands of other bats. It, along with other members of the genus Rousettus, are some of the only fruit bats to use echolocation, though a more primitive version than used by bats in other families. It has also developed a socially-complex vocalization system to communicate with conspecifics. The Egyptian fruit bat is a frugivore that consumes a variety of fruits depending on the season and local availability. Because of its consumption of commercially-grown fruits, the Egyptian fruit bat is considered a pest by farmers. It also acts as a pollinator and seed disperser for many species of trees and other plants.
El murciélago egipcio de la fruta (Rousettus aegyptiacus) es una especie de murciélago de la familia Pteropodidae. El pelaje es de color café oscuro, más claro en el cuello y teñido de café en la garganta.
Requiere cuevas para descansar dentro de una distancia de vuelo de hasta 24 km de árboles frutales.
Se alimenta principalmente de fruta.
En España, debido a su potencial colonizador y constituir una amenaza grave para las especies autóctonas, los hábitats o los ecosistemas, esta especie ha sido incluida en el Catálogo Español de Especies Exóticas Invasoras, regulado por el Real Decreto 630/2013, de 2 de agosto, estando prohibida en España su introducción en el medio natural, posesión, transporte, tráfico y comercio.[2]
↑ Mamals of Southern Africa. Editorial Struik Publishers
El murciélago egipcio de la fruta (Rousettus aegyptiacus) es una especie de murciélago de la familia Pteropodidae. El pelaje es de color café oscuro, más claro en el cuello y teñido de café en la garganta.
Rousettus aegyptiacus Rousettus generoko animalia da. Chiropteraren barruko Pteropodidae familian sailkatuta dago.
Rousettus aegyptiacus Rousettus generoko animalia da. Chiropteraren barruko Pteropodidae familian sailkatuta dago.
Egyptinkoirankuonolepakko[2] eli afrikanronkko[3] (Rousettus egyptiacus) on keskikokoinen hedelmälepakko, jonka levinneisyysalue ulottuu Senegalista yli lähes koko Afrikan ja Etu-Aasian Pakistaniin asti. Sitä tavataan myös Kyproksella ja Turkissa. Nisäkäsnimistötoimikunnan ehdotus lajin uudeksi suomenkieliseksi nimeksi on ronkko.[4]
Egyptinkoirankuonolepakolla on suuret silmät ja koiranomainen pää. Sen ruumis on noin 13–15,5 cm pitkä, kyynärvarsi on 8–10 cm ja paino 90-170 g.
Egyptinkoirankuonolepakot syövät hedelmien lisäksi myös siitepölyä ja mettä.
Naaras saa 105–107 päivän kantoajan jälkeen yhden tai harvoin kaksi poikasta. Laji lisääntyy monilla seuduilla noin kaksi kertaa vuodessa.
Toisin kuin muilla lepakoilla, egyptinkoirankuonolepakolla ja Rousettus-suvun kahdeksalla muulla lajilla on poikkeuksellinen kyky synnyttää äänisignaaleja värisyttämällä kieltään nopeasti suuontelossa tai oikeastaan maiskuttamalla äänekkäästi. Näin muodostuvan sointuvan, taajuudeltaan 6,5–100 kilohertsin äänen suurin intensiteetti on 12–18 kHz:n välillä. Ääntely ei ole ultraääntä, joten ihminen voi kuulla sen.
Egyptinkoirankuonolepakko eli afrikanronkko (Rousettus egyptiacus) on keskikokoinen hedelmälepakko, jonka levinneisyysalue ulottuu Senegalista yli lähes koko Afrikan ja Etu-Aasian Pakistaniin asti. Sitä tavataan myös Kyproksella ja Turkissa. Nisäkäsnimistötoimikunnan ehdotus lajin uudeksi suomenkieliseksi nimeksi on ronkko.
Egyptinkoirankuonolepakolla on suuret silmät ja koiranomainen pää. Sen ruumis on noin 13–15,5 cm pitkä, kyynärvarsi on 8–10 cm ja paino 90-170 g.
Egyptinkoirankuonolepakot syövät hedelmien lisäksi myös siitepölyä ja mettä.
Naaras saa 105–107 päivän kantoajan jälkeen yhden tai harvoin kaksi poikasta. Laji lisääntyy monilla seuduilla noin kaksi kertaa vuodessa.
Toisin kuin muilla lepakoilla, egyptinkoirankuonolepakolla ja Rousettus-suvun kahdeksalla muulla lajilla on poikkeuksellinen kyky synnyttää äänisignaaleja värisyttämällä kieltään nopeasti suuontelossa tai oikeastaan maiskuttamalla äänekkäästi. Näin muodostuvan sointuvan, taajuudeltaan 6,5–100 kilohertsin äänen suurin intensiteetti on 12–18 kHz:n välillä. Ääntely ei ole ultraääntä, joten ihminen voi kuulla sen.
Rousettus aegyptiacus
La Roussette d'Égypte (Rousettus aegyptiacus, quelquefois écrit sous la forme Rousettus egyptiacus) est une espèce de chauve-souris frugivore.
C'est une espèce commune en Afrique sud-sahélienne et dans la vallée du Nil. Lorsqu'elle déploie ses ailes, elle atteint 60 cm d'envergure.
