Comments
(
anglais
)
fourni par eFloras
A. J. Rehder (1907) argued for recognition of a southern variety ( Fagus grandifolia var. caroliniana ) of this somewhat variable species. The northern populations in general are characterized by cupules with denser, longer prickles, somewhat narrower leaves with a greater proportion of cuneate leaf bases, and larger fruits that exceed the cupules slightly. Others (e.g., W. H. Camp 1951) have suggested the existence of three races within United States F . grandifolia , often referred to as gray beech, red beech, and white beech. I follow J. W. Hardin and G. P. Johnson (1985) and others in not recognizing subspecific or varietal variation within eastern United States F . grandifolia . Examination of material over the geographic range of the species suggests that this variation is broadly clinal and can only be demonstrated statistically, with much variation indicative of the other races within most populations. It seems a matter of taste as to whether such variation be recognized with infraspecific names. In addition, forms with more densely pubescent leaves occur locally in both the north and south; they have been formally recognized by some authors. Clearly, additional taxonomic work on variation in F . grandifolia is desirable; it is possible that other characters that could adequately delimit subgeneric/varietal taxa might yet be identified.
Fagus sylvatica Linnaeus, the European Beech, is cultivated in temperate eastern North America and to a lesser extent in western United States and Canada. Escapes are to be expected. Various cultivars are known, particularly purple-leaf, tricolor-leaf, and cut-leaf forms. When encountered, F . s ylvatica is easily distinguished from F . grandifolia by the crenate leaf margin (without distinct teeth) and the softer, less stout, less reflexed spines of the cupule of F . sylvatica .
Native Americans used various preparations from plants of Fagus sylvatica medicinally for worms, consumption, chancre, and heart trouble, to purify the blood, as a poultice for burns and scalds, and as a wash for poison ivy (D. E. Moerman 1986).
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Description
(
anglais
)
fourni par eFloras
Trees , to 20(-30) m. Bark gray, smooth. Twigs glabrous at maturity, or with scattered, straight, silky, simple hairs, prominent ringlike bud scale scars at beginning of each year's growth. Buds narrowly fusiform, to 15-20 mm, apex acute, scales few, silky light brown or glabrous. Leaves: petiole 4-12 mm. Leaf blade ovate or narrowly ovate, rarely obovate, 60-120 × 25-75 mm, base cuneate or subacute, apex acuminate; surfaces abaxially with scattered straight silky hairs, these often concentrated on midrib, occasionally glabrous or much more villous. Fruits: cupule brown to reddish brown, 15-20(-25) mm, opening at maturity to reveal nuts; nut 15-20 × 10-18 mm wide, glabrous or puberulent, often hollow even when full-sized.
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Distribution
(
anglais
)
fourni par eFloras
N.B., N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que.; Ark., Ala., Conn., Del., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ind., Ky., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Miss., Mo., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Okla., Pa., R.I., S.C., Tenn., Tex., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis.
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Flowering/Fruiting
(
anglais
)
fourni par eFloras
Flowering spring (Apr-Jun).
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Habitat
(
anglais
)
fourni par eFloras
Rich woods, deciduous forest and mixed broadleaf-conifer forest; 0-1000m.
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Synonym
(
anglais
)
fourni par eFloras
Fagus grandifolia var. caroliniana (Loudon) Fernald & Rehder
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Broad-scale Impacts of Fire
(
anglais
)
fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
Fire wounds may serve as entrance courts for a host of decaying fungi
[
41].
- citation bibliographique
- Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Fagus grandifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Common Names
(
anglais
)
fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
American beech
beech
Carolina beech
gray beech
red beech
ridge beech
white beech
- citation bibliographique
- Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Fagus grandifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Cover Value
(
anglais
)
fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
coverAmerican beech provides cover for the Carolina chickadee (Parus
carolinensis) and the black-capped chickadee (Parus atricapillus) [
10].
- citation bibliographique
- Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Fagus grandifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Description
(
anglais
)
fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
fruit,
treeBeech is a large, native, deciduous tree. It normally grows 65 to 80
feet (20-25 m) tall but can can grow up to 130 feet (40 m) and can live
to over 300 years old. The bark is blue gray. The leaves are yellow
green during the growing season. The branches are stout and horizontal,
or ascending, with interlocking leaves forming a dense crown. The root
system is shallow and spreading. The fruit is a bur, usually containing
two nuts [
4,
41].
- citation bibliographique
- Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Fagus grandifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Distribution
(
anglais
)
fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
American beech is distributed from Cape Brenton Island, Nova Scotia west
to Maine, southern Quebec, southern Ontario, northern Michigan, and
eastern Wisconsin; south to southern Illinois, southeastern Missouri,
northwestern Arkansas, southeastern Oklahoma, and eastern Texas; east to
northern Florida; and northeast to southeastern South Carolina. An
isolated variety (var. mexicana) occurs in the mountains of northeastern
Mexico [
41,
22].
- citation bibliographique
- Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Fagus grandifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Ecology
(
anglais
)
fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
fire regime,
forest,
frequencyThin bark renders American beech highly vulnerable to injury by fire. Postfire
colonization is through root suckering [
39].
When fire is absent or of low frequency, beech frequently becomes a
dominant species in mixed deciduous forests [
5]. The transition from an
open fire-dominated forest to a closed canopy deciduous forest favors
the beech-magnolia type in the southern portion of beech's range [
11].
FIRE REGIMES : Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the
FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
- citation bibliographique
- Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Fagus grandifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Management Considerations
(
anglais
)
fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
litter,
treeFire could create favorable conditions for beech production. Fire could
reduce the litter and humus layer, expose roots, or injure the parent
tree, creating conditions for the production of sucker shoots [
39].
- citation bibliographique
- Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Fagus grandifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)
(
anglais
)
fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the term:
phanerophytePhanerophyte
- citation bibliographique
- Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Fagus grandifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat characteristics
(
anglais
)
fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
mesicBeech is found at low elevations in the North and relatively high
elevations in the South. Local soil and climatic factors probably
determine whether beech grows at the higher elevations. In the
Adirondack Mountains, low temperatures and wind keep beech below 3,200
feet (975 m) in contrast to the Appalachian Mountains where on the
warmer slopes it grows at elevations up to 6,000 (1,830 m) feet. At
altitudes in the middle of its range, beech is more abundant on the
cooler, moister, northern slopes than on the southern slopes [
41].
Beech is usually found within two principal soil groups: the gray
podzolic (Hapludalf) and the laterite (Acrothox) and is prevalent on
podzols. It is seldom found on limestone soils except in the western
edge of its range. Beech populations are higher on coarse textured, dry
to mesic soils in the northern part of its range [
2,
41].
- citation bibliographique
- Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Fagus grandifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Cover Types
(
anglais
)
fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):
20 White pine - northern red oak - maple
21 Eastern white pine
22 White pine - hemlock
23 Eastern hemlock
24 Hemlock - yellow birch
25 Sugar maple - beech - yellow birch
26 Sugar maple - basswood
27 Sugar maple
28 Black cherry - maple
30 Red spruce - yellow birch
31 Red spruce - sugar maple - beech
32 Red spruce
33 Red spruce - balsam fir
34 Red spruce - Fraser fir
35 Paper birch - red spruce - balsam fir
52 White oak - black oak - northern red oak
55 Northern red oak
57 Yellow poplar
58 Yellow poplar - eastern hemlock
59 Yellow poplar - white oak - northern red oak
60 Beech - sugar maple
108 Red maple
- citation bibliographique
- Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Fagus grandifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Ecosystem
(
anglais
)
fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):
FRES10 White - red - jack pine
FRES11 Spruce - fir
FRES12 Longleaf - slash pine
FRES13 Loblolly - shortleaf pine
FRES14 Oak - pine
FRES15 Oak - hickory
FRES16 Oak - gum - cypress
FRES17 Elm - ash - cottonwood
FRES18 Maple - beech - birch
FRES19 Aspen - birch
- citation bibliographique
- Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Fagus grandifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Plant Associations
(
anglais
)
fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):
More info for the terms:
bog,
forestK081 Oak savanna
K083 Cedar glades
K084 Cross timbers
K089 Black Belt
K090 Live oaks - sea oats
K093 Great Lakes - fir forest
K094 Conifer bog
K095 Great Lakes pine forest
K096 Northeastern spruce - fir forest
K097 Southeastern spruce - fir forest
K098 Northern floodplain forest
K099 Maple - basswood forest
K100 Oak - hickory forest
K101 Elm - ash forest
K102 Beech - maple forest
K103 Mixed mesophytic forest
K104 Appalacian oak forest
K106 Northern hardwoods
K107 Northern hardwoods - fir forest
K108 Northern hardwoods - spruce forest
K109 Transition between K104 and K106
K110 Northeastern oak - pine forest
K111 Oak - hickory - pine forest
K112 Southern mixed forest
K113 Southern floodplain forest
K115 Pocosin
K116 Subtropical pine forest.
