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Trophic Strategy ( anglais )

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Adults prefer deep quiet water between boulders and below overhangs, away from strong currents. Also occurs beneath Salvinia mats and in river estuaries in Lake Kariba. Juveniles prey on invertebrates, mainly shrimps and insect larvae. Larger individuals feed on small cichlids, minnows and labeos.
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Morphology ( anglais )

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Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 21 - 33; Anal spines: 0; Analsoft rays: 38 - 51
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Migration ( anglais )

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Potamodromous. Migrating within streams, migratory in rivers, e.g. Saliminus, Moxostoma, Labeo. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.
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Diagnostic Description ( anglais )

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Diagnosis: head depressed (Ref. 13337, 52193). Body elongated (Ref. 2915, 13337, 52193), shallow (Ref. 28714), ratio standard length/body depth 4.9-7.5 (Ref. 81274). Mouth large (Ref. 13337, 52193) and terminal (Ref. 13337, 28714, 52193, 81274), with 16-28 teeth in upper, and 14-28 in lower jaw (the number of teeth increases with size) (Ref. 81274). Chin (mental swelling) absent (Ref. 52193). Origin of dorsal fin behind origin of anal fin, nearer caudal fin base than tip of snout (Ref. 4903, 52193). Dorsal fin shorter than anal fin; mouth width subequal to snout length (Ref. 52193). Snout long (Ref. 52193), rounded, its length 1/5-1/4 that of the head (Ref. 4903), almost as broad as head (Ref. 2915, 81274). 21-33 dorsal- and 38-50 anal-fin rays (Ref. 52193, 81274). Head 3.4-5.1 times in standard length; interorbital space relatively broad, ratio head length/interorbital width 2.9-6.8; wide ranges for most of the meristic characters are caused by the existence of geographical clines (Ref. 2915, 81274).Description: scales small; head and body elongated; median fins set well back (Ref. 52193). Caudal fin relatively small, forked with rounded lobes (Ref. 4903, 52193) and almost completely covered with small scales (Ref. 4903). Head smooth and depressed in front; mouth terminal with small pointed teeth in a single row (Ref. 52193). Teeth notched or slender and conical (Ref. 4903). Eye small (Ref. 52193), its diameter 2.5-3 times length of snout (Ref. 4903). Gill slit restricted to sides, inclined at an angle (Ref. 52193). Caudal peduncle nearly twice as long as deep (Ref. 4903).Coloration: ground color dark bluish-grey, mauve or blackish, belly a little lighter (Ref. 81274), silvery white below, often with a bronze or yellow sheen (Ref. 52193). Juveniles with more intense coloration (Ref. 81274), darker, greyish blue or brown (Ref. 52193). Preserved specimens olive or greyish-brown above, whitish below (Ref. 4903).
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Biology ( anglais )

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Juveniles occur in marginal habitats, adults prefer deep quiet water between boulders and below overhangs, away from strong currents; also occurs beneath Salvinia mats and in river estuaries in Lake Kariba; juveniles prey on invertebrates, mainly shrimps and insect larvae (Ref. 7248, 52193). Adults/larger individuals are piscivorous (Ref. 28714), feeding on small cichlids, minnows and labeos (Ref. Ref. 7248, 52193). May live for 8 years or more; breeds in summer during the rainy season; mature females carry 25000 or more eggs (Ref. 7248, 52193). A fractional spawner (Ref. 10606, 10605). Affinities: M. breviceps.
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Importance ( anglais )

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fisheries: commercial; gamefish: yes
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Roof-bottelneus ( afrikaans )

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Die Roof-bottelneus (Mormyrops anguilloides) is 'n skadelose snawelvis wat in die varswatergebiede van die tropiese dele van Afrika voorkom. In Engels staan die vis bekend as Cornish jack.

