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Morphology ( anglais )

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Dorsal soft rays (total): 9 - 11; Analsoft rays: 9 - 11
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Recorder
Christine Marie V. Casal
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Biology ( anglais )

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An egg lying carnivorous fish which prefers rocky substrate near vegetation. Aquarium conditions: pH=7.3, H=12, 10°C water temperature (Ref. 6398). Not a seasonal killifish (Ref. 27139). A popular media fish.
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Importance ( anglais )

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fisheries: of no interest; aquarium: commercial
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Megupsilon aporus ( catalan ; valencien )

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Megupsilon aporus és una espècie de peix de la família dels ciprinodòntids i de l'ordre dels ciprinodontiformes.

Morfologia

Els mascles poden assolir els 4 cm de longitud total.[2]

Distribució geogràfica

Es troba a Mèxic.[2]

Referències

  1. BioLib (anglès) i (txec)
  2. 2,0 2,1 FishBase (anglès)

Bibliografia

  • Moyle, P. i J. Cech.: Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology, 4a edició, Upper Saddle River (Nova Jersey, Estats Units): Prentice-Hall. Any 2000.
  • Nelson, J.: Fishes of the World, 3a edició. Nova York, Estats Units: John Wiley and Sons. Any 1994.
  • Wheeler, A.: The World Encyclopedia of Fishes, 2a edició, Londres: Macdonald. Any 1985.

Enllaços externs

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Megupsilon aporus: Brief Summary ( catalan ; valencien )

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Megupsilon aporus és una espècie de peix de la família dels ciprinodòntids i de l'ordre dels ciprinodontiformes.

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Catarina pupfish ( anglais )

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The Catarina pupfish (Megupsilon aporus) was a diminutive species of fish in the family Cyprinodontidae, first described in 1972.[2][3] It was endemic to a spring in Nuevo León, Mexico. In an attempt of saving the rapidly declining species, some were brought into captivity in the late 1980s and early 1990s, but it proved very difficult to maintain.[4] In 1994 it became extinct in the wild.[1] Gradually the captive populations also perished. The last male died in 2014 (pictured in inset) and the species became extinct.[4][5][6]

In addition to its small size, it was characterized by absence of pelvic girdle and pelvic fins, novel male reproductive behavior of jaw-nudging, a darkened dorsal patch, and by having different numbers of chromosomes in male and female fish due to a recent chromosomal fusion event.[2] In 2013, its behavior was described based on very limited field observations of the previous wild population and more detailed observations in aquaria.[7]

Extinction

The Catarina pupfish is extinct.[4][5] It was found in the wild in only one spring in southwestern Nuevo León, Mexico, together with Potosi pupfish (Cyprinodon alvarezi). In 1994, both species were "almost extinct" when their spring habitat essentially dried out;[8] however inspection of a side spring in November 1994 indicated that a few specimens remained. Subsequent publications indicated that both species had become extinct in the wild that year.[7][9] The IUCN Red List also uses that designation, but cites an unpublished manuscript written earlier.[1]

Mexico's 2010 official list of species at risk (NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010) indicates that Megupsilon aporus is category "E" defined as "Probably extinct in the wild". Species that are considered extinct by experts are given that designation. However, if a species was rediscovered alive it would be given legal protection status immediately.[9]

In an attempt of saving the Catarina pupfish, small numbers were brought into captivity in 1987 and 1992, but the species proved very difficult to maintain. Colonies were established in aquariums in Mexico, Europe and the United States, but they gradually perished. By December 2012, only one colony remained: It consisted of about 20 fish at the Children's Aquarium at Fair Park in Dallas, Texas.[7][10] In 2013, the last female in this colony died and only four eggs hatched, all male, resulting in functional extinction of the species. The last remaining males were then shipped individually to Chris Martin's laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley for hybridization with Cyprinodon alvarezi in an attempt to save a hybrid population. Hybridization was successful, producing all female F1 progeny as documented in an earlier study,[11] but ultimately none of the backcross individuals survived more than a few weeks, most likely due to hybrid breakdown. In 2014, the last male individual of this colony died in Chris Martin's laboratory (photograph in inset) and with its demise the species was fully extinct.[4][6]