- citation bibliographique
- Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Fagus grandifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Immediate Effect of Fire
(
anglais
)
fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
Fire usually top-kills American beech. Mortality of young trees is related
to fire severity: Cool fires kill 40 to 50 percent of the seedlings and
saplings [
16,
36].
- citation bibliographique
- Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Fagus grandifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Importance to Livestock and Wildlife
(
anglais
)
fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
mastBeech mast is eaten by a variety of birds and mammals, including mice,
squirrels, chipmunks, black bear, deer, foxes, ruffed grouse, ducks, and
bluejays [
41].
- citation bibliographique
- Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Fagus grandifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Key Plant Community Associations
(
anglais
)
fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
codominant,
forestAmerican beech is either a dominant or codominant species in the
northern hardwoods of the Northeast, Lake States, and the Appalachian
Mountains. Common associates include sugar maple (Acer saccharum), red
maple (A. rubrum), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), American
basswood (Tilia americana), black cherry (Prunus serotina), southern
magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora), eastern white pine (Pinus strobus), red
spruce (Picea rubens), hickories (Carya spp.), and oaks (Quercus spp.)
[
3,
41].
Published classification schemes listing American beech as dominant or
codominant in habitat types (hts) are listed below:
Area Classification Authority
n MI, ne WI forest hts Coffman, Alyanak &
Rosovosky 1980
n WI forest hts Kotar & others 1989
n WI, n MI forest hts Kotar 1986
- citation bibliographique
- Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Fagus grandifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Life Form
(
anglais
)
fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
treeTree
- citation bibliographique
- Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Fagus grandifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Management considerations
(
anglais
)
fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
competition,
forestEven-aged silviculture adversely affects beech production and favors
production of associated hardwoods. Beech seedlings may be overtopped
in clearcuts by less shade-tolerant species such as birches (Betula
spp.) and oaks, which respond vigorously to increased light. Repeated
clearcutting at short intervals may eliminate beech. Shelterwood cuts
allow beech to develop with little competition from more intolerant
species [
40,
12,
30].
Beech is seriously affected by beech bark disease. The saddled is its
most serious defoliator, and the forest tent caterpillar, gypsy moth,
fall cankerworm ruce spanworm (Operophtera bruceata) occasionally cause
heavy damage [
41].
- citation bibliographique
- Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Fagus grandifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Occurrence in North America
(
anglais
)
fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
AL AR CT DE FL GA IL IN KY LA
MA MD ME MI MN MO MS NC NH NJ
NY OH OK PA SC TN TX VT VA WI
WV NS ON PQ MEXICO
- citation bibliographique
- Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Fagus grandifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Other uses and values
(
anglais
)
fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
Beechnuts are roasted and eaten or used a coffee substitute. The leaves
and bark are used to make dyes [
24].
- citation bibliographique
- Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Fagus grandifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Palatability
(
anglais
)
fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
frequencyBeech is regarded as a poor deer browse. The frequency of its use in
some areas is due to the low availability of more preferable browse [
7].
- citation bibliographique
- Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Fagus grandifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Phenology
(
anglais
)
fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. Flowering occurs from March to May. Fruiting occurs from September to
October. Seeds are released in October or November after frost [
33,
42].
- citation bibliographique
- Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Fagus grandifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Plant Response to Fire
(
anglais
)
fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
Beech trees that survive a fire regenerate by root suckering or stump
sprouting [
29,
41].
- citation bibliographique
- Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Fagus grandifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Post-fire Regeneration
(
anglais
)
fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
caudex,
root crown,
seedsurvivor species; on-site surviving root crown or caudex
survivor species; on-site surviving rhizomes
off-site colonizer; seed carried by animals or water; postfire yr 1&2
- citation bibliographique
- Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Fagus grandifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Regeneration Processes
(
anglais
)
fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
adventitious,
litter,
seed,
treeSexual reproduction: Beech begin producing seed when 40 years old and
by 60 years old may produce large quantities. Beech produces seed at 2-
to 8-year intervals. Beech seeds average about 1,600 per pound
(3,500/kg) [
41]. Most seeds drop to the ground. A few are carried by
rodents but dispersal is limited. Bluejays may transport seeds several
kilometers [
9]. Most of the seeds will germinate in the 1st year; after
that, the seeds lose viability [
41].
Beech seeds germinate from early spring to early summer. Chilling is
required to break dormancy. Germination is good on mineral soil or
leafy litter, but poor on excessively wet sites. Seedlings grow best
under a moderate canopy or in protected small openings where the soil
does not dry out below the depth of the shallow roots [
28].
Vegetative Reproduction: Beech can regenerate by root suckers or by
stump sprouts [
6]. Sprouts may develop on the trunk of a tree
immediately below a wound and from the top of stumps. Adventitious buds
develop in callus tissue of the cambial layers of stumps. Sprouts can
also develop from the exposure of the roots to air or elevated
temperatures. Sometimes root sprouts develop when no apparent injury
has occurred [
14].
The advance of beech bark disease, with its resultant mortality of
overstory beech stems, is likely to result in an increase in root
suckering [
23]. Beech is more likely to develop by sprouting than by
seedling establishment [
19].
- citation bibliographique
- Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Fagus grandifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Successional Status
(
anglais
)
fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the terms:
climax,
forestAmerican beech is a climax species that grows slowly underneath an
overstory of conifers or hardwoods. Beech grows faster in canopy
openings and eventually ascends into the overstory [
1,
8]. In an
old-growth forest in New Hampshire, beech replaced yellow birch and
sugar maple and then was able to maintain itself via root suckering
[
36].
- citation bibliographique
- Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Fagus grandifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Taxonomy
(
anglais
)
fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
The currently accepted scientific name of American beech is Fagus
grandifolia (Ehrh.) Little [
26]. Some authorities hold that the
southern beeches vary and describe the southern form as F. grandifolia
var. caroliniana (Loud) Fernald & Rehder [
32]. The variety F.
grandifolia var. mexicana (Martinez) is found in Mexico [
26].
- citation bibliographique
- Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Fagus grandifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites
(
anglais
)
fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
Beech grows relatively slowly and has a low tolerance to fire. Its
value as a colonizer is limited [
6,
21,
39].
- citation bibliographique
- Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Fagus grandifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Wood Products Value
(
anglais
)
fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
density,
fuelBeech wood is used to make flooring, furniture, veneer plywood, and
railroad ties. It is especially favored as fuel wood because of its
high density and good burning qualities. Coal tar made from beech wood
is used to protect wood from rotting. The creosote made from beech wood
is used to treat various human and animal disorders [
31,
41].
- citation bibliographique
- Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Fagus grandifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Associated Forest Cover
(
anglais
)
fourni par Silvics of North America
Within its wide range in eastern North America, beech is
associated with a large number of trees. Some of the principal
associates are sugar maple, red maple, yellow birch (Betula
alleghaniensis), American basswood (Tilia americana),
black cherry (Prunus serotina), southern magnolia
(Magnolia grandiflora), eastern white pine (Pinus
strobus), red spruce (Picea rubra), and several
hickories (Carya spp.) and oaks Quercus spp.). Beech
is included in 20 forest cover types and is a major component in
the following three (5): Sugar Maple-Beech-Yellow Birch (Society
of American Foresters Type 25), Red Spruce-Sugar Maple-Beech
(Type 31), and Beech-Sugar Maple (Type 60). Beech is a minor
species in 17 other cover types.
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- USDA, Forest Service
Climate
(
anglais
)
fourni par Silvics of North America
Within the range of beech, annual precipitation usually is from
760 mm to 1270 mm (30 to 50 in) (39); however, some beech is
found in Michigan where precipitation is about 580 mm (23 in),
and in Canada where about 640 mm (25 in) fall annually.
Precipitation during the growing season varies from 250 mm to 460
min (10 to 18 in). Beech is a mesophytic species; it uses twice
as much water for transpiration and growth processes annually,
compared to some drought resistant oaks and even lesser amounts
by some pines.
The growing season for beech varies from 100 to 280 days; the
species is found in one county in Michigan where the growing
season is only 92 days.
Mean annual temperatures range from 4° to 21° C (40°
to 70° F). Beech can exist under temperature extremes lower
than -42° C (-44° F) and 38° C (100° F).
Higher than average summer temperatures may be unfavorable for
beech growth.
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- cc-by-nc
- droit d’auteur
- USDA, Forest Service
Damaging Agents
(
anglais
)
fourni par Silvics of North America
In regions with low winter temperatures,
long frost cracks often appear in the tree trunks. These cracks
are sometimes superficial but sometimes extend deep into the
bole. In the Northeast, beech has been damaged or killed by
temperatures of -40° to -45° C (-40° to -50°
F) preceded by severe droughts (39). Injured trees died the
following summer and winter. Beech can be severely damaged by
late spring frosts.