Voorkoms

Die roofbottelneus is grys van bo en 'n ligte silwerwit van onder, dikwels met 'n brons of geel skynsel. Hy het 'n verlengde kop en lyf, met klein skubbe. Die vis se mediaanvinne sit ver na agter en sy rugvin is korter as sy anaalvin. Sy stertvin is klein en gevurk, met geronde lobbe. Die roof-bottelneus se verlengde kop is glad en plat van voor; sy bek is by sy snoetpunt geleë en bevat 'n enkele ry puntige tandjies. Die snoet is byna so wyd as die kop. Die vis het klein en sy kieusplete is skuins geleë en beperk tot sy sye. 'n Volwasse roof-bottelneus kan 'n totale lengte van 1,2 m bereik, met 'n massa van 15 kg.

Habitat

Die roof-bottelneus geniet 'n wye verspreiding buite Suider-Afrika, deur die Kongorivier-stelsel en Wes-Afrika, die Nylrivier, asook die Malawi-, Tanganjika- en Mobutomeer. In Suider-Afrika is die vis beperk tot die middel- en benede-lope van die Zambezirivier en die Buzi- en Pungwe-riviere. Jong visse kan in oewerhabitats aangetref word, maar volwassenes verkies diep, stil habitats tussen rotse en onder oorhangwalle, weg van die sterk stromings. Dit kom ook onder drywende matte Salvinia ('n drywende watervaring) voor en waar riviere in die Karibadam uitmond.

Die jonger roof-bottelneus se dieet bestaan hoofsaaklik uit klein ongewerweldes, veral krewels en inseklarwes. Groter visse van ongeveer 170 mm lank sal ook kurpertjies, ghieliemientjies en moddervissies eet.

Roof-bottelneuse teel tydens die reëntyd in die somer aan. 'n Volwasse wyfie dra 25,000 of meer eiers. 'n Roof-bottelneus het 'n moontlike lewensduur van agt jaar of meer.

Dit is 'n gewilde hengelvis en word ook deur spiesvissers gejag.

Sien ook

Bronne

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Roof-bottelneus: Brief Summary ( afrikaans )

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Die Roof-bottelneus (Mormyrops anguilloides) is 'n skadelose snawelvis wat in die varswatergebiede van die tropiese dele van Afrika voorkom. In Engels staan die vis bekend as Cornish jack.

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Riesen-Nilhecht ( allemand )

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Der Riesen-Nilhecht (Mormyrops anguilloides) ist ein afrikanischer Süßwasserfisch und der größte Vertreter der Nilhechte (Mormyridae). Er ist in Afrika weit verbreitet. Sein Verbreitungsgebiet reicht vom Senegal bis zum Weißen Nil und dem Kongobecken. In Ostafrika kommt er im Tanganjikasee, im Albertsee und Malawisee vor, im südlichen Afrika im mittleren und unteren Sambesi, Búzi und Pungwe.

Merkmale

Mit einer Maximallänge von 1,50 Meter und einem Maximalgewicht von 15 kg ist der Riesen-Nilhecht der größte Vertreter der Nilhechte. Sein Körper ist langgestreckt, die Standardlänge ist das 4,9 bis 7,5 fache der Körperhöhe. Die Schnauze ist abgerundet, nicht röhrenförmig verlängert und ebenso breit wie hoch. Ihre Länge beträgt 5,7 bis 6,5 % der Standardlänge und 21,3 bis 23,7 % der Kopflänge. Der Kopf ist abgeflacht, auf der Oberseite konkav und 1,6-mal länger als hoch. Die Kopflänge ist 3,4- bis 5,1-mal in der Standardlänge enthalten. Das Maul ist groß und endständig, das Kinn nicht fleischig verdickt. Die Zähne, jeweils in einer Zahnreihe 16 bis 28 im Oberkiefer und 14 bis 28 im Unterkiefer, sind eingebuchtet. Die Augen sind klein und stehen näher zum Mundwinkel als zur Kiemenöffnung. Ihr Durchmesser beträgt 30 bis 50 % des Augenabstandes. Die kürzere Rückenflosse beginnt über dem 10. Afterflossenstrahl und erreicht 60 bis 67 % der Afterflossenlänge. Sie liegt näher zur Schwanzflossenbasis als zur Schnauze. Der Schwanzflossenstiel ist relativ lang (11 % der Standardlänge) und in einer Reihe von jeweils 16 Schuppen umgeben. Die Schwanzflosse ist relativ klein, ihre Loben sind abgerundet.

