As insectivores, hipposiderids help control insect pest populations. While little information exists on potential endoparasites of hipposiderids, like most bats, they are probably host to a number of ectoparasitic arthropods including lice, mites and fleas.
Commensal/Parasitic Species:
Like most Microchiroptera, members of the family Hipposideridae have relatively small eyes, indicating that vision may not be as important as echolocation for navigation and foraging purposes. However, vision may be used to detect objects past the range of echolocation. Hipposiderids, like all Microchiroptera, do not have color vision.
Unlike most microchiropterans that emit echolocation via the mouth, hipposiderids produce echolocation sounds with the larynx and emit the sound through their nostrils. The sounds produced are considered ultrasonic because they have higher frequencies than the normal range of human hearing. Hipposiderid echolocation calls contain a long constant-frequency (CF) component (i.e., one frequency is maintained throughout the duration of the call) and a much shorter frequency-modulated (FM) component. The CF segment of the call is used to determine the general structure of the local environment and to give a coarse location of potential prey and is preceded or followed by a brief FM segment, which aids in homing in on the location of a target. In general, the calls of larger bats have a tendency to be longer and lower in frequency, whereas the calls of smaller bats have a tendency to be shorter and higher in frequency. Evidence suggests that the calls of hipposiderids are typically higher in frequency relative to body mass than other bat families. Little information is available regarding the use of sound and echolocation for intraspecific communication, though audible sounds may be used to communicate during courtship or between mother and pup.
Many hipposiderid species have a small sac just posterior to the nose leaf. The sac, which is possessed primarily by males, secretes a waxy substance that may be used during mating season to attract mates or fend of potential rivals.
Communication Channels: acoustic ; chemical
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; ultrasound ; echolocation ; chemical
As a family, hipposiderids are not a particularly threatened group. However, many species are not well understood and as a result, potential conservation needs are unknown. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists 5 species as either endangered or critically endangered, and another 10 species are listed as vulnerable. Of the 84 species listed, 7 are classified as near threatened, 44 are listed as least concern, and the remaining 18 are classified as data deficient. Habitat loss and deforestation are serious concerns and their greatest threats. In specific cases, habitat loss has been so extreme that several species are now classified as endangered and some local populations are nearing extirpation. For example, Thailand leaf-nosed bats have been subjected to severe range contraction due to deforestation, which has resulted in a population reduction of 20% in just the last 5 years. Durga Das's leaf-nosed bats have had nearly all of their native range destroyed and now only roost in the homes of three different villages in central India. Due to deforestation, Orbiculus leaf-nosed bats are now resident to only two locations in Indonesia and Malaysia. Lamotte's roundleaf bats can be found in a single cave on the island of Guinea, and are classified as critically endangered. If conservation efforts are to be successful, habitat loss must be slowed and reforestation projects should be encouraged in critical habitat areas.
Hipposideridae, Old World leaf-nosed bats, is one of eighteen families that make up the order Chiroptera, and consists of nine genera. The largest genus is Hipposideros (roundleaf bats), which consists of 76 species. The remaining genera are Asellia (trident leaf-nosed bats), Anthops (flower-faced bats), Aselliscus (trident bats), Cloeotis (Percival's trident bat), Coelops (tailless leaf-nosed bats), Paracoelops (orange leaf-nosed bat), Rhinonicteris (orange leaf-nosed bat), and Triaenops (trident bats). Hipposiderids live in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, south Asia, Australia, the Philippine Islands, and the Solomon Islands. They can be found in deserts, dunes, savannas, grasslands, forests, rainforests, scrub forests and mangroves. Most species roost in dark, enclosed spaces, but some do roost in open areas. Hipposiderids range from 28 to 110 mm in body length, 30 to 110 mm in forearm (wing) length, and may or may not have a tail, up to 60 mm in length. Colors range from white to red to dark brown depending on species, geographic area, sex, and age, and pelage also varies in length and texture. They may have small or large ears, and some species’ ears are interconnected along the dorsal surface of the head. The appearance of the noseleaf is highly variable among genera. Hipposiderids show a great deal of diversity in roosting behavior and reproductive habits and show slight differences in feeding habits from genus to genus.
Hipposiderids cause little economic damage. There are no known pathogens specific to Hipposideridae that are harmful to people or domesticated animals. However, bats occasionally roost in occupied buildings, which can be destructive and has the potential to spread disease. Any species of bat infected with rabies could potentially bite and transmit the pathogen to humans.
Negative Impacts: injures humans (causes disease in humans , carries human disease); causes or carries domestic animal disease ; household pest
As insectivores, hipposiderids help control insect pest populations that might otherwise spread disease or damage crops. The guano of hipposiderids is locally used as a nitrogen rich fertilizer.
Positive Impacts: produces fertilizer; controls pest population
Although little information is available on the diets of most hipposiderid species, they are considered to be primarily insectivorous. Those species that have been studied prefer cicadas, cockroaches, termites, and beetles. The beetle larvae prey of Commerson's roundleaf bats live in wild figs, which results in the addition of small amounts of fruit to their otherwise insectivorous diet.
Hipposiderids have excellent echolocation, and catch most of their prey via aerial hawking and gleaning. They usually fly only a few meters above the ground while echolocating for potential prey. Although most species are thought to prey on flying insects, some occasionally feed on flightless insects such as ants. Hipposiderids are generally territorial and hunt and feed within a specific range. For example, members of the genus Asellia, have been observed flying more than a mile through the desert to their feeding territory. Often, hipposiderids bring captured prey back to their roost prior to consumption. When chewing, the jaws of hipposiderids move side-to-side and up and down, simultaneously. This shearing motion helps break down the chitinous exoskeleton of insect prey.