In a Kentucky study of effects of flooding, beech was one of the
more sensitive species. Beech trees were killed by 2 weeks of
submergence of their root crowns in summer. An 18-day period of
flooding in winter had no apparent adverse effect, however.
Beech's susceptibility to glaze-storm breakage is no greater than
that of its associated hardwoods and may be somewhat less than
the average for a mixed stand (39). Except on shallow soils,
beech is rather windfirm.
The thin bark of beech renders it highly vulnerable to injury by
fire (large shallow roots are especially vulnerable), sunscald,
logging, pruning, or disease. When large branches are broken they
heal comparatively slowly (38) and serve as entrance courts for a
host of decay fungi (12,32).
More than 70 decay fungi (a record for a hardwood species) have
been reported for beech (12). The most important include Daedalea
unicolor, Ganoderma applanatum, Fomes fomentarius, Phellinus
igniarius, Hericium erinaceus, H. coralloides, Steccherinum
septentrionale, Inonotus glomeratus, and Ustilina
vulgaris. The shoestring fungus, Armillaria sp., the
most important root pathogen, attacks and girdles roots of
weakened trees. Beech roots are also parasitized by the
broomrapes, Conopholis americana and Epifagus
virginiana. The latter, beech drops, is specific to beech
(8,34).
The thinness of beech bark also makes it vulnerable to an
unusually large number of sucking insects, including the beech
blight aphid, Fagiphagus imbricator, and the giant bark
aphid, Longistigma caryae. Continuous heavy outbreaks of
the oystershell scale, Lepidosaphes u1mi, have resulted
in severe crown dieback and even in the death of entire stands
(1). Xylococculus betulae, another scale, causes
roughened spots on stems of young trees and is especially
devastating to the sprout thickets that have emerged in the
aftermath of beech bark disease , the most serious problem of
this species (13,31).
Beech bark disease is initiated when yet another scale insect, the
beech scale, Cryptococcus fagisuga, attacks the bark of
beech trees and renders it susceptible to bark canker fungi of
the genus Nectria (3,33). The insect component of this
scale-Nectria "complex" was introduced to Nova
Scotia from Europe around 1890 and is now found throughout New
England, New York (15) and northern Pennsylvania (37). In 1981, a
70,000-acre infestation was detected in northeastern West
Virginia, many miles south of the nearest previously known
infestation (28). More recently, the disease has been reported as
far west as Toronto, Ontario, and the scale is now present in
northeastern Ohio and northwestern Virginia (29). In North
America, Nectria coccinea var. faginata is the
fungus most commonly associated with the disease in the Maritime
Provinces, New England, and northern New York. In western
Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and some New York stands however, N.
galligena is the predominant associated species. As the
disease and forest interact for the first time, mortality may be
so severe that a large proportion of the big, mature beech trees
are killed. Mortality is now especially high in some southern and
western areas of the Adirondack Mountain region. The percent
stocking of beech was reported (7) to remain the same after the
killing front of the beech bark disease moved through a managed
stand; the disease mainly affected the larger trees. Although
such mortality is rare in stands emerging in the aftermath of the
disease, severe defect may be caused by the now-endemic causal
complex together with Xylococculus betulae (13).
Defoliation by insects can occasionally be a serious problem (1).
The most damaging is the saddled prominent, Heterocampa
guttivitta, although the forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma
disstria), gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), fall
cankerworm. (Alsophila pometaria), and the Bruce
spanworm. (Operophtera bruceata) occasionally cause heavy
defoliation in local areas. Insect defoliation often renders
trees susceptible to attack by the shoestring root fungus.
Beech is seldom severely browsed by white-tailed deer. When other,
more desirable tree species are available, beech is usually
nipped only sparingly (36).
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Flowering and Fruiting
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In the Northern and Central
States, beech flowers appear in late April or early May when the
leaves are about one-third grown; the species is monoecious. The
flowers are quite vulnerable to spring frosts. Male flowers occur
in long-stemmed heads; female flowers in clusters of two to four
(40). Beechnuts require one growing season to mature and they
ripen between September and November. Two or (rarely) three nuts
may be found within a single bur. The first nuts to fall are
usually wormy or aborted.
Seed fall begins after the first heavy frosts have caused the burs
to open and is completed within a few weeks. Some empty burs
remain on the trees throughout the winter.
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Genetics
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Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. is the only type species of
American beech now recognized in North America (9,10,23). Some
botanical authorities hold that Northern and Southern beeches
vary, and have described the southern form as F grandifolia
var. caroliniana (Loud.) Fern. & Rehd., Carolina
beech (4,6). A previously named species in the mountains of
Mexico (39) has been renamed a variety, F grandifolia var.
mexicana (Martinez) Little (22).
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Growth and Yield
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Beech's period of radial growth may
continue for 80 to 89 days in the Georgia Piedmont and for
approximately 60 days in Indiana (39). Annual height growth of
beech saplings is complete in about 60 days; 90 percent of this
growth occurs between May 10 and June 10, American beech has a
lower site index than any associated hardwood in the northern
Lake States.
The radial growth period is influenced by available soil moisture.
Under normal conditions, it may end in the middle of July, but
drought may end it in mid-June. A few individual trees may
continue their growth into August and September. In dry years,
annual rings may not grow in the basal sections of some beech
trees. In general, radial growth of beech begins when the leaves
are fully expanded.
The annual diameter increment of beech of pole and small saw-log
size averages from around 1.8 to 2.3 mm (0.07 to 0.09 in) in
undisturbed second-growth stands to 3.8 to 4.8 min (0.15 to 0.19
in) in trees released by partial cuttings (35,39). Annual growth
of poles for 5 years after heavy release, leaving from 1.1 to 4.6
m/ha (5 to 20 W/acre) of basal area, ranged from 5.6 mm (0.22 in)
to 7.6 min (0.30 in); growth was better in the most heavily
stocked stands and on trees with good crown development (26).
Under optimum conditions, beech trees may become 37 in (120 ft)
high; however, they generally average 18 to 24 in (60 to 80 ft).
Growth data for beech in the Lake States are shown in table 1.
Table 1- Characteristics of American beech
growing in the lake states.
Age
D.b.h.
Height
Volume
(yr)
(cm)
(m)
(m³)
20
2
4
--
40
6
8.5
--
60
10
11.9
0.03
80
14
14.6
0.1
100
18
17.4
0.22
150
29
22.9
0.76
200
40
25.6
1.58
250
51
26.8
2.69
(yr)
(in)
(ft)
(ft³)
20
0.7
13
--
40
2.3
28
--
60
3.8
39
1
80
5.4
48
3.7
100
7.1
57
7.9
150
11.5
75
27
200
15.7
84
56
250
19.9
88
95
Among 12 broad-leaved species rated according to their longevity,
beech was exceeded only by white oak and sugar maple. Beech trees
older than 366 years have been found in Pennsylvania. The
distribution of numbers of trees by age is "J" shaped,
typical of tolerant long-lived species (21). One of the largest
beeches on record, growing in Michigan, is 135 cm (53.2 in) in
d.b.h., 49 m (161 ft) tall, and has a crown 32 in (105 ft) wide.
Beech trees prune themselves in well-stocked stands. Open-grown
trees, however, develop short, thick trunks with large, low,
spreading limbs terminating in slender, somewhat drooping
branches that form a broad, round-topped head.
Beech trees that have been injured or suddenly exposed by stand
cuttings often develop epicormic branches. In one stand where 65
percent of the basal area had been cut, 40 percent of the
remaining beech trees had epicormic branches 5 years later,
whereas in a similar but uncut stand, only 17 percent of the
trees had such branches (39). Epicormic branching of beech trees
has also been observed after glaze damage and after
low-temperature injury (27). One report on winter injury showed
epicormic branches to be restricted largely to trees with d.b.h.
of 10 cm (4 in) or less (2).
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Reaction to Competition
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Beech is classed as very tolerant
of shade. In some parts of its range, beech is the most tolerant
species. Its tolerance is partly due to its very low respiration
rate (24) and the quick response of the stomata, which open when
light suddenly increases and rapidly close when light intensity
diminishes. Beech stomata are more responsive than those of red
maple, red oak Quercus rubra), or yellow-poplar (Liriodendron
tulipifera), which are less tolerant (43). On very poor soils
or in very cold climates, beech may be less tolerant. The
tolerances of beech and associated sugar maple are about the same
(25), although locally one species or the other may predominate
in the forest understory. Factors other than the ability to
endure shade appear to govern the relative success of beech and
its common tolerant competition, sugar maple, eastern hemlock
(Tsuga canadensis), and balsam fir (Abies balsamea).
Beech may be more competitive under somewhat adverse site and
climate conditions (39).
Beech and sugar maple are recognized as climatic climax species in
the northern hardwood types of the Northeast, Lake States, and
Appalachian Mountains. In the Southeast, relict areas of beech
suggest that an original maple-beech association has been
displaced by the once subclimax oak-hickory community.