A number of Potosi pupfish, Cyprinodon alvarezi, a species restricted to the same spring as the Catarina pupfish, were also brought into captivity. They fared better and today populations are maintained at several aquariums and by private aquarists for conservation purposes. These can be used for a future reintroduction of the species back into the wild.[4] The fate of the Catarina pupfish and Potosi pupfish are just two of many conservation issues in Mexico. As of 2008, approximately 40% of more than 500 described freshwater fishes in Mexico are considered to be at risk and there have been about 30 extinctions mostly in the previous 50 years. The extinctions and threatened status of many freshwater fishes are associated with overexploitation, dewatering, habitat disruption, and competition with alien species of diverse sources.[12] The inland fish fauna of Mexico is particularly vulnerable because many species (such as the Catarina pupfish) are endemic to isolated springs or small drainage systems as extensively described by Robert Rush Miller.[13]

Evolutionary history

Megupsilon aporus is the only known member of its genus.[2] Based on a molecular clock analysis of mitochondrial DNA, it has been estimated that Megupsilon and Cyprinodon diverged from a common ancestor approximately 7 million years ago.[14]

Description

This species grew to a total length of 4 centimeters (1.6 in).[3] It has been highlighted as one of the smallest fish in North America.[15] The nape and sides of nuptial males were iridescent blue with a dark blotch at the base of the caudal peduncle. Mature females were golden olivaceous with an indistinct lateral band.[7] There were no pelvic fins or pelvic girdle.[2]

Miniaturization and lack of pelvic fins are also characteristic of the Devils Hole pupfish (Cyprinodon diabolis). An old world pupfish, Aphanius apodus, and all South American Orestias pupfish species also lacks pelvic fins.[2]

Chromosomes

Megupsilon differs from Cyprinodon in having fewer chromosomes in males than in females (47 vs. 48).[2] Males have a large Y chromosome which appears to result from the fusion of two chromosomes: an autosome and the ancestral Y chromosome.[16] The Megupsilon example was the first instance of autosome/Y chromosome fusion discovered in a fish. Subsequent research suggests that this type of chromosome fusion is relatively common; 35 examples have been found as of 2012.[16] Among Cyprinodontidae species, Garmanella pulchra (Yucantan flagfish or Progreso flagfish) males also have one less chromosome than females.[17]

Behavior and morphology

Liu and Echelle (2013) describe its behavior and unusual morphology as follows:[7]

“We provide the first description of behavior in the Catarina pupfish (Megupsilon aporus). Aggressive, courtship, and spawning behaviors resemble those of other North American cyprinodontids. However, M. aporus [Catarina pupfish] differs from others in the group in absence of breeding territoriality in males. Male M. aporus often perform opercular rotation during aggressive displays and jaw-nudging during courtship, behaviors that, among other North American cyprinodontids, are absent or known only in Floridichthys. Some unusual features of behavior (lack of territoriality) and morphology (dwarfism [=miniaturization]; absence of pelvic fins) in M. aporus might have been shaped by interaction with a cohabitant, the Potosi pupfish Cyprinodon alvarezi.”

Opercular rotation observed during aggressive displays was described as outward flaring of opercules and branchiostegal rays. Jaw-nudging observed during courtship was described as repeated protraction and retraction of male premaxillaries during which the jaw occasionally touched the females head (significance of the touching undetermined).[7]

The hypothesis that Megupsilon behavior and morphology might have been shaped by interaction with the other pupfish stems from the observation by Miller and Walters (1972) in the original description of the genus and species.[2] In aggressive interactions between them, the larger Cyprinodon species dominated Megupsilon, which seemed to restrict its distribution to shallow, highly vegetated parts of the spring. Liu and Echelle (2013) theorized that the restricted habitat may have influenced its evolution. They also offered a contrary hypothesis that this species is a relict of a larger group of Megupsilon species[2] in which miniaturization and absence of pelvic fins were characteristic.[7]

Miniaturization and absence of pelvic fins in Catarina pupfish may be linked with each other. Studies indicate that miniaturization is often associated with morphological novelty.[18] Also numerous examples of adaptation of bone growth to miniaturization in fish, amphibians and reptiles have been noted; these include skeletal reductions such as reduced ossification or complete loss of the pelvic girdle.[19]

Some of the variability in behavior and morphology among pupfishes may be a response to harsh environmental conditions mediated by endocrine systems.[20] Studies of specific endocrine systems which foster phenotypic plasticity in fishes and the evolution of endocrine pathways are underway.[21]