Primary Diet: carnivore (Insectivore )
Members of Hipposideridae are found throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World. These Old World leaf-nosed bats are found in Africa, southern Asia, the Philippine Islands, the Solomon Islands, and Australia.
Biogeographic Regions: palearctic (Native ); oriental (Native ); ethiopian (Native ); australian (Native )
Hipposideridae inhabits tropical and subtropical habitats and roosting preferences vary by genera. Hipposiderids have been found roosting in caves, mines, hollow trees, buildings, and man-made underground compartments like cellars and tombs. In Africa, Fulvus round-leaf bats are often found in the burrows of Hystrix (Old World porcupines) and members of the genus Asellia roost in the inner walls of wells, in caves, and in man-made structures. Though Percival's trident bats live in forests and generally roost in trees, in Taiwan they have been discovered in abandoned Japanese bomb shelters, also known as pillboxes.
Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: desert or dune ; savanna or grassland ; forest ; rainforest ; scrub forest
Information regarding the lifespan of hipposiderids is limited, as a majority of species in this family are not well-known. However, some species have been found to live more than 10 years.
A defining characteristic of Hipposiderids is their elaborate noseleaf. The noseleaf consists of fleshy protrusions on top of a U-shaped rhinarium (i.e., the wet surface surrounding the nostrils). Hipposiderids have an erect transverse leaf within the noseleaf as well as smaller accessory leaflets. The common name of many genera corresponds to the shape of the noseleaf. For example, flower-faced bats have two circular lateral leaflets, the smaller of which is superimposed onto the larger, resulting in a noseleaf resembling the petals of a flower. Differences in noseleaf characteristics are commonly used to discern between genera. These 'appendages' are thought to be related to nasal echolocation, and may help to focus and modify echolocation signals.
Pelage of hipposiderids varies greatly both between and within taxa. Pelage can be white, light beige, pale yellow, dark yellow, orange, red, red-brown, light brown, dark brown, gray, or dark gray. Some species have white patches of fur, while others have 2 different color phases. Often, venter pelage is lighter than dorsum pelage. Pelage also differs interspecifically by length and texture or silkiness. Hipposiderid skulls have a number of unique features that differentiate them from other bat families. For example, they have no post-orbital processes, the nasal portion of the premaxilla is absent, and the premaxilla is not fused to the maxilla. They have dilambdodont molars , and their dental formula is I1/2 C1/1 P1–2/2–3 M3/3, giving them a total of 28 to 30 teeth. Hipposiderids do not have a tragus, the fleshy protuberance present at the opening of the ear in many bats. A membrane spanning the dorsal surface of the head connects their ears, which exhibit a great deal of variation in size.
Hipposideridae shares many traits with the family Rhinolophidae, and some accounts consider Hipposideridae a sub-family of Rhinolophidae. Both hipposiderids and rhinolophids lack post-orbital processes and the nasal portion of the premaxilla, as well as having a premaxilla that is not fused to the maxilla, dilambdodont molars, and a U- or horseshoe-shaped rhinarium. However, hipposiderids can be differentiated from rhinolophids using a number of different characteristics. Hipposiderids generally have a more rounded noseleaf, while the noseleaf of rhinolophids is spear-like and pointed. Hipposiderids have only two bones in each toe, while rhinolophids have three in all except the first toe, which has two. Rhinolophids always have three lower premolars on each side of the mandible and hipposiderids have only two. The two families also differ in the structure of their shoulder and hip girdles. Finally, rhinolophids have a sella, a flattened leaflet in the middle of the noseleaf structure, that is not present in hipposiderids.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; heterothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike
Hipposiderids are preyed upon by a number of small nocturnal mammals with the ability to capture them mid-flight or locate their roosts. In many localities, the major predator of hipposiderids is snakes, which are sometimes able to locate their roosting sites. During flight, hipposiderids can be captured and eaten by various birds of prey including hawks, falcons, and owls. Furthermore, in Australia, members of the family Dasyuridae have been known to locate hipposiderid roosts. In conjunction with their ability to fly, the nocturnal lifestyle of bats helps reduce predation as does the colonial roosting behavior of many species.
Known Predators:
Not enough information is known about hipposiderid mating systems to make accurate generalizations about the family as a whole; however, research on individual species provides limited but important insight. Only one example of a polygynous mating in hipposiderids is known. Colonies of Commerson's roundleaf bat, which can contain up to 500,000 individuals, are divided into small harems consisting of one adult male and several adult females, with whom the male mates. Mating occurs seasonally, during the fall, and females give birth to a single young during spring after storing sperm over winter.