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Rooting Habit
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Young seedlings have a taproot that gives
way to a heart root system as the tree matures (41). The root
system is generally shallow but may penetrate to 1.5 m (5 ft) or
more in deep soils. The fine roots form a dense mat in our soil
types. Beech root systems are more shallow than the associated
yellow birch and sugar maple. Few tree species are less tolerant
of flooding during the growing season than American beech.
Root exudates of beech contain more organic acids than those of
sugar maple or yellow birch.
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Seed Production and Dissemination
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anglais
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Beech ordinarily begins
to produce a substantial amount of seeds when about 40 years old,
and by the time it is 60 years old may produce large quantities.
Good beech seed crops are produced at 2- to 8-year intervals
(40).
Beech seeds, averaging about 3,500/kg (1,600/lb), are relatively
heavy. Most of the seeds simply drop to the ground under the
parent trees. Rodents may carry some of them short distances and
on steep terrain a few may roll down slopes, but dispersal is
quite restricted. Bluejays may transport many beech seeds several
kilometers (16,17).
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Seedling Development
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Beech seeds germinate from early
spring to early summer. Germination is epigeous and chilling is
required to break dormancy. On either mineral soil or leaf
litter, germination is good, but on excessively wet sites it is
poor. Both germination and survival tend to be better on mor
humus than on mull humus soil (39,40).
Beech seedlings develop better under a moderate canopy or in
protected small openings than they do on larger open areas where
the surface soil may dry out below the depth of the shallow
roots. Height growth of seedlings is about the same in dense (87
percent) or moderate (55 percent) shade, but total dry weight and
root development are greatest under moderate shade. Height
growth, dry weight, and root development in the open are less
than in shade (25). Seedlings are found in large numbers beneath
even the densest stands, but under such conditions their growth
is slow. Beech reproduction can start under, and come through,
fern and raspberry cover.
Dormancy of beech seedlings can be broken in spring and growth can
be prolonged in fall by supplemental light. Decreasing day length
plays the major role in inducing dormancy in the fall, but day
length may be secondary to temperature in controlling resumption
of growth in the spring. That is, day length probably becomes
adequate for growth to resume in the spring before temperatures
are high enough for growth to occur. Temperature, therefore,
exerts the final control over growth resumption.
Beech continues growing all winter in a greenhouse when daylight
is supplemented by continuous artificial light.
The height of beech seedlings growing in the intense competition
of a virgin hemlock-hardwood stand in northern Pennsylvania (39)
was as follows:
Age
Total
height
(yr)
(m)
(ft)
6
0.3
1
10
0.6
2
14
0.9
3
17
1.2
4
18
1.4
4.5
20
1.5
5
22
1.8
6
25
2.1
7
When forest stands are heavily cut, beech reproduction tends to
grow more slowly than that of most associated hardwood species.
This is especially true in clearcuttings. Here the beech
reproduction may be overtopped by less tolerant species, such as
the birches and white ash (Fraxinus americana), that
respond vigorously to increased light. A number of studies have
shown that heavy cutting or clearcutting results in fewer beech
in the new stand than in the old (39). Repeated clearcutting on
short rotations may nearly eliminate beech. Under partial
cuttings, especially single-tree selection cuttings, intolerant
species offer little competition and the tolerant beech
reproduction is able to develop. The beech may be further favored
by its virtual immunity to deer browsing.
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Soils and Topography
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anglais
)
fourni par Silvics of North America
Beech is found generally within two principal soil groups: the
gray-brown podzolic (Hapludalf) and the laterite (Acrorthox) and
is prevalent on podzols; it is seldom found on limestone soils
except at the western edge of its range. These soils are
contained in the orders Alfisols, Oxisols, and Spodosols. Soils
of loamy texture and those with a high humus content are more
favorable than lighter soils (39). The largest trees are found in
the alluvial bottom lands of the Ohio and the lower Mississippi
River valleys, and along the western slopes of the southern
Appalachian Mountains.
Beech populations frequently are higher on coarse-textured,
dry-mesic soils in the northern part of its range (38). In
Indiana, beech is more sensitive to reduced soil moisture than is
white oak (Quercus alba), sugar maple (Acer
saccharum), American elm (Ulmus americana), and
slippery elm (U. rubra). It will grow on poorly drained
sites not subjected to prolonged flooding and may grow where the
water table is within 15 cm to 25 cm (6 to 10 in) of the surface.
It is markedly less tolerant of such conditions than are red
maple (Acer rubrum) and sweetgum (Liquidambar
styraciflua). Beech trees on poorly drained sites have
shallower root systems than those on better drained sites (39).
'Ember stands containing considerable numbers of beech are found
on soils ranging from pH 4.1 to 6.0 (39), but seldom where pH
exceeds 7.0.
Beech is found at low elevations in the North and relatively high
elevations in the southern Appalachians. Local soil and climatic
factors probably determine whether beech grows at the higher
elevations. In the Adirondacks of New York, low temperatures and
wind keep beech below 980 m (3,200 ft), in contrast to the
southern mountains where on the warmer slopes it grows at
elevations up to 1830 m (6,000 ft). At latitudes in the middle of
its range, however, beech is more abundant on the cooler and
moister northern slopes than on the southern slopes (39).
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Special Uses
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anglais
)
fourni par Silvics of North America
Beech mast is palatable to a large variety of birds and mammals,
including mice, squirrels, chipmunks, black bear, deer, foxes,
ruffed grouse, ducks, and bluejays. Beech is the only nut
producer in the northern hardwood type. Beech wood is used for
flooring, furniture, turned products and novelties, veneer,
plywood, railroad ties, baskets, pulp, charcoal, and rough
lumber. It is especially favored for fuelwood because of its high
density and good burning qualities.
Creosote made from beech wood is used internally and externally as
a medicine for various human and animal disorders. (It is
important to note that coal tar creosote, the kind used to
protect wood from rots, is highly toxic to humans.)
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Vegetative Reproduction
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)
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Beech sprouts well from the
stumps of young trees, but this ability diminishes after trees
reach 10 cm (4 in) in d.b.h. Sprouts from stumps 25 cm to 38 cm
(10 to 15 in) in diameter usually are short lived and do not
attain tree stature. Numerous sprouts may develop on the trunk of
beech immediately below a wound, and from the tops of stumps;
here adventitious buds develop in callus tissue of the cambial
region.
Beech trees may develop large numbers of root sprouts or suckers.
Studies (30) have shown that reproduction is almost exclusively
by suckering in the "beech gaps" and is abundant in the
Adirondack Mountains of New York, in Maine (13), and in many
other areas, often those near the northern and western limits of
its range (11,42) where environments are severe (27). Suckering
is stimulated only slightly by removal of the stem (18). Injury
to roots appears to be necessary for the initiation of root
sprouts in beech (19). Root sprouts arise from adventitious buds
that form within callus tissues associated with wounds.
Experimental injuries to roots in November resulted in fewer
sprouts than did injuries inflicted in spring (20). Sometimes
root sprouts develop where no apparent injury has occurred (39).
There were relatively more root sprouts on southerly slopes in
areas where freeze-thaw action tended to injure shallow or
exposed roots and stimulate sprout formation, and where late
spring frosts tended to injure or kill young seedlings. In Ohio,
seedling regeneration was positively associated with northerly
exposures and root sprout regeneration with southerly exposures
(11).
In an undisturbed stand of mature beech in the Adirondacks, 1,730
to 2,220 root sprouts per hectare (700 to 900/acre; 7 to 12/tree)
were counted (39). Casual observations elsewhere indicate that
the number per tree may greatly exceed this figure.
Root sprouts can develop into desirable trees. Isozyme genetic
studies have shown that some groups of overstory beech trees with
similar phenotypic traits are clones (14). Sometimes root sprouts
are ephemeral. In one reproduction study, made after a
60-year-old stand of beech was cut, all of the root sprouts died
within 4 years. On the other hand, the trees in a 40-year-old
beech stand of sprout origin averaged 10 cm (4 in) in d.b.h. and
11.6 in (38 ft) in height.
Beech limbs root in a single year when layered. Interspecific root
grafting is common.
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Distribution
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American beech is found within an area from Cape Breton Island,
Nova Scotia west to Maine, southern Quebec, southern Ontario,
northern Michigan, and eastern Wisconsin; then south to southern
Illinois, southeastern Missouri, northwestern Arkansas,
southeastern Oklahoma, and eastern Texas; east to northern
Florida and northeast to southeastern South Carolina. A variety
exists in the mountains of northeastern Mexico.
-The native range of American beech.
