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Hydnellum concrescens (Pers.) Banker 1906

Biology ( anglais )

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Fungi are neither plants nor animals but belong to their own kingdom. They are unable to produce their own food through the process of photosynthesis, as plants do; instead, they acquire nutrients from living or dead plants, animals, or other fungi, as animals do. In many larger fungi (lichens excepted) the only visible parts are the fruit bodies, which arise from a largely unseen network of threads called 'hyphae'. These hyphae permeate the fungus's food source, which may be soil, leaf litter, rotten wood, dung, and so on, depending on the species. With the exception of the earpick fungus Auriscalpium vulgare, all stipitate hydnoid fungi are ectomycorrhizal species; they form close symbiotic relationships with trees, and derive some of their nutrients from the tree's roots. This aids them in obtaining nutrients on poor quality soil, and means that they are always found in association with trees (1). The best time to look for the fruit bodies of H. concrescens is September. Interestingly, all Hydnellum species are very rarely damaged by invertebrates, and it is thought that they may contain certain chemicals that prevent them from being eaten (1).
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Conservation ( anglais )

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Much more research on these fungi is needed if they are to be conserved (1). The UK Biodiversity Action Plan has produced a group action plan for 14 UK species of stipitate hynoid fungi (2),(8). Management measures likely to help these species include the preservation of banks within woodlands (1). Many sites supporting this species, including the New Forest, are Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) or reserves (2). The zoned tooth fungus is afforded general protection under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, but it is not one of the four species of non-lichenized fungi given special protection under Schedule 8 (2).
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Description ( anglais )

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The zoned tooth fungus belongs to the stipitate hydnoid fungi group, also known as the 'tooth fungi'. Members of this group share some morphological characters, but are not a naturally related group (1) (7). They are known as tooth fungi since they release their spores from tooth-like structures. The fruit bodies (the visible part of the fungus) are terrestrial and have a short stalk or 'stipe', hence the name 'stipitate' (1). The teeth are on the underside of the fruit body (1). The flesh of Hydnellum concrescens is leathery, becoming corky when it dries. The cap often has an irregular shape (1), and usually displays obvious growth zones, which form layers (4). Caps may fuse into one mass with a number of stalks, and can surround twigs, leaves or blades of grass (4). WARNING: many species of fungus are poisonous or contain chemicals that can cause sickness. Never pick and eat any species of fungus that you cannot positively recognise or are unsure about. Some species are deadly poisonous and can cause death within a few hours if swallowed.
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Habitat ( anglais )

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Found in broadleaved woodlands, commons, and parks in association with oak, sweet chestnut, pine, larch and birch (1). It can be found on raised banks, stream banks, managed chestnut coppice and the sides of trackways (1), and shows a preference for open vegetation (6).
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Range ( anglais )

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A widespread but local species throughout the northern hemisphere, H. concrescens has been recorded from 25 vice-counties of England, 14 of these records being made after 1960 (1). It mainly occurs in southern England, is relatively widespread in the New Forest, and is also found in the Thames Valley (1). It has been recorded from 3-4 sites in Wales (9) and is also known from Scotland and Ireland (8).
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Status ( anglais )

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Provisionally classified as Vulnerable in Great Britain (2). Digging up fungi without permission could also constitute theft under the Theft Act of 1968 (3).
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Threats ( anglais )

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Comparison of pre-1960 and post-1960 records of H. concrescens seems to indicate that the range of this species in the UK has decreased somewhat; however older records are often very unreliable (1). All species of stipitate hydnoid fungi are vulnerable to the effects of atmospheric pollution (1), soil eutrophication, soil disturbance (e.g. by timber management) and competition from vascular plants (1).
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Associations ( anglais )

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Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Hydnellum concrescens is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Castanea sativa
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Hydnellum concrescens is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Fagus
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Hydnellum concrescens is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Quercus
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Hydnellum concrescens is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Pinus sylvestris
Remarks: Other: uncertain

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Hydnellum concrescens ( anglais )

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Hydnellum concrescens is an inedible fungus, commonly known as the zoned hydnellum or zoned tooth fungus. As with other tooth fungi, the spores are produced on spines on the underside of the cap, rather than gills. It has a funnel-shaped cap, typically between 2 and 7 cm (0.79 and 2.76 in) in diameter, which has characteristic concentric zones of color. The cap may also have radial ridges extending from the center to the margins. The spines are pink in young specimens, but turn brown with age.