Da der Riesen-Nilhecht ein sehr großes Verbreitungsgebiet hat, weichen die Körperrelationen der Einzelpopulationen teilweise voneinander ab. Für Nilhechte ist die Art relativ hell gefärbt, grau-ocker auf der Oberseite mit einem dunklen Kopf, dunkel grau-gelben Flossen und einer weißlichen Bauchseite und Kopfunterseite. An den Flanken zeigen sich parallel zur Seitenlinie horizontale dunkle Streifen, die von den dunklen Zentren der einzelnen Schuppen gebildet werden.

Wie alle Nilhechte ist auch Mormyrops anguilloides zur Elektrokommunikation und Elektroorientierung fähig. Sein elektrisches Signal ist wellenförmig und dreiphasig. Die Gesamtdauer des elektrischen Signals liegt bei einer Millisekunde.

Lebensweise

Jungfische des Riesen-Nilhechts besiedeln vor allem die Uferbereiche und ernähren sich von kleinen wirbellosen Tieren, vor allem von Insektenlarven und kleinen Garnelen. Ausgewachsene Fische leben in tieferen Wasserzonen oder in höheren unter Überhängen und treibenden Schwimmfarnen (Salvinia sp.). Sie sind Fischjäger und erbeuten Buntbarsche, Barben und Labeo-Arten. Der Riesen-Nilhecht kann acht Jahre oder älter werden. Er laicht während der Regenzeit. Ein Weibchen kann über 25.000 Eier tragen.

Literatur

  • Melanie Stiassny, Guy Teugels & Carl D. Hopkins: The Fresh and Brackish Water Fishes of Lower Guinea, West-Central Africa, Band 1. ISBN 9789074752206

Weblinks

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Riesen-Nilhecht: Brief Summary ( allemand )

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Der Riesen-Nilhecht (Mormyrops anguilloides) ist ein afrikanischer Süßwasserfisch und der größte Vertreter der Nilhechte (Mormyridae). Er ist in Afrika weit verbreitet. Sein Verbreitungsgebiet reicht vom Senegal bis zum Weißen Nil und dem Kongobecken. In Ostafrika kommt er im Tanganjikasee, im Albertsee und Malawisee vor, im südlichen Afrika im mittleren und unteren Sambesi, Búzi und Pungwe.

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Cornish jack ( anglais )

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The Cornish jack, Mormyrops anguilloides, is a species of weakly electric fish in the family Mormyridae, native to quiet waters in much of Sub-Saharan Africa. The largest species in its family, the Cornish jack is a nocturnal group hunter of smaller fishes, using electricity to locate its prey and communicate with other members of its group. It is a commercial game fish valued for its size and taste.

The common name "Cornish jack" likely originated from European settlers, who thought that this fish resembled the European pike, whose young is known as a "jack" in some parts of England.[1] It is also known as "African carp", a name that is used for several other species.[2]

Distribution and habitat

The Cornish jack occurs in the White Nile, the Lake Albert drainage basin, inland waters from Senegal to Chad, rivers in Cameroon, and small coastal basins in the Guinean zone. It is also widespread in the Congo River basin, Lakes Malawi and Tanganyika, the Volta River basin, the Shebelle River, and the Jubba River. In southern Africa, it is restricted to the middle and lower Zambezi, and the Buzi and Pungwe Rivers.[2]