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Brief Summary
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anglais
)
fourni par Silvics of North America
Fagaceae -- Beech family
Carl H. Tubbs and David R. Houston
American beech (Fagus grandifolia) is the only species of
this genus in North America. Although beech is now confined to
the eastern United States (except for the Mexican population) it
once extended as far west as California and probably flourished
over most of North America before the glacial period (39). This
slow-growing, common, deciduous tree reaches its greatest size in
the alluvial soils of the Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys and
may attain ages of 300 to 400 years. Beech wood is excellent for
turning and steam bending. It wears well, is easily treated with
preservatives, and is used for flooring, furniture, veneer, and
containers. The distinctive triangular nuts are eaten by people
and are an important food for wildlife.
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Fagus grandifolia
(
catalan ; valencien
)
fourni par wikipedia CA
Fagus grandifolia, és un faig amb el nom comú en anglès d'American beech o North American beech. El seu epítet específic, grandifolia significa de fulles grosses.[1] És una planta nativa de l'est d'Amèrica del Nord. Els arbres de la meitat sud del seu rang de vegades es diferencien F. grandifolia var. caroliniana. Fagus mexicana n'està relacionat i de vegades se'n considera subespècie.
Descripció
És un arbre caducifoli que fa fins a 35 m d'alt, amb l'escorça llisa gris platejat. Les fulles són de color verd fosc de 6 a 12 cm de llargada (rarament 15 cm). Els borrons són especialment fins i llargs i semblen cigars. El fruit és petit amb la núcula aparellada.[2]
És una espècie tolerant a l'ombra.[3]
Referències
-
↑ «Google Translate». Google. [Consulta: 27 setembre 2013].
-
↑ Farahat, Emad; Lechowicz, Martin J. «Functional Ecology of Growth in Seedlings Versus root Sprouts of Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.». Trees, 27, 1, 2013, pàg. 337–340. DOI: 10.1007/s00468-012-0781-9.
-
↑ Horn, Henry S. «The Ecology of Secondary Succession». Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 5, 1974, pàg. 25–37. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.es.05.110174.000325.
- R.C. Hosie, 1969. Native Trees of Canada. Canadian Forestry Service, Ottawa.
Enllaços externs
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Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a:
Fagus grandifolia 
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Fagus grandifolia: Brief Summary
(
catalan ; valencien
)
fourni par wikipedia CA
Fagus grandifolia, és un faig amb el nom comú en anglès d'American beech o North American beech. El seu epítet específic, grandifolia significa de fulles grosses. És una planta nativa de l'est d'Amèrica del Nord. Els arbres de la meitat sud del seu rang de vegades es diferencien F. grandifolia var. caroliniana. Fagus mexicana n'està relacionat i de vegades se'n considera subespècie.
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Amerikansk bøg
(
danois
)
fourni par wikipedia DA
Amerikansk bøg (Fagus grandifolia) er et løvfældende træ med en opret vækst og en kuppelformet og senere skærmagtig krone. Arten er fuldt hårdfør i Danmark, men bruges kun sjældent i større parker.
Beskrivelse
Amerikansk bøg er et stort, løvfældende træ med svære grene og en kuppelformet krone, som efterhånden bliver skærmagtig. Barken er først violetbrun med et fint lag af hvide hår. Senere bliver den rødbrun med lyse korkporer. Gamle grene og stammer får en glat, lysegrå bark. Knopperne er spredtstillede, slanke og rødbrune med en lys spids. Knopper, som rummer blomsteranlæg er dog mere buttede. Bladene er ovale og plisserede (som hos avnbøg) med skarpttandet til bølget eller helt glat rand. De er sarte, hårklædte og lysegrønne i løvspringet, men snart bliver oversiden læderagtig og mørkegrøn, mens undersiden er lysegrøn. Høstfarven er guldgul til mørkebrun. Blomstringen foregår under løvspringet. De hanlige blomster er samlet i hængende og langstilkede, kogleformede rakler, mens de hunlige sidder samlet i piggede hoveder for enden af korte, oprette skud. Frugterne er trekantede nødder, der sidder i en forveddet og toklappet skål.
Rodsystemet er hjerteformet og består af grove hovedrødder og højtliggende siderødder. Arten sætter ofte rodskud.
Højde x bredde og årlig tilvækst: 25 x 12 m (40 x 20 cm/år).
Hjemsted
Amerikansk bøg er udbredt fra det sydøstlige Canada og ned langs USAs atlanterhavskyst til Florida. Arten passerer Allegheny-bjergene og findes spredt frem mod Mississippi. Desuden findes en underart i nogle af de mexikanske bjerge. Træet er knyttet til forholdsvist mildt tempereret klima, men det tåler kolde vintre, og det foretrækker en jordbund, der er fugtig, neutral eller svagt sur og humusrig. Det er karakterplante for de blandede skove i området.
I området omkring Roosevelt i New Jersey, USA, findes arten i skove og som pionertræ sammen med bl.a. Konvalbusk, almindelig robinie, tulipantræ, amerikansk knapbusk, amerikansk nældetræ, amerikansk platan, amerikansk vin, blyantene, brunfrugtet surbær, canadisk skarntydegran, glansbladet hæg, hvid ask, hvid hickory, klatrevildvin, koralsumak, pennsylvansk vokspors, rødløn, skovtupelotræ, sukkerbirk, sumpeg, sumprose, virginsk ambratræ, virginsk troldnød, virginsk vinterbær og weymouthfyr[1]
Note
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Amerikansk bøg: Brief Summary
(
danois
)
fourni par wikipedia DA
Amerikansk bøg (Fagus grandifolia) er et løvfældende træ med en opret vækst og en kuppelformet og senere skærmagtig krone. Arten er fuldt hårdfør i Danmark, men bruges kun sjældent i større parker.
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Amerikanische Buche
(
allemand
)
fourni par wikipedia DE
Die Amerikanische Buche (Fagus grandifolia) ist ein mittelgroßer Laubbaum aus der Gattung der Buchen.[1] Sie ist die einzige natürlich in Nordamerika vorkommende Buchenart.[2]
Beschreibung
Die Amerikanische Buche (engl. american beech) erreicht eine Höhe von 20 bis 30 Metern bis in seltenen Fällen 35 Metern.[2] Die Rinde ist glatt und grau.[3] Die Knospen sind braun und glänzend. Die Blätter werden 5 bis 12 Zentimeter lang und 2,5 bis 7,5 Zentimeter breit,[3] sie sind länglich-eiförmig und zugespitzt. Die Basis ist breit keilförmig bis schwach herzförmig und oft unsymmetrisch. Der Rand ist gezähnt und es werden 9 bis 15 Nervenpaare gebildet. Der Stiel wird 3 bis 8 Millimeter lang. Die Blattoberseite ist glänzend blaugrün, die Unterseite ist heller als die Oberseite. Im Herbst verfärben sich die Blätter goldgelb bis lederbraun. Als Früchte werden Nüsse gebildet, die in einem Fruchtbecher mit dünnen, geraden oder gekrümmten Borsten sitzt.[1] Die Fruchtbecher sind 15 bis 20 in seltenen Fällen bis 25 Millimeter groß und von brauner bis rotbrauner Farbe. Sie öffnen sich bei Reife und geben die 15 bis 20 Millimeter langen und 10 bis 18 Millimeter breiten Nüsse frei.[3] Die Amerikanische Buche vermehrt sich häufig durch Wurzelbrut.[4]
Verbreitung und Standortansprüche
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Natürliches Verbreitungsgebiet
Das Verbreitungsgebiet der Amerikanischen Buche erstreckt sich vom Osten Kanadas über den Nordosten und Südosten der Vereinigten Staaten bis nach Florida und in die südlichen Präriestaaten.[1] Man findet sie auch in einigen Gebieten im Norden von Mexiko.[2] Sie wächst in artenreichen Wäldern und bevorzugt frische bis feuchte, saure bis neutrale, sandig-humose und lehmig-humose Böden. Sie ist meist frosthart und gedeiht an sonnigen bis halbschattigen Standorten.[1] Sie wächst im Norden des Verbreitungsgebiets in Höhenlagen bis 900 Meter, in den südlichen Appalachen bis 1800 Meter.[4] Sie kommt in Reinbeständen oder Mischbeständen vor, oft mit dem Zucker-Ahorn (Acer saccharum), mit der Gelb-Birke (Betula alleghaniensis), der Amerikanischen Linde (Tilia americana), verschiedenen Eichen– (Quercus sp.) und Hickory-Arten (Carya), mit der Weymouth-Kiefer (Pinus strobus) und der Amerikanischen Rot-Fichte (Picea rubens).[2]
Systematik
Die Amerikanische Buche ist eine Art aus der Gattung der Buchen (Fagus). Dort wird sie der Untergattung Fagus zugeordnet. Es werden zwei Unterarten unterschieden:
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Fagus grandifolia subsp. grandifolia: Sie kommt in Kanada und in den Vereinigten Staaten vor.[5]
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Fagus grandifolia subsp. mexicana (Martínez) A.E.Murray: Sie kommt in den mexikanischen Bundesstaaten von Tamaulipas bis Hidalgo und Puebla vor.[5]
Synonyme der Art sind Fagus americana (Pers.) Sweet und Fagus ferruginea Aiton[1] die Unterart Fagus grandifolia subsp. mexicana wird selten auch als eigene Art Fagus mexicana Martínez betrachtet.[6]
Verwendung
Die Amerikanische Buche wird oft zur Holzgewinnung genutzt[7], sie wird manchmal aufgrund der bemerkenswerten Herbstfärbung als Zierpflanze verwendet.[1] In Europa kommt sie gelegentlich in Parks vor.[4]
Nachweise
Literatur
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Andreas Roloff, Andreas Bärtels: Flora der Gehölze. Bestimmung, Eigenschaften und Verwendung. Mit einem Winterschlüssel von Bernd Schulz. 3., korrigierte Auflage. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5614-6, S. 295.
