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Chacal indian ( interlingua (association de langue auxilliaire internationale) )

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Le chacal indian (Canis aureus indicus) es un subspecie de Canis aureus.

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भारतीय कोल्हा ( marathi )

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भारतीय कोल्हा ( शास्त्रीय नावः Canis aureus indicus (कॅनिस ऑरिअस इंडिकस); इंग्रजी: Indian Jackal ( इंडियन जॅकल );) हा भारतीय उपखंडातील पाकिस्तान, भारत, नेपाळ व बांग्लादेश या देशात आढळणारा मांसाहारी वर्गातील सस्तन प्राणी आहे. तो भारतात हिमालयाच्या पायथ्यापासून कन्याकुमारीपर्यंत सर्वत्र आढळतो.

भारतीय कोल्ह्याची उंची ३८–४३ सेंमी.; डोक्यासकट शरीराची लांबी ६०–७५ सेंमी.; शेपूट २०–२७ सेंमी.; वजन ८–११ किग्रॅ. असते. उत्तर भारतातील कोल्हे सर्वसाधारणपणे मोठे असतात.

कोल्ह्याचे लांडग्याशी बरेच साधर्म्य असले, तरी लांडगा जास्त उमदा दिसतो. कोल्ह्याचा रंग भुरकट तपकिरी काळसर असतो. रंग भोवतालच्या भौगोलिक व हवामानाच्या परिस्थितीप्रमाणे बदलतो. खांदे व कान यांच्याजवळील आणि पायांचा रंग काळा, पांढरा व पुसट पिवळसर यांचे मिश्रण असतो. हिमालयातील कोल्ह्यांचा रंग जास्त पिवळसर पण कानांवर व पायांवर पिवळा रंग जास्त गडद आणि काळपट असतो.[२]

संदर्भ व नोंदी

  1. ^ Johnsingh, A.J.T. & Jhala, Y.V. (2008). Canis aureus. इ.स. २००६ असुरक्षित प्रजातींची आय.यू.सी.एन. "लाल" यादी. आय.यू.सी.एन. इ.स. २००६. 2006-05-11ला बघितले. Database entry includes justification for why this species is of Least Concern.
  2. ^ दातार, म. चिं. "कोल्हा". मराठी विश्वकोश. खंड ४ (मुंबई: महाराष्ट्र राज्य मराठी भाषा निर्मिती मंडळ). ७५६३.
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भारतीय कोल्हा: Brief Summary ( marathi )

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भारतीय कोल्हा ( शास्त्रीय नावः Canis aureus indicus (कॅनिस ऑरिअस इंडिकस); इंग्रजी: Indian Jackal ( इंडियन जॅकल );) हा भारतीय उपखंडातील पाकिस्तान, भारत, नेपाळ व बांग्लादेश या देशात आढळणारा मांसाहारी वर्गातील सस्तन प्राणी आहे. तो भारतात हिमालयाच्या पायथ्यापासून कन्याकुमारीपर्यंत सर्वत्र आढळतो.

भारतीय कोल्ह्याची उंची ३८–४३ सेंमी.; डोक्यासकट शरीराची लांबी ६०–७५ सेंमी.; शेपूट २०–२७ सेंमी.; वजन ८–११ किग्रॅ. असते. उत्तर भारतातील कोल्हे सर्वसाधारणपणे मोठे असतात.

कोल्ह्याचे लांडग्याशी बरेच साधर्म्य असले, तरी लांडगा जास्त उमदा दिसतो. कोल्ह्याचा रंग भुरकट तपकिरी काळसर असतो. रंग भोवतालच्या भौगोलिक व हवामानाच्या परिस्थितीप्रमाणे बदलतो. खांदे व कान यांच्याजवळील आणि पायांचा रंग काळा, पांढरा व पुसट पिवळसर यांचे मिश्रण असतो. हिमालयातील कोल्ह्यांचा रंग जास्त पिवळसर पण कानांवर व पायांवर पिवळा रंग जास्त गडद आणि काळपट असतो.

