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Ornithoptera paradisea ( anglais )

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Ornithoptera paradisea, the paradise birdwing, is a species of birdwing butterfly found in New Guinea.

History

Arnold Pagenstecher and Staudinger both described this butterfly, under different names and the first description by Staudinger was based on a manuscript sent to him by Pagenstecher who possessed specimens from the collection of D. Wolf von Schönberg in Naumburg who had acquired them from a colonist in the then German New Guinea. Pagenstecher's name is Schoenbergia schoenbergi and the year of publication also 1893. Robert Henry Fernando Rippon in his illustrated monograph Icones Ornithopterorum (1898 to 1906) attributes the name paradisea to both entomologists i.e. as Ornithoptera paradisea Pagenstecher and Staudinger.

The holotype is held by Zoologische Staatssammlung München.[1] which also holds the type of Ornithoptera schoenbergi Pagenstecher. The type locality is the Finisterre Range, New Guinea.

The specific epithet paradisea, is the Persian word for paradise.

Description

Illustration of both males and females

Ornithoptera paradisea is a large butterfly with a wingspan ranging from 140 mm to 190 mm. As they are sexually dimorphic, males and females differ in the size, shape and colour of the wings.

Male: Males have black forewings. The costal edge is black and there are two large, yellow gold and green bands. The underside of the male forewing is green with black veins and at the apex there is a black area. The hindwings are tiny triangles, golden and with thin tails. The inner edge of the hindwing is black and there is usually a green stripe between the golden area and the inner edge. The outer edge of the hindwing is usually green. The underside is very similar to the upperside but the inner edge is green and hairy. The hindwings have tails of uncertain selective origin. The only other tailed Ornithoptera is Ornithoptera meridionalis.

The abdomen is yellow, the head and thorax are black and green.

Female: O. paradisea is strongly sexually dimorphic and the significantly larger female covers the upper range of the wingspan. The basic colour is dark-brown. Two groups of white spots dominate the forewing and on the hindwings there is a white area with a yellow outer edge. Between these there is a chain of black spots. The underside is very similar to the upperside, but the colours are stronger.

The abdomen is yellow, the head and thorax are black and green.

Biology and life cycle

Caterpillar

The habitat is lowland or montane primary forest. Adult males fly high around trees rarely descending to the ground. Females fly below the canopy searching for the food plant which is a species of Aristolochia with orange fruits. The male emits a pleasant scent from the fringe of white hairs along the anal vein of the hindwing.

The egg is 4 mm. in diameter and light orange. Eggs are laid singly and are attached to the ventral surface of an Aristolochia leaf or a nearby object. The first instar larva is dark red wine colour. Instars 2-5 are velvet black and bear red tubercles with long black tips. The pupa is brown with a bright yellow and orange saddlemark. It has a waxy coating and two short, sharp spurs on abdominal segments 3-6.

The eggs are parasitised by species of Chalcidoidea and the larvae are parasitised by Braconidae. Ants, lizards and birds eat the larvae and pupae and in monsoon the larvae suffer 30% mortality.

The paradise birdwing is closely related to Ornithoptera meridionalis.

Subspecies

Illustration of females
  • Ornithoptera paradisea paradisea Staudinger, 1893 — Huon Peninsula to Astrolabe Bay in lowlands. This is the nominate subspecies and it is now extinct.
  • Ornithoptera paradisea borchi (Haugum & Low, 1974) — Central parts of the Northern Ranges: Torricelli and Alexander Mountains, and at Dreikir, East Sepik district, at altitudes from 1500 feet but mostly from 2000 to 3000 feet. the male abdomen has a simple median pattern, the dorsal fringes are snow white, the outer margin of hindwing averaging and additional golden and iridescent green spots present with a larger frequency than in the nominate subspecies. Females have a modified wing-shape and pattern.
  • Ornithoptera paradisea chrysanthemum (Kobayashi & Koiwaya, 1979)
  • Ornithoptera paradisea demeter (So & Sato, 1998) — type locality: Papua New Guinea, Southern Highlands Province, Lake Kutubu.
  • Ornithoptera paradisea detanii Schäffler, 2001 — Sudirman Range
  • Ornithoptera paradisea flavescens Rothschild, 1897 — Etna Bay, probably lowland. Based on a sole female specimen and the status is doubtful. Original description
  • Ornithoptera paradisea arfakensis Joicey & Noakes, 1915 — Arfak Mountains of the Vogelkop Peninsula, high altitude. A very distinct purely high-altitude subspecies, and the distribution is separated from that of the nominate subspecies. Considered a full species by some recent authors.

