Aconoidasida

Life cycle of Babesia microtiThe normal Babesia microti life cycle involves two hosts, a rodent (often the White-footed Mouse, Peromyscus leucopus) and a tick in the genus Ixodes. During a blood meal, a Babesia-infected tick introduces sporozoites (an active, infective developmental stage) into the mouse host (1). Sporozoites enter erythrocytes (red blood cells) and undergo asexual reproduction (budding) (2). In the blood, some parasites differentiate into male and female gametes, although these cannot be distinguished at the resolution of a light microscope (3). The definitive host (i.e., the host in which sexual reproduction occurs) is the tick. Once ingested by an appropriate tick (4), gametes unite and undergo a sporogonic cycle resulting in sporozoites (5), which can then be transmitted back to a rodent fed on by the tick. Transovarial transmission ("vertical" transmission across host generations) has been documented for “large” Babesia species but not for the “small” babesiae, such as B. microti. Humans enter the cycle when infected ticks bite them in lieu of a rodent host . During a blood meal, a Babesia-infected tick introduces sporozoites into the human host (6). Sporozoites enter erythrocytes and undergo asexual replication (budding) (7), as in a rodent host. Multiplication of the blood stage parasites is responsible for the clinical manifestations of the disease. However, humans are, for all practical purposes, dead-end hosts and there is probably little, if any, subsequent transmission that occurs from ticks feeding on infected persons. However, human-to-human transmission can occur through blood transfusions (8).From Centers for Disease Control Parasites and Health website.

Life cycle of plasmodium parasites causing malaria in humansThe malaria parasite life cycle involves two hosts. During a blood meal, a plasmodium-infected female Anopheles mosquito inoculates sporozoites into the human host (1). Sporozoites infect liver cells (2) and mature into schizonts (3), which rupture and release merozoites (4). (Note that in P. vivax and P. ovale, a dormant stage [hypnozoite] can persist in the liver and cause relapses by invading the bloodstream weeks, or even years, later.) After this initial replication in the liver, a process known as exo-erythrocytic schizogony (A), the parasites undergo asexual multiplication in the erythrocytes (red blood cells), a process known as erythrocytic schizogony (B). Merozoites infect red blood cells (5). The ring stage trophozoites mature into schizonts, which rupture and release merozoites (6). Some parasites differentiate into sexual erythrocytic stages (gametocytes) (7). Blood stage parasites are responsible for the clinical manifestations of the disease. The gametocytes, both male (microgametocytes) and female (macrogametocytes), are ingested by an Anopheles mosquito during a blood meal (8). The parasites’ multiplication in the mosquito is known as the sporogonic cycle (C). While in the mosquito's stomach, the haploid microgametes penetrate the haploid macrogametes, generating diploid zygotes (9). The zygotes in turn become motile and elongated stages known as ookinetes (10), which invade the midgut wall of the mosquito, where they develop into oocysts (11). The oocysts grow, rupture, and release sporozoites (12), which make their way to the mosquito's salivary glands. Inoculation of the sporozoites into a new human host perpetuates the malaria life cycle (1).From Centers for Disease Control Parasites and Health website.

Note the developmental tetrad configuration of these Babesia sp. trophozoites, which resemble P. falciparum.Created: 1973

Note the developmental tetrad configuration of these Babesia sp. trophozoites, which resemble P. falciparum.Created: 1973

Magnified 1000X, this photomicrograph revealed the presence of what were determined to be numbers of intraerythrocytic Babesia sp. ring-form parasites.Created: 1974