Cette espèce a été identifiée comme le réservoir naturel du virus de Marburg[1],[2] en 2007.
Un certain nombre de sous-espèces existent[3].
Elle est de taille moyenne, et la tête ressemble à celle d’un petit renard[4]. Les mâles sont généralement plus gros que les femelles avec une longueur totale du corps allant de 14 à 20 cm, contre 12 à 17 cm pour les femelles[5]. Les adultes peuvent peser de 80 à 170 g et avoir une envergure proche de 60 cm[5]. Le pelage dorsal va du brun foncé au gris moyen. Celui ventral est davantage clair, avec souvent un col de fourrure jaune pâle ou orangé autour du cou[6]. Une fourrure courte recouvre complètement la tête presque jusqu'au bout du museau, à l'exception du front, où la fourrure est légèrement plus longue[6]. Les oreilles ont leur pointe émoussée et une coloration légèrement plus foncée que le dos. Les yeux sont grands. Frugivores, elles aiment particulièrement la pulpe et le jus de fruits très mûrs et sucrés[7].
Les mâles sont plus grands que les femelles et peuvent être facilement distingués des femelles par leur scrotum[réf. nécessaire].
R. aegyptiacus est présente dans toute l'Afrique au sud du Sahara, en Égypte et sur les côtes de la péninsule arabique[7]. Elle est aussi observée dans les îles Canaries et celles du Golfe de Guinée. Si son habitat favoris est une forêt tropicale riche en nourriture et avec un réel couvert forestier (pour s'abriter et se reposer entre autres), on la retrouve aussi en forêts clairsemées, en savane et même dans certaines zones pseudo arides. Elle s’abrite dans les grottes et les ruines aussi bien qu'elle se suspend aux arbres.
Comme beaucoup de chauves-souris, les roussettes égyptiennes sont nocturnes, mais elles ne passent pas non plus toute la journée à dormir : Perchées sur des arbres ou au plafond de grottes, elles poursuivent leur vie sociale, notamment en échangeant vocalement, avec un vocabulaire complexe des informations sur la nourriture, les dispositions de couchage et les tentatives d'accouplement[8].
Cette espèce serait l'une des rares connues à diriger ses appels vers des individus spécifiques (autres que leurs petits) dans la colonie[8]. Les échanges vocaux d'une colonie sont bruyants et évoquent une cacophonie, mais grâce à des micros et outils logiciels de reconnaissance vocale des éthologues on pu analyser environ 15 000 vocalisations recueillies durant plusieurs mois, de manière couplée à l'image vidéo [9]. Le programme a pu relier certaines vocalises à des interactions sociales capturées en vidéo (par exemple quand deux individus se disputent de la nourriture). 60 % des sons émis ont été classés dans quatre contextes : compétition pour de la nourriture, pour la position dans leur groupe, cris de protestation contre des tentatives d'accouplement et discussions entre voisins. Un algorithme a permis de détecter qui parlait à qui et montré que les sons émis différaient légèrement selon les interlocuteurs, notamment quand un individu s'adresse à un autre du sexe opposé - « peut-être d'une manière similaire, selon les auteurs, à celle des humains quand ils utilisent des tonalités différentes de voix pour différents auditeurs[8]. Seules quelques autres espèces, comme les dauphins et certains singes, sont connues pour s'adresser spécifiquement à d'autres individus plutôt que de diffuser des sons généralisés, tels que des appels d'alarme »[8]. L'équipe scientifique veut poursuivre ce travail et mieux comprendre dans quelle mesure des chauves-souris réagissent et répondent aux différents types d'appels. Elle suggère que les chercheurs en communication animale devraient mieux étudier le « bavardage quotidien » des animaux sociaux, « qui pourrait être beaucoup plus sophistiqué qu'il n'y paraît », voire dans ce cas aussi complexes que celui qu'on cherche à décrypter dans les chants de mammifères marin et le langage des grands singes[8].
Elles atteignent leur maturité sexuelle à 9 mois. Les femelles donnent naissance à un seul petit par an après une période de gestation de 115 à 120 jours. Fait surprenant, il n’y aurait qu’un accouplement tous les 2 ans[6].
Certaines chauve-souris se montrent capables de maintenir leurs infections virales à bas bruit[6], par des voies qui n'existent pas chez l'Homme ou de nombreux autres mammifères (sans réponse inflammatoire nocive). C'est le cas de la Roussette d'Égypte, qui dispose d'une hyper-vigilance antivirale dite « voie d'interféron perpétuellement activée ». Les chauves-souris semblent avoir perdu certains gènes favorisant l'inflammation. On explore depuis peu « l'impact de ces défenses antivirales uniques des chauves-souris sur les virus eux-mêmes », dont sur des cellules de chauve-souris cultivées in vitro[10].
Rousettus aegyptiacus
La Roussette d'Égypte (Rousettus aegyptiacus, quelquefois écrit sous la forme Rousettus egyptiacus) est une espèce de chauve-souris frugivore.
C'est une espèce commune en Afrique sud-sahélienne et dans la vallée du Nil. Lorsqu'elle déploie ses ailes, elle atteint 60 cm d'envergure.