Mating System: polygynous
Breeding season and birthing season vary among hipposiderid species. For example, bi-colored leaf-nosed bats and ashy roundleaf bats mate in October and give birth in April. Although birthing season varies slightly, coinciding with peak rainy season when food is most abundant, Sundevall's leafnosed bats give birth in April north of the equator and in October south of the equator. Fulvus roundleaf bats mate in November and give birth in late April. Although the specific times vary among species, birthing among hipposiderids generally occurs during spring. Female hipposiderids give birth to a single young per pregnancy. Gestation lasts from 90 days in cyclops roundleaf bats to 220 days in Sundevall's leafnosed bats in South Africa. Females typically carry their young for a few weeks after giving birth. For example, Fulvus roundleaf bats produce a single young, which the female carries for 20 to 22 days. Age at weaning, age at first flight, and age at independence appears to vary according to latitude. Species subject to greater seasonality appear to mature more quickly than those resident to more tropical regions. In at least one species, Sundevall's leafnosed bats of Nigeria, delayed implantation occurs. The egg does not implant in the uterine lining for up to 2 months after fertilization, and as a result, young are born when prey are more abundant, directly before the rainy season.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous ; delayed fertilization ; delayed implantation
Females are the primary care givers in hipposiderids. Female typically carry their young for a few weeks after birth and prior to weaning. Females have "pubic teats", which their young hold on to during the carrying period. Little is known of lactation and weaning in hipposiderids. However, lactation lasts for about 40 days in the genus Asellia, and Taiwanese leaf-nosed bats are usually weaned at 7 weeks old. Tropical species are thought to be weaned by 8 to 20 weeks and time to independence appears to vary according to latitude, as tropical species reach sexual maturity between 16 and 24 months, and temperate species reaching sexual maturity by 6 to 8 months.
Parental Investment: precocial ; female parental care ; pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Protecting: Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Female)
Els hiposidèrids (Hipposideridae) són una família de ratpenats. Anteriorment se la considerava una subfamília de la família dels rinolòfids (amb el nom Hipposiderinae), però actualment se la sol classificar com a família de ple dret.[1] Hipposideridae conté deu gèneres i més de setanta espècies vivents, la majoria de les quals pertanyen al gènere Hipposideros.[1] També se'n coneixen diversos gèneres fòssils, els més antics dels quals visqueren a Europa durant l'Eocè mitjà.
Els hiposidèrids (Hipposideridae) són una família de ratpenats. Anteriorment se la considerava una subfamília de la família dels rinolòfids (amb el nom Hipposiderinae), però actualment se la sol classificar com a família de ple dret. Hipposideridae conté deu gèneres i més de setanta espècies vivents, la majoria de les quals pertanyen al gènere Hipposideros. També se'n coneixen diversos gèneres fòssils, els més antics dels quals visqueren a Europa durant l'Eocè mitjà.
Die Rundblattnasen (Hipposideridae) sind eine Fledermausfamilie. Sie sind eng mit den Hufeisennasen (Rhinolophidae) verwandt und werden manchmal als deren Unterfamilie (Hipposiderinae) klassifiziert. Die Familie umfasst rund 80 Arten in sechs Gattungen.
Rundblattnasen sind in den tropischen und subtropischen Regionen Afrikas, Asiens und Australiens sowie in Neuguinea und auf den Salomonen verbreitet.
Diese Fledermäuse sind vor allem durch die Form ihrer Schnauze charakterisiert. Das Nasenblatt besteht aus einer hufeisenförmigen Wölbung vorne und einer dahintergelegenen aufgerichteten Blatt, das bei vielen Arten dreigeteilt ist und an einen Dreizack erinnert. Diese Struktur dient, wie bei den meisten Fledermäusen die Ultraschallrufe durch die Nase aussenden, zur Aussendung oder Verstärkung von Ultraschalllauten, die sie zur Echoortung benötigen. Bei vielen Arten haben die Männchen eine sackförmige Drüse hinter dem Nasenblatt, die ein wachsartiges Sekret absondert. Die Ohren haben keinen Tragus. Die Färbung des Fells variiert von rötlich-orange über braun bis zu grauschwarz, in manchen Arten unterscheiden sich die Geschlechter hinsichtlich der Fellfärbung oder der Form des Nasenblattes. Rundblattnasen erreichen eine Kopfrumpflänge von 28 bis 110 Millimetern und ein Gewicht von drei bis 110 Gramm.
Als Schlafplatz dienen ihnen Höhlen, Felsspalten, Gebäude, Baumhöhlen oder Baue anderer Tiere, zum Beispiel von Stachelschweinen. Von einigen Arten ist bekannt, dass sie Winterschlaf halten; viele Arten in großen Gruppen, andere in kleinen Familiengruppen oder allein. Wie die meisten Fledermäuse sind sie nachtaktiv, am Abend verlassen sie ihre Schlafplätze, um allein oder in kleinen Gruppen auf Nahrungssuche zu gehen. Ihre Nahrung besteht fast ausschließlich aus Insekten, die sie im Flug erbeuten. Sie fliegen oft in Bodennähe und verzehren bodenbewohnende Tiere wie Käfer, Termiten oder Schaben.
Über die Fortpflanzung vieler Arten ist kaum etwas bekannt. Ein- oder zweimal im Jahr kommt meist ein einzelnes Jungtier zur Welt. Bei vielen Arten lässt sich ein verzögertes Wachstum des Embryos beobachten: die reine Tragzeit beläuft sich auf 70 bis 100 Tage, der Abstand zwischen der Paarung und der Geburt ist aber oft doppelt so lang. Jungtiere werden rund 40 bis 80 Tage gesäugt.
Der Verlust des Lebensraumes durch Umwandlung ihrer Wohngebiete in landwirtschaftlich genutzte Gebiete oder Siedlungen stellt für viele Arten eine Bedrohung dar. Drei Arten werden von der IUCN als stark bedroht gelistet: Hipposideros lamottei aus Westafrika, Hipposideros nequam aus Malaysia und Paracoelops megalotis, von der nur ein einziges Exemplar gefunden wurde. Einige weitere Arten sind bedroht oder gefährdet, für viele Arten liegen jedoch keine genauen Daten vor.