Summary.mw-parser-output table.commons-file-information-table,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:#f8f9fa;padding:5px;font-size:95%;border-spacing:2px;box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;width:100%}.mw-parser-output table.commons-file-information-table>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody>tr{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output table.commons-file-information-table>tbody>tr>td,.mw-parser-output table.commons-file-information-table>tbody>tr>th,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody>tr>td,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody>tr>th{padding:4px}.mw-parser-output.fileinfo-paramfield{background:#ccf;text-align:right;padding-right:0.4em;width:15%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table+table.commons-file-information-table,.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table+div.commons-file-information-table>table{border-top:0;padding-top:0;margin-top:-8px}@media only screen and (max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output table.commons-file-information-table,.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table.fileinfotpl-type-information{border-spacing:0;padding:0;word-break:break-word;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table>tbody,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody{display:block}.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table>tbody>tr>td,.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table>tbody>tr>th,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody>tr>td,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody>tr>th{padding:0.2em 0.4em;text-align:left;text-align:start}.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody>tr{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table+table.commons-file-information-table,.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table+div.commons-file-information-table>table{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output.fileinfo-paramfield{box-sizing:border-box;flex:1 0 100%;width:100%}} Description: English: A liver stage parasite of Plasmodium cynomolgi infecting primary rhesus hepatocytes. 11 days after infection, cells were fixed and stained for a parasite-specific protein called Hsp70 (shown in green) as well as with the DNA dye DAPI (stains both host nuclei which appear as blue circles, and parasite nuclei). The image is approximately 100 micrometers across. Date: 24 January 2013. Source: from the journal article "Transgenic Fluorescent Plasmodium cynomolgi Liver Stages Enable Live Imaging and Purification of Malaria Hypnozoite Forms" by Annemarie Voorberg-van der Wel, et al. published January 2013 in PLoS ONE. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054888 URL: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0054888. Figure 2, panel B. Author: Annemarie Voorberg-van der Wel.. Clemens H. M. Kocken.

Description: English: Overview of peripheral blood stain of patient with Malaria tertiana. Few single trophocoites in erythrocytes visible. Date: 18 February 2014. Source: Own work. Author: El*Falaf.

Summary.mw-parser-output table.commons-file-information-table,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:#f8f9fa;padding:5px;font-size:95%;border-spacing:2px;box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;width:100%}.mw-parser-output table.commons-file-information-table>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody>tr{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output table.commons-file-information-table>tbody>tr>td,.mw-parser-output table.commons-file-information-table>tbody>tr>th,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody>tr>td,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody>tr>th{padding:4px}.mw-parser-output.fileinfo-paramfield{background:#ccf;text-align:right;padding-right:0.4em;width:15%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table+table.commons-file-information-table,.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table+div.commons-file-information-table>table{border-top:0;padding-top:0;margin-top:-8px}@media only screen and (max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output table.commons-file-information-table,.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table.fileinfotpl-type-information{border-spacing:0;padding:0;word-break:break-word;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table>tbody,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody{display:block}.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table>tbody>tr>td,.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table>tbody>tr>th,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody>tr>td,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody>tr>th{padding:0.2em 0.4em;text-align:left;text-align:start}.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody>tr{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table+table.commons-file-information-table,.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table+div.commons-file-information-table>table{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output.fileinfo-paramfield{box-sizing:border-box;flex:1 0 100%;width:100%}} Description: English: Parasite Plasmodium in erythrocytic cycle. Date: 26 September 2014, 16:20:33. Source: Own work. Author: Juan Carlos Fonseca Mata.

Illustrations showing the life cycle of malaria parasites. Title: Illustrations showing the life cycle of malaria parasites. Description: Microscopic illustrations showing various stages in the life cycle of the malaria parasite. Medical Photographic Library Keywords: Plasmodium; Malaria; Giovanni Battista Grassi; B. Grassi; Parasites; Parasitology; 2-D bar code; Zoology; Infectious disease; Mosquito. Credit line: : This file comes from Wellcome Images, a website operated by Wellcome Trust, a global charitable foundation based in the United Kingdom. Refer to Wellcome blog post (archive).This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing.. References: Photo number: L0060698 Full Bibliographic Record: http://catalogue.wellcomelibrary.org/record=b1054291. Source/Photographer: https://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/obf_images/f0/17/f44b657813bb238f5ef8ccba0cbe.jpg Gallery: https://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/image/L0060698.html Wellcome Collection gallery (2018-03-30): https://wellcomecollection.org/works/mutcxqmk CC-BY-4.0. Other versions: . Licensing[edit] : This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. :. You are free: to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work to remix – to adapt the work Under the following conditions: attribution – You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 CC BY 4.0 Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 truetrue.

Description: TDR Plasmodium step 3. Date: January 2005. Source: Own work. Author: broken rusk.

Description: TDR plasmodium. Date: 13 January 2005. Source: Own work. Author: Broken rusk.