This species is very similar in appearance to Hydnellum scrobiculatum, and traditionally, largely unreliable microscopic characteristics such as spore size and ornamentation have been used to distinguish between the two. Recent research has demonstrated a way to discriminate the two species using DNA sequencing of the ITS regions.[1]

References

  1. ^ Parfitt D, Martyn Ainsworth A, Simpson D, Rogers HJ, Boddy L (2007). "Molecular and morphological discrimination of stipitate hydnoids in the genera Hydnellum and Phellodon". Mycological Research. 111 (Pt 7): 761–77. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.05.003. PMID 17681224.

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Hydnellum concrescens: Brief Summary ( anglais )

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Hydnellum concrescens is an inedible fungus, commonly known as the zoned hydnellum or zoned tooth fungus. As with other tooth fungi, the spores are produced on spines on the underside of the cap, rather than gills. It has a funnel-shaped cap, typically between 2 and 7 cm (0.79 and 2.76 in) in diameter, which has characteristic concentric zones of color. The cap may also have radial ridges extending from the center to the margins. The spines are pink in young specimens, but turn brown with age.

This species is very similar in appearance to Hydnellum scrobiculatum, and traditionally, largely unreliable microscopic characteristics such as spore size and ornamentation have been used to distinguish between the two. Recent research has demonstrated a way to discriminate the two species using DNA sequencing of the ITS regions.

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Vyöhykeorakas ( finnois )

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Vyöhykeorakas (Hydnellum concrescens) on nahkaorakkaisiin kuuluva sieni, joka kasvaa yleensä kosteissa havumetsissä karikkeenlahottajana. Sen itiöemä on ruskea, reunasta vaaleampi, usein kiiltäväkin, ja yläpinnalla on sekä sisäkkäisiä vyöhykkeitä että säteittäisiä juomuja. Alapinta on suunnilleen samanvärinen, samoin hoikahko jalka. Piikit ovat hentoja ja ulottuvat johteisesti jalkaan. Itiöemän muoto on epäsäännöllisen suppilomainen, ja kasvaa päällekkäin ja limittäin toisten itiöemien kanssa. Malto on pehmeää eikä maussa ole karvautta. Haju on ominainen, seetripuumainen. Laji ei ole ruokasieni.[2]

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Vyöhykeorakasesiintymä Sotkamossa.

Lähteet

  1. Henry Dissing ym.: Nordic Macromycetes Vol. 3, s. 311. Copenhagen: Nordsvamp, 1997. ISBN 87-983961-1-0.
  2. Pertti Salo – Tuomo Niemelä – Ulla Salo: Suomen sieniopas, s. 319. Helsinki: Kasvimuseo/WSOY, 2006. ISBN 951-0-30359-3.
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Vyöhykeorakas: Brief Summary ( finnois )

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Vyöhykeorakas (Hydnellum concrescens) on nahkaorakkaisiin kuuluva sieni, joka kasvaa yleensä kosteissa havumetsissä karikkeenlahottajana. Sen itiöemä on ruskea, reunasta vaaleampi, usein kiiltäväkin, ja yläpinnalla on sekä sisäkkäisiä vyöhykkeitä että säteittäisiä juomuja. Alapinta on suunnilleen samanvärinen, samoin hoikahko jalka. Piikit ovat hentoja ja ulottuvat johteisesti jalkaan. Itiöemän muoto on epäsäännöllisen suppilomainen, ja kasvaa päällekkäin ja limittäin toisten itiöemien kanssa. Malto on pehmeää eikä maussa ole karvautta. Haju on ominainen, seetripuumainen. Laji ei ole ruokasieni.

 src= Vyöhykeorakasesiintymä Sotkamossa.
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Kolczakówka strefowana ( polonais )

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Hydnellum concrescens a3 (1).JPG
 src=
Kolczasty hymenofor

Kolczakówka strefowana (Hydnellum concrescens) – gatunek grzybów należący do rodziny kolcownicowatych (Bankeraceae)[1].