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இந்தியக் குள்ளநரி ( tamoul )

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இந்தியக் குள்ளநரி (Indian Jackal) அல்லது இமாலயக் குள்ளநரி என்பது நாய் குடும்பத்தைச் சேர்ந்த பொன்னிறக் குள்ளநரி இனத்தின் துணையினங்களில் ஒன்றாகும். இது ஓநாய் போன்ற தோற்றம் கொண்டதாக இருந்தாலும் இதன் தாடையை வைத்து இனங்காண முடியும். இவை தென்கிழக்கு ஆசியப் பகுதிகளிலும், ஆசியா மைனர், மத்திய கிழக்கு நாடுகள் தெற்கு ஆசியா, இந்தியா போன்ற நாடுகளில் காணப்படுகிறது.[2]

விளக்கம்

இந்தியக் குள்ளநரிகள் தோள், காது, கால்கள் போன்றவற்றில் அதிக வெள்ளையும், கருப்பும் கலந்த முடிகளுடன் காணப்படுகின்றன. ஆனாலும் இதன் நிறம் மஞ்சளும், சிகப்பும், கலந்த சாம்பல் போன்ற மண் நிறத்தில் உள்ளது.[3] மேற்கு வங்காளத்தில் காணப்படும் இவ்வகையான நரிகள் கொஞ்சம் கருப்பு கலந்ததாக உள்ளது.[4] இவற்றில் ஆண் நரி கொஞ்சம் பெரியதாக உள்ளது. குறைந்தது 100 சென்டி மீட்டர்கள் உயரம் கொண்டவை. இவை 8 முதல் 11 கிலோ எடை கொண்டவையாக உள்ளன.[3]

நகரங்கள் அல்லது கிராமங்களுக்கு அருகில் தாழ்வான ஒதுக்குப் புறமான பகுதிகளில் பதுங்கி வாழும் தன்மைகொண்டது. இந்தியாவில் கேரளா மாநிலத்தில் வயநாடுக்குட்பட்ட தேயிலைத் தோட்டங்களில் இவை காப்பிக் கொட்டைகளை உட்கொண்டு வாழ்கின்றன.[4][5]

மேற்கோள்கள்

  1. Wozencraft, W. Christopher (16 November 2005). "Order Carnivora (pp. 532-628)". in Wilson, Don E., and Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols. (2142 pp.). பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண்:978-0-8018-8221-0. http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3/browse.asp?id=14000711.
  2. (இத்தாலியம்) Lapini, L. (2003). "Canis aureus (L. 1758)". In: Boitani L., Lovari S. and Vigna Taglianti A. (eds.) Fauna d’Italia. Mammalia III. Carnivora-Artiodactyla, Calderini publ., Bologna, pp. 47–58
  3. 3.0 3.1 Mammals of Nepal: (with reference to those of India, Bangladesh, Bhutan and Pakistan) by Tej Kumar Shrestha, published by Steven Simpson Books, 1997, ISBN 0-9524390-6-9
  4. 4.0 4.1 Jerdon, Thomas Claverhill (1867). The mammals of India: a natural history of all the animals known to inhabit continental India, Thomason college press
  5. Robert Armitage Sterndale (1884). Natural history of the Mammalia of India and Ceylon. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/19550/19550-h/19550-h.htm.
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இந்தியக் குள்ளநரி: Brief Summary ( tamoul )

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இந்தியக் குள்ளநரி (Indian Jackal) அல்லது இமாலயக் குள்ளநரி என்பது நாய் குடும்பத்தைச் சேர்ந்த பொன்னிறக் குள்ளநரி இனத்தின் துணையினங்களில் ஒன்றாகும். இது ஓநாய் போன்ற தோற்றம் கொண்டதாக இருந்தாலும் இதன் தாடையை வைத்து இனங்காண முடியும். இவை தென்கிழக்கு ஆசியப் பகுதிகளிலும், ஆசியா மைனர், மத்திய கிழக்கு நாடுகள் தெற்கு ஆசியா, இந்தியா போன்ற நாடுகளில் காணப்படுகிறது.

