Diagnostic Description
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Diagnosis: jaws greatly enlarged in mature males; scales in 2-3 rows on cheek; caudal peduncle relatively shorter than in O. mossambicus (Ref. 2). In life greenish grey (Ref. 2), green-blue (Ref. 52307) or grey-blue with a darker spot on each scale (Ref. 2, 52307). Females and immature males often with 1-3 dark mid-lateral blotches (Ref. 2, 52307), which may appear only as the fish dies (Ref. 2). Breeding males: predominantly iridescent blue-green to bronze (Ref. 2, 52307), with iridescent spots on dorsal and caudal fins (Ref. 2), a dorsal fin with a red edge that is not as pronounced as in O. mossambicus, and a narrow (as opposed to wide) red band at posterior end of caudal fin (Ref. 12524, 13337).Description: moderately deep-bodied; duckbill-shaped snout and large mouth, mostly seen in large males (Ref. 52307). Upper profile of snout concave in large breeding males; maxillary ending between nostril and eye; teeth in 3-5 series, mostly outer bicuspid, inner tricuspid; lower pharyngeal bone narrow with sides of dentigerous area concave; pharyngeal teeth fine (Ref. 2). Gill-rakers dense, slender and long (Ref. 3126). 4-6 scales between bases of pectoral and pelvic fins (Ref. 2). Caudal peduncle shorter than (Ref. 2, 52307) and coloration slightly different from O. mossambicus (Ref. 52307). Caudal fin occasionally with lower or both corners rounded; caudal fin not heavily scaled (Ref. 2).Coloration: body dark green with occasional black specimens (Ref. 12524, 13337). Body usually white on ventral surface (Ref. 2). Lower parts of cheeks and opercles bluish (Ref. 2, 52307). 2-5 dark but rather obscure mid-lateral blotches or bands may appear (Ref. 54048, 54096), especially as the fish is dying or preserved (Ref. 54096). Dorsal and caudal fins possess red to orange margins that are normally broader and more intense in males (Ref. 2, 52307, 54048, 54096). Numerous green iridescent dots usually visible in dorsal fin (Ref. 2, 52307). Sometimes a group of shining white spots on posterior rays of dorsal and anal fin (Ref. 2, 54096). Caudal fin usually with a grey reticulum (Ref. 2, 54096) on proximal 2/3 with pale or iridescent interstices (Ref. 2). Courting males appear bright blue-green to bronze, with dorsal areas usually darkest and most intense in color; throat exhibits same coloration as body (Ref. 52307), dark grey (Ref. 54048), dark green or black (Ref. 2, 12524, 13337, 54048). Breeding male may have a red flush on the operculum and on the flanks in the vicinity of the pectoral fin (Ref. 54096); the dark opercular spot may have a metalic gold patch above and below it; the breeding female may also develop iridescence, bronzy on the flanks and bluish on the fins (Ref. 54096). Eyes yellowish; golden specimen known (Ref. 54048).
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- Crispina B. Binohlan
Diseases and Parasites
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Eye Infection (Diplostomum sp.). Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)
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Diseases and Parasites
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Acanthogyrus Infestation. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)
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Life Cycle
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Nest a saucer-shaped depression with a raised mound in the middle (Ref. 12524, 13337), made by the male in a breeding arena in shallow water down to about 4m (Ref. 54048). Females are lured to these through male courtship displays; female collects eggs in mouth after spawning and fertilisation, and moves off; mouthbrooding females may shoal together and do not feed at this time; eggs hatch after about ten days but remain in the mouth for a further few days; juveniles make short feeding sorties once the storage yolk is used up, but seldom stray far and dart into her mouth when danger threatens; after about another 10 days young are released in warm shallow water in the margins (nursery areas), where they feed independently in small shoals (Ref. 54048). Young released from mouthbrooding female are about 1cm long (Ref. 2). Female returns to the breeding arena where she spawns again (Ref. 54048).
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Morphology
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Dorsal spines (total): 16 - 17; Dorsal soft rays (total): 10 - 13; Analspines: 3; Analsoft rays: 10 - 12; Vertebrae: 29 - 30
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Trophic Strategy
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Prefers quieter water but is at home in most aquatic environments (Ref. 12524, 13337). Mainly found along shorelines and in protected bays amongst weed beds and dead trees, or in river estuaries (Ref. 54048). Feeds on plants, insects and invertebrates (Ref. 2).
