The Giant Swallowtail flies with a graceful series of strong flaps and short glides, usually at about a human observer's eye level (Brock and Kaufman 2003).
The Giant Swallowtail (Papilio cresphontes) is a large, mainly blackish brown and yellow swallowtail with a spoon-shaped "tail" on each hind wing. The end of each tail has a yellow center. The Giant Swallowtail occurs in a wide range of natural and disturbed habitats. Its geographic range extends across most of the eastern United States and adjacent Canada and south through the Caribbean, Mexico, and Central America into South America. In the northern United States, it occurs only in scattered local colonies, but it is common to the south (Opler and Krizek 1984).
The Giant Swallowtail is found throughout most of the eastern Unites States and adjacent Canada south through the Caribbean, Mexico, Central America, and most of South America (Opler and Krizek 1984; Opler 1992; Brock and Kaufman 2003). In the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada, it occurs only in scattered local colonies, but it is common farther south (Opler and Krizek 1984). It has a more limited distribution in the southwestern U.S., but expanded into the Los Angeles basin during the last two decades of the 20th century (Brock and Kaufman 2003). It strays regularly to eastern Colorado and rarely to North Dakota and Wyoming (Opler 1999).
The Giant Swallowtail is found in a wide variety of natural and disturbed open habitats, including parks, suburbs, and citrus groves, as well as more natural areas (Cech and Tudor 2005). In the northern U.S., it is most often associated with rocky and sandy exposed hillsides near streams or gullies; in the southern U.S., it is often associated with pine flatwoods, towns, and citrus groves (Opler 1992).
Larvae of the Giant Swallowtail feed on a variety of plants in the Rutaceae (citrus family), including Wild Lime (Zanthoxylum fagara), Hercules Club (Zanthoxylum clavaherculis), Common Rue (Ruta graveolus), Torchwood (Amyris elemifera), cultivated citrus (Citrus spp.), Northern Prickly-Ash (Zanthoxylum americanum), and Hop Tree Wafer-Ash (Ptelea trifoliata) (Cech and Tudor 2005). In the northern U.S., the primary host is Northern Prickly-Ash (sometimes Hop Tree); in the southern U.S., the primary hosts are cultivated Citrus, Hercules Club, and Torchwood (Opler 1992).
Young Giant Swallowtail caterpillars rest on leaves, while later instars (developmental stages) rest on small branches. Most feeding occurs at night. Instars vary in appearance, but all show disruptive color patterns that make them resemble (to humans and very likely to birds as well) bird droppings (Opler and Krizek 1984).
The Giant Swallowtail somewhat resembles the very rare Schaus' Swallowtail (Papilio aristodemus ponceanus) of extreme southern Florida, but the larger Giant Swallowtail has yellow centers on its long hindwing tails (Schaus' has shorter, yellow-edged tails) and yellow bands on the forewing above that form an "X" near the wingtips (Brock and Kaufman 2003; Cech and Tudor 2005). These yellow forewing bands are noticeably broader in the Giant Swallowtail (Opler 1992). Below, Schaus' Swallowtail has a much larger rusty brown patch (Brock and Kaufman 2003; Cech and Tudor 2005). The sexes of Giant Swallowtail are similar, but male Schaus' Swallowtails have yellow antennal clubs (the females antennae are all dark).
The Thoas Swallowtail (Papilio thoas) is extremely similar to the Giant Swallowtail and cannot be reliably distinguished in the field. This species, whose larvae feed on Piper and a number of species in the citrus family (Rutaceae), is essentially Neotropical, but occurs rarely in extreme southern Texas and can stray north to Colorado and western Kansas. (Opler 1999; Brock and Kaufman 2003)
The Ornythion Swallowtail (Papilio ornythion), an essentially Central American citrus-feeding species that reaches extreme southern Texas (and occasionally strays to western Texas, southern New Mexico, and western Nebraska), lacks yellow in the tail centers and has yellow forewing bands that do not merge (Opler 1999). Habits and flight are similar to those of Giant Swallowtail (Brock and Kaufman 2003).