References

  1. ^ a b c Valdes Gonzales, A. (2019). "Megupsilon aporus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T13013A511283. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T13013A511283.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Miller, Robert Rush; Walters, Vladimir (1972). "A new genus of cyprinodontid fish from Nuevo Leon, Mexico" (PDF). Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. 233: 1–13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-12-20. Retrieved 2014-09-09.
  3. ^ a b Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2018). "Megupsilon aporus" in FishBase. August 2018 version.
  4. ^ a b c d e Ceballos, G.; E.D. Pardo; L.M. Estévez; H.E. Pérez, eds. (2016). Los peces dulceacuícolas de México en peligro de extinción. pp. 72–74, 78–79. ISBN 978-607-16-4087-1.
  5. ^ a b Jirdan, R. (10 July 2017). "Prelude to global extinction: Stanford biologists say disappearance of species tells only part of the story of human impact on Earth's animals". Stanford University. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
  6. ^ a b González, A.V.; L.M. Estévez; Ma.E.A. Villeda; G. Ceballos (2018). "The extinction of the Catarina pupfish Megupsilon aporus and the implications for the conservation of freshwater fish in Mexico". Oryx. 54 (2): 1–7. doi:10.1017/S003060531800056X.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Liu, R. K.; Echelle, A. A. (2013). "Behavior of the Catarina Pupfish (Cyprinodontidae:Megupsilon aporus), a Severely Imperiled Species". The Southwestern Naturalist. 58: 1–7. doi:10.1894/0038-4909-58.1.1.
  8. ^ Contreras-Balderas, Salvador; Mar´ýa de Lourdes Lozano-Vilano (1996). "Survival status of the Sandia and Potosí Valleys endemic pupfishes and crayfishes from the Mexican plateau in Nuevo león, Mexico, with Comments on Associated Extinct Snails" (PDF). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters. 7 (1): 33–40.
  9. ^ a b Contreras-Balderas, S.; Almada-Villela, P.; De Lourdes Lozano-Vilano, M. A.; García-Ramírez, M. A. (2002). "Freshwater fish at risk or extinct in México" (PDF). Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries. 12 (2/3): 241. doi:10.1023/A:1025053001155. S2CID 24110597.
  10. ^ Children’s Aquarium at Fair Park Facts and Trivia Archived 2013-12-04 at the Wayback Machine. dallaszoo.com
  11. ^ Haas, Richard (1979-02-20). "Intergeneric Hybridization in a Sympatric Pair of Mexican Cyprinodontid Fishes". Copeia. 1979 (1): 149–152. doi:10.2307/1443742. ISSN 0045-8511. JSTOR 1443742.
  12. ^ Contreras-Balderas, S.; Ruiz-Campos, G.; Schmitter-Soto, J. J.; Díaz-Pardo, E.; Contreras-Mcbeath, T.; Medina-Soto, M.; Zambrano-González, L.; Varela-Romero, A.; Mendoza-Alfaro, R.; Ramírez-Martínez, C.; Leija-Tristán, M. A.; Almada-Villela, P.; Hendrickson, D. A.; Lyons, J. (2008). "Freshwater fishes and water status in México: A country-wide appraisal" (PDF). Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management. 11 (3): 246. doi:10.1080/14634980802319986. S2CID 85831531.
  13. ^ Miller, Robert Rush, with the collaboration of W.L. Minckley and Steven M. Norris, and maps by Martha H. Gach (2005) Freshwater fishes of México, University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226526041
  14. ^ Echelle, A. A.; Carson, E. W.; Echelle, A. F.; Van Den Bussche, R. A.; Dowling, T. E.; Meyer, A. (2005). "Historical Biogeography of the New-World Pupfish Genus Cyprinodon (Teleostei: Cyprinodontidae)". Copeia. 2005 (2): 320. doi:10.1643/CG-03-093R3. S2CID 51834106.
  15. ^ Bennett, Micah G.; Conway, Kevin W. (2010). "An overview of North America's diminutive freshwater fish fauna" (PDF). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters. 21 (1): 63–72.
  16. ^ a b Kitano, J.; Peichel, C. L. (2011). "Turnover of sex chromosomes and speciation in fishes". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 94 (3): 549–558. doi:10.1007/s10641-011-9853-8. PMC 4459657. PMID 26069393.
  17. ^ Levin, Catherine B., and Neal R. Foster (1972), Cytotaxonomic studies in Cyprinodontidae: multiple sex chromosomes in Garmanella pulchra, Notulae Naturae, Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia 446:1–5. Retrieved 7 September 2014.
  18. ^ Britz, R.; Conway, K. W.; Ruber, L. (2009). "Spectacular morphological novelty in a miniature cyprinid fish, Danionella dracula n. sp". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 276 (1665): 2179–86. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0141. PMC 2677611. PMID 19324738.
  19. ^ Hanken, James (1992) "Adaptation of Bone Growth to Miniaturization of Body Size", pp. 79–104 in: Hall, Brian K. (ed.) Bone: A Treatise. Vol. 7. CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-8827-9
  20. ^ Lema, Sean C. (2008). "The phenotypic plasticity of Death Valley's pupfish desert fish are revealing how the environment alters development to modify body shape and behavior". American Scientist. 96 (1): 28–36. doi:10.1511/2008.69.3668. JSTOR 27859085.
  21. ^ Lema, Sean C.; Kitano, Jun (2013). "Hormones and phenotypic plasticity: Implications for the evolution of integrated adaptive phenotypes" (PDF). Current Zoology. 59 (4): 506–525. doi:10.1093/czoolo/59.4.506. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-09-10.
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Catarina pupfish: Brief Summary ( anglais )