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Indian jackal ( anglais )

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The Indian jackal (Canis aureus indicus), also known as the Himalayan jackal is a subspecies of golden jackal native to Pakistan, India, Bhutan, Burma and Nepal. Its karyotype is quite different (2N=78; NF=84) from that of its Eurasian and African counterparts (2N=80).[3]

Description

Skull of an Indian jackal from the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle

Its fur is a mixture of black and white, with buff on the shoulders, ears and legs. The buff colour is more pronounced in specimens from high altitudes. Black hairs predominate on the middle of the back and tail. The belly, chest and the sides of the legs are creamy white, while the face and lower flanks are grizzled with grey fur.[4] It is generally of a richer colour than the common jackal, the pale areas of the back being of a pale buff colour rather than whitish or silver.[5] Black specimens have been reported in Bengal.[6] Adults are slightly larger than common jackals,[5] and grow to a length of 100 cm (39 in), 35–45 cm (14–18 in) in height and 8–11 kg (18–24 lb) in weight.[4]

It typically inhabits lowlands on the outskirts of towns, villages and farms, where they shelter in holes among ruins or dense brush. Except during hot periods, the Indian jackal usually only leaves its den at dusk and retires at dawn. Though primarily a scavenger which subsists on garbage and offal, it will supplement its diet with rodents, reptiles, fruit and insects. It will form small packs when hunting small deer and antelopes.[4] Although it will occasionally kill poultry and young kids and lambs, it is largely harmless. When wild prey is scarce, it will usually take to eating vegetable matter, including maize and Jujube fruit.[7][8] It is extremely harmful to the vineyards of western India, and eats large quantities of coffee beans in the Wayanad district.[6]

Lone jackals expelled from their pack have been known to form commensal relationships with tigers. These solitary jackals are known as kol-bahl,[9] bhálú in southern India, phéall, phao, pheeow or phnew in Bengal and ghog in other regions.[6] They will attach themselves to a particular tiger, trailing it at a safe distance in order to feed on the big cat's kills. A kol-bahl will even alert a tiger to a kill with a loud pheal. Tigers have been known to tolerate these jackals: one report describes how a jackal confidently walked in and out between three tigers walking together a few feet away from each other.[9]

Presence in folklore and literature

Golden jackals appear prominently in Indian and Nepali folklore, where they often take over the role of the trickster taken by the red fox in Europe and North America. The story of The Blue Jackal for example has the jackal disguising itself with blue paint as Neelaakanth, the guardian of all animals, and tricking the other animals into providing food for him, so that he may continue protecting them. He is driven away once the monsoon washes the paint from him.[10][11][12] In some tales, jackals are portrayed as malevolant and treacherous. The Mahabharata describes the story of a jackal who sets his friends, the tiger, wolf, mongoose and mouse against each other, just so he can eat a gazelle without sharing it.[13] In Hinduism, the name of Shiva itself means jackal, and a jackal was often illustrated as the consort of Kali. Jackals are the vahanas of various Hindu and Buddhist deities, particularly in Tibet. Durga was often linked to the jackal.[14]

In Rudyard Kipling's Mowgli stories collected in The Jungle Book, the character Tabaqui is a jackal despised by the Sioni wolf pack, due to his mock cordiality, scavenging habits and his subservience to Shere Khan. He appears in the beginning of the book, visiting Mowgli's adoptive parents, Mother and Father Wolf, and they are clearly annoyed by his presence, since he announces that Shere Khan the tiger is hunting in their territory. Tabaqui is later killed by one of Mowgli's 'siblings', Grey Brother, who crushes his back.