The Broad-banded Swallowtail (Papilio astyalus) is a citrus-feeding species ranging from Argentina to Mexico and rarely straying north to southern Arizona and southern Texas. Compared to the Giant Swallowtail, the male has a broader yellow forewing band, a small yellow spot in forewing cell, and narrow all-black tails. (Opler 1999)
Wingspan of the Giant Swallowtail is 102 to 154 mm (Opler 1992).
In the U.S., Giant Swallowtails have two broods per year in the north (May-June and July-early September), and at least two or three broods in the Deep South (Cech and Tudor 2005). Adults are flying year round in southern Florida, most of the year in the Deep South, and from spring to fall farther north (Brock and Kaufman 2003).
Larvae of the Giant Swallowtail often feed on the leaves of cultivated citrus trees and are thus viewed as minor pests by citrus growers (Opler and Ktizek 1984; Brock and Kaufman 2003).
Papilio cresphontes, ye una especie de caparina perteneciente a la familia Papilionidae. Ye común en delles partes de Norteamérica y en Suramérica. N'Estaos Xuníos y Canadá atópense principalmente nel sur y nel este. Tienen un valumbu de nales de 10 a 16 cm de llargor, siendo la caparina más grande d'Estaos Xuníos y Canadá.[1][2][3]
El valumbu de les nales de los adultos ye de 100 a 160 mm. de llargor.[1] El cuerpu y les nales son de color marrón escuru a negru con bandes marielles. Tien un güeyu mariellu en cada cola de les nales. L'abdome tien bandes de color mariellu xuntu col yá mentáu color café. Los adultos son bien similares a los adultos d'otra especie de Papilio, P. thoas.
Plantes güéspedes
La canesba madura asemejase a los escrementos de les aves pa despintase de los so depredadores, y si eso nun funciona utilicen los sos colloraos osmeterium. Tratase d'unos "cuernos" que pueden amosar y depués retratase. La coloración ye marrón escura y verde oliva o con llurdios blancos y pequeños llurdios de color púrpura.
Nos Estaos Xuníos, Papilio cresphontes ye reparáu principalmente nos montes de fueya caduca y en plantíos de cítricos onde se consideren les principales plagues. Vuelen ente mayu y agostu, tienen dos críes nel norte y trés nel sur. Pueden dir dende'l sur de California, Arizona, a una fondura al sur como Méxicu y escontra el norte hasta'l sureste de Canadá. Fora de EE.UU. y Canadá alcuéntrase en Méxicu, América Central, Colombia y Cuba.
Les femes adultes ponen los sos güevos en forma individual sobre la superficie de plantes güéspede, esti güevu ye de color naranxa brillante y escurezse col tiempu. Les gates crecen hasta algamar los 5.1 cm de llargor antes de camudar a una pupa. La etapa de pupa ye variable, pero suel tardar unos 10-12 díes, anque na seronda pueden quedase na etapa de pupa mientres l'iviernu y remanecer na primavera.
Güevu
Canesba de P. cresphontes amosando una postura defensiva.
Adultu
Puede volar dende finales de mayu hasta agostu, pero en delles zones del sur d'Estaos Xuníos como en Texas y Luisiana, puede trate hasta ochobre. Tienen un patrón de vuelu carauterísticu, que xeneralmente se percibe como si fueren "saltos" al traviés del aire. Les femes tienden a bater les sos nales amodo, pero muévense rápido. Por cuenta de que les femes tienen nales tan grandes, cada bater de les nales llévales a percorrer un llargu camín. Los machos sicasí, tienden a bater les sos nales con rapidez, pero muévense más amodo que les femes por cuenta de que les sos nales son más pequeñes y cada aletéu nun los va llevar bien llueñe, polo xeneral, vuela rápidu y alto, y puede ser malo de captar.