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The Catarina pupfish (Megupsilon aporus) was a diminutive species of fish in the family Cyprinodontidae, first described in 1972. It was endemic to a spring in Nuevo León, Mexico. In an attempt of saving the rapidly declining species, some were brought into captivity in the late 1980s and early 1990s, but it proved very difficult to maintain. In 1994 it became extinct in the wild. Gradually the captive populations also perished. The last male died in 2014 (pictured in inset) and the species became extinct.

In addition to its small size, it was characterized by absence of pelvic girdle and pelvic fins, novel male reproductive behavior of jaw-nudging, a darkened dorsal patch, and by having different numbers of chromosomes in male and female fish due to a recent chromosomal fusion event. In 2013, its behavior was described based on very limited field observations of the previous wild population and more detailed observations in aquaria.

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Megupsilon aporus ( espagnol ; castillan )

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El cachorrito enano de Potosí (Megupsilon aporus)[3]​ es una especie de pez actinopeterigio de agua dulce,[4]​ endémica del estado de San Luis Potosí, Actualmente sobrevive en cautiverio.

Clasificación y descripción

Es un pez de la familia Cyprinodontidae del orden Cypriniformes.[5]​ Su cuerpo está fuertemente comprimido y semirromboide, su principal característica es la ausencia de las aletas pélvicas. Los machos presentan una mancha negra lateral anterior al pedúnculo caudal que se extiende hasta la aleta anal. Las hembras son verde oliva y no presentan ocelos en la aleta dorsal.[6][7]​ La talla máxima que alcanza este pez es de 36 mm de longitud patrón.[8]

Es una especie que se comercializa para acuariofilia.[4]​ Peces de pequeño tamaño con una longitud máxima descrita de solo 4 cm, sin espinas en las aletas.[4]

Distribución

Este pez era endémico del manantial El Potosí en el municipio de Galeana, Nuevo León.[6]​ En la actualidad esta especie se encuentra "extinto en la naturaleza", conservándose solo en cautiverio.[1][4]​ Son peces de agua dulce subtropical, de comportamiento demersal que prefieren temperaturas entre 18ºC y 22ºC.[9]

Ambiente

La única localidad conocida de esta especie se encontraba en una zona árida a 1880 msnm. Era un estanque de agua fresca y transparente, de 1 ha y con profundidad de entre 1 y 4.5 m. El fondo era lodo arcilloso y con vegetación acuática compuesta de Ceratophyllum, Potamogeton, entre otros.[10][6]

Estado de conservación

La especie se considera extinta en la naturaleza tras la desaparición de su hábitat entre 1994 y 1996.[11]​ Solo sobreviven algunos organismos en cautiverio en la Universidad de Nuevo León[12]​ y el Acuario de Texas.[13]

Se encuentra correctamente enlistada en la Norma Oficial Mexicana 059 (NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010) como “Especie probablemente extinta en el medio silvestre”,[14]​ y en la Lista Roja de la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (UICN) se encuentra considerada como “Extinto en estado silvestre”.[15]