Die Gattungen Dreizahnblattnasen (Triaenops), Cloeotis, Paratriaenops und Rhinonicteris, die bis 2015 ebenfalls zu den Rundblattnasen gehörten, wurden 2015 in die Familie Rhinonycteridae gestellt. Rundblattnasen und Rhinonycteridae entstanden beide in Afrika haben sich aber vor etwa 39 Millionen Jahren in zwei sich unabhängig voneinander entwickelnde Linien getrennt.[2]
Die Rundblattnasen (Hipposideridae) sind eine Fledermausfamilie. Sie sind eng mit den Hufeisennasen (Rhinolophidae) verwandt und werden manchmal als deren Unterfamilie (Hipposiderinae) klassifiziert. Die Familie umfasst rund 80 Arten in sechs Gattungen.
Doo Hipposideridae sunt ne Familie fon doo Fläddermuuse. Joo lieuwje in doo tropiske un subtrobiske Gebiete fon Afrikoa, Asien un Australien.
Dät rakt njuugen rezente Sleeke in disse Familie:
Doo Hipposideridae sunt ne Familie fon doo Fläddermuuse. Joo lieuwje in doo tropiske un subtrobiske Gebiete fon Afrikoa, Asien un Australien.
The Hipposideridae are a family of bats commonly known as the Old World leaf-nosed bats. While it has often been seen as a subfamily, Hipposiderinae, of the family Rhinolophidae, it is now more generally classified as its own family.[1] Nevertheless, it is most closely related to Rhinolophidae within the suborder Yinpterochiroptera.[2]
The Hipposideridae contain 10 living genera and more than 70 species, mostly in the widespread genus Hipposideros.[3] In addition, several fossil genera are known; the oldest fossils attributed to the family are from the middle Eocene of Europe.[4] In their 1997 Classification of Mammals, Malcolm C. McKenna and Susan K. Bell proposed a division of Hipposideridae (called Rhinonycterinae in their work) into three tribes, one with two subtribes,[5] but these tribes turned out to be non-monophyletic and have been abandoned.[1] A different classification was proposed by Hand and Kirsch in 2003.[6] In 2009, Petr Benda and Peter Vallo proposed a separate tribe, Triaenopini, for the genera Triaenops, Paratriaenops, and possibly Cloeotis,[7] synonymised in a 2014 revision (Foley, et al.) that elevated the family Rhinonycteridae.[8] The Hipposideridae have many different families, previously confused to be the same for their similar appearance. The Hipposideridae fulvus is very similar to the Hipposideridae Pomona, which were a part of the same family in the past. The macrobullatus, considered to be a subspecies of the Hipposideridae are also part of a different family. Among the Hipposideridae species, there is an increased amount of mitochondrial differentation, possibly leading to these subspecies being intermixed and confused as one.[9][10][11]
The genera included in Hipposideridae are:[12]
(Note that genus Paracoelops was previously listed for Vietnam is now a synonym of Hipposideros pomona)
The Hipposideridae are a family of bats commonly known as the Old World leaf-nosed bats. While it has often been seen as a subfamily, Hipposiderinae, of the family Rhinolophidae, it is now more generally classified as its own family. Nevertheless, it is most closely related to Rhinolophidae within the suborder Yinpterochiroptera.
Los hiposidéridos (Hipposideridae) son una familia de murciélagos microquirópteros. Anteriormente se la incluía como subfamilia de los rinolófidos,[1] estudios posteriores, genéticos y fisiológicos, aconsejaron clasificarla como una familia.[2]
Familia compuesta por especies pertenecientes a 6 géneros actuales y varios de extintos:[3]
Los hiposidéridos (Hipposideridae) son una familia de murciélagos microquirópteros. Anteriormente se la incluía como subfamilia de los rinolófidos, estudios posteriores, genéticos y fisiológicos, aconsejaron clasificarla como una familia.
Kaviokuonoyököt (Hipposideridae) on pienlepakoiden alalahkoon kuuluva heimo. Siihen kuuluvia sukuja ovat Hipposideros, Asellia, Anthops, Aselliscus, Cloetis, Coelops, Paracoelops, Rhinonisteris ja Triaenops. Heimon lajeja tavataan trooppisilla ja subtrooppisilla alueilla Afrikasta Australiaan ja Oseaniaan ja niitä esiintyy kuivilla alueilla, ruohostomailla ja metsissä. Turkin väri vaihtelee lajeittain vaaleasta keltaiseen, punaiseen, punaruskeaan, tummanruskeaan ja tummanharmaaseen. Kuonon päässä on uloke. Koiras muodostaa pienen haaremin muutaman naaraan kanssa. Parittelu tapahtuu yleensä syksyllä ja naaras synnyttää yleensä keväällä yhden poikasen, jota se hoitaa muutaman viikon. Nukkuessaan kaviokuonoyököt ovat erillään toisistaan. Niiden ääni tulee kurkunpäästä ja ne ottavat äänen vastaan sieraimillaan. Ne syövät enimmäkseen termiittejä, koppakuoriaisia, laulukaskaita ja torakoita. Ne itse voivat joutua haukkojen tai pöllöjen saaliiksi. Kaviokuonoyököt ovat läheistä sukua hevosenkenkäyököille.[2]
Kaviokuonoyököt (Hipposideridae) on pienlepakoiden alalahkoon kuuluva heimo. Siihen kuuluvia sukuja ovat Hipposideros, Asellia, Anthops, Aselliscus, Cloetis, Coelops, Paracoelops, Rhinonisteris ja Triaenops. Heimon lajeja tavataan trooppisilla ja subtrooppisilla alueilla Afrikasta Australiaan ja Oseaniaan ja niitä esiintyy kuivilla alueilla, ruohostomailla ja metsissä. Turkin väri vaihtelee lajeittain vaaleasta keltaiseen, punaiseen, punaruskeaan, tummanruskeaan ja tummanharmaaseen. Kuonon päässä on uloke. Koiras muodostaa pienen haaremin muutaman naaraan kanssa. Parittelu tapahtuu yleensä syksyllä ja naaras synnyttää yleensä keväällä yhden poikasen, jota se hoitaa muutaman viikon. Nukkuessaan kaviokuonoyököt ovat erillään toisistaan. Niiden ääni tulee kurkunpäästä ja ne ottavat äänen vastaan sieraimillaan. Ne syövät enimmäkseen termiittejä, koppakuoriaisia, laulukaskaita ja torakoita. Ne itse voivat joutua haukkojen tai pöllöjen saaliiksi. Kaviokuonoyököt ovat läheistä sukua hevosenkenkäyököille.