Summary.mw-parser-output table.commons-file-information-table,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:#f8f9fa;padding:5px;font-size:95%;border-spacing:2px;box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;width:100%}.mw-parser-output table.commons-file-information-table>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody>tr{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output table.commons-file-information-table>tbody>tr>td,.mw-parser-output table.commons-file-information-table>tbody>tr>th,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody>tr>td,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody>tr>th{padding:4px}.mw-parser-output.fileinfo-paramfield{background:#ccf;text-align:right;padding-right:0.4em;width:15%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table+table.commons-file-information-table,.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table+div.commons-file-information-table>table{border-top:0;padding-top:0;margin-top:-8px}@media only screen and (max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output table.commons-file-information-table,.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table.fileinfotpl-type-information{border-spacing:0;padding:0;word-break:break-word;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table>tbody,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody{display:block}.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table>tbody>tr>td,.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table>tbody>tr>th,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody>tr>td,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody>tr>th{padding:0.2em 0.4em;text-align:left;text-align:start}.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody>tr{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table+table.commons-file-information-table,.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table+div.commons-file-information-table>table{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output.fileinfo-paramfield{box-sizing:border-box;flex:1 0 100%;width:100%}} Description: English: A giemsa-stained blood film showing a malarial parasite (probably Plasmodium vivax) inside a red blood cell. Date: 24 January 2023, 10:47:34. Source: Own work. Author: Dr Graham Beards. Fairhurst, RM and Wellems, TE. 2014. “Malaria (Plasmodium Species)”. In: Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, edited by Bennett, JE, Dolin, R, Blaser, MJ. 8thedition. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. (Fairhurst and Wellems 2014, 3070–3090) Licensing[edit].mw-parser-output.responsive-license-cc{clear:both;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;justify-content:space-around;align-items:center;margin:0.5em auto;background-color:#f9f9f9;border:2px solid #e0e0e0;border-spacing:8px;display:flex}.mw-parser-output.responsive-license-cc div{margin:4px}.mw-parser-output.rlicense-text div{margin:0.5em auto}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output.responsive-license-cc{flex-flow:column}.mw-parser-output.rlicense-text{order:1}} This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. You are free: to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work to remix – to adapt the work Under the following conditions: attribution – You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. share alike – If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same or compatible license as the original.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0CC BY-SA 4.0 Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 truetrue

Description: English: Plasmodium Glutamate dehydrogenase (pGluDH) precipitated by host antibodies using counterimmunoelectrophoresis. Source: Ernst Hempelmann. Author: Ernst Hempelmann. Permission(Reusing this file): : This work is free and may be used by anyone for any purpose. If you wish to use this content, you do not need to request permission as long as you follow any licensing requirements mentioned on this page. The Wikimedia Foundation has received an e-mail confirming that the copyright holder has approved publication under the terms mentioned on this page. This correspondence has been reviewed by a Volunteer Response Team (VRT) member and stored in our permission archive. The correspondence is available to trusted volunteers as ticket #2010020310032642. If you have questions about the archived correspondence, please use the VRT noticeboard. Ticket link: https://ticket.wikimedia.org/otrs/index.pl?Action=AgentTicketZoom&TicketNumber=2010020310032642 Find other files from the same ticket: . Licensing[edit] : This file is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. The person who associated a work with this deed has dedicated the work to the public domain by waiving all of their rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law. You can copy, modify, distribute and perform the work, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.enCC0Creative Commons Zero, Public Domain Dedicationfalsefalse.

Description: TDR Plasmodium results. Date: January 2005. Source: Own work. Author: broken rusk.

Description: English: Overview of peripheral blood stain of patient with Malaria tropica. Significant parasitemia (Plasmodium falciparum trophocoites). Date: 18 February 2014. Source: Own work. Author: El*Falaf.

Illustrations of parasites that cause malaria. 1901. Title: Illustrations of parasites that cause malaria. 1901. Description: Illustrations of parasites that cause malaria. Cross-section. Medical Photographic Library Keywords: Plasmodium; Malaria; Giovanni Battista Grassi; Parasites; Parasitology; 2-D bar code; Zoology; Infectious disease; Mosquito. Credit line: : This file comes from Wellcome Images, a website operated by Wellcome Trust, a global charitable foundation based in the United Kingdom. Refer to Wellcome blog post (archive).This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing.. References: Library reference: 1063129 Photo number: L0060697 Full Bibliographic Record: http://catalogue.wellcomelibrary.org/record=b1054291. Source/Photographer: https://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/obf_images/3a/15/ad80f3cea4b13009d480d5f109d3.jpg Gallery: https://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/image/L0060697.html Wellcome Collection gallery (2018-03-30): https://wellcomecollection.org/works/kmrmd8mr CC-BY-4.0. Other versions: . Licensing[edit] : This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. :. You are free: to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work to remix – to adapt the work Under the following conditions: attribution – You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 CC BY 4.0 Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 truetrue.