Cette espèce a été identifiée comme le réservoir naturel du virus de Marburg, en 2007.
Un certain nombre de sous-espèces existent.
Is ainmhí í an ialtóg mheasa Éigipteach (Rousettus aegyptiacus). Speiceas d'ialtóg measa an tSeandomhain atá ann. Tá sé fospeiceas di ar an saol. Faightear iad ní amháin san Éigipt, ach in áiteanna scaipthe ar fud na hAfraice agus an Mheanoirthir. Mamach atá ann.
Il rossetto egiziano (Rousettus aegyptiacus E.Geoffroy, 1810) è un pipistrello della famiglia Pteropodidae, diffuso in Africa e nel Medio Oriente.[1][2]
Pipistrello di medie dimensioni, con la lunghezza della testa e del corpo tra 109 e 192 mm, la lunghezza dell'avambraccio tra 82 e 106 mm, la lunghezza della coda tra 8 e 24 mm, la lunghezza delle orecchie tra 13 e 27 mm e un peso fino a 170 g.[3]
La pelliccia è corta, soffice e lucente, si estende fino a metà degli avambracci. Le parti dorsali variano dal bruno-olivastro scuro al bruno-grigiastro, marrone chiaro nella popolazione egiziana, il collo è più chiaro e con la peluria sparsa, mentre le parti ventrali sono più chiare. I maschi hanno un collare di peli più rigidi e chiari. Il muso è lungo, gli occhi sono grandi e scuri. Le orecchie sono marroni, prive di peli e con l'estremità arrotondata, il lobo antitragale è distinto ma poco sviluppato. Le ali sono bruno-nerastre ed attaccate posteriormente al primo dito del piede, occasionalmente tra il primo e secondo dito. La tibia è priva di peli. La coda è relativamente corta, mentre l'uropatagio è ridotto ad una sottile membrana lungo la parte interna degli arti inferiori. Sono presenti 4 creste palatali continue, 3 divise ed una alla fine molto sottile e talvolta divisa. Il cariotipo è 2n=36 FNa=68.
Emette ultrasuoni sotto forma di coppie di impulsi a banda larga con frequenze tra 7 e 70 kHz, parzialmente udibili dall'uomo e massima energia a 10-12 e 20 kHz, generati con lo schioccare della lingua sul palato ed emessi attraverso il muso. Vengono utilizzati per orientarsi nell'oscurità delle grotte. La coclea non è particolarmente sviluppata come nei microchirotteri tuttavia le orecchie sono eccezionalmente mobili.
Di giorno si rifugia in grosse grotte umide, in canali lavici dove la temperatura ambientale è stabile, talvolta preferendo zone poco illuminate alla completa oscurità, dove forma colonie di 50-4.000 individui di entrambi i sessi. Si aggrega in densi grappoli all'interno di buchi o fessure sulle pareti ma se necessario può rimanere sospeso sulle volte. In Egitto è stato osservato in templi, tombe e moschee. Condivide spesso i ricoveri con microchirotteri sebbene ogni specie occupi una propria area. Rimane attivo durante tutto il giorno, c'è competizione per ottenere i posti più bui spesso in maniera aggressiva con urla, spinte e morsi. È presente una vasta gamma di vocalizzazioni, molte delle quali utilizzate per comunicare. Gli accoppiamenti avvengono nei ricoveri. Non entra in ibernazione né in uno stato di torpore diurno, non può sopravvivere per lungo tempo in condizioni fredde e si riscalda stringendosi ai suoi vicini, agitandosi e soffiando più velocemente. Se il clima è troppo caldo invece si raffredda separandosi dagli altri e salivando intensamente. Il volo è lento, circa 4,4 M/S, agile ma poco manovrato. Talvolta compie lunghe planate a quote più basse, può rimanere sospeso brevemente in volo e spiccarlo da terra. Sul terreno è lento e sgraziato, ma può arrampicarsi efficacemente. Quando si nutre rimane sospeso sui rami con un piede e con il lungo pollice e frequentemente si sposta su di essi in questa posizione usando tutti e quattro gli arti.
Si nutre di frutta, nettare e probabilmente polline di specie del genere Bombax, Kigelia, Adansonia, Eriobotyra e Musa. Di almeno una di queste piante può essere considerato un importante impollinatore. Spesso compie spostamenti fino a 10-24 km dai rifugi alle zone dove si nutre e di conseguenza giunge molto più tardi rispetto alle altre specie di pipistrelli che vivono sugli alberi vicini. La frutta è trasportata in un posatoio e quindi mangiata. I frutti dalla pelle dura vengono prima spellati e poi la polpa viene masticata e schiacciata contro il palato. Può effettuare migrazioni fino a 500 km alla ricerca di cibo. In alcune zone è considerato un danno per l'agricoltura sebbene gli effetti sui frutteti non siano eccessivi.