Les Hipposideridae forment une famille de chauves-souris, autrefois placée comme sous-famille des Rhinolophidae.
Selon Mammal Species of the World (version 3, 2005) (23 septembre 2017)[1] et ITIS (23 septembre 2017)[2] :
Les Hipposideridae forment une famille de chauves-souris, autrefois placée comme sous-famille des Rhinolophidae.
Hipposideridae (Nama daerah Barong adalah suku kelelawar yang memiliki bagian daun hidung yang rumit. Ukuran tubuhnya bervariasi dari kecil ke besar. Daun hidung anterior membundar dan agak berbentuk seperti ladam kuda (kecuali pada Coelops).
Ordo Hipposideridae memiliki dua familia yaitu
Hipposideros Coelops.Gli Ipposideridi (Hipposideridae Lydekker, 1891) sono una famiglia di pipistrelli, del sottordine dei Microchirotteri.
Questa famiglia comprende pipistrelli con la lunghezza dell'avambraccio tra 30 mm e 124 mm. Comprende alcune delle specie di microchirotteri più grandi al mondo come Hipposideros gigas.
Il cranio è di proporzioni variabili, sono presenti due incisivi superiori e 4 inferiori, mentre i premolari superiori possono essere uno o due per ogni semi-arcata. La Cintura scapolare è notevolmente modificata, ancor più che nei Rinolofidi. La settima vertebra cervicale e la prima dorsale sono fuse tra loro e saldate alle prima e seconda fila intera di costole, che a loro volta sono unite al pre-sterno fino a formare un solido anello osseo. Le ossa pelviche sono ridotte. Il secondo dito della mano è privo di falangi, mentre gli altri ne hanno due. Ogni dito del piede è munito di due falangi. Le orecchie sono di dimensioni variabili, prive di trago ma con un antitrago spesso ben sviluppato. La caratteristica esterna principale è la presenza di una foglia nasale ellittica divisa in 3 parti: il lobo anteriore, che include le narici, divise tra loro da un setto nasale spesso pronunciato; un lobo intermedio a forma di cuscinetto, talvolta solcato da una cresta mediana e una porzione posteriore, che in alcuni generi è grande e tricuspidata. Sulla superficie della foglia nasale sono presenti delle piccole ghiandole e dietro di essa sulla fronte una sacca, la cui apertura è marcata da un ciuffo di peli.
Le specie di questa famiglia vivono nell'Africa subsahariana, nell'Asia tropicale fino alle Filippine e alle Isole Salomone ed in Australia.
La famiglia si suddivide in 5 generi:[1]
Alcuni generi precedentemente assegnati a questa famiglia, sono stati recentemente trasferiti nella famiglia dei Rinonitteridi[2].
Il genere Paracoelops, descritto in base ad un individuo maschio adulto catturato nel 1945 a Vinh, nel Vietnam centrale, è stato recentemente identificato come un esemplare in pessime condizioni della specie Hipposideros pomona[3]
Il genere è presente in Europa ed Asia dall'Eocene, mentre in Africa ed Australia dal Miocene.
Gli Ipposideridi (Hipposideridae Lydekker, 1891) sono una famiglia di pipistrelli, del sottordine dei Microchirotteri.
De bladneusvleermuizen van de Oude Wereld of kamneusvleermuizen (Hipposideridae) is een familie uit de orde der vleermuizen (Chiroptera). De familie is verwant aan de hoefijzerneuzen (Rhinolophidae) en de twee worden regelmatig samen in één familie geplaatst, de hoefijzerneuzen en bladneusvleermuizen van de Oude Wereld.
Leden van de familie komen vaak talrijk voor in de tropische en subtropische bossen in de Oude Wereld, in Afrika, Zuid-Azië, Australië, Nieuw-Guinea en de Salomonseilanden. De meeste soorten zijn insecteneters.
Het neusblad is hoefijzervormig, minder duidelijk dan bij de hoefijzerneuzen, en de huid boven de neusgaten vertoont vreemde aanhangsels. Over het neusblad loopt een lancet die meestal eindigt in drie punten. Er is geen sella (zadel) in het midden van het neusblad. Deze neusaangroeisels zijn complexer dan die van de bladneusvleermuizen van de Nieuwe Wereld, een onverwante vleermuizenfamilie, en komen in meer vormen voor dan bij de hoefijzerneuzen.
Er zijn meer dan tachtig soorten bladneusvleermuizen van de Oude Wereld, verdeeld over negen geslachten. Veruit het meest soortenrijke geslacht is Hipposideros, met bijna zeventig soorten.