The 2004 revision by Gilles Delisle accepts three subspecies Troides paradisea paradisea, Troides paradisea chrysanthemum and Troides paradisea arfakensis Joicey & Noakes, 1915

Conservation

Supported by World Association of Zoos and Aquariums who claim that Papua New Guinea farmers achieve more income with breeding butterflies for life exhibits in zoos than with cultivation of coffee encourage support for the natural butterfly populations by cultivating food plants. Income is also made from sales to collectors. In his 1983 report to the Department of Primary Industries, Papua New Guinea, M.J. Parsons wrote that "Ironically it is now becoming an accepted fact that the very demand for Ornithoptera is one of the main assets which will ensure their future survival if they can be exploited in the correct way."[3]

The paradise birdwing is listed on CITES appendix II, limiting the international exportation of the species to those who are granted a permit.[4]

Gallery

Selection of museum specimens of Ornithoptera paradisea

References

  1. ^ Böhm, M. (2018). "Ornithoptera paradisea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T15520A727861. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T15520A727861.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. ^ Parsons, M.J. (1983). A conservation study of the birdwing butterflies Ornithoptera and Troides (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) in Papua New Guinea. Final report to the Department of Primary Industry, Papua New Guinea. 1 1 1 pp. https://journals.flvc.org/troplep/article/view/89904
  4. ^ CITES Appendices I, II and III Version 27 April 2011
  • D'Abrera, B. (1975) Birdwing Butterflies of the World. Country Life Books, London.
  • Borch, H. and Schmid. F., 1975 . The life cycle of Ornithoptera paradisea (Papilionidae). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 29: 1-9. 12 col figures. [2] pdf includes colour photos of egg, larval instars and pupa.
  • Haugum & Low, 1974 The sub-species and forms of the tailed Birdwing Ornithoptera paradisea Staud Entomologist's Rec. J. Var. 1974: First description of Ornithoptera (Schoenbergia) paradisea borchi
  • Haugum, J. & Low, A.M. 1978-1985. A Monograph of the Birdwing Butterflies. 2 volumes. Scandinavian Press, Klampenborg; 663 pp.
  • Deslisle,G. 2004 A Taxonomic Revision of the Birdwing Butterflies of Paradise, genus Ornithoptera, based on the adult morphology .Lambillionea, 2004 (4 Décembre supplément) 96 pp + 51 plates.
  • Savela, Markku. Website on Lepidoptera [3] (accessed 14 November 2012)
  • So, H. & S. Sato, 1998: A new subspecies of Ornithoptera paradisea Staudinger, 1893 (Lepidoptera, Papilionidae). Transactions of the Lepidopterological Society of Japan 49(2): 135-146. Full paper

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Ornithoptera paradisea: Brief Summary ( anglais )

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Ornithoptera paradisea, the paradise birdwing, is a species of birdwing butterfly found in New Guinea.

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Troides paradisea

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Troides paradisea est une espèce de lépidoptères (papillons) de la famille des Papilionidae.

Taxinomie

Troides paradisea a été décrit par Otto Staudinger en 1893 sous le nom initial d Ornithoptera paradisea.

Synonyme : Schoenbergia schoenbergi Pagenstecher, 1893[1].

Nom vernaculaire

Troides paradisea se nomme Paradisea Birdwing ou Birding of Paradise en anglais et Paradies Vogelschwingenfalter en allemand[2].

Sous-espèces

  • Troides paradisea paradisea; présent dans le nord-est de la Nouvelle-Guinée.
  • Troides paradisea borchi (Haugum & Low, 1974)
  • Troides paradisea chrysanthemum (Kobayashi & Koiwaya, 1979)
  • Troides paradisea demeter (So & Sato, 1998)
  • Troides paradisea detanii Schäffler, 2001
  • Troides paradisea flavescens Rothschild, 1897[1].

La révision de 2004 par Gilles Delisle n'accepte que trois sous-espèces: Troides paradisea paradisea, Troides paradisea chrysanthemum et Troides paradisea arfakensis Joicey & Noakes, 1915[3].

Description

Troides paradisea est un grand papillon d'une envergure variant de 140 mm à 190 mm, avec un très important dimorphisme sexuel de forme et de couleur des ailes[2].

Les mâles ont sur le dessus les ailes antérieures vertes bordées de noir avec une ligne noire en S de la base au bord externe près de l'apex, et le revers vert aux veines noires. Les ailes postérieures qui sont vues comme un triangle avec une très longue queue sont jaune bordées de vert avec sur le dessus une bande noire au bord interne.

Les femelles, plus grandes que les mâles ont les ailes antérieures de couleur marron foncé ornées de quelques taches blanches, et les ailes postérieures à aire basale marron et le reste de l'aile blanc puis jaune à marge marron avec une ligne de taches rondes noires en limite des bandes jaune et blanche[2].

 src=
Troides paradisea femelle

Biologie

Plantes hôtes

Les plantes hôtes de sa chenille sont des aristoloches[2].

Écologie et distribution

Troides paradisea est présent en Nouvelle-Guinée[1].