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Biology
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Forms schools (Ref. 2, 54048). Is mainly diurnal; salt-tolerant (Ref. 2). Feeds mainly on (filamentous) algae (Ref. 2, 12524, 13337, 52307, 54048) and diatoms, as well as higher plants (Ref. 2, 52307), dipterous larvae, cladocerans, copepods (Ref. 2), aquatic and terrestrial insects, shrimps, worms (Ref. 12524, 13337, 54048) and mollusks (Ref. 54048). Mouthbrooder; spawns several times per year (Ref. 12524, 13337, 54048).
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Importance
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fisheries: commercial; aquaculture: experimental; gamefish: yes
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Oreochromis mortimeri
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Oreochromis mortimeri, the Kariba tilapia or kurper bream, is a species of cichlid, formerly classified as a Tilapiine cichlid but now placed in the genus Oreochromis, the type genus of the tribe Oreochromini of the subfamily Pseudocrenilabrinae. It is found in the rivers of south central Africa especially the middle Zambezi where it is endangered by the spread of invasive congener Oreochromis niloticus.
Description
Oreochromis mortimeri is greenish grey, green-blue or grey-blue marked with darker spots on each of its scales. The females and immature males often have 1–3 dark blotches in the middle of their flanks although these may only be visible as the fish dies. The breeding males are mainly iridescent, shading from blue-green to bronze and they have iridescent spots on their dorsal and caudal fins. The dorsal fin has a red margin that is not as obvious as it is in O. mossambicus, with a thin red band at posterior end of caudal fin, whereas that of O. mossambicus is noticeably wider. The jaws of mature males are obviously enlarged.[2]
Distribution
Oreochromis mortimeri is endemic to the middle Zambezi valley form the Cahora Bassa gorge to the Victoria Falls.[1] Its distribution includes the Luangwa River and its tributaries.[2] It occurs in Mozambique, Zimbabwe and Zambia.[1]
Biology
Oreochromis mortimeri is a schooling species which is predominantly diurnal. It is also tolerant of higher salinities. Its diet largely consists of filamentous algae and diatoms, and also includes some vascular plants, Dipteran larvae, other insects, cladocerans, copepods, shrimps, annelids and molluscs.[2]
The male makes a saucer-shaped depression with a raised mound in the middle as a nest situated within a breeding arena in water less than 4 metres (13 ft) in depth. The male attracts the females to the arena using a courtship display. The female lays the eggs and they are fertilised by the male before she collects them in her mouth. The mouthbrooding females do not feed and may form shoals. The eggs hatch after around ten days but the larvae remain in their mother's mouth for a few more days. Once the yolk has been consumed the fry undertake brief feeding sorties, staying close to their mother and darting into her mouth when threatened. Around a fortnight after hatching the female releases the 1 centimetre (0.39 in) young fish in nursery areas of warm shallow water close to the banks, where the young fish group in small shoals in which they forage independently. The female then goes back to the breeding arena where she spawns again.[2] Breeding occurs throughout the year.[1]
Conservation
The IUCN classify O. mortimeri as Critically Endangered and the main threat to this species is the invasive Oreochromis niloticus which has been introduced into most of the range of O. mortimeri by aquaculture and by anglers.[1] Studies in Lake Kariba have shown that O. niloticus has higher growth rates than O.mortmeri and this is inferred to be a competitive advantage for the invasive species.[3] It was also found that O. niloticus is more aggressive towards O. mortimeri and that the larger the size of individual O. niloticus then the more aggressive it was to smaller specimens of O. mortimeri, the higher growth rates of the invasive species meaning that they were normally the larger individuals.[4] The nature of the distribution of O. mortimeri means that there are no natural impediments to O. niloticus spreading throughout its range and it has already displaced the native species in much of Lake Kariba, especially in areas where there are fish farms rearing O. niloticus,[5] a practice which began in the 1990s.[6]
Etymology
The specific name of this fish honours M. A. E. Mortimer who was a Research and Administrative Officer of the Zambian Department of Game and Fisheries and who studied the Tilapiine fishes of Zambia as well as arranging for Ethelwynn Trewavas to take a trip to the Luangwa Valley to study this fish in its natural habitat.[7]
References
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Oreochromis mortimeri: Brief Summary
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Oreochromis mortimeri, the Kariba tilapia or kurper bream, is a species of cichlid, formerly classified as a Tilapiine cichlid but now placed in the genus Oreochromis, the type genus of the tribe Oreochromini of the subfamily Pseudocrenilabrinae. It is found in the rivers of south central Africa especially the middle Zambezi where it is endangered by the spread of invasive congener Oreochromis niloticus.
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