.]Papilio cresphontes, ye una especie de caparina perteneciente a la familia Papilionidae. Ye común en delles partes de Norteamérica y en Suramérica. N'Estaos Xuníos y Canadá atópense principalmente nel sur y nel este. Tienen un valumbu de nales de 10 a 16 cm de llargor, siendo la caparina más grande d'Estaos Xuníos y Canadá.
Papilio cresphontes, zuweilen auch Großer Schwalbenschwanz, Mittelamerikanischer Schwalbenschwanz oder Brasilianischer Schwalbenschwanz[1] genannt, ist ein Schmetterling (Tagfalter) aus der Familie der Ritterfalter (Papilionidae).
Die Falter erreichen eine Flügelspannweite von 100 bis zu 160 Millimetern und sind damit die größte Tagschmetterlingsart in Nordamerika. Die Vorderflügel sind gestreckt und von schwarzbrauner Grundfarbe. Vom Apex verläuft eine aus Flecken gebildete gelbe Binde, die in Richtung des Wurzelfeldes breiter wird und sich auf den Hinterflügeln fortsetzt. Am Außenrand der Vorderflügel befinden sich gelbe Flecke. Die Hinterflügel sind ebenfalls schwarzbraun, leicht gezähnt und besitzen einen langen Schwanzfortsatz. Dieser enthält einen gelben Augenfleck, der meist lang gestreckt ist. In der Nähe des Randes der Hinterflügel befindet sich eine Reihe gelber Bogenflecke, die teilweise ineinander verlaufen und dadurch wie eine Binde wirken. Am unteren Innenrand befindet sich ein schwarzer Augenfleck, über dem ein rötlicher, nach oben bläulich angelegter, halbmondförmiger Fleck deutlich wird.
Die Raupen haben eine abwechselnd schwarzbraune und weißliche Farbe und ähneln Vogelkot, wodurch sie vor Fressfeinden gut getarnt sind. Bei Gefahr können sie außerdem ein rotes Osmaterium ausstülpen.
Raupe
Ei
Puppe
Der Falter ähnelt dem Königs-Schwalbenschwanz (Papilio thoas) sehr stark, der jedoch in der Regel etwas kleiner ist (Maximale Flügelspannweite 140 Millimeter). Einige Autoren geben als Unterscheidungsmerkmal an, dass P. cresphontes nur drei gelbe Flecke am Außenrand der Vorderflügel Richtung Thomus besitzt, während P. thoas deren vier zeigt.[2] Zur sicheren Bestimmung sollten dennoch Spezialisten zu Rate gezogen werden.
Papilio cresphontes ist überwiegend im Osten und Süden der USA verbreitet und kommt auch auf den Bermuda-Inseln, auf Kuba, in Mittelamerika sowie bis Venezuela und Kolumbien vor. Die Art besiedelt sehr unterschiedliche Lebensräume, beispielsweise sandige oder felsige Hügellandschaften, Uferzonen oder Obstplantagen.
Die Falter bilden in den nördlichen Teilen des Verbreitungsgebietes zwei Generationen pro Jahr und fliegen von Mai bis September. In Florida sind sie ganzjährig zu beobachten. Sie besuchen zur Nektaraufnahme gerne verschiedene Blüten. Dazu zählen Wandelröschen (Lantana), Azaleen und Bougainvillea.
Die Raupen ernähren sich polyphag von verschiedenen Rautengewächsen (Rutaceae), wie Zitruspflanzen (Citrus), Zanthoxylum und Kleeulme (Ptelea trifoliata). In Orangenplantagen treten sie zuweilen als Agrarschädling auf und werden in den USA dann als “Orange Dogs” bezeichnet.[3] Die Verpuppung erfolgt als Gürtelpuppe. Diese wird oftmals an dünnen Stämmen befestigt und verleiht ihr dann das Aussehen eines dürren abgebrochenen Astes.[4]
Papilio cresphontes, zuweilen auch Großer Schwalbenschwanz, Mittelamerikanischer Schwalbenschwanz oder Brasilianischer Schwalbenschwanz genannt, ist ein Schmetterling (Tagfalter) aus der Familie der Ritterfalter (Papilionidae).