References

  1. ^ "Wildlife Protection Act 1972" (PDF). legislative.gov.in.
  2. ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 532–628. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  3. ^ (in Italian) Lapini, L. (2003). "Canis aureus (Linnaeus, 1758)". In: Boitani L., Lovari S. and Vigna Taglianti A. (eds.) Fauna d’Italia. Mammalia III. Carnivora-Artiodactyla, Calderini publ., Bologna, pp. 47–58
  4. ^ a b c Mammals of Nepal: (with reference to those of India, Bangladesh, Bhutan and Pakistan) by Tej Kumar Shrestha, published by Steven Simpson Books, 1997, ISBN 0-9524390-6-9
  5. ^ a b Pocock, R. I. (1941). Fauna of British India: Mammals Volume 2. Taylor and Francis
  6. ^ a b c Jerdon, Thomas Claverhill (1867). The mammals of India: a natural history of all the animals known to inhabit continental India, Thomason college press
  7. ^ Robert Armitage Sterndale (1884). Natural history of the Mammalia of India and Ceylon. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink – via Project Gutenberg.
  8. ^ Robert Armitage Sterndale (1884). Natural history of the Mammalia of India and Ceylon. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink – via Google Books.
  9. ^ a b Perry, Richard (1965). The World of the Tiger. p. 260. ASIN: B0007DU2IU.
  10. ^ Panchatantra The Story of The Blue Jackal. Panchatantra.org. Retrieved on 2012-12-30.
  11. ^ The Blue Jackal : A Panchtantra Story by Swapna Dutta. Bolokids.com. Retrieved on 2012-12-30.
  12. ^ The story of the blue Jackal. indiaoz.com.au
  13. ^ Zoological Mythology Or the Legends of Animals 1872, Part 2 by Angelo de Gubernatis, published by Kessinger Publishing, 2003, ISBN 0-7661-4895-5
  14. ^ Werness, Hope B (2004). The Continuum encyclopedia of animal symbolism in art, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 0-8264-1525-3

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Indian jackal: Brief Summary ( anglais )

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The Indian jackal (Canis aureus indicus), also known as the Himalayan jackal is a subspecies of golden jackal native to Pakistan, India, Bhutan, Burma and Nepal. Its karyotype is quite different (2N=78; NF=84) from that of its Eurasian and African counterparts (2N=80).

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Canis aureus indicus ( italien )

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Lo sciacallo indiano (Canis aureus indicus Hodgson, 1833), conosciuto anche come sciacallo dell'Himalaya, è una sottospecie di sciacallo dorato originario di India, Bhutan, Myanmar e Nepal. Il suo cariotipo (2N=78; NF=84) è diverso da quello dei cugini eurasiatici e africani (2N=80)[2].

Descrizione

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Cranio di uno sciacallo indiano al Museo Nazionale di Storia Naturale di Parigi

Ha il mantello formato da un misto di peli neri e bianchi, con spalle, orecchie e zampe marroni. Gli esemplari che vivono ad altitudini più elevate tendono ad assumere toni di un marrone più pronunciato. I peli neri predominano al centro del dorso e sulla coda. Il ventre, il mento e i lati delle zampe sono bianco crema, mentre la faccia e la parte bassa dei fianchi sono brizzolate di pelo grigio[3]. Generalmente ha un mantello più variopinto dello sciacallo comune: le aree chiare del dorso sono di color marrone chiaro e non biancastre o argentate[4]. Nel Bengala sono stati avvistati anche esemplari neri[5]. Gli adulti sono leggermente più grandi degli sciacalli comuni[4] e possono raggiungere una lunghezza di 100 cm, un'altezza di 35–45 cm e un peso di 8–11 kg[3] .