This demersal species is found in tropical freshwater habitats between 22 and 24 °C (72 and 75 °F). The juveniles are found in marginal habitats, while the adults prefer deep, quiet water between boulders and below overhangs, away from strong currents. They also occur beneath Salvinia mats and in river estuaries in Lake Kariba.[2]

Description

The body and head of the Cornish jack are elongated; the head is nearly twice as long as high, smooth and depressed in front. The snout is rounded and almost as wide as the head. The mouth is terminal, with the upper jaw slightly longer than the lower, both bearing a single row of small, pointed teeth. The eyes are very small and placed in the front third of the head. The gill openings are small and inclined at an angle. The dorsal and anal fins are set well back on the body; the caudal fin is relatively small and forked with rounded lobes. There are 21–30 fin rays in the dorsal and 38–51 rays in the anal fin.[1][3] The anal fin of the male differs from that of the female in having longer rays and a pronounced concavity in the anterior half.[4]

The scales are small, numbering 85–100 in the lateral line. The coloration is gray above, lighter silvery white below, often with a bronze or yellow sheen. The juveniles are darker in color, being grayish blue or brown.[1] The meristic characteristics of the body (such as the number of scales, fin rays, and vertebrae) vary by geographic location. The largest members of the family Mormyridae, Cornish jacks attain a maximum known length of 1.5 m and a weight of 15 kg.[2]

Biology and ecology

Like other mormyrids, Cornish jacks have an electric organ and generate weak pulses of electricity for navigation, finding food, and communication. Electroceptive cells allow it to detect distortions in the electric field surrounding its body, and determine the size, distance, and properties of the causative object.[5]

Feeding

Adult Cornish jack are primarily piscivorous; along the Bia River, fish in lake environments feed mainly on tilapia (Sarotherodon and Tilapia) with significant seasonal variation in diet, whereas fish in river environments take both fish and crustaceans.[6] The juveniles feed mostly on shrimps and aquatic insect larvae; larger individuals about 17 cm long also take small cichlids, minnows, and labeos.[1] Historically, Cornish jacks have been thought to feed on decomposing matter, as they were known to congregate around human encampments where large amounts of refuse was dumped into the water.[7]

Observations of Cornish jacks in Lake Malawi show that they form relatively stable groups of 2 to 10 individuals. During the day, the group shelters together in caves, and at night they hunt for cichlids together over rocky reefs to a distance of 20 m (66 ft) from their shelter. Occasionally individual fish will temporarily separate from the others after capturing a cichlid. When a potential prey item is detected, the fish will approach to within 1–20 cm (0.39–7.87 in) before stopping and producing regular pulses of electricity at 20–40 millisecond (ms) intervals. This "stationary probing" behavior could allow the Cornish jack to estimate prey size, as they preferentially target smaller cichlids. After a few seconds, a strike may follow, during which the rate of electrical pulses generated may increase to once every 18–20 ms. In many cases, the targeted cichlid showed little movement prior to capture, indicating that they were unaware of the predator's presence.[5]

Group-hunting Cornish jacks capture more prey and make more successful attacks than those hunting alone. However, it is yet unclear what exact advantages are conferred by the group, as the prey items are not shared between individuals and often individuals steal prey from each other. One possibility is that feeding efficiency is increased by multiple predators making strikes on the same prey fish within a short time of each other.[5]

Communication

Differences in the waveforms of their electrical pulses may allow Cornish jacks to recognize each other individually, and thus maintain the identity of their groups. Cornish jacks in groups will adjust the rate of their electrical pulses so that they occur at 18–20 ms delays relative to each other; this "echo response", common in mormyrids, is especially robust in Cornish jacks and serves to minimize electrical interference between different individuals. Cornish jack hunting groups have also been recorded producing synchronized bursts of electrical pulses lasting 1–2.5 s every few minutes. These bursts have been proposed to be mutual group recognition signals.[5]