The giant swallowtail (Papilio cresphontes) is the largest butterfly in North America.[2] It is abundant through many parts of eastern North America; populations from western North America and down into Panama are now (as of 2014) considered to belong to a different species, Papilio rumiko.[3] Though it is often valued in gardens for its striking appearance, its larval stage can be a serious pest to citrus farms, which has earned its caterpillars the names orange dog or orange puppy.[4] The giant swallowtail caterpillars possess remarkable camouflage from predators by closely resembling bird droppings. They use this, along with their osmeteria, to defend against predators such as wasps, flies, and vertebrates.[4][5]
The giant swallowtail is common across the United States, reaching as far north as southern New England and southern Canada. South of the United States, it is found in parts of Mexico and also found in Jamaica and Cuba. The species was historically considered to occur in the western United States and into South America,[4] but now those populations are treated as a separate species, Papilio rumiko, based largely on DNA evidence.[3]
In the United States, P. cresphontes mostly inhabit deciduous forest and citrus orchards. They are only capable of overwintering in Florida and the deep South.[2]
One of the giant swallowtail's most notable features is its size. Females have an average wingspan of 5.5 in (14 cm), and up to 6.9 in (18 cm), while males' average is 5.8 in (15 cm), and up to 7.4 in (19 cm).
The wings are black with a horizontal yellow line across the forewings, and a diagonal yellow line across the hindwing. The underside of the wings is yellow with accents of black. A small patch of red on the ventral wing (within the small blue band) allows for distinction from the similar-looking Schaus' swallowtail.[4]
As well as eating valuable citrus crops, larvae eat a wide variety of plants in the family Rutaceae (citrus plants), including different types of prickly ash. They also consume some exotic Rutaceae species that have been introduced to North America, such as gasplant and sapote.
In specific local subpopulations (studied in Wisconsin, Ohio, and Florida), it was found that giant swallowtail caterpillars do better on their local host plant than on other giant swallowtail host plants. The local host caused the larva to develop faster than other plants that were also edible to the larva. However, this feeding specialization hypothesis has not been tested in the species as a whole beyond these three regions.[5]
Nectar plants for adults include Lantana, Azaleas, Bougainvilla, Saponaria officinalis, Hesperis matronalis, Solidago, Lonicera japonica, and Asclepias incarnata.[4] Along with flower nectar, adults can also consume liquid from animal waste.[4]
Females lay eggs on the tops of the leaves of one of their preferred host plants. This is because the first larval instars are unable to move from plant to plant, so the mother must select an appropriate plant to support them. One egg is lain at a time, as opposed to in clutches. The small egg (1–1.5 mm) is brownish colored, but appears more orange due to a special orange colored secretion.[4]
Once emerged from the eggs, there are five larval instars, wherein the larva grow to about 2 inches before pupating. Larvae are mostly nocturnal, feeding at night. Their appearance changes slightly throughout the instars, with the younger ones having setae and the older instars lacking setae.[4] The caterpillars have remarkable camouflage patterns.[5]
Larvae must find a vertical plant, or sometimes a man-made object, to form their chrysalis on, and often they choose the host plant they already occupy.[4] They attach themselves to their substrate of choice and molt to reveal a brown, mottled chrysalis (resembling a bit of dead twig) in which they remain for approximately 10–12 days.
Males search for females along set flight paths and near host plants, and mate with females in the afternoon.[4][2] Male and female then copulate facing away from each other.[6]
Giant swallowtails are most vulnerable to parasites when they are in their chrysalis. Common parasites include flies and wasps such as Brachymeria robusta, Pteromalus cassotis, Pteromalus vanessae, and Lespesia rileyi.[4]
Larvae have many adaptations to protect themselves from predators.