Vive soprattutto in pianura, nelle periferie di cittadine, villaggi e fattorie, dove trova rifugio nelle cavità tra le rovine o nella fitta boscaglia. Tranne che nella stagione calda, lo sciacallo indiano lascia la sua tana solo al tramonto e vi fa ritorno all'alba. Sebbene sia prevalentemente uno spazzino che si nutre di rifiuti e avanzi, può integrare la sua dieta con roditori, rettili, frutta e insetti. Quando caccia piccoli cervi e antilopi si riunisce in piccoli gruppi[3] . Nonostante talvolta uccida pollame, capretti e agnelli, è del tutto inoffensivo per l'uomo. Quando le prede selvatiche scarseggiano, inizia a nutrirsi di sostanze vegetali, come mais e frutti di giuggiolo[6]. Arreca gravi danni ai vigneti dell'India occidentale e nel Distretto di Wayanad si nutre di grandi quantità di chicchi di caffè[5] .

Gli sciacalli solitari espulsi dal branco formano relazioni commensali con le tigri. Questi sciacalli solitari sono noti come kol-bahl[7] , bhálú nell'India meridionale, phéall, phao, pheeow o phnew nel Bengala e ghog in altre regioni[5] . Essi si attaccano ad una determinata tigre, seguendola a distanza di sicurezza allo scopo di nutrirsi delle prede uccise dal grande felino. Un kol-bahl può perfino avvertire una tigre della presenza di prede emettendo un forte richiamo che risuona come un pheal. Le tigri tollerano questi sciacalli: in un caso conosciuto uno sciacallo camminava confidenzialmente avanti e indietro fra tre tigri che camminavano insieme a pochi metri di distanza l'una dall'altra[7].

Con il leopardo il rapporto è completamente diverso: i leopardi uccidono e mangiano gli sciacalli[8] appena possono, perciò il canide se ne sta a debita distanza. Anche i lupi[9] e le iene striate[10] uccidono gli sciacalli, mentre sembra che i cuon non li considerino.

Presenza nel folklore e nella letteratura

Lo sciacallo dorato è ben presente nel folklore indiano e nepalese, dove spesso occupa il ruolo di imbroglione che in Europa e Nordamerica è preso dalla volpe rossa. Nella storia dello Sciacallo Azzurro, ad esempio, questo animale si tinge di azzurro come Neelaakanth, il guardiano di tutti gli animali, e costringe gli altri animali a procurargli del cibo, in maniera che potesse continuare a proteggerli. Alla fine viene scacciato quando le acque dei monsoni lavano via la vernice[11][12][13]. In alcuni racconti gli sciacalli sono ritratti come animali malevoli e traditori. Nel Mahābhārata viene raccontata la storia di uno sciacallo che mette i suoi amici, la tigre, il lupo, la mangusta e il topo, gli uni contro gli altri, così da poter mangiare una gazzella senza doverla condividere[14]. Nell'Induismo, lo stesso nome Shiva significa sciacallo e questo animale viene spesso rappresentato come consorte di Kālī. Gli sciacalli sono i vahana (cavalcature) di varie divinità indù e buddiste, soprattutto nel folklore tibetano. Durgā viene spesso associato allo sciacallo[15].

Nelle storie di Mowgli di Rudyard Kipling, raccolte ne Il libro della giungla, Tabaqui è uno sciacallo disprezzato dal branco dei lupi di Sehonee a causa della sua finta cordialità, delle abitudini necrofaghe e del suo asservimento a Shere Khan. Appare all'inizio del libro, quando fa visita ai genitori adottivi di Mowgli, Mamma e Babbo Lupo; essi sono molto irritati della sua presenza, dato che Tabaqui annuncia loro che Shere Khan, la tigre, è a caccia nel loro territorio. In seguito Tabaqui viene ucciso da uno dei «fratelli» di Mowgli, Fratel Bigio, che gli spezza la schiena.