Danno alla luce uno, occasionalmente due piccoli alla volta all'anno, sebbene in alcune parti dell'areale i parti possano avvenire più volte. In Egitto gli accoppiamenti e le nascite avvengono in tutti i mesi, la gestazione dura 105-107 giorni. In Uganda la gestazione dura per 4 mesi e le nascite avvengono prima del picco delle piogge tra marzo e settembre. Nuovamente vengono concepiti altri piccoli dopo appena due mesi. In Sudafrica le copule avvengono in inverno, tra luglio ed agosto o tra giugno e metà settembre, i parti in estate tra novembre e dicembre e l'allattamento prosegue per almeno due mesi. I nascituri hanno una sottile peluria sulla testa e il dorso, gli occhi sono chiusi e le orecchie schiacciate sulla testa, il peso è di 18-25 g. Le orecchie si raddrizzano dopo circa 10 giorni e dopo circa un mese l'apertura alare è di circa il 75% di quella di un adulto, le cui dimensioni raggiungono dopo nove mesi. Il rapporto alla nascita tra i due sessi è paritario.
Questa specie è diffusa in maniera frammentata nell'Africa subsahariana, del Senegal all'Etiopia ad est fino al Sudafrica a sud e nel vicino oriente dall'Anatolia meridionale fino al Pakistan meridionale e sull'isola di Cipro.
Vive in ambienti umidi con presenza di grotte ed alberi da frutto fino a 2.500 metri di altitudine.
Sono state riconosciute 6 sottospecie:
La Lista rossa IUCN, considerato il vasto areale e l'abbondanza, classifica R.aegyptiacus come specie a rischio minimo (LC).[1]
Questa specie è stata individuata nel 2007 come serbatoio naturale del virus Marburg[5].
Il rossetto egiziano (Rousettus aegyptiacus E.Geoffroy, 1810) è un pipistrello della famiglia Pteropodidae, diffuso in Africa e nel Medio Oriente.
Egiptinis skraidantysis šuo (lot. Rousettus aegyptiacus, angl. Egyptian Fruit Bat, Egyptian Rousette, vok. Nilflughund) – vaisėdžių šikšnosparnių (Pteropodidae) šeimos žinduolis.
Paplitęs Viduržemio jūros vietovėse iki Kipro salos. Gyvena dideliais būriais. Dieną būna urvuose, rūsiuose, senuose pastatuose. Dėl betkokio pašalinio triukšmo persikrausto į gilesnes spragas, nišas, plyšius. Temstant jie palieka savo tamsias buveines ir skrenda ieškoti maisto į medžius. Jautri uoslė nukreipia juos prie labiausiai išsirpusių vaisių, nes jie yra visaėdžiai šikšnosparniai.
Išorinės ausys – sudėtingas organas, susijęs su ultragarso priėmimo funkcija. Šikšnosparnio ausys geba priimti labai aukšto dažnumo ultragarsą, sklindantį nuo aplinkos objektų. Tobula klausa kompensuoja silpnesnį regėjimą. Tropikuose gyvenantys šikšnosparniai veisiasi 2 kartus per metus. Patinai produkuoja spermą anksti pavasarį, vasaros pabaigoje ir rudenį, o patelės subrandina kiaušialąstes tik pavasarį. Patelės susiporuoja rudenį. Sperma išbūna gimdoje gyvybinga iki pavasario. Veda 1-2 jauniklius. Tik gimęs jauniklis nuropoja ant motinos krūtinės ir įsikimba į spenį. Jauniklis auga sparčiai. Po mėnesio didumu jis jau nesisikiria nuo suaugusių.
Egiptinis skraidantysis šuo (lot. Rousettus aegyptiacus, angl. Egyptian Fruit Bat, Egyptian Rousette, vok. Nilflughund) – vaisėdžių šikšnosparnių (Pteropodidae) šeimos žinduolis.
Paplitęs Viduržemio jūros vietovėse iki Kipro salos. Gyvena dideliais būriais. Dieną būna urvuose, rūsiuose, senuose pastatuose. Dėl betkokio pašalinio triukšmo persikrausto į gilesnes spragas, nišas, plyšius. Temstant jie palieka savo tamsias buveines ir skrenda ieškoti maisto į medžius. Jautri uoslė nukreipia juos prie labiausiai išsirpusių vaisių, nes jie yra visaėdžiai šikšnosparniai.
Išorinės ausys – sudėtingas organas, susijęs su ultragarso priėmimo funkcija. Šikšnosparnio ausys geba priimti labai aukšto dažnumo ultragarsą, sklindantį nuo aplinkos objektų. Tobula klausa kompensuoja silpnesnį regėjimą. Tropikuose gyvenantys šikšnosparniai veisiasi 2 kartus per metus. Patinai produkuoja spermą anksti pavasarį, vasaros pabaigoje ir rudenį, o patelės subrandina kiaušialąstes tik pavasarį. Patelės susiporuoja rudenį. Sperma išbūna gimdoje gyvybinga iki pavasario. Veda 1-2 jauniklius. Tik gimęs jauniklis nuropoja ant motinos krūtinės ir įsikimba į spenį. Jauniklis auga sparčiai. Po mėnesio didumu jis jau nesisikiria nuo suaugusių.