De bladneusvleermuizen van de Oude Wereld of kamneusvleermuizen (Hipposideridae) is een familie uit de orde der vleermuizen (Chiroptera). De familie is verwant aan de hoefijzerneuzen (Rhinolophidae) en de twee worden regelmatig samen in één familie geplaatst, de hoefijzerneuzen en bladneusvleermuizen van de Oude Wereld.
Leden van de familie komen vaak talrijk voor in de tropische en subtropische bossen in de Oude Wereld, in Afrika, Zuid-Azië, Australië, Nieuw-Guinea en de Salomonseilanden. De meeste soorten zijn insecteneters.
Het neusblad is hoefijzervormig, minder duidelijk dan bij de hoefijzerneuzen, en de huid boven de neusgaten vertoont vreemde aanhangsels. Over het neusblad loopt een lancet die meestal eindigt in drie punten. Er is geen sella (zadel) in het midden van het neusblad. Deze neusaangroeisels zijn complexer dan die van de bladneusvleermuizen van de Nieuwe Wereld, een onverwante vleermuizenfamilie, en komen in meer vormen voor dan bij de hoefijzerneuzen.
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Płatkonosowate[3] (Hipposideridae) – rodzina ssaków z podrzędu rudawkowkokształtnych (Pteropodiformes) w rzędzie nietoperzy (Chiroptera).
Rodzina obejmuje gatunki występujące w Azji, Afryce i Australii[4].
Do rodziny należą następujące rodzaje[3][4]:
Płatkonosowate (Hipposideridae) – rodzina ssaków z podrzędu rudawkowkokształtnych (Pteropodiformes) w rzędzie nietoperzy (Chiroptera).
Hipposideridae é uma família de morcegos. Considerada com uma subfamília, Hipposiderinae, da Rhinolophidae,[1] é classificado mais comumente como uma família distinta.[2]
A família Hipposideridae contêm dez gêneros viventes e mais de 70 espécies, a maioria contida no gênero Hipposideros. Em adição, vários gêneros fósseis são conhecidos; o fóssil mais antigo atribuído a família é do Eoceno Médio da Europa. Em 1997, McKenna e Bell propuseram a divisão da Hipposideridae (chamada de Rhinonycterinae por eles) em três tribos, uma das quais com duas subtribos,[1] mas essa divisão se mostrou parafilética e foi abandonada.[2] Uma classificação diferente foi proposta por Hand e Kirsch em 2003.[3] Recentemente, Benda e Vallo (2009) propuseram uma tribo, Triaenopini, para os gêneros Triaenops, Paratriaenops, e possivelmente Cloeotis.[4]
A família possui dez gêneros viventes:[2][4]
Nove gêneros extintos são conhecidos:
Hipposideridae é uma família de morcegos. Considerada com uma subfamília, Hipposiderinae, da Rhinolophidae, é classificado mais comumente como uma família distinta.
Rundbladnäsor[1] (Hipposideridae) är en familj i ordningen fladdermöss som förekommer med många arter i gamla världen.
Kännetecknande är näsans form som påminner om ett eller flera runda blad kring en hästskoformig nässkiljevägg (rhinarium). Pälsens färg varierar mycket mellan arterna och kan vara allt från vitaktig över gul och rödaktig till mörk gråbrun. Familjen skiljer sig även från andra fladdermöss genom skallen och kindtändernas konstruktion. Tandformeln är I1/2 C1/1 P1–2/2–3 M3/3, alltså 28 till 30 tänder.[2] Rundbladnäsor saknar dessutom en tragus, en broskfylld flik vid örats öppning. Rundbladnäsor påminner mycket om hästskonäsor och de har tidigare förenats i en enda familj. Differenser finns bland annat i fötternas uppbyggnad. Antalet ben i varje tå är två för rundbladnäsor och tre för hästskonäsor (undantaget stortån med två ben). Hos rundbladnäsor kan antalet premolarer i varje halva av underkäken vara tre medan hästskonäsor alltid har två.[2]
Dessa fladdermöss blir 28 till 110 mm långa och svansen blir upp till 60 mm lång, men den saknas hos några arter. Underarmens längd som bestämmer djurens vingspann ligger mellan 30 och 110 mm. Öronens längd är inte enhetlig, det finns arter som har stora öron och andra arter som har små öron i jämförelse till övriga kroppen.[2]
Utbredningsområdet sträcker sig från Afrika över södra Asien och de sydostasiatiska öarna till Australien och Salomonöarna. Rundbladnäsor lever i många olika habitat och kan hittas i torra områden som öknar eller i våta regioner som regnskogar och mangrove. Viloplatserna ligger för vissa arter i mörka grottor och för andra arter i träd eller buskar.[2]
Arterna är nästan uteslutande aktiva på natten och vilar på dagen i grottor, bergssprickor, trädens håligheter eller byggnader. Vid viloplatsen kan de hittas ensamma eller i mindre eller större flockar som ibland kan bestå av fler än tusen individer. I en grotta i Gabon observerades en koloni av Hipposideros caffer med över 500 000 djur.[2] Rundbladnäsor rör inte varandra när de vilar, det finns alltid lite avstånd mellan individerna. De rullar vanligen sina vingar kring kroppen när de sover.[2]
Ibland delar rundbladnäsor sina viloplatser med andra fladdermöss, till exempel med storöronfladdermöss av släktet Macroderma eller med Kuhls fladdermus (Pipistrellus kuhlii). Några arter håller vinterdvala.[2]