Systematyka i nazewnictwo

Pozycja w klasyfikacji według Index Fungorum: Hydnellum, Bankeraceae, Thelephorales, Incertae sedis, Agaricomycetes, Agaricomycotina, Basidiomycota, Fungi[1].

Po raz pierwszy takson ten zdiagnozował w 1796 r. Persoon nadając mu nazwę Hydnum concrescens. Obecną, uznaną przez Index Fungorum nazwę nadał mu w 1906 r. Banker[1].

Nazwę polską nadali Barbara Gumińska i Władysław Wojewoda w 1983[2]. Odnosi się ona do kolczastego hymenoforu i strefowanej powierzchni kapelusza. Łacińska nazwa gatunkowa concrescens odnosi się do jego skłonności do zrastania się kapeluszy[3].

Morfologia

Kapelusz

2-10 cm średnicy, wgłębiony do lejkowatego, promieniście zmarszczony. Często wewnątrz lejkowatego owocnika tworzą się promieniście ułożone następne, mniejsze lejki lub wyrostki, czasami też sąsiednie owocniki zrastają się z sobą. Powierzchnia koncentrycznie i różnobarwnie strefowana, naga, aksamitna lub włókienkowata, z jaśniejszym brzegiem. Ma barwę od różowobrązowej do ciemnobrązowej[3].

Hymenofor

Kolczasty. Kolce zbiegające na trzon, na końcach jaśniejsze, do 3 mm długości. Początkowo są białawe, później brązowe do ciemnobrązowych[3].

Trzon

Wysokość 2-4 cm, grubość 2-5 cm, kształt zwykle beczkowaty, barwa taka sama jak kapelusza[3].

Miąższ

Podobnej barwy jak kapelusz, słabo strefowany, skórzasty, korkowaty, w końcu zdrewniały. Bez zapachu, lub zapach niewyraźny[3].

Wysyp zarodników

Brązowy. Zarodniki brązowawe, kuliste lub nieregularne, o rozmiarach 4-7 μm[3].

Występowanie i siedlisko

Występuje w Ameryce Północnej i Środkowej, Europie, Azji i Australii[4]. W Polsce rzadki, podlegający ścisłej ochronie gatunkowej[5]. Znajduje się na Czerwonej liście roślin i grzybów Polski. Ma status E – gatunek zagrożony wymarciem[6]. Znajduje się na listach gatunków zagrożonych także w Szwajcarii, Niemczech, Danii, Anglii, Holandii, Norwegii, Słowacji[2].

Rośnie na ziemi w lasach liściastych, iglastych i mieszanych, wśród mchów lub opadłego igliwia, czasami także wśród wrzosów i w lasach bukowo-jodłowych. W Polsce owocniki wytwarza od sierpnia do października[2].

Gatunki podobne

  • Kolczakówka dołkowana (Hydnellum scrobiculatum), która nie ma jednak wyraźnego strefowania, ma większe i inaczej wyglądające zarodniki[3].

Przypisy

  1. a b c Index Fungorum (ang.). [dostęp 2013-11-12].
  2. a b c Władysław Wojewoda: Checklist of Polish Larger Basidiomycetes. Krytyczna lista wielkoowocnikowych grzybów podstawkowych Polski. Kraków: W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, 2003. ISBN 83-89648-09-1.
  3. a b c d e f g MushroomExpert (ang.). [dostęp 2014-04-25].
  4. Discover Life Maps. [dostęp 2014-09-01].
  5. Dz.U. z 2014 r. poz. 1409 – Rozporządzenie Ministra Środowiska z dnia 9 października 2014 r. w sprawie ochrony gatunkowej grzybów
  6. Zbigniew Mirek: Red list of plants and fungi in Poland = Czerwona lista roślin i grzybów Polski. Kraków: W. Szafer Institute of Botany. Polish Academy of Sciences, 2006. ISBN 83-89648-38-5.
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Kolczakówka strefowana: Brief Summary ( polonais )

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Hydnellum concrescens a3 (1).JPG  src= Kolczasty hymenofor

Kolczakówka strefowana (Hydnellum concrescens) – gatunek grzybów należący do rodziny kolcownicowatych (Bankeraceae).

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