De nijlroezet of nijlrousette (Rousettus aegyptiacus of incorrect Rousettus egyptiacus) is een vleermuissoort uit de familie der vleerhonden (Pteropodidae) en het geslacht Rousettus. De nijlroezet heeft een groot, maar verbrokkeld verspreidingsgebied over Afrika en het oosten van het Middellandse Zeegebied.
Het is een vleerhond met een donkerbruine tot leigrijze vacht. De buik is rookgrijs tot geel van kleur, en de vleugels zwart. Sommige dieren, vooral mannetjes, hebben een beige of gele kraag. De vacht loopt tot over de onderarmen door. De oren zijn rondvormig en de snuit is stomp. Hij wordt 13,8 tot 16,8 centimeter lang en 135 tot 175 gram zwaar. Hij heeft een voorarmlengte van 89 tot 100 millimeter en een spanwijdte van ongeveer 60 centimeter. Het staartje is 16 tot 24,5 millimeter lang. Mannetjes zijn groter dan vrouwtjes.
Het is een zeer algemene soort met een groot, doch versnipperd, verspreidingsgebied, in Afrika ten zuiden van de Sahara en langs de loop van de Nijl, het zuiden van Arabië, het oostelijke Middellandse Zeegebied, van Egypte tot Turkije, en in Iran en Pakistan. Hij komt ook voor op Cyprus, waarmee het de enige in Europa voorkomende vleerhond is.
De nijlroezet verblijft overdag in grotten, waar kolonies van duizenden dieren kunnen leven. De temperatuur is hier constant en er zijn weinig roofdieren. Door dicht op elkaar te zitten, houden de dieren elkaar warm. Als aanpassing aan het leven in grotten maakt de nijlroezet gebruik van echolocatie, de enige vleerhonden die dit doen. Na zonsondergang vliegen ze uit naar savannes, plantages, halfwoestijnen, bosranden, tuinen en andere biotopen om op zoek te gaan naar sappige, vaak onrijpe vruchten (vijg, sinaasappel, banaan, dadel), en bloemen, nectar en stuifmeel. Ze eten soms ook bladeren en knoppen.
Het vrouwtje krijgt een jong na een draagtijd van 15 weken. Tweelingen zijn zeldzaam. Het jong houdt zich vast aan de buik van zijn moeder en wordt tijdens het vliegen meegedragen. Na negen dagen gaan de ogen open. Na ongeveer drie maanden is het zelfstandig.
Vleerhonden zijn belangrijk omdat zij net als insecten stuifmeel transporteren en bijdragen aan de bevruchting van fruitbomen. Verder verspreiden ze zaden. De baobabboom is op deze wijze geheel afhankelijk van vleerhonden. Zij eten echter ook aan fruit dat bestemd is voor menselijke consumptie. In 2007 bleek uit onderzoek dat de nijlroezet, zonder daar zelf last van te hebben, besmet kan zijn met het gevaarlijke marburgvirus dat verwant is aan het nog gevaarlijker ebolavirus.[2]
De nijlroezet of nijlrousette (Rousettus aegyptiacus of incorrect Rousettus egyptiacus) is een vleermuissoort uit de familie der vleerhonden (Pteropodidae) en het geslacht Rousettus. De nijlroezet heeft een groot, maar verbrokkeld verspreidingsgebied over Afrika en het oosten van het Middellandse Zeegebied.
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Rudawiec nilowy[3], rudawka nilowa[4] (Rousettus aegyptiacus) – gatunek ssaka z rodziny rudawkowatych (Pteropodidae).
Długość ciała do ok. 20 cm, rozpiętość skrzydeł ok. 60 cm. Futerko rudawki nilowej jest lśniące. Ma barwę szarobrunatną, skrzydła są ciemnobrązowe.
Cypr, Afryka, Bliski i Środkowy Wschód aż po Pakistan. Na schronienia wybiera głównie drzewa i jaskinie.
Rudawiec nilowy, rudawka nilowa (Rousettus aegyptiacus) – gatunek ssaka z rodziny rudawkowatych (Pteropodidae).
Rousettus aegyptiacus é uma espécie de morcego da família Pteropodidae. Pode ser encontrado na África,[1] sudoeste da Ásia, Irã, Paquistão, Turquia e Chipre.
Rousettus aegyptiacus é uma espécie de morcego da família Pteropodidae. Pode ser encontrado na África, sudoeste da Ásia, Irã, Paquistão, Turquia e Chipre.
Kaloň egyptský (Rousettus aegyptiacus) je druh netopiera z čeľade kaloňovité.
Vyskytuje sa v Južnej, Západnej a Východnej Afriky, od pobrežia Egypta po Turecko, v Arabskom polostrove, na juhu Pakistanu a v menšej miere aj Cyprus. Vyhovuje mu mierne vlhké prostredie. Obýva biotopy lesných porastov, jaskýň ale aj ľudské obydlia, studne a tunely. Prvotne bol objavený v pyramídach.[1]
V porovnaní s ostatnými kaloňmi je malý. Jeho hmotnosť je približne 160 g. Ich dĺžka je cca 15 cm a rozpätie krídel 60 cm. Ide o bylinožravcov, v zajatí sú kŕmené ovocím, nektárom, púčikmi a zeleninou. Samce sú väčšie ako samice a dajú sa rozoznať veľkým mieškom. Majú slabo hnedú srsť a tmavo hnedé krídla. Majú veľké špicaté uši, tmavé oči a pysk podobajúci sa na psí.