För många arter är det oklart vad de äter. De andra arterna livnär sig främst av insekter och deras larver som hittas med hjälp av ekolokalisering. I viss mån äter rundbladnäsor även frukter. För att hitta sin föda stannar individen vanligen i ett revir. Det observerades att flera arter flyger tillbaka till viloplatsen innan de äter. Med klyvande rörelser av sina käkar avlägsnar de insekternas skal.[2]
Även fortplantningssättet är bara känt för några få arter och det är oklart om det registrerade beteendet gäller för hela familjen. Hos arter som vilar i stora kolonier bildar oftast några individer små grupper som har en närmare relation med varandra. Dessa små flockar bildas ibland av en hanne och några honor eller av endast honor.[2] De parar sig oftast under hösten. Hos vissa arter har hannar en påse med ett vaxliknande, doftande ämne vid nosen som troligen är viktig under parningstiden. Ägget befruktas hos vissa arter först vid slutet av vintern så att ungdjuret föds under våren.[2]
Dräktigheten varar mellan 90 och 220 dagar vaefter honan vanligtvis föder en enda unge. Hur länge ungen dias och när den blir könsmogen beror på utbredningsområdet. Oftast blir ungar tidigare könsmogna i kyliga regioner. Innan ungen kan flyga håller den sig fast i moderns päls.[2]
Livslängden kan nå upp till 10 år.[2]
På grund av rundbladnäsornas flygförmåga och deras gömda viloplatser har de inte så många naturliga fiender. De dödas ibland av rovfåglar och ugglor. Ormar och rovpungdjur (i Australien) uppsöker ibland grottor och tar några fladdermöss som byte.[2]
Familjens släkten listades tidigare ofta som underfamilj till familjen hästskonäsor (Rhinolophidae) men idag betraktas de av de flesta zoologer som en självständig familj.[3] Det antas trots allt att rundbladnäsor är de närmaste släktingarna till hästskonäsor inom överfamiljen Rhinolophoidea.[4]
Enligt Wilson & Reeder (2005) utgörs familjen av 9 nulevande släkten.[5] Det största antalet arter finns med omkring 70 i släktet Hipposideros.[6] Påträffade fossil visade att familjen under mellersta eocen även förekom i Europa.[7] En studie av Malcolm C. McKenna & Susan K. Bell från 1997 fördelade de nio släkten på tre tribus, varav två har undertribus.[8] Denna indelning blev däremot ifrågasatt och övertogs inte i standardverket från 2005.[5] Andra klassifikationer inom familjen föreslogs dessutom av Hand & Kirsch (2003)[9] samt av Benda & Vallo (2009)[10].
Familjens levande släkten är:[5]
På grund av fladdermössens nattaktiva levnadssätt har människor inte så mycket kontakt med dem. Rundbladnäsor anses ofta som nyttiga då de äter insekter som kan skada odlade växter. Å andra sidan kan fladdermössen överföra smittosamma sjukdomar som rabies. Flockar som vilar i byggnader kan förorena husen med sin avföring. Dock används den kväverika avföringen ibland som gödsel.[2]
Hotet mot rundbladnäsor består främst i skogsavverkningar och ibland förstörelse av lämpliga viloplatser. 2011 var 5 arter listade av IUCN som starkt hotade (EN) eller akut hotade (CR). För cirka 20 arter saknas data för att avgöra deras hotstatus och de listas därför som kunskapsbrist (DD).[2]
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Rundbladnäsor.
Rundbladnäsor (Hipposideridae) är en familj i ordningen fladdermöss som förekommer med många arter i gamla världen.
Hipposideridae містять 10 сучасних родів і понад 80 видів, головним чином в найпоширенішому роду Hipposideros. Крім того, кілька родів вимерлих. У той час вона часто розглядається як підродина Hipposiderinae, родини Підковикових, то тепер більш зазвичай класифікуються як свою власну родину. Тим не менше, їх об'єднують з підковиками у підряд Pteropodiformes (або Yinpterochiroptera). Hipposidendae відрізняються від Rhinolophidae формою носового листа, структурою ступнів, відсутністю нижніх малих премолярів і структура плечового і тазостегнового пояса.
Завдяки унікальному і складному лицю, представників родини важко сплутати з представниками інших родин. Вуха, як правило, великі, без козелка, очі порівняно невеликі. Хвіст середньої довжини, у деяких видів, але малий або рудиментарний в інших. Довжина голови й тіла 28—110 мм. Зубна формула: i 1/2, c 1/1, pm 1-2/2 m 3/3)•2=28 чи 30.
На відміну від багатьох кажанів, які випускають імпульси з відкритим ротом при ехолокації, Hipposideridae тримають рот закритим під час польоту; ультразвукові імпульси ж викидаються через ніздрі складним носовим апаратом.
Більшість видів печерні жителі, але деякі види спочивають на деревах. Всі вони комахоїдні, при цьому деякі види дуже спеціалізовані на деяких комахах завдяки своїй складній ехолокації і дуже маневреному польоті. Наприклад, Cloeotis percivali харчується в основному маленькою дорослою міллю цілий рік, незалежно від відносного достатку або сезонності цих комах. Цей вид використовує звуки вкрай високих частот більше 200 кГц, але, як і більшість Hipposideridae, імпульси мають низьку інтенсивність (гучність). Hipposideros gigas висить досить високо на деревах і використовує ехолокацію для виявлення великих (до 60 міліметрів завдовжки) і прямо літаючих жуків на відстані до 20 метрів, він робить короткі й точні рейси перехоплення, що тривають в середньому 5,1 секунди.