The caterpillars' intricate coloring patterns are an effective camouflage and defense against both vertebrate and invertebrate predators and parasites. It is thought that the coloration was naturally selected for because of its imitation of bird and lizard droppings. The caterpillar mimics certain droppings based on its habitat and which instar it is.[5] The caterpillars' coloration, particularly the saddle pattern, is also thought to be disruptive coloration. This means the coloration makes it harder for a predator to distinguish the shape of the camouflaged prey, which explains the continuation of this coloration pattern in larger instars that are too large to be mistaken for bird droppings.[5] It has also been hypothesized that the older instars' pattern is meant to be reminiscent of a snake.[4]
When camouflage is not enough, larvae will employ their osmeteria when they are threatened. The osmeterium is an organ behind the head that “inflates” into an orange/red Y-shaped growth that resembles a snake's forked tongue. By the fourth instar, the osmeterium is more than just a startle mechanism and also has bad-smelling and toxic mixture of acidic chemicals. This is only effective on small invertebrate predators, and the caterpillar will try to rub its osmeterium on the predator to deter it.[4] It has been experimentally tested and found that osmeteria are ineffective at deterring predation from birds.[7]
Giant swallowtail butterflies must correctly identify their host plants by antennal sensitivity to the specific volatile compounds in the plants. A study found that antennal response to these volatiles depends upon the concentration of the volatiles, the host plant of origin (whether it is a primary or secondary host), and the sex of the butterfly. This last dependency is thought to be because the females, not the males, must identify the correct host plant for egg laying.[8]
Because of the butterfly's notably large wingspan (14 to 18 cm), giant swallowtails are very strong fliers and are able to glide long distances with very few wing beats.[4]
Sometimes referred to as "orange dogs", "orange pups", or "bird poop caterpillars"[9] by farmers, the larva targets all varieties of citrus plants, often causing significant damage to new foliage and younger trees, which they can more thoroughly defoliate. Large mature citrus trees are not generally significantly impacted. Outside of farms, the species is valued for its aesthetic appeal and can also be raised to butterflies successfully at home.
Biological insecticides, such as Bacillus thuringiensis, as well as chemical insecticides, are used to protect trees against larvae.[4] Methionine, an essential amino acid in humans, has also been found to be an effective killer of caterpillars, with possible use as a nontoxic pesticide against giant swallowtail larvae.[10]
There has been a northern expansion of the range of the giant swallowtail in recent years which has been linked to increasingly warm temperatures, and particularly to a lack of September frosts in regions of expansion starting in 2001. Larvae were then able to withstand a few frosts before they pupated. The immediate effects of this warming, as well as their effect on host plants and predators, can explain the giant swallowtail's range expansion.[11]
Egg
P. cresphontes caterpillar showing defensive posture
Adult, underside
In flight. Video clip
The giant swallowtail (Papilio cresphontes) is the largest butterfly in North America. It is abundant through many parts of eastern North America; populations from western North America and down into Panama are now (as of 2014) considered to belong to a different species, Papilio rumiko. Though it is often valued in gardens for its striking appearance, its larval stage can be a serious pest to citrus farms, which has earned its caterpillars the names orange dog or orange puppy. The giant swallowtail caterpillars possess remarkable camouflage from predators by closely resembling bird droppings. They use this, along with their osmeteria, to defend against predators such as wasps, flies, and vertebrates.
Papilio cresphontes es una especie de mariposa de la familia Papilionidae. Es común en varias partes de Norteamérica y en Sudamérica. En Estados Unidos y Canadá se encuentran principalmente en el sur y en el este. Tienen una envergadura de alas de 10 a 16 cm de longitud,[1] siendo la mariposa más grande de Estados Unidos y Canadá.[2]
La envergadura de las alas de los adultos es de 100 a 160 mm de longitud.[1] El cuerpo y las alas son de color marrón oscuro a negro con bandas amarillas. Tiene un "ojo" amarillo en cada cola de las alas. El abdomen tiene bandas de color amarillo junto con el ya mencionado color café. Los adultos son muy similares a los adultos de otra especie de Papilio, P. thoas.