Biotope

Protection

Troides paradisea est protégé[4].

Notes et références

  1. a b et c « Troides », sur funet.fi (consulté le 16 avril 2012)
  2. a b c et d « Troides paradisea », sur butterflycorner.net (consulté le 16 avril 2012)
  3. « Schoenbergiaparadisea », sur nagypal.net (consulté le 16 avril 2012)
  4. « Troides paradisea », sur iucnredlist.org (consulté le 16 avril 2012)

Annexes

Articles connexes

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Troides paradisea: Brief Summary

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Troides paradisea est une espèce de lépidoptères (papillons) de la famille des Papilionidae.

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Ornithoptera paradisea ( néerlandais ; flamand )

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Insecten

Ornithoptera paradisea is een vlinder uit de familie van de pages (Papilionidae).

Kenmerken

Het mannetje heeft aan de achtervleugels een staart, die karakteristiek is voor deze soort.

Verspreiding en leefgebied

Deze vlindersoort is endemisch in het noordelijke deel van Papoea-Nieuw-Guinea in bossen op berghellingen en in valleien.

Waardplanten

De waardplant is een zeldzame plantensoort uit de familie Aristolochiaceae.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
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Ornithoptera paradisea: Brief Summary ( néerlandais ; flamand )

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Ornithoptera paradisea is een vlinder uit de familie van de pages (Papilionidae).

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Ornithoptera paradisea ( norvégien )

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Ornithoptera paradisea er en sommerfugl i familiegruppen svalestjerter. Den hører til blant de sommerfuglene som kalles fuglevinger. En gruppe av svalestjerter som har fått sitt navn fordi framvingene er store og trekantet, noe som gjør at de ligner fugler når de flyr.

Ornithoptera paradisea lever helt sørøst i Asia.

Utseende

Kroppen har et ytre skjelett (hudplater) som holder de bløte indre organer på plass. Det ytre hudskjelettet er bygd opp for det meste av kitin. Bakkroppens indre organer består av fordøyelsesorganer, forplantningsorganer og åndedrett. Åndedrettet hos sommerfugler foregår ikke ved lunger, men ved at luft hentes inn og ut av kroppen gjennom små hull i hudskjelettet (spirakler). I kroppen er det et svært finmasket system av trakéer som leder oksygenet til kroppens vitale deler. En blodvæske som sirkulerer i kroppen, pumpes rundt av et avlangt rørformet hjerte.

Brystpartiet består for det meste av vingenes muskulatur. Sanseorganer, for syn, smak og lukt er stort sett plassert i hodet. Nervesystemet består av en bukmarg med to nervestrenger og én nerveknute (ganglion) i hvert kroppssegment. Den første nerveknuten, som ligger foran munnåpningen, er spesielt stor og omtales som hjerne.

Larvens hode består av en hard hodekapsel med noen punktøyne. Under øynene er det noen små antenner larven bruker til å finne riktig føde. Larvens bakkropp består nesten bare av fordøyelsessystemet. Dette er ganske kort og mye av maten larven spiser passerer før all næringen er tatt opp. Avføringen kommer ut som små kuler helt bakerst på kroppen. Larvene ånder gjennom åpninger i hudskjelettet (spirakler), langs kroppens sider.

Levevis

Parringen skjer ved sammenkobling mellom de to kjønnene. Eggene legges direkte på næringsplanten. Larven lever som plantespiser og er radikalt forskjellige fra de voksne, både i levevis og i kroppsbygning.

Ornithoptera paradisea tilhører gruppen av insekter med fullstendig forvandling (holometabole insekter), som gjennomgår en metamorfose i løpet av utviklingen. Mellom larvestadiet og det voksne stadiet er et puppestadium, en hvileperiode, der sommerfuglens indre og ytre organer endres. Larvens bøyelige og myke kropp omdannes til en puppe med et hardt skall. Når skallet er hardt begynner omdanningen fra larve til den voksne (imago) sommerfuglen. De indre organer brytes i varierende grad ned til en cellemasse. En omorganisering skjer og dyret bygges opp igjen. Puppeperioden varierer etter temperaturen.

Systematisk inndeling

Treliste
  • sommerfugler (Lepidoptera)
    • gruppe / overfamilie dagsommerfugler (Papilionoidea)
      • familie svalestjerter (Papilionidae)
        • delgruppe Papilioninae
          • slekt Ornithoptera
            • Ornithoptera paradisea Staudinger, 1893
            • synonymer:
              Troides paradisea
            • underarter:
              O. p. flavescens Rothschild, 1897
              O. p. borchi Haugum & Low, 1974
              O. p. chrysanthemum Kobayashi & Koiwaya, 1979
              O. p. demeter So & Sato, 1998
              O. p. detanii Schäffler, 2001

Kilder

Eksterne lenker

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Ornithoptera paradisea: Brief Summary ( norvégien )

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Ornithoptera paradisea er en sommerfugl i familiegruppen svalestjerter. Den hører til blant de sommerfuglene som kalles fuglevinger. En gruppe av svalestjerter som har fått sitt navn fordi framvingene er store og trekantet, noe som gjør at de ligner fugler når de flyr.