Referencias

  1. a b Contreras-Balderas, S. y Almada-Villela, P. (1996). «Megupsilon aporus». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2016-3 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 27 de febrero de 2017.
  2. Miller, R.R. y V. Walters, 1972. «A new genus of cyprinodontid fish from Nuevo León, Mexico». Contributions in Science (Los Angeles) 233:1-13.
  3. "Megupsilon aporus". En FishBase (Rainer Froese y Daniel Pauly, eds.). Consultada en febrero de 2017. N.p.: FishBase, 2017.
  4. a b c d Huber, J.H., 1996. «Killi-Data 1996. Updated checklist of taxonomic names, collecting localities and bibliographic references of oviparous Cyprinodont fishes (Atherinomorpha, Pisces)». Société Française d'Ichtyologie, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, París, Francia, 399 p.
  5. "Cyprinodontidae". En FishBase (Rainer Froese y Daniel Pauly, eds.). Consultada en febrero de 2017. N.p.: FishBase, 2017.
  6. a b c Miller, R. R., & Walters, V. (1972). A New Genus of Cyprinodontid Fish from Nuevo Leon, Mexico: Natural History Museum.
  7. Liu, R. K., & Echelle, A. A. (2013). Behavior of the Catarina Pupfish (Cyprinodontidae: Megupsilon aporus), a Severely Imperiled Species. The Southwestern Naturalist, 58(1), 1-7. doi: 10.1894/0038-4909-58.1.1
  8. Miller, R. R., Minckley, W. L., Norris, S. M., & Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad. (2009). Peces dulceacuícolas de México: Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad.
  9. Baensch, H.A. y R. Riehl, 1991. «Aquarien atlas. Bd. 3». Melle: Mergus, Verlag für Natur-und Heimtierkunde, Alemania. 1104 p.
  10. Rodríguez-Almaraz, G., & Campos, E. (1994). Distribution and status of the crayfish (Crustacea: Crustacea) of Nuevo Leon, México. Journal Crustacean Biology, 14, 729-735.
  11. Contreras-Balderas, S., & Lozano-Vilano, M. (1996). Extinction of most Sandia and Potosí valleys (Nuevo León, Mexico) endemic pupfishes, crayfishes and snails. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 7(1), 33-40. doi: citeulike-article-id:12053596
  12. Valdés, A., Ángeles, M. E., Reséndiz, A., & García, S. (2005). Avances en la conservación y reproducción en condiciones de laboratorio de Megupsilon aporus (Miller y Walters 1972) especie extinta en el medio silvestre de Nuevo León, México. Proceedings of the 37th annual meeting of the Desert Fishes Council, 4-5.
  13. Lascuráin, M., List, R., Barraza, L., Díaz Pardo, E., Gual-Sill, F., Maunder, M., . . . Luna, V. E. (2009). Conservación de especies ex situ Capital Natural de México, vol. II: Estado de conservación y tendencias de cambio (pp. 517-544). México, D.F.: CONABIO.
  14. Semarnat. 2010. Protección ambiental-Especies nativas de México de flora y fauna silvestres-Categorías de riesgo y especificaciones para su inclusión, exclusión o cambio-Lista de especies en riesgo. Diario Oficial de la Federación (DOF), jueves 30 de diciembre de 2010.
  15. [null IUCN. 2015. Red List of Threatened Species.] Version 2015-3. Disponible en http://www.iucnredlist.org/. Consultado el 11 de noviembre de 2015.

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Megupsilon aporus: Brief Summary ( espagnol ; castillan )

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El cachorrito enano de Potosí (Megupsilon aporus)​ es una especie de pez actinopeterigio de agua dulce,​ endémica del estado de San Luis Potosí, Actualmente sobrevive en cautiverio.

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Megupsilon aporus ( basque )

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Megupsilon aporus Megupsilon generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Cyprinodontidae familian sailkatzen da.

Banaketa

Erreferentziak

  1. Froese, Rainer & Pauly, Daniel ed. (2006), Megupsilon aporus FishBase webgunean. 2006ko apirilaren bertsioa.

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Megupsilon aporus: Brief Summary ( basque )

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Megupsilon aporus Megupsilon generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Cyprinodontidae familian sailkatzen da.