La oruga madura se asemeja a los excrementos de las aves para ocultarse de los depredadores, y si eso no funciona utiliza sus rojos osmeterios. Se trata de unos "cuernos" que pueden mostrar y luego retractarse y que emiten un olor desagradable. La coloración es marrón oscura y verde oliva o con manchas blancas y pequeñas manchas de color púrpura.
En los Estados Unidos, P. cresphontes es observado principalmente en los bosques de hoja caduca y en plantaciones de cítricos donde se consideran las principales plagas. Vuelan entre mayo y agosto, tienen dos crías en el norte y tres en el sur. Pueden ir desde el sur de California, Arizona, a una profundidad al sur como México y hacia el norte hasta el sureste de Canadá. Fuera de EE.UU. y Canadá se encuentran en México, América Central, Colombia y Cuba.También se encuentran en Argentina.
Las hembras adultas ponen sus huevos en forma individual sobre la superficie de la planta huésped, el huevo es de color naranja brillante y se oscurece con el tiempo. Las orugas crecen hasta alcanzar los 5.1 cm de longitud antes de cambiar a una crisálida. La etapa de crisálida es variable, pero suele tardar unos 10-12 días, aunque en el otoño pueden quedarse en el estadio de crisálida durante el invierno y emerger en la primavera.
Huevo
oruga de P. cresphontes en postura defensiva.
Adulto
Pueden volar desde finales de mayo hasta agosto, pero en algunas zonas del sur de Estados Unidos como en Texas y Louisiana, puede verse hasta octubre. Tienen un patrón de vuelo característico, que generalmente se percibe como si fueran "saltos" a través del aire. Las hembras tienden a batir sus alas lentamente, pero se mueven rápidamente. Debido a que las hembras tienen alas tan grandes, cada batir de las alas las lleva a recorrer un largo camino. Los machos sin embargo, tienden a batir sus alas con rapidez, pero se mueven más lentamente que las hembras debido a que sus alas son más pequeñas y cada aleteo no los lleva muy lejos. En general, vuelan rápido y alto, y pueden ser difícil de captar.
Papilio cresphontes es una especie de mariposa de la familia Papilionidae. Es común en varias partes de Norteamérica y en Sudamérica. En Estados Unidos y Canadá se encuentran principalmente en el sur y en el este. Tienen una envergadura de alas de 10 a 16 cm de longitud, siendo la mariposa más grande de Estados Unidos y Canadá.
Grand porte-queue
Le Grand porte-queue (Papilio cresphontes) est une espèce d'insectes lépidoptères qui appartient à la famille des Papilionidae, à la sous-famille des Papilioninae et au genre Papilio.
Il a été nommé Papilio cresphontes par Pieter Cramer en 1777.
Synonyme : Heraclides oxilus Hübner, [1819][1].
Le Grand porte-queue est un grand papillon, le plus grand papillon diurne du Canada (son envergure varie de 83 à 113 mm), de forme vaguement triangulaire, de couleur marron ornementé de bandes de taches jaune.
L'ornementation forme une bande en diagonale de taches jaune et une ligne submarginale de gros points jaune. Aux postérieures la queue est large marquée d'une tache jaune au centre de son extrémité et il a une lunule anale orange[2].
Le revers est jaune avec une ornementation marron soulignant les veines.
Les chenilles sont marron avec une tache blanche en forme de selle.
Les imagos volent en deux générations de mai à juillet puis de fin juillet à septembre, avec parfois une troisième génération en septembre[2].
Ce sont les chrysalides qui hibernent[3].
Les plantes hôtes de sa chenille sont diverses : Citrus spp. (Citrus sinensis, Citrus limon, Citrus aurantium, Citrus grandis), Zanthoxylum spp.(Zanthoxylum fagara, Zanthoxylum americanum, Zanthoxylum clava-herculis, Zanthoxylum hirsutum), Ptelea trifoliata, Ruta graveolens, Casimiroa edulis, Dictamnus albus, Amyris elemifera[1].