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Gregor Aas (Bearbeitung): Lexikon der Baum- und Straucharten. Das Standardwerk der Forstbotanik; Morphologie, Pathologie, Ökologie und Systematik wichtiger Baum- und Straucharten. Hrsg.: Peter Schütt. Nikol, Hamburg 2007, ISBN 3-933203-53-8, S. 165–166 (Auszug aus dem Werk: Lexikon der Forstbotanik. ecomed, Landberg am Lech 1992).
Einzelnachweise
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↑ a b c d e f Roloff et al.: Flora der Gehölze. S. 295.
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↑ a b c d Schütt et al.: Lexikon der Baum- und Straucharten. S. 165.
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↑ a b c Fagus grandifolia. In: Flora of North America Vol. 3. www.eFloras.org, abgerufen am 7. Oktober 2010 (englisch).
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↑ a b c Schütt et al.: Lexikon der Baum- und Straucharten. S. 166.
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↑ a b Rafaël Govaerts (Hrsg.): Fagus. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) – The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, abgerufen am 12. Januar 2017.
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↑ Fagus grandifolia. In: Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). United States Department of Agriculture, abgerufen am 7. Oktober 2010 (englisch).
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↑ Beech auf holzwurm-page.de, abgerufen am 17. November 2016.
Weblinks
– Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien
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Carl H. Tubbs, David R. Houston: Fagus grandifolia. In: Silvics of North America, Volume 2. USDA Forrest Service, abgerufen am 14. Januar 2015 (englisch).
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Amerikanische Buche: Brief Summary
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fourni par wikipedia DE
Die Amerikanische Buche (Fagus grandifolia) ist ein mittelgroßer Laubbaum aus der Gattung der Buchen. Sie ist die einzige natürlich in Nordamerika vorkommende Buchenart.
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Ameriski buk
(
bas-sorabe
)
fourni par wikipedia emerging languages
Ameriski buk w nazymje
Habitus w zymje
Ameriski buk (Fagus grandifolia, syn. F. americana, F. ferruginea) jo bom z roda bukow (Fagus) znutśika swójźby bukowych rostlinow (Fagaceae).
Wopis
Ameriski buk jo w lěśu zeleny bom, kótaryž dośěgnjo wusokosć wót 20 - 30 m a ma gładku, slobrošeru škóru.
Łopjena
Schódnje zarědowane jadnore listowe łopjena su jajowate abo wušćurnje jajowate ze zubatej kšomu. Jich dłujkosć wucynje 60-120 mm, šyrokosć 25-75 mm, dłujkosć wogonka 4-12 mm. Górny bok jo błyšćece módrozeleny, dolny bok pitśku swětlejšy.
List se wubarwi w nazymje do złotožołtych až kóžobrunych nuansow a se pótom wótchytujo.
Kwiśonki
Ameriski buk jo jadnodomny kuždy za se rodny (monözisch), toś twóri žeńske ale teke muske kwiśonki na tej samskej rostlinje. Toś te se w rozdźělnych, skerje njenadpadnych kwiśonkowych stołkach z łopjenami na młodych wurostach jawje, muske kwiśonki w gustych, wisecych promjenjach, žeńske kwiśonki zrownane w 4-zapadakowej wobalce, kótaraž se z wodrjewjenym płodowym gjarnyškom (Cupula) nastanjo.
Cas kwiśenja jo wót apryla až do junija.
Woprošenje se powšyknje pśez wětš pśewjaźo (anemofilija).
Płody
Ako płody se něźi 2 cm dłujke wórjechy twórje, bukowicki. Toś te zdrjaju w septembrje až oktobrje. Sejźe zwětšego pó dwěma w płodowym gjarnyšku gromaźe, pśez což typiske tśigranjata forma nastanjo.
Wórjechy se wót zwěrjetow rozšyrjaju (coochorija).
Rozšyrjenje
Rosćo we pódzajtšnej pódpołnocnej Americe wót Kanady w pódpołnocu až ke górskim rowninam Mexika w pódpołdnju, w gustych lěsach abo ako měšany lěs wót płonego kraja až na něźi 1000 m wusoku.
Zwenka jogo domacnych stronow rozšyrjenja se ameriske buki jano rědko kultiwěruju.
Wužywanje
Ako parkowy bom se ameriski buk skerjej rědko wusajźujo. Pśi góźbje se ako bonsaj sajźijo.
Ćežke, twarde drjewo se w parketowem a meblowem twarjenju, za kontainery, drjewowe přimadła a wšelake pśedmjaty k wužywanju wužywa.
Wobrazowa galerija
Łopjeno a wócynjona płodowa kapsla z bukowickami
Nožki
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↑ Starosta: Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik, Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, Bautzen 1999, ISBN 3-7420-1096-4, bok 84
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↑ W internetowem słowniku: Buche
Literatura
Žrědła
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Ameriski buk: Brief Summary
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fourni par wikipedia emerging languages
![src=]()
Ameriski buk w nazymje
![src=]()
Habitus w zymje
Ameriski buk (Fagus grandifolia, syn. F. americana, F. ferruginea) jo bom z roda bukow (Fagus) znutśika swójźby bukowych rostlinow (Fagaceae).
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Fow Amerika Gledh
(
cornique
)
fourni par wikipedia emerging_languages
![src=]()
Tre fow Amerika Gledh (gwyrdh)
Fow Amerika Gledh, po Fowydh Amerika Gledh, (unnplek Fowen Amerika Gledh, po Fowydhen Amerika Gledh, Lat. Fagus grandifolia) yw eghen a wydhen, yn genas Fagus, ow triga yn Amerika Gledh est.
Kathik yw aga bleujyow ha mes fow yw aga froeth. Prenn an fow Amerika Gledh yw kales; y tevnydhyr rag gwruthyl mebyl, leuryow h.e.
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Fagus grandifolia
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Fagus grandifolia, the American beech or North American beech, is a species of beech tree native to the eastern United States and extreme southeast of Canada.
Description
Fagus grandifolia is a large deciduous tree[2] growing to 16–35 metres (52–115 feet) tall,[3] with smooth, silver-gray bark. The leaves are dark green, simple and sparsely-toothed with small teeth that terminate each vein, 6–12 centimetres (2+1⁄4–4+3⁄4 inches) long (rarely 15 cm or 6 in), with a short petiole. The winter twigs are distinctive among North American trees, being long and slender (15–20 millimetres or 5⁄8–3⁄4 inch by 2–3 mm or 3⁄32–1⁄8 in) with two rows of overlapping scales on the buds. Beech buds are distinctly thin and long, resembling cigars; this characteristic makes beech trees relatively easy to identify. The tree is monoecious, with flowers of both sexes on the same tree. The fruit is a small, sharply-angled nut, borne in pairs in a soft-spined, four-lobed husk. It has two means of reproduction: one is through the usual dispersal of seedlings, and the other is through root sprouts, which grow into new trees.[4]
The long and thin winter bud
Taxonomy
Trees in the southern half of the range are sometimes distinguished as a variety, F. grandifolia var. caroliniana, but this is not considered distinct in the Flora of North America. The Mexican beech (F. grandifolia var. mexicana), native to the mountains of central Mexico, is closely related, and is sometimes treated as a subspecies of American beech, but some botanists classify it as a distinct species. The only Fagus species found in the Western Hemisphere (assuming F. mexicana is treated as a subspecies), F. grandifolia is believed to have spanned the width of the North American continent all the way to the Pacific coast before the last ice age.
Two subspecies are generally recognized:[5]
Etymology
The genus name Fagus is Latin for "beech", and the specific epithet grandifolia comes from grandis "large" and folium "leaf".[6]
Distribution and habitat
The American beech is native to eastern North America, from Nova Scotia west to southern Ontario in southeastern Canada, west to Wisconsin and south to eastern Texas and northern Florida in the United States.[7] Mature specimens are rare in lowland areas as early settlers quickly discovered that the presence of the tree indicated good farmland.