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Megupsilon aporus ( italien )

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Il ciprinodonte Catarina (Megupsilon aporus) è una specie di pesce all'interno della famiglia dei Cyprinodontidae, descritta per la prima volta nel 1972.[1] Esso era endemico della zona di Nuevo León in Messico, ma venne dichiarato estinto allo stato selvatico intorno al 1994. Al dicembre 2012, una piccola popolazione in cattività continua ad esistere.[2] Oltre alla sua piccola dimensione, esso è caratterizzato dall'assenza delle ossa della cintura pelvica e le loro relative pinne, nonché dall'avere differente numero di cromosomi tra individui maschi e femmine.[1] Nel 2013 il suo comportamento venne descritto a partire da osservazioni molto limitate sul campo riguardanti la precedente popolazione allo stato selvatico e grazie a osservazioni molto più accurate effettuate negli acquari.[2]

Conservazione

Il ciprinodonte Catarina è una specie decisamente in pericolo. Essa venne osservata in natura durante un solo specchio d'acqua a Nuevo León in Messico assieme a Cyprinodon alvarezi. Contreras e Lozano (1996)[3] conclusero che entrambe le specie erano divenute pressoché estinte nel 1994 quando il loro habitat evaporò; ad ogni modo l'ispezione di una parte della sorgente nel novembre del 1994 suggerì che un piccolo numero di individui era sopravvissuto. Le susseguenti pubblicazioni indicarono che entrambe le specie si erano estinte in natura proprio quell'anno. La stessa Lista rossa IUCN riporta questa designazione, citando però un manoscritto non pubblicato scritto in precedenza.[2][4]

La lista ufficiale delle specie a rischio 2010 stilata dal Messico indica che Megupsilon aporus è inserito in categoria "E" come probabilmente estinto in natura. Le specie considerate estinte dagli esperti ricevono questa designazione. Ad ogni modo se una specie viene riscoperta essa riceverebbe status legale di protezione immediatamente.[4]

In data 12 dicembre 2012 rimane una solo popolazione in cattività di questa specie. Essa consiste approssimativamente di circa 20 esemplari che si trovano presso il Children's Aquarium a Fair Park, Dallas, in Texas.[2][5]

Il destino di cipronodonte Catarina è solo uno di quello seguito da altre specie in Messico. Nel 2008 approssimativamente il 40% di più di 500 specie di pesci di acqua dolce in Messico sono considerati a rischio, senza considerare le 29 estinzioni occorse perlopiù negli ultimi 50 anni. L'estinzione e stato di pericolo per molti pesci di acqua dolce sono spesso legati ad eccessivo sfruttamento, riduzione degli specchi d'acqua, distruzione degli habitat e competizione con specie aliene.[6] La fauna ittica messicana dell'entroterra è particolarmente vulnerabile poiché molte specie (così come il ciprinodonte Catarina) sono endemiche di isolati specchi d'acqua o piccoli sistemi di drenaggio come descritto minuziosamente da Robert Rush Miller.[7]

Evoluzione storica

Megupsilon aporus è l'unico membro conosciuto del suo genere.[1] Basandosi su un'analisi dell'orologio molecolare del DNA mitocondriale, si ritiene che Megupsilon e Cyprinodon si distinsero da un comune antenato approssimativamente 7 milioni di anni fa.[8]

Descrizione

Basandosi su FishBase questa specie cresce fino ad una lunghezza di 4 centimentri. Si è fatto notare come essa sia una delle specie ittiche più piccole del Nord America.[9] La nuca e i lati dei maschi nuziali sono di un blu iridescente con una scura macchia alla base del peduncolo caudale. Le femmine mature sono di un verde oliva dorato con una indistinta banda laterale.[2] There are no pelvic fins or pelvic girdle.[1]

La miniaturizzazione e la mancanza di pinne pelviche sono anche caratteristiche di Cyprinodon diabolis. Anche un ciprinodonte endemico algerino, Aphanius apodus, non possiede pinne pelviche.[1]

Cromosomi

Megupsilon differisce da Cyprinodon avendo i maschi meno cromosomi rispetto agli esemplari femmina (47 contro 48)[1] I maschi hanno un grande cromosoma Y che appare risultare dalla fusione di due cromosomi: un autosoma e un ancestrale cromosoma Y.[10] L'esempio di Megupsilon rappresenta la prima istanza di scoperta di una fusione autosoma/cromosoma Y in un pesce. Successive ricerche suggeriscono che questo tipo di fusione cromosomica è abbastanza frequente; 35 esempi sono stati contati al 2012.[10] Tra le diverse specie di Cyprinodontidae, i maschi di Garmanella pulchra presentano anch'essi meno cromosomi delle femmine.[11]

Comportamento e morfologia

Liu e Echelle (2013) descrivono come inusuale il suo comportamento e morfologia:[2]