Reproduction

The Cornish jack is oviparous and spawns in summer during the rainy season.[1] In the upper Ogun River, Cornish jacks and other piscivorous fishes are especially abundant at the beginning and middle of the annual flood, suggesting that they migrate upstream to breed and retreat downstream when the water recedes.[8] The females are fractional spawners and may carry 25,000 or more eggs. In the Baoulé River, this species attains maturity at no less than 34.6 cm (13.6 in) long. Their lifespan may be eight or more years.[1][2][9]

Relationship to humans

The Cornish jack is a popular species for anglers and is also taken by spearfishermen.[1] Due to their relatively small mouths, the bait used can be a thin filet of fish, worms, or crabs, and they can be taken by light tackle as they are not known for their fighting abilities.[10] The flesh is held in high esteem; the species name of one of its synonyms, Mormyrops deliciosus, reflects this fact. Theodore Gill (1902) noted that it was fished for mostly at dawn and sunset, and that a 5-foot (1.5 m) fish might fetch a price of 25 francs at Boma.[7]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Skelton, P.H. (2001). A Complete Guide to the Freshwater Fishes of Southern Africa. Struik. ISBN 1-86872-643-6.
  2. ^ a b c d e Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2008). "Mormyrops anguilloides" in FishBase. December 2008 version.
  3. ^ Günther, A. (1866). Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum. The Trustees.
  4. ^ Breden, C.M. (Jr.) & Rosen, D.E. (1966). Modes of Reproduction in Fishes. Garden City, New York: The Natural History Press.
  5. ^ a b c d Arnegard, M.E.; Carlson, B.A. (2005). "Electric organ discharge patterns during group hunting by a mormyrid fish". Proceedings of the Royal Society. 272 (1570): 1305–1314. doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3101. PMC 1560340. PMID 16006329.
  6. ^ Kouamelan, P.E.; Teugels, G.G.; Gourene, G.; Van den Audenaerde, D.F.E.T. & Ollevier, F. (2000). "Feeding habits of Mormyrops anguilloides (Mormyridae) in lacustrine and riverine habitats of a West African basin". Cybium. 24 (1): 67–79.
  7. ^ a b Gill, T. (1906). "Parental Care Among Fresh-Water Fishes". Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Institution.
  8. ^ Lévêque, C. (1997). Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation: The Freshwater Fish of Tropical Africa. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-57033-6.
  9. ^ Paugy, D. (2002). "Reproductive strategies of fishes in a tropical temporary stream of the Upper Senegal basin: Baoulé River in Mali". Aquatic Living Resources. 15: 25–35. doi:10.1016/S0990-7440(01)01144-5. S2CID 86653501.
  10. ^ Cornish Jack (Mormyrops deliciosus) Archived 2009-06-22 at the Wayback Machine. Tourette Fishing. Retrieved on December 4, 2008.
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Cornish jack: Brief Summary ( anglais )

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The Cornish jack, Mormyrops anguilloides, is a species of weakly electric fish in the family Mormyridae, native to quiet waters in much of Sub-Saharan Africa. The largest species in its family, the Cornish jack is a nocturnal group hunter of smaller fishes, using electricity to locate its prey and communicate with other members of its group. It is a commercial game fish valued for its size and taste.

The common name "Cornish jack" likely originated from European settlers, who thought that this fish resembled the European pike, whose young is known as a "jack" in some parts of England. It is also known as "African carp", a name that is used for several other species.

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Mormyrops anguilloides ( espagnol ; castillan )

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Mormyrops anguilloides es una especie de pez elefante eléctrico perteneciente al género Mormyrops en la familia Mormyridae presente en varias cuencas hidrográficas de África, entre ellas el Congo y afluentes, los ríos Nilo, Sanaga, Nyong, Lokoundjé, Cross, y los lagos Alberto, Tanganyika y Nasser, entre varios otros cursos de agua.[2]​ Es nativa de prácticamente todos los países del continente, con un amplio rango de distribución geográfica;[1]​ y puede alcanzar un tamaño aproximado de 150,0 cm.[3]