Je to nočný živočích, deň trávi v jaskyni alebo na stromoch, často vo veľkej skupine s počtom niekoľko tisíc jedincov. Počet jedincov v skupine je značne variabilný a závislý od územia. V Pakistane majú kolónie do 40 jedincov, ale v Južnej Afrike od 7 do 9 tisíc.[1] Za súmraku opúšťajú hniezdisko na hľadanie potravy a vracajú sa pred svitaním. Visia dole hlavou s krídlami zloženými okolo tela.
Živia sa zrelým ovocím a plodmi, môžu byť prenasledovaní pre škody na plantážach. Slúžia aj ako opeľovači.[1] Majú dobrý zrak a čuch. Kaloň egyptský, rovnako ako niektoré druhy rodu Rousettus, si vytvorili aj určitý druh echolokácie. Sú tak jedinými z čeľade kaloňovité, ktoré využívajú tento spôsob orientácie. Na rozdiel od netopierov vydávajú pre človeka čiastočne počuteľné zvuky rýchlym chvením jazyka, svoj let potom usmerňujú podľa spätne prijatých signálov. Napriek tomu echolokáciu kombinujú so zrakovým vnímaním.
Vydávané zvuky sú pomalé a pravidelné, s približujúcim sa objektom sa ich rýchlosť dramaticky zvýši. Zvuk používajú aj na komunikáciu, vrátane vrčania a škrekotu. Kolónia tak môže vytvárať ohlušujúcu disharmóniu.
Po 120 dňoch sa rodí jedno mláďa, výnimočne dve, ktoré nosí na bruchu. Pri pôrode bola pozorovaná aj asistencie tzv. tetičiek – skúsených samíc. Mliečne bradavky má v podpazuší.
Commons ponúka multimediálne súbory na tému Kaloň egyptský
Wikidruhy ponúkajú informácie na tému Kaloň egyptský
Kaloň egyptský (Rousettus aegyptiacus) je druh netopiera z čeľade kaloňovité.
Halsbandsflyghund (Rousettus aegyptiacus) är en fruktfladdermus i familjen flyghundar. Den förekommer i Afrika, på Arabiska halvön och som enda flyghund även i Europa, där den förekommer utmed Medelhavets allra östligaste kustområden, västerut till sydvästra Turkiet och Cypern.[1] Arten kategoriseras globalt som livskraftig, även om vissa populationer, som den på Cypern är hotad.[1]
Halsbandsflyghund förekommer i flera isolerade populationer i norra, centrala och södra Afrika. Utöver detta förekommer den i kustområden på södra Arabiska halvön, och i södra Iran, så långt österut som till gränsen av Pakistan. Som enda flyghund förekommer den även i Europa. Utbredningsområdet för den nordvästliga populationen sträcker sig från Egypten och Israel över kustområden i Syrien, södra Turkiet och på Cypern.[1]
Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.[2] Wilson & Reeder (2005) skiljer mellan 6 underarter.[3]
Med en kroppslängd omkring 170 millimeter (utan svans) är halsbandsflyghunden en medelstor flyghund men är ändå större än övriga fladdermöss som förekommer i Europa. Svansen är bara 6 till 25 mm lång.[4] Den näst största europeiska arten är jättefladdermusen (Nyctalus lasiopterus) som blir upp till 110 millimeter lång (huvud och bål).[5] Pälsen är gråbrun och buken är tydligt ljusare än övriga kroppen. Det svenska trivialnamnet syftar på den mera orange pälsen kring halsen som förekommer hos flera, men inte alla individer. Arten har ett vingspann på cirka 600 mm och väger 80 till 170 gram. Hanen är något större än honan.[4]
Halsbandsflyghunden vilar i grottor och liknande gömställen, som gruvor, där de bildar stora kolonier som kan ha flera tusen medlemmar. Halsbandsflyghund navigerar med sin mycket goda syn och luktsinne och använder även en enklare variant av ekolokalisering.[4]
När arten vilar håller den sig fast med en fot på taket eller på ett utskott vid väggen. Vingarna vecklas kring bålen och den andra foten ligger på vingarna. Individerna är ganska röriga och högljudda i grottan. De försöker nå de mörkaste ställen vad som ibland resulterar i strider. I bergssprickor kravlar halsbandsflyghunden på fyra fötter. Gömstället lämnas under vintern cirka 1,5 timmar efter solnedgången och födosöket avslutas ungefär 3,5 timmar före gryningen. Under sommaren är arten en halv timme efter solnedgången utanför grottan och den kommer tillbaks under gryningen.[6]
Lätet som används för ekolokaliseringen skapas med tungan och inte med struphuvudet (som hos småfladdermöss).[6]
Honor har oftast en kull per år och ibland fler kullar. Efter dräktigheten som varar cirka fyra månader föds vanligen en unge och sällan tvillingar. Ungarna föds blinda och de öppnar sina ögon efter ungefär tio dagar. 63 till 70 dagar efter födelsen flyger ungen för första gången. Vissa honor parar sig redan efter 7 eller 8 månader men de flesta honor blir könsmogna efter 15 till 16 månader. För hanar infaller könsmognaden efter 14 till 18 månader. Med människans vård kan halsbandsflyghunden leva 25 år.[4]
Innan ungen kan flyga håller den sig fast i moderns päls vid utflykter. Ungen har en individuell lukt som känns igen av modern.[6]
Arten livnär sig, som flertalet andra flyghundar främst av frukt, som fikon, apelsin, dadlar, banan och blad av johannesbrödträdet. Vanligen äter den omogna frukter som skadats av insekter och svampangrepp. I viss mån ingår blommor, pollen och mindre mängder blad i födan. Arten är viktig för flera blommors pollinering.[4] För att bära födan kortare sträckor har halsbandsflyghunden kindpåsar.[6]
Fram till 1970-talet fanns på Cypern jämförelsevis stora kolonier av arten men efter intensiv jakt på grund av uppfattningen att de är skadedjur finns idag bara mindre grupper med upp till 20 individer kvar. I övriga delar av utbredningsområdet betraktas arten som livskraftig (LC).