«Forniamo la prima descrizione del comportamento nel ciprinodonte Catarina (Megupsilon aporus). Aggressivo, corteggiamento e deposizione delle uova ricordano quelli dei ciprinodonti nordamericani. Ad ogni modo, M. aporus differisce da altri nel gruppo nell'assenza di territorialità nell'allevamento dei maschi. Il maschio di M. aporus spesso performa una rotazione dell'opercolo durante scontri violenti e problemi alla mascella durante il corteggiamento, comportamenti che, tra gli altri ciprinodonti nordamericani, sono assenti o conosciuti solo in Floridichthys. Alcune inusuali tipologie di comportamento (mancanza di territorialità) e morfologia (dwarfismo; assenza di pinne pelviche) in M. aporus potrebbe essersi temprato dall'interazione con coabitanti come Cyprinodon alvarezi

L'ipotesi che il comportamento e la morfologia di Megupsilon potrebbero aver preso forma dall'interazione con altre specie simili è ricavabile dall'osservazione effettuata da Miller e Walters (1972) nella prima descrizione del genere e della specie.[1] Nelle interazioni aggressive tra essi, i più grandi Cyprinodon sottomettono Megupsilon, che sembrano restringere la sua distribuzione nelle parti più ricche di vegetazione delle sorgenti. Liu e Echelle (2013) teorizzarono che lo ristretto habitat potrebbe aver influito nella sua evoluzione. Essi fornirono inoltre una ipotesi contraria che questa specie sia ciò che rimane di un gruppo più grande di Megupsilon[1] in cui miniaturizzazione e assenza di pinne pelviche erano caratteristiche fisse.[2]

La miniaturizzazione ed assenza di pinne pelviche nel ciprinodonte Catarina potrebbero essere collegate. Gli studi indicano che la miniaturizzazione è spesso associata con novità morfologica.[12] Inoltre, numerosi esempi di adattamento nella crescita delle ossa per la miniaturizzazione nei pesci, anfibi e rettili sono stati notati; questi includono riduzioni scheletriche così come una ridotta ossificazione o perdita completa dell ossa pelviche.[13]

Note

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Miller, Robert Rush e Walters, Vladimir, A new genus of cyprinodontid fish from Nuevo Leon, Mexico (PDF), in Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, vol. 233, 1972, pp. 1-13. URL consultato il 31 agosto 2015 (archiviato dall'url originale il 20 dicembre 2015).
  2. ^ a b c d e f g R. K. Liu e A. A. Echelle, Behavior of the Catarina Pupfish (Cyprinodontidae:Megupsilon aporus), a Severely Imperiled Species, in The Southwestern Naturalist, vol. 58, 2013, p. 1, DOI:10.1894/0038-4909-58.1.1.
  3. ^ Contreras-Balderas, Salvador e Mar´ýa de Lourdes Lozano-Vilano, Survival status of the Sandia and Potosí Valleys endemic pupfishes and crayfishes from the Mexican plateau in Nuevo león, Mexico, with Comments on Associated Extinct Snails (PDF), in Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters Freshwaters (Germany), vol. 7, n. 1, 1996, pp. 33-40.
  4. ^ a b DOI: 10.1023/A:1025053001155
  5. ^ Children’s Aquarium at Fair Park Facts and Trivia Archiviato il 4 dicembre 2013 in Internet Archive.. dallaszoo.com
  6. ^ S. Contreras-Balderas, G. Ruiz-Campos, J. J. Schmitter-Soto, E. Díaz-Pardo, T. Contreras-Mcbeath, M. Medina-Soto, L. Zambrano-González, A. Varela-Romero, R. Mendoza-Alfaro, C. Ramírez-Martínez, M. A. Leija-Tristán, P. Almada-Villela, D. A. Hendrickson e J. Lyons, Freshwater fishes and water status in México: A country-wide appraisal (PDF), in Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, vol. 11, n. 3, 2008, p. 246, DOI:10.1080/14634980802319986.
  7. ^ Miller, Robert Rush, with the collaboration of W.L. Minckley and Steven M. Norris, and maps by Martha H. Gach (2005) Freshwater fishes of México, University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226526041
  8. ^ A. A. Echelle, E. W. Carson, A. F. Echelle, R. A. Van Den Bussche, T. E. Dowling e A. Meyer, Historical Biogeography of the New-World Pupfish Genus Cyprinodon (Teleostei: Cyprinodontidae), in Copeia, vol. 2005, n. 2, 2005, p. 320, DOI:10.1643/CG-03-093R3.
  9. ^ Bennett, Micah G. e Conway, Kevin W., An overview of North America's diminutive freshwater fish fauna, Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters (Germany) (PDF), vol. 21, n. 1, 2010, pp. 63-72.
  10. ^ a b J. Kitano e C. L. Peichel, Turnover of sex chromosomes and speciation in fishes, in Environmental Biology of Fishes, vol. 94, n. 3, 2011, p. 549, DOI:10.1007/s10641-011-9853-8.
  11. ^ Levin, Catherine B., and Neal R. Foster (1972), Cytotaxonomic studies in Cyprinodontidae: multiple sex chromosomes in Garmanella pulchra, Notulae Naturae, Acacemy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia 446:1–5. Retrieved 7 September 2014.
  12. ^ DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2009.0141
  13. ^ Hanken, James (1992) "Adaptation of Bone Growth to Miniaturization of Body Size", pp. 79–104 in: Hall, Brian K. (ed.) Bone: A Treatise. Vol. 7. CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-8827-9