Il réside en Amérique depuis le sud du Canada, au Québec, dans le centre le sud et l'est des États-Unis (mais il est absent du nord-ouest), au Mexique, au Panama et en Colombie ainsi qu'aux Bermudes[1],[3].
Il réside dans les prés en lisière de bois[2].
Pas de statut de protection particulier[3].
Grand porte-queue
Le Grand porte-queue (Papilio cresphontes) est une espèce d'insectes lépidoptères qui appartient à la famille des Papilionidae, à la sous-famille des Papilioninae et au genre Papilio.
Papilio cresphontes is een vlinder uit de familie van de pages (Papilionidae).[1] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1777 door Pieter Cramer.
Deze vlindersoort komt voor van de zuidelijke Verenigde Staten en Mexico tot het noorden van Zuid-Amerika.
De waardplanten behoren tot de families Lauraceae en Solanaceae
Bronnen, noten en/of referentiesPapilio cresphontes is een vlinder uit de familie van de pages (Papilionidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1777 door Pieter Cramer.
Papilio cresphontes er en sommerfugl i familie-gruppen svalestjerter. Den lever i USA og Mellom-Amerika.
Kroppen har et ytre skjelett (hudplater) som holder de bløte indre organer på plass. Det ytre hudskjelettet er bygd opp for det meste av kitin. Bakkroppens indre organer består av fordøyelsesorganer, forplantningsorganer og åndedrett. Åndedrettet hos sommerfugler foregår ikke ved lunger, men ved at luft hentes inn og ut av kroppen gjennom små hull i hudskjelettet (spirakler). I kroppen er det et svært finmasket system av trakéer som leder oksygenet til kroppens vitale deler. En blodvæske som sirkulerer i kroppen, pumpes rundt av et avlangt rørformet hjerte.
Brystpartiet består for det meste av vingenes muskulatur. Sanseorganer, for syn, smak og lukt er stort sett plassert i hodet. Nervesystemet består av en bukmarg med to nervestrenger og én nerveknute (ganglion) i hvert kroppssegment. Den første nerveknuten, som ligger foran munnåpningen, er spesielt stor og omtales som hjerne.
Larvens hode består av en hard hodekapsel med noen punktøyne. Under øynene er det noen små antenner larven bruker til å finne riktig føde. Larvens bakkropp består nesten bare av fordøyelsessystemet. Dette er ganske kort og mye av maten larven spiser passerer før all næringen er tatt opp. Avføringen kommer ut som små kuler helt bakerst på kroppen. Larvene ånder gjennom åpninger i hudskjelettet (spirakler), langs kroppens sider.
Parringen skjer ved sammenkobling mellom de to kjønnene.
Larven er radikalt forskjellige fra de voksne, både i levevis og i kroppsbygning. Larven lever som plantespiser.
Papilio cresphontes tilhører gruppen av insekter med fullstendig forvandling (holometabole insekter), som gjennomgår en metamorfose i løpet av utviklingen. Mellom larvestadiet og det voksne stadiet er et puppestadium, en hvileperiode, der sommerfuglens indre og ytre organer endres. Larvens bøyelige og myke kropp omdannes til en puppe med hardt skall. Når skallet er hardt begynner omdanningen fra larve til den voksne (imago) sommerfuglen. De indre organer brytes i varierende grad ned til en cellemasse. En omorganisering skjer og dyret bygges opp igjen. Puppeperioden varierer etter temperaturen.
Papilio cresphontes er en sommerfugl i familie-gruppen svalestjerter. Den lever i USA og Mellom-Amerika.
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Papilio cresphontes – motyl z rodziny paziowatych występujący w Ameryce Północnej, szczególnie zaś na jej południowych i wschodnich obszarach. Przy osiąganych rozmiarach od 10 do 16 cm jest on największym motylem spotykanym na terenie USA. Larwy tego gatunku znane są plantatorom cytrusów, gdyż żywią się one tymi roślinami. Inną charakterystyczną rośliną, na której żerują jest parczelina trójlistkowa.