Note

  1. ^ (EN) D.E. Wilson e D.M. Reeder, Canis aureus indicus, in Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3ª ed., Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
  2. ^ LAPINI L., 2003 - Canis aureus (Linnaeus, 1758). In: BOITANI L., LOVARI S. & VIGNA TAGLIANTI A. (Curatori), 2003- Fauna d'Italia. Mammalia III. Carnivora-Artiodactyla. Calderini publ., Bologna: 47-58
  3. ^ a b c Mammals of Nepal: (with reference to those of India, Bangladesh, Bhutan and Pakistan) by Tej Kumar Shrestha, published by Steven Simpson Books, 1997, ISBN 0-9524390-6-9
  4. ^ a b Fauna of British India: Mammals Volume 2 by R. I. Pocock, printed by Taylor and Francis, 1941
  5. ^ a b c The mammals of India: a natural history of all the animals known to inhabit continental India by Thomas Claverhill Jerdon, published by the Thomason college press, 1867
  6. ^ NATURAL HISTORY OF THE MAMMALIA OF INDIA AND CEYLON by Robert A. Sterndale, published by CALCUTTA: THACKER, SPINK, AND CO., BOMBAY: THACKER AND CO., LIMITED., LONDON: W. THACKER AND CO. 1884.
  7. ^ a b Perry, Richard, The World of the Tiger, 1965, p. 260, ASIN: B0007DU2IU.
  8. ^ i leopardi uccidono altri carnivori più piccoli come gli sciacalli, le volpi, i gatti leopardo, i leopardi nebulosi e i cuon
  9. ^ India, two wolves attack and kill a jackal
  10. ^ in tane di iena sono stati ritrovati diversi resti di sciacalli
  11. ^ Panchatantra The Story of The Blue Jackal
  12. ^ The Blue Jackal : A Panchtantra Story by Swapna Dutta Archiviato il 28 aprile 2009 in Internet Archive.
  13. ^ A - Z Hinduism - Panchatantra Stories Archiviato il 9 settembre 2007 in Internet Archive.
  14. ^ Zoological Mythology Or the Legends of Animals 1872, Part 2 by Angelo de Gubernatis, published by Kessinger Publishing, 2003, ISBN 0-7661-4895-5
  15. ^ The Continuum encyclopedia of animal symbolism in art by Hope B. Werness, published by Continuum International Publishing Group, 2004, ISBN 0-8264-1525-3

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Canis aureus indicus: Brief Summary ( italien )

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Lo sciacallo indiano (Canis aureus indicus Hodgson, 1833), conosciuto anche come sciacallo dell'Himalaya, è una sottospecie di sciacallo dorato originario di India, Bhutan, Myanmar e Nepal. Il suo cariotipo (2N=78; NF=84) è diverso da quello dei cugini eurasiatici e africani (2N=80).

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Jakal India ( malais )

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Jakal India (Canis aureus indicus), juga dikenali sebagai jakal Himalaya ialah satu subspesies jakal keemasan yang asli di Pakistan, di India, di Bhutan, di Burma, dan di Nepal. Kariotipnya adalah agak berbeza (2N=78; NF=84) daripada yang pada padanannya dari Eurasia dan Afrika (2N=80).[2]

Rujukan

  1. ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". dalam Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. Mammal Species of the World (edisi 3rd). Johns Hopkins University Press. m/s. 532–628. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ (Itali) Lapini, L. (2003). "Canis aureus (Linnaeus, 1758)". In: Boitani L., Lovari S. and Vigna Taglianti A. (eds.) Fauna d’Italia. Mammalia III. Carnivora-Artiodactyla, Calderini publ., Bologna, ms. 47–58
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Jakal India: Brief Summary ( malais )

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Jakal India (Canis aureus indicus), juga dikenali sebagai jakal Himalaya ialah satu subspesies jakal keemasan yang asli di Pakistan, di India, di Bhutan, di Burma, dan di Nepal. Kariotipnya adalah agak berbeza (2N=78; NF=84) daripada yang pada padanannya dari Eurasia dan Afrika (2N=80).

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