2005 upptäckte Eric Leroy vid Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF) i Gabon att halsbandsflyghundar bär på viruset som orsakar ebolafeber.[7] 2007 upptäcktes dessutom att de även bär på marburgviruset.[8][9][10] Individerna som undersöktes hittades i båda fall i grottor i Gabon och Kongo-Brazzaville.
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Halsbandsflyghund.
Halsbandsflyghund (Rousettus aegyptiacus) är en fruktfladdermus i familjen flyghundar. Den förekommer i Afrika, på Arabiska halvön och som enda flyghund även i Europa, där den förekommer utmed Medelhavets allra östligaste kustområden, västerut till sydvästra Turkiet och Cypern. Arten kategoriseras globalt som livskraftig, även om vissa populationer, som den på Cypern är hotad.
Mısır meyve yarasası[1][2] ya da Afrika meyve yarasası (Rousettus aegyptiacus), Afrika, Asya ve Türkiye’nin güneyinde Akdeniz Bölgesinde yaşayan, iri bir yarasa türü.
Boyu 15 cm'yi, kanat açıklığı 60 cm'yi bulur. Ağırlığı 45-75 g arasındadır. Yüzü bir köpeğinkini andırır. Türkiye’deki diğer yarasalardan farklı olarak; kanatta 2. parmak da başparmak gibi tırnaklıdır.
Büyük koloniler halinde (bazen 2000 üyeli) mağaralarda yerleşirler. Kullanılmayan binaları da yuva olarak kullanabilirler. Çok karanlıkta görev yapmayan gözlerin yerini, yankı ile yön bulma (ekolokasyon) yöntemi alır. Dilleriyle oluşturdukları ultrasonik seslerle çevreye uyum sağlarlar. Gebelikleri 4 ay sürer. Yavrular 6 ay kadar annelerince bakılır. Çoğunlukla her doğumda tek yavru, nadiren de ikiz doğururlar. 20 yıl kadar yaşayabilirler.
Trabzon hurması, elma, erik, üzüm, kayısı, muz, mandalina, portakal gibi olgunlaşmış sulu meyveler ve nektarla beslenirler. Polen ve diğer bitkisel materyalle de beslendikleri görülmüştür. Bitki üremesine böylece katkı sağlarlar.
Kıbrıs ve Türkiye’den, Arabistan Yarımadası ve doğuda Pakistan’a; güneyde ise Kuzeybatı Afrika ve Sahra Çölü gibi kurak bölgeleri dışında Güney Afrika’ya kadar kıtanın büyük kısmında yayılırlar. Türkiye’de ise Akdeniz Bölgesi’nin (Adana, Antalya, Hatay, Mersin ve Osmaniye) sahil ve alçak rakımlı kesimlerinde görülür.
Afrika meyve yarasası, Kırmızı listede ‘’LC’’ (düşük önemde) kategorisindedir. Türkiye'de ‘’EN’’ (tehlike altında) kategorisine alınması düşünülüyor. Tarım ilaçları, bu yarasa türünün maruz kaldığı en büyük potansiyel tehlikedir.
Mısır meyve yarasası ya da Afrika meyve yarasası (Rousettus aegyptiacus), Afrika, Asya ve Türkiye’nin güneyinde Akdeniz Bölgesinde yaşayan, iri bir yarasa türü.
Нерівномірно розподілений по Африці південніше Сахари і в Північній Африці, також проживає за межами Африки в Південно-Західній Азії в Ірані й Пакистані, також на Кіпрі від рівня моря до 4000 м над рівнем моря. Цей вид живе від посушливих до вологих тропічних та субтропічних біомів. Має широку терпимість до середовища проживання, відповідно до того чи є їжа і відповідні місця відпочинку.
Харчується м'якими фруктами (фінік, ріжкове дерево, шовковиця, мелія, інжир, абрикос, персик, яблуко), квітами, інколи листям. Сідала: суворо печерний вид, який спочиває в сирих природних печерах і штучних спорудах, включаючи підземні тунелі зрошення, руїни, гробниці, шахти, військові бункери і відкриті колодязі. Часто лаштує сідала з іншими видами рукокрилих. Можливі висотні міграції в частинах ареалу (наприклад, Ліван).