The American beech is a shade-tolerant species,[3] commonly found in forests in the final stage of succession. Few trees in its natural range other than sugar maple match it for shade tolerance. Ecological succession is essentially the process of forests changing their composition through time; it is a pattern of events often observed on disturbed sites.[8] Although sometimes found in pure stands, it is more often associated with sugar maple (forming the beech–maple climax community), yellow birch, and eastern hemlock, typically on moist, well-drained slopes and rich bottomlands. Near its southern limit, it often shares canopy dominance with southern magnolia. Although it has a reputation for slow growth (sometimes only 13 feet in 20 years), rich soil and ample moisture will greatly speed the process up. American beech favors a well-watered, but also well-drained spot and is intolerant of urban pollution, salt, and soil compaction. It also casts heavy shade and is an extremely thirsty tree with high moisture requirements compared to oaks, so it has a dense, shallow root system.[9]
Ecology
The mast (crop of nuts) from American beech provides food for numerous species of animals. Among vertebrates alone, these include various birds[3] including ruffed grouse and wild turkeys, raccoons,[3] foxes,[3] white-tailed deer,[3] rabbits, squirrels,[3] opossums, pheasants, black bears,[3] and porcupines.[3] Some Lepidoptera caterpillars feed on beeches. Deer occasionally browse on beech foliage,[3] but it is not a preferred food. Beech nuts were one of the primary foods of the now-extinct passenger pigeon;[3] the clearing of beech and oak forests is pointed to as one of the major factors that may have contributed to the bird's extinction.[10]
Diseases and pests
Beech bark disease has become a major killer of beech trees in the Northeastern United States. This disease occurs when the European beech scale insect, Cryptococcus fagisuga, attacks the bark, creating a wound that is then infected by Neonectria ditissima or Neonectria faginata, two species of fungi. This causes a canker to develop and the tree is eventually killed.[11]
Beech leaf disease is caused by the nematode, Litylenchus crenatae mccannii. It was discovered in Ohio in 2012 and identified as far south as Virginia in 2022.[12] Beech leaf disease causes severe damage to the American beech and also to the European beech, Fagus sylvatica[13]
The beech leaf-miner weevil, a species native to Europe, has been identified in North America as a cause of defoliation of American beech trees.[14]
Beech blight aphids colonize branches of the tree, but without serious harm to otherwise healthy trees. Below these colonies, deposits of sooty mold develop caused by the fungus Scorias spongiosa growing saprophytically on the honeydew the insects exude. This is also harmless to the trees.[15]
Despite their high moisture needs, beeches succumb to flooding easily and their thin bark invites damage from animals, fire, and human activities. Late spring frosts can cause complete defoliation of the tree, although they typically recover by using reserve pools of sugar.[16] The trunks of mature beeches often rot and develop cavities that are used by wildlife for habitation.[17]
Uses
American beech is an important tree in forestry. The wood is hard and difficult to cut or split, although at 43 pounds per cubic foot (0.69 g/cm3) it is not exceptionally heavy, and it also rots relatively easily. It is used for a wide variety of purposes, most notably bentwood furniture as beech wood easily bends when steamed. It also makes high quality, long-burning firewood.
Like European beech bark, the American beech bark is smooth and uniform, making it an attraction for people to carve names, dates, decorative symbols such as love hearts or gang identifiers, and other material into its surface.[18] One such beech tree in Louisville, Kentucky, in what is now the southern part of Iroquois Park, bore the legend "D. Boone killed a bar. 1775" in the late 18th century. The beech finally fell over in 1916 during a storm; its age was estimated at around 325 years. Its trunk is now on display at the Filson Historical Society.
It is sometimes planted as an ornamental tree, but even within its native area, it is planted much less often than the European beech. Although American beech can handle hotter climates,[19] its European cousin is faster-growing and more pollution-tolerant, in addition to being easier to propagate.
American beech does not produce significant quantities of nuts until the tree is about 40 years old. Large crops are produced by 60 years. The oldest documented tree is 246 years old.[20] The fruit is a triangle-shaped shell containing 2–3 nuts inside, but many of them do not fill in, especially on solitary trees. Beech nuts are sweet and nutritious,[3] can be eaten raw by wildlife and humans,[21] or can be cooked.[22] They can also be roasted and ground into a coffee substitute.[3]
The leaves are edible when cooked.[3] The inner bark can be dried and pulverized into bread flour as an emergency food.[3]
References
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^ Barstow, M. (2017). "Fagus grandifolia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T62004694A62004696. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T62004694A62004696.en. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
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^ "Trees of the Adirondacks: American Beech | Fagus grandifolia". wildadirondacks.org.
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^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Angier, Bradford (1974). Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 32. ISBN 0-8117-0616-8. OCLC 799792.
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^ Farahat, Emad; Lechowicz, Martin J. (2013). "Functional Ecology of Growth in Seedlings Versus root Sprouts of Fagus grandifolia Ehrh". Trees. 27 (1): 337–340. doi:10.1007/s00468-012-0781-9. S2CID 17109648.
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^ "Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. - Plants of the World Online". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2023-04-24.
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^ Hyam, R. & Pankhurst, R.J. (1995). Plants and their names : a concise dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 169, 217. ISBN 978-0-19-866189-4.
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^ Tubbs, Carl H.; Houston, David R. "Fagus grandifolia E h rh". www.srs.fs.usda.gov. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved June 22, 2021.
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^ Horn, Henry S. (1974). "The Ecology of Secondary Succession". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 5: 25–37. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.05.110174.000325.
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^ North Carolina Cooperative Extension, Extension Gardener Tool Box, Fagus Grandifolia. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, accessed July 9, 2022
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^ Jon M. Conrad, "Open access and extinction of the passenger pigeon in North America", Natural Resource Modeling, Vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 501–519. 2005
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^ Reed, Sharon E.; Volk, Daniel; Martin, Danielle K.H.; Hausman, Constance E.; Macy, Tom; Tomon, Tim; Cousins, Stella (January 2022). "The distribution of beech leaf disease and the causal agents of beech bark disease (Cryptoccocus fagisuga, Neonectria faginata, N. ditissima) in forests surrounding Lake Erie and future implications". Forest Ecology and Management. 503: 119753. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119753.
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^ Kantor, M.; Handoo, Z.; Carta, L.; Li, S. (1 June 2022). "First Report of Beech Leaf Disease, Caused by Litylenchus crenatae mccannii , on American Beech ( Fagus grandifolia ) in Virginia". Plant Disease. 106 (6): 1764. doi:10.1094/PDIS-08-21-1713-PDN. PMID 34668402.
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^ Viaene, Nicole; Ebrahimi, Negin; Haegeman, Annelies; Douda, Ondrej; Bruggen, A. van; Ogris, N.; Sirca, S.; Stare, B. Gerič; Perez-Sierra, A.; Groza, Mariana; Coman, M.; Hurley, M. J.; Lanterbecq, Déborah; Kerkhove, Simon Van; Leroy, Quentin (5 May 2022). "FAGUSTAT: Investigating Beech Leaf Disease, a threat to beech trees and forests in Europe".
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^ Sweeney, Jonathan D.; Hughes, Cory; Zhang, Honghao; Hillier, N. Kirk; Morrison, Andrew; Johns, Rob (24 April 2020). "Impact of the Invasive Beech Leaf-Mining Weevil, Orchestes fagi, on American Beech in Nova Scotia, Canada". Frontiers in Forests and Global Change. 3: 46. doi:10.3389/ffgc.2020.00046.
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^ "Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month".
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^ D'Andrea, Ettore; Rezaie, Negar; Battistelli, Alberto; Gavrichkova, Olga; Kuhlmann, Iris; Matteucci, Giorgio; Moscatello, Stefano; Proietti, Simona; Scartazza, Andrea; Trumbore, Susan; Muhr, Jan (October 2019). "Winter's bite: beech trees survive complete defoliation due to spring late‐frost damage by mobilizing old C reserves". New Phytologist. 224 (2): 625–631. doi:10.1111/nph.16047. PMID 31282591. S2CID 195830424.
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^ Kitching, R.L. (2000). Food webs and container habitats: the natural history and ecology of phytotelmata. London: Cambridge University Press.
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^ David Martin, Smooth Bark Compulsion
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^ Gardening with Native Plants of the South by Sally and Andy Wasowski, p.44
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^ "Eastern OLDLIST A database of maximum tree ages for Eastern North America". Rocky Mountain Tree-Ring Research, Inc. & the Tree Ring Laboratory of Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory and Columbia University.
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^ Little, Elbert L. (1980). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Eastern Region. New York: Knopf. p. 381. ISBN 0-394-50760-6.
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^ Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (2009) [1982]. Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods. New York: Sterling. pp. 233–34. ISBN 978-1-4027-6715-9. OCLC 244766414.
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Fagus grandifolia: Brief Summary
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fourni par wikipedia EN
Fagus grandifolia, the American beech or North American beech, is a species of beech tree native to the eastern United States and extreme southeast of Canada.