Ornithoptera paradisea lever helt sørøst i Asia.

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Ornithoptera paradisea ( vietnamien )

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Ornithoptera paradisea là một loài bướm phượng. Con cái có sải cánh lên đến 150 mm còn con đực có màu sáng có sải cánh dài đến 135 mm. Con đực được sưu tập với giá trị cao với giá mỗi con lên đến 300 USD.

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

Tham khảo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến Họ Bướm phượng này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Ornithoptera paradisea: Brief Summary ( vietnamien )

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Ornithoptera paradisea là một loài bướm phượng. Con cái có sải cánh lên đến 150 mm còn con đực có màu sáng có sải cánh dài đến 135 mm. Con đực được sưu tập với giá trị cao với giá mỗi con lên đến 300 USD.

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Орнитоптера райская ( russe )

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 src=
Самка. Верхняя сторона крыльев.
 src=
Самка. Нижняя сторона крыльев

Размах крыльев самки до 170 мм, самца — до 135 мм. Задние крылья самки без «хвостиков». Основной фон крыльев самки тёмно-бурый, на передних крыльях — светлый узор. В центральной части задних крыльев расположено обширное пятно, белый цвет которого к краю переходит в тон «кофе с молоком». По пятну между тёмными жилками разбросаны пять чёрных крупных пятен. Основной фон крыльев самца бархатисто-чёрный, с сияющими жёлто-зелёными участками крыльев. Задние крылья украшены тоненькими изогнутыми хвостиками и гораздо меньше передних.

Ареал

Новая Гвинея

Открытие вида

Отто Штаудингер описал вид в 1893 году на основании рукописи Арнольда Андреаса Фридриха Пагенстехера, имевшего несколько экземпляров бабочки из коллекции фон Шёнберга. Последний, в свою очередь, приобрел их у колониста. Пегенстехер также описал этот вид примерно в одно время со Штаудингером.

Типовой материал находится в Зоологической государственной коллекции Мюнхена.

Подвиды

  • Ornithoptera paradisea galatea
  • Ornithoptera paradisea occidentalis
  • Ornithoptera paradisea arfakensis
  • Ornithoptera paradisea chrysanthemum
  • Ornithoptera paradisea sabinae
  • Ornithoptera paradisea flavescens
  • Ornithoptera paradisea detanii
  • Ornithoptera paradisea borchi
  • Ornithoptera paradisea paradisea
  • Ornithoptera paradisea demeter

Замечания по охране

Занесен в перечень чешуекрылых, экспорт, реэкспорт и импорт которых регулируется в соответствии с Конвенцией о международной торговле видами дикой фауны и флоры, находящимися под угрозой исчезновения (СИТЕС).

Примечания

  1. Правдин Ф. Н. Отряд Чешуекрылые, или Бабочки (Lepidoptera) // Жизнь животных. Том 3. Членистоногие: трилобиты, хелицеровые, трахейнодышащие. Онихофоры / под ред. М. С. Гилярова, Ф. Н. Правдина, гл. ред. В. Е. Соколов. — 2-е изд. — М.: Просвещение, 1984. — С. 325. — 463 с.
  2. Л. В. Каабак, А. В. Сочивко. Бабочки мира / Г. Вильчек — 1-е. — Москва: Аванта+, 2003. — С. 84-86. — 184 с. — (Самые красивые и знаменитые). — 10 000 экз. — ISBN 5-94623-008-5, ISBN 5-98986-071-4.
  3. Вейбрен Ландман. Бабочки. Иллюстрированная энциклопедия — М.: Лабиринт Пресс, 2002. — 272 с. — (Иллюстрированная энциклопедия). — ISBN 5-9287-0274-4.
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Орнитоптера райская: Brief Summary ( russe )

fourni par wikipedia русскую Википедию
 src= Самка. Верхняя сторона крыльев.  src= Самка. Нижняя сторона крыльев

Размах крыльев самки до 170 мм, самца — до 135 мм. Задние крылья самки без «хвостиков». Основной фон крыльев самки тёмно-бурый, на передних крыльях — светлый узор. В центральной части задних крыльев расположено обширное пятно, белый цвет которого к краю переходит в тон «кофе с молоком». По пятну между тёмными жилками разбросаны пять чёрных крупных пятен. Основной фон крыльев самца бархатисто-чёрный, с сияющими жёлто-зелёными участками крыльев. Задние крылья украшены тоненькими изогнутыми хвостиками и гораздо меньше передних.

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