Передпліччя 83—99 мм, вага 108—140 гр. Великі надійні тварини з дуже сильними ногами і великими пальцями. Тварини з великими очима і простими вухами. Хутро коротке, спинний і черевний боки рівномірно сірого або коричневого кольору, живіт і горло у деяких тварин жовтуватого кольору. Молоді тварини сірі з більш рідким волоссям, ніж дорослі.
Rousettus aegyptiacus là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Dơi quạ, bộ Dơi. Loài này được E. Geoffroy mô tả năm 1810.[2]
Loài này được tìm thấy tại nhiều nơi ở châu Phi (trừ các vùng hoang mạc của Sahara) và tại Trung Đông, xa về phía đông tới Pakistan và miền đông Ấn Độ. Do phạm vi phân bố địa lý rộng và số lượng tương đối nhiều loài tự nhiên, Rousettus aegyptiacus được IUCN xem là loài ít quan tâm.
Phương tiện liên quan tới Rousettus aegyptiacus tại Wikimedia Commons
Bài viết họ Dơi quạ này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Rousettus aegyptiacus là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Dơi quạ, bộ Dơi. Loài này được E. Geoffroy mô tả năm 1810.
Rousettus aegyptiacus E. Geoffroy, 1810
Синонимы
Египетская летучая собака[1], или нильский крылан[1] (лат. Rousettus aegyptiacus) — вид рукокрылых семейства крыланов.
Египетская летучая собака длиной примерно 17 см. Шерсть имеет окрас бурого цвета, причём брюхо окрашено светлее.
Область распространения простирается от Египта и Аравийского полуострова до юга Турции и Кипра.
Животные живут большими колониями, активны ночью. Питаются плодами, при этом бо́льшую часть их рациона составляют незрелые плоды, повреждённые насекомыми или грибами. В поисках пищи животные за ночь пролетают до 40 км. Любимая пища— это инжир, затем апельсины, финики, бананы и молодые листья рожкового дерева.
Сезон размножения продолжается в природе с июня по сентябрь. Половая зрелость наступает в возрасте 9 месяцев. Период беременности длится приблизительно 115—120 дней. Самка, как правило, рожает одного детёныша в год, но иногда рождается и двойня. Приблизительно шесть недель самка носит детёныша на себе, не отпуская его. Позже она оставляет его висеть одного на скальных выступах, но продолжает кормить.
В 2005 году Эрик Леруа из Международного центра медицинских исследований Франсвиля (CIRMF) обнаружил в Габоне, что египетские летучие собаки являются естественными носителями вируса Эбола[2] . В 2007 году было установлено, что египетские летучие собаки являются также естественными носителями Марбургского вируса[3]. Исследователи установили, что в обоих случаях животные были родом из пещер в Габоне и Республике Конго.
Это заготовка статьи по зоологии. Вы можете помочь проекту, дополнив её. Египетская летучая собака, или нильский крылан (лат. Rousettus aegyptiacus) — вид рукокрылых семейства крыланов.
이집트과일박쥐 또는 이집트루세트(Rousettus aegyptiacus)는 큰박쥐과에 속하는 박쥐의 일종이다. 구대륙에서 발견된다.
사하라의 사막 지역을 제외한 아프리카 전역에서 발견되며, 중동 전역과 동쪽 멀리 파키스탄까지 그리고 북쪽의 인도에서 발견된다. 넓게 확장된 지리적 분포와 비교적 큰 야생 개체군때문에 이집트루세트는 아직 어떤 특정 보전 등급을 갖고 있지 않다.
이집트과일박쥐는 큰박쥐류 근연종들과 비교하여 작은 편이다. 날개 폭은 평균 60cm이고, 몸길이는 약 15cm이다. 몸무게는 보통 약 160g이다. 암컷보다 수컷이 크고, 큰 음낭때문에 다른 종과 쉽게 구별할 수 있다. 보통 연한 갈색을 띠며, 날개는 더 짙은 갈색이다. 크고 뾰족한 귀, 검은 눈 그리고 개를 닮은 긴 주둥이를 갖고 있어서 "나는 여우 또는 날여우"로 불린다. 털은 아주 부드럽고, 날개는 팬티스타킹 같다.
다른 박쥐들처럼 이집트과일박쥐도 야행성 동물이다. 낮에는 나무나 동굴에서 무리를 지어 시간을 보내며, 다른 박쥐들과 함께 수천마리씩 큰 무리를 짓곤 한다. 늦저녁에 먹이를 찾아 둥지를 떠나서 새벽 해가 뜨기 전에 돌아온다. 거꾸로 매달려 양날개를 몸쪽으로 최대한 접는다. 이집트과일박쥐는 반향 정위를 사용하는 유일한 큰박쥐류인 루세트박쥐속에 포함되는 박쥐이다.
이집트과일박쥐
잉글랜드 코츠월드 야생공원에서 오렌지에 매달린 이집트과일박쥐
이집트과일박쥐의 새끼