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Grandfolia fago
(
espéranto
)
fourni par wikipedia EO
La grandfolia fago (Fagus grandifolia), estas specio de fago indiĝena en orienta Nordameriko, ekde Nova Skotujo okcidente al suda Ontario en sudorienta Kanado, okcidente ĝis Viskonsino kaj sude ĝis orienta Teksaso kaj norda Florido en Usono. Arboj en la suda duono de la arealo foje estas distingitaj kiel vario, F. grandifolia var. caroliniana, sed tiu ĉi ne estas menciita en la "Flaŭro de Nordameriko". Parenca fago indiĝena en la montaro de centra Meksiko foje estas traktita kiel subspecion de grandfolia fago, sed pli ofte kiel apartan specion, meksika fago (Fagus mexicana).
Priskribo
Ĝi estas decidua arbo kiu altas ĝis 20-35 m, kun glata, arĝent-griza arboŝelo. La folioj estas malhelverdaj, simplaj kaj malabund-malgrand-dentitaj, kiuj ĝenerale longas 6-12 cm, malofte 15 cm, kun mallonga petiolo. La vintrobranĉetoj estas karakterizaj inter la nordamerikaj arboj, estante longaj kaj maldikaj (15-20 mm longaj kaj 2-3 mm larĝaj) kun du vicoj de imbrikitaj skvamoj sur la burĝonoj. La arbo estas monoika, kun floroj de ambaŭ seksoj sur la sama arbo. La frukto estas malgranda, akre-angula nukso, pare aranĝita en moldorna, kvarloba kupulo.
La grandfolia fago estas ombro-tolerema specio, preferanta ombron pli ol aliaj arboj, ofte trovitaj en arbaroj en la fina stadio de sukcesio. Kvankam foje trovata en unuspeciaj arbareroj, ĝi pli ofte estas asociata kun sukeracero (formante la fago-acero-klimaksokomunumo), alegana betulo, kaj orienta cugo, tipe sur humidaj bone drenitaj deklivoj kaj riĉaj aluviaj grundoj. Proksime de sia suda limo, ĝi ofte samhavas kanopeosuperregadon kune kun grandflora magnolio (Magnolia grandiflora).
Ekologio
La nuksoj de la grandfolia fago disponigas manĝaĵon por multaj bestospecioj. Nur rilate al vertebruloj, tiuj inkludas kanadajn bonaziojn, komunajn meleagrojn, lav-ursojn, ruĝajn vulpojn, grizajn vulpojn (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), blankavostajn cervojn, kuniklojn, sciurojn, didelfedojn, fazanojn, nigrajn ursojn, histrikojn, kaj homojn. Fagonuksoj estis unu el la primaraj manĝaĵoj de la nun formortinta migrokolombo, kaj la senarbarigo de fagaroj kaj kverkaroj estus unu el la plej gravaj faktoroj kiuj eble kontribuis al la formorto de la birdo [1].
Malsanoj
Fagŝelomalsano fariĝas grava murdinto de fagarboj en Nordorienta Usono. Tiu malsano okazas kiam la faga koĉo Cryptococcus fagisuga, atakas la ŝelon, kreante vundon kiu tiam estas infektitia de unu el du malsamaj specioj de fungoj el la genro Nectria. Tiu kaŭzas kanceron kiu disvolviĝas kaj la arbo finfine estas mortigita.
Grylloprociphilus imbricator (hemipteroj) koloniigas branĉojn de la arbo, sed sen grava damaĝo al alie sanaj arboj. Sub tiuj kolonioj, feĉoj de fumagino disvolviĝas kaŭze de la fungo Scorias spongiosa (Dothideomycetes) vivanta saprofite sur la mielroso kiun la insektoj haladzas. Tiu estas ankaŭ sendanĝera por la arboj.
Uzado
Tiu nearktisa specio estas grava arbo en forstado. La ligno estas peza, malmola, rezista kaj forta. Ĝis la apero de la moderna ĉensegilo, dum arbarekspluatado pezaj fagarboj estis ofte nehakite forlasitaj. Kiel rezulto, multaj areoj hodiaŭ daŭre havas ampleksajn arbarerojn de maljunaj fagoj kiuj nenie alie troveblas. Hodiaŭ, la ligno estas rikoltita por uzoj kiel ekzemple plankokovraĵo, ujoj, meblaro, teniloj kaj diversaj lignaj objektoj.
Kiel la eŭrop-faga ŝelo, la grandfoli-faga ŝelo estas altiro por vandaloj kiuj ĉizas nomojn, datojn, bandosimbolojn, kaj aliajn aferojn en ĝi [2]. Unu tia arbo en Louisville, en kio nun estas la suda parto de Irokezoparko, portas la enskribaĵon D. Boone kilt a bar (D.Boone mortigis urson) kaj la jaron el la malfrua 18-a jarcento. Tiu ĉizaĵo estis aŭtentigita en la meza 19-a jarcento, kaj la arbotrunksekcio nun estas konservita far la Filson Historia Societo (The Filson Historical Society) en Louisville.
Ĝi foje estas plantata kiel ornama arbo, sed eĉ ene de sia indiĝena areo multe malpli ofte ol la eŭropa fago; ĉi-lasta specio pli rapide kreskas kaj estas iom pli rezistema por malfacilaj urbaj ejoj.
Vidu ankaŭ
Referencoj
-
↑ angle Corad, Jon M. 2005 : Open access and extinction of the passenger pigeon in North America, Natural Resource Modeling, Vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 501–519.
-
↑ angle David Martin, Smooth Bark Compulsion
Bibliografio
-
angle Hosie R.C. 1969 : Native Trees of Canada. Canadian Forestry Service, Ottawa.
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Grandfolia fago: Brief Summary
(
espéranto
)
fourni par wikipedia EO
La grandfolia fago (Fagus grandifolia), estas specio de fago indiĝena en orienta Nordameriko, ekde Nova Skotujo okcidente al suda Ontario en sudorienta Kanado, okcidente ĝis Viskonsino kaj sude ĝis orienta Teksaso kaj norda Florido en Usono. Arboj en la suda duono de la arealo foje estas distingitaj kiel vario, F. grandifolia var. caroliniana, sed tiu ĉi ne estas menciita en la "Flaŭro de Nordameriko". Parenca fago indiĝena en la montaro de centra Meksiko foje estas traktita kiel subspecion de grandfolia fago, sed pli ofte kiel apartan specion, meksika fago (Fagus mexicana).
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Fagus grandifolia
(
espagnol ; castillan
)
fourni par wikipedia ES
Fagus grandifolia, el haya americana, es una especie de haya autóctona del este de Norteamérica, desde Nueva Escocia por el noreste de su distribución hasta el sur de Ontario y Wisconsin por el oeste, llegando por el sur hasta el este de Texas y el norte de la Florida. Las poblaciones de la mitad sur son a veces descritas como una variedad, F. grandifolia var. caroliniana, aunque la Flora de Norteamérica no lo considera así. Existe un haya emparentada en las montañas de México central, considerada a veces como una subespecie de F.grandifolia pero más a menudo como una especie distinta, Fagus mexicana.
![src=]()
Bosque de haya americana en Hoot Woods,
Indiana; nótese el color otoñal y los troncos plateados.
Descripción
Es un árbol caducifolio que crece hasta 20-35 m, con corteza gris plateada. Las hojas son verde oscuro, enteras y serradas, de 6-12 cm (raramente 15 cm), con peciolo corto. Las yemas que se observan en invierno son muy características entre los árboles de Norteamérica, pues son largas y estrechas (15-20 mm por 2-3 mm) con dos filas de escamas superpuestas en las yemas. El fruto es una nuez aguda, contenida junto con otra dentro de una cápsula tetralobulada de espinas no muy agudas.
El haya americana es umbrófila, encontrándose por norma en bosques en avanzado estado de sucesión. Aunque a veces forma masas puras, se la encuentra a menudo asociada con Acer saccharum, Betula alleghaniensis, y Tsuga canadensis, típicamente en laderas húmedas y bien drenadas o en fondos de valle ricos en nutrientes.
Usos
El haya americana es importante para la industria maderera. La madera es pesada, dura, resistente y fuerte. Hasta el invento de la sierra mecánica, a menudo había árboles que no se podían cortar cuando se clareaban bosques. Como resultado de ello, muchas áreas tienen aún grandes rodales de viejas hayas que de otro modo no estarían allí. La madera se utiliza para parqué, contenedores, muebles, herramientas y utensilios de todo tipo.
![src=]()
Tronco de haya americana.
En ocasiones se planta como ornamental, pero mucho menos que el haya europea (incluso en su propia área de distribución), pues ésta crece más rápido y es más tolerante a ambientes urbanos.
El haya americana, al igual que la europea, resulta muy atractiva para escribir en su corteza, pues al no mudarla las marcas son permanentes (aunque provoca daños y riesgos para la salud del árbol). En Louisville