Description: English: Plasmodium faciparum positive in a rapid test device. Date: 31 December 2021, 15:28:34. Source: Own work. Author: Ajay Kumar Chaurasiya.

Description: Malarial spleen. Date: 14 March 2006, 10:56. Source: Plasmodium malariae. Author: Michael Wunderli.

Description: English: This Giemsa stained slide reveals a Plasmodium malariae gametocyte. The male (microgametocytes) and female (macrogametocytes), are ingested by an Anopheles mosquito during its blood meal. Known as the sporogonic cycle, while in the mosquito's stomach, the microgametes penetrate the macrogametes generating zygotes. Date: 1979. Source: CDC - Public Health Image Library (PHIL) #5942. Author: CDC/ Steven Glenn, Laboratory & Consultation Division. Other versions: @media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output.mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output.mod-gallery{display:table;margin-top:.3em}.mw-parser-output.mod-gallery-default{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output.mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output.mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output.mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output.mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output.mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output.mod-gallery.title,.mw-parser-output.mod-gallery.main,.mw-parser-output.mod-gallery.footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output.mod-gallery.title>div{display:table-cell;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output.mod-gallery.main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output.mod-gallery.gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output.mod-gallery.gallerytext>:not(p){margin:.5em 0}.mw-parser-output.mod-gallery.gallerytext>:not(p)+:not(p){margin-top:-.5em}.mw-parser-output.mod-gallery.footer>div{display:table-cell;text-align:right;font-size:80%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output.mod-gallery.title>div *,.mw-parser-output.mod-gallery.footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output.mod-gallery.gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output.mod-gallery.bordered-images.thumb img{outline:solid #eaecf0 1px;border:none;max-width:calc(100% - 2px)!important}.mw-parser-output.mod-gallery.whitebg.thumb{background:#fff!important} Original Plasmodium falciparum Plasmodium ovale Plasmodium malariae Plasmodium vivax P. falciparum nocaption P. ovale nocaption P. vivax nocaption. Thumbnail of this illustration at 200 pixels as rendered inside an article Copyright Restrictions:None - This image is in the public domain and thus free of any copyright restrictions. As a matter of courtesy we request that the content provider be credited and notified in any public or private usage of this image. Licensing[edit] Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse. : This image is a work of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, part of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, taken or made as part of an employee's official duties. As a work of the U.S. federal government, the image is in the public domain. eesti ∙ Deutsch ∙ čeština ∙ español ∙ português ∙ English ∙ français ∙ Nederlands ∙ polski ∙ slovenščina ∙ suomi ∙ македонски ∙ українська ∙ 日本語 ∙ 中文 ∙ 中文（台灣）‎ ∙ 中文（简体）‎ ∙ 中文（繁體）‎ ∙ العربية ∙ +/− :. : This file has been extracted from another file: 5942 lores.jpg : .

Description: Malarial Pigment in Liver. Date: 16 March 2006, 04:24. Source: Plasmodium malariae. Author: Michael Wunderli.

Description: Malarial Pigment in Liver. Date: 16 March 2006, 04:24. Source: Plasmodium malariae. Author: Michael Wunderli.

Description: English: This photomicrograph shows a mature Plasmodium malariae schizont within an infected RBC. This mature P. malariae schizont is contained within a normal sized RBC. The parasite contains 6-12 merozoites with large nuclei, and has a coarse, dark brown pigment. Date: 1973. Source: : This media comes from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Public Health Image Library (PHIL), with identification number #2715. Note: Not all PHIL images are public domain; be sure to check copyright status and credit authors and content providers. العربية | Deutsch | English | македонски | slovenščina | +/−. Author: Photo Credit: Content Providers: CDC/Dr. Mae Melvin. Permission(Reusing this file): PD-USGov-HHS-CDC (None - This image is in the public domain and thus free of any copyright restrictions. As a matter of courtesy we request that the content provider be credited and notified in any public or private usage of this image.).

Description: Plasmodium malariae. Date: 15 March 2006, 10:24. Source: Plasmodium malariae. Author: Michael Wunderli.