Estado de conservación

Respecto al estado de conservación, se puede indicar que de acuerdo a la IUCN, esta especie puede catalogarse en la categoría «Preocupación menor (LC)».[1]

Referencias

  1. a b c Moelants, T. (2010). «Mormyrops anguilloide». IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. (en inglés). Consultado el 14 de marzo de 2014.
  2. Gosse, J.-P. (1984). Mormyridae. p. 63-122. En J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse y D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). (en inglés) ORSTOM, París y MRAC, Tervuren. Vol. 1.
  3. Stiassny, Melanie L. J.; Teugels, Guy G.; Hopkins, Carl (2007). Poissons d'eaux douces et saumâtres de basse Guinée, ouest de l'Afrique centrale, Volumen 1 - Volumen 42 (PDF) (en inglés). IRD Editions. p. 799. ISBN 978-27-0991-620-2.

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Mormyrops anguilloides: Brief Summary ( espagnol ; castillan )

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Mormyrops anguilloides es una especie de pez elefante eléctrico perteneciente al género Mormyrops en la familia Mormyridae presente en varias cuencas hidrográficas de África, entre ellas el Congo y afluentes, los ríos Nilo, Sanaga, Nyong, Lokoundjé, Cross, y los lagos Alberto, Tanganyika y Nasser, entre varios otros cursos de agua.​ Es nativa de prácticamente todos los países del continente, con un amplio rango de distribución geográfica;​ y puede alcanzar un tamaño aproximado de 150,0 cm.

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Mormyrops anguilloides ( basque )

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Mormyrops anguilloides Mormyrops generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Mormyridae familian sailkatzen da.

Banaketa

Erreferentziak

  1. Froese, Rainer & Pauly, Daniel ed. (2006), Mormyrops anguilloides FishBase webgunean. 2006ko apirilaren bertsioa.

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Mormyrops anguilloides: Brief Summary ( basque )

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Mormyrops anguilloides Mormyrops generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Mormyridae familian sailkatzen da.

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Mormyrops anguilloides ( néerlandais ; flamand )

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Vissen

Mormyrops anguilloides is een straalvinnige vissensoort uit de familie van tapirvissen (Mormyridae).[2] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1758 door Linnaeus.

De soort staat op de Rode Lijst van de IUCN als niet bedreigd, beoordelingsjaar 2009.[1]

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. a b (en) Mormyrops anguilloides op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. (en) Mormyrops anguilloides. FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. 10 2011 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2011.
Geplaatst op:
22-10-2011
Dit artikel is een beginnetje over biologie. U wordt uitgenodigd om op bewerken te klikken om uw kennis aan dit artikel toe te voegen. Beginnetje
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鰻形擬長頜魚 ( chinois )

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二名法 Mormyrops anguilloides
Linnaeus, 1758

鰻形擬長頜魚,為輻鰭魚綱骨舌魚目象鼻魚科的其中一。廣泛分布於非洲的湖泊及河川,本魚頭部扁平,口端位,身體延長,體長可達150公分,背鰭軟條21-33枚;臀鰭軟條38-51枚,成魚偏愛棲息在具有大圓石的深水處,具有發電器官,用來偵測獵物,稚魚以無脊椎動物甲殼類為食,成魚以魚類為食,繁殖期在雨季,可做為食用魚。

参考文献

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鰻形擬長頜魚: Brief Summary ( chinois )

fourni par wikipedia 中文维基百科

鰻形擬長頜魚,為輻鰭魚綱骨舌魚目象鼻魚科的其中一。廣泛分布於非洲的湖泊及河川,本魚頭部扁平,口端位,身體延長,體長可達150公分,背鰭軟條21-33枚;臀鰭軟條38-51枚,成魚偏愛棲息在具有大圓石的深水處,具有發電器官,用來偵測獵物,稚魚以無脊椎動物甲殼類為食,成魚以魚類為食,繁殖期在雨季,可做為食用魚。

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