Papilio cresphontes – motyl z rodziny paziowatych występujący w Ameryce Północnej, szczególnie zaś na jej południowych i wschodnich obszarach. Przy osiąganych rozmiarach od 10 do 16 cm jest on największym motylem spotykanym na terenie USA. Larwy tego gatunku znane są plantatorom cytrusów, gdyż żywią się one tymi roślinami. Inną charakterystyczną rośliną, na której żerują jest parczelina trójlistkowa.
Papilio cresphontes là một loài bướm phượng trong [[chi Papilio thuộc họ Bướm phượng. Loài này được tìm thấy ở nhiều khu vực Bắc Mỹ và vào rìa Nam Mỹ (chỉ Colombia). Tại Hoa Kỳ và Canada nó là chủ yếu tìm thấy ở phía nam và phía đông. Với sải cánh dài khoảng 10–16 cm (3,9–6,3 in),[2] nó là loài bướm lớn nhất ở Canada và Hoa Kỳ.[3] Cơ thể và cánh màu nâu sẫm đến đen với dải màu vàng. Có là một "mắt" màu vàng trong mỗi cái đuôi cánh. Bụng có dải màu vàng cùng với màu nâu trước đó đã đề cập. Con trưởng thành khá tương tự như những con trưởng thành khác của các loài Papilio, P. thoas.
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|coauthors= bị phản đối (trợ giúp)
|coauthors= bị phản đối (trợ giúp)
Papilio cresphontes là một loài bướm phượng trong [[chi Papilio thuộc họ Bướm phượng. Loài này được tìm thấy ở nhiều khu vực Bắc Mỹ và vào rìa Nam Mỹ (chỉ Colombia). Tại Hoa Kỳ và Canada nó là chủ yếu tìm thấy ở phía nam và phía đông. Với sải cánh dài khoảng 10–16 cm (3,9–6,3 in), nó là loài bướm lớn nhất ở Canada và Hoa Kỳ. Cơ thể và cánh màu nâu sẫm đến đen với dải màu vàng. Có là một "mắt" màu vàng trong mỗi cái đuôi cánh. Bụng có dải màu vàng cùng với màu nâu trước đó đã đề cập. Con trưởng thành khá tương tự như những con trưởng thành khác của các loài Papilio, P. thoas.
Парусник кресфонтес[1] (Papilio (Heraclides) cresphontes Cramer, 1777), — одна из самых больших бабочек Северной Америки из семейства парусников (Papilionidae).
Размах крыльев варьирует от 9,5 до 14 см у самцов и от 11 до 15 см у самок.
Нижняя поверхность крыльев чёрная, с примечательной диагональной жёлтой полосой поперёк передних крыльев и жёлтой окантовкой по краям задних крыльев. Вентральные поверхности крыльев большей частью жёлтые.
Как и другие представители семейства, этот парусник имеет «хвостики» на задних крыльях, что отразилось в английском названии этого и схожих с ним видов — англ. Swallowtail («ласточкин хвост»).
Гусеницы также кормятся листьями цитрусовых растений и имеют две эффективные адаптации для защиты от птиц. Если гусеницу потревожить, она выставляет наружу вилкообразную железу (осметерий), испускающую феромоны с резко пахнущим запахом. Кроме того, напоминающая птичий помёт окраска гусеницы делает её незаметной для птиц.
Распространён в центральной, южной и восточной частях США, в Мексике, Панаме, Колумбии, на Кубе и других островах Карибского моря. Некоторыми авторами выделяется подвид P. c. pennsylvanicus Chermock, 1945.
Кариотип: 30 хромосом (2n)[2].
Парусник кресфонтес (Papilio (Heraclides) cresphontes Cramer, 1777), — одна из самых больших бабочек Северной Америки из семейства парусников (Papilionidae).