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Megupsilon aporus: Brief Summary ( italien )

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Il ciprinodonte Catarina (Megupsilon aporus) è una specie di pesce all'interno della famiglia dei Cyprinodontidae, descritta per la prima volta nel 1972. Esso era endemico della zona di Nuevo León in Messico, ma venne dichiarato estinto allo stato selvatico intorno al 1994. Al dicembre 2012, una piccola popolazione in cattività continua ad esistere. Oltre alla sua piccola dimensione, esso è caratterizzato dall'assenza delle ossa della cintura pelvica e le loro relative pinne, nonché dall'avere differente numero di cromosomi tra individui maschi e femmine. Nel 2013 il suo comportamento venne descritto a partire da osservazioni molto limitate sul campo riguardanti la precedente popolazione allo stato selvatico e grazie a osservazioni molto più accurate effettuate negli acquari.

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Megupsilon aporus ( néerlandais ; flamand )

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Vissen

Megupsilon aporus is een straalvinnige vissensoort uit de familie van de eierleggende tandkarpers (Cyprinodontidae).[1] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1972 door Miller & Walters.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. (en) Megupsilon aporus. FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. 02 2013 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2013.
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Megupsilon aporus ( polonais )

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Megupsilon aporus – gatunek ryby z rodziny karpieńcowatych (Cyprinodontidae), jedyny przedstawiciel rodzaju Megupsilon.

Przypisy

  1. Megupsilon aporus, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Megupsilon aporus. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
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Megupsilon aporus: Brief Summary ( polonais )

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Megupsilon aporus – gatunek ryby z rodziny karpieńcowatych (Cyprinodontidae), jedyny przedstawiciel rodzaju Megupsilon.

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Megupsilon aporus ( portugais )

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Megupsilon aporus é uma espécie de peixe da família Cyprinodontidae.

Foi endémica da México.

Referências

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Megupsilon aporus: Brief Summary ( portugais )

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Megupsilon aporus é uma espécie de peixe da família Cyprinodontidae.

Foi endémica da México.

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Megupsilon aporus ( vietnamien )

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Biểu tượng mũi tên dịch thuật
Bài này là một bản dịch thô từ ngôn ngữ khác. Đây có thể là kết quả của máy tính hoặc của người chưa thông thạo dịch thuật. Xin hãy giúp tăng chất lượng bản dịch.

Megupsilon aporus là một loài đã tuyệt chủng thuộc họ Cyprinodontidae. Nó là loài đặc hữu của México. It is now extinct in the wild, with specimens only surviving in two aquariums.

Chú thích

Tham khảo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết Lớp Cá vây tia này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Megupsilon aporus: Brief Summary ( vietnamien )

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Megupsilon aporus là một loài đã tuyệt chủng thuộc họ Cyprinodontidae. Nó là loài đặc hữu của México. It is now extinct in the wild, with specimens only surviving in two aquariums.

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大鱂 ( chinois )

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二名法 Megupsilon aporus
Miller & Walters,1972

大鱂輻鰭魚綱鯉齒目鯉齒亞目鯉齒鱂科的其中一,原分布於中美洲墨西哥Nuevo Leon淡水水域,體長可達4公分,棲息在底層水域,目前野外已滅絕,可做為觀賞魚。

參考文獻

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大鱂: Brief Summary ( chinois )

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大鱂為輻鰭魚綱鯉齒目鯉齒亞目鯉齒鱂科的其中一,原分布於中美洲墨西哥Nuevo Leon淡水水域,體長可達4公分,棲息在底層水域,目前野外已滅絕,可做為觀賞魚。

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