Викопні
Сучасні
Họ Dơi nếp mũi (danh pháp khoa học: Hipposideridae) là một họ động vật có vú trong bộ Dơi. Họ này được Lydekker miêu tả năm 1891.[1]
.jpg){kind=small}
Bài viết dơi này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
Lỗi chú thích: Đã tìm thấy thẻ với tên nhóm “Note”, nhưng không tìm thấy thẻ tương ứng tương ứng, hoặc thẻ đóng bị thiếu
Họ Dơi nếp mũi (danh pháp khoa học: Hipposideridae) là một họ động vật có vú trong bộ Dơi. Họ này được Lydekker miêu tả năm 1891.
Подковогубые (лат. Hipposideridae) — семейство млекопитающих подотряда летучих мышей. Представители семейства распространены от Африки и Мадагаскара через южную Азию до Японии, Филиппин, Новой Гвинеи, северной Австралии. Старейший вымерший род известен из среднего эоцена Европы.
Семейство содержит 10 современных родов и более 80 видов, главным образом в распространенном роде Hipposideros. Кроме того, несколько родов вымерших. Ранее рассматривалось как подсемейство Hipposiderinae, семейства подковоносых (Rhinolophidae), а теперь классифицируются как собственное семейство. Hipposidendae отличаются от Rhinolophidae формой носового листа, структурой ступней, отсутствием нижних малых премоляров и структурой плечевого и тазобедренного пояса.
Благодаря уникальному и сложном лицу, представителей семейства трудно спутать с представителями других семейств. Уши, как правило, большие, без козелка, глаза сравнительно невелики. Хвост средней длины, у некоторых видов, но малый или рудиментарный у других. Длина тела 28—110 мм. Зубная формула: i 1/ 2 , c 1/ 1 , pm 1-2/2 m 3/3) • 2 = 28 или 30.
В отличие от многих летучих мышей, которые испускают импульсы с открытым ртом при эхолокации, Hipposideridae держат рот закрытым во время полёта; ультразвуковые импульсы же выбрасываются через ноздри сложным носовым аппаратом.
Большинство видов — пещерные жители, но некоторые виды ночуют на деревьях. Все они насекомоядные, при этом некоторые виды очень специализированные на некоторых насекомых благодаря своей сложной эхолокации и очень маневренном полёте. Например, Cloeotis percivali питается в основном маленькой взрослой молью круглый год, независимо от относительного изобилия или сезонности этих насекомых. Этот вид использует звуки крайне высоких частот более 200 кГц, но, как и большинство Hipposideridae, импульсы имеют низкую интенсивность (громкость). Hipposideros gigas висит довольно высоко на деревьях и использует эхолокацию для обнаружения крупных (до 60 миллиметров в длину) и прямо летающих жуков на расстоянии до 20 метров, он делает короткие и точные рейсы перехвата, длящиеся в среднем 5,1 секунды.
Подковогубые (лат. Hipposideridae) — семейство млекопитающих подотряда летучих мышей. Представители семейства распространены от Африки и Мадагаскара через южную Азию до Японии, Филиппин, Новой Гвинеи, северной Австралии. Старейший вымерший род известен из среднего эоцена Европы.
Семейство содержит 10 современных родов и более 80 видов, главным образом в распространенном роде Hipposideros. Кроме того, несколько родов вымерших. Ранее рассматривалось как подсемейство Hipposiderinae, семейства подковоносых (Rhinolophidae), а теперь классифицируются как собственное семейство. Hipposidendae отличаются от Rhinolophidae формой носового листа, структурой ступней, отсутствием нижних малых премоляров и структурой плечевого и тазобедренного пояса.
Благодаря уникальному и сложном лицу, представителей семейства трудно спутать с представителями других семейств. Уши, как правило, большие, без козелка, глаза сравнительно невелики. Хвост средней длины, у некоторых видов, но малый или рудиментарный у других. Длина тела 28—110 мм. Зубная формула: i 1/ 2 , c 1/ 1 , pm 1-2/2 m 3/3) • 2 = 28 или 30.
В отличие от многих летучих мышей, которые испускают импульсы с открытым ртом при эхолокации, Hipposideridae держат рот закрытым во время полёта; ультразвуковые импульсы же выбрасываются через ноздри сложным носовым аппаратом.
Большинство видов — пещерные жители, но некоторые виды ночуют на деревьях. Все они насекомоядные, при этом некоторые виды очень специализированные на некоторых насекомых благодаря своей сложной эхолокации и очень маневренном полёте. Например, Cloeotis percivali питается в основном маленькой взрослой молью круглый год, независимо от относительного изобилия или сезонности этих насекомых. Этот вид использует звуки крайне высоких частот более 200 кГц, но, как и большинство Hipposideridae, импульсы имеют низкую интенсивность (громкость). Hipposideros gigas висит довольно высоко на деревьях и использует эхолокацию для обнаружения крупных (до 60 миллиметров в длину) и прямо летающих жуков на расстоянии до 20 метров, он делает короткие и точные рейсы перехвата, длящиеся в среднем 5,1 секунды.
잎코박쥐과 또는 구세계잎코박쥐과(Hipposideridae)는 음박쥐아목에 속하는 박쥐 과의 하나이다. 이전에는 관박쥐과에 속하는 잎코박쥐아과(Hipposiderinae)로 분류했으나, 이제는 별도의 과로 분류하고 있다.[1] 그렇기는 하지만, 잎코박쥐과는 음박쥐아목에 속하는 관박쥐과와 가장 밀접한 관계에 있다.[2]
잎코박쥐과에 포함되는 속은 다음과 같다.[3]
다음은 2002년 박쥐목의 계통 분류이다.[9]
박쥐목 큰귀박쥐과 넓은 의미의 애기박쥐과좁은 의미의 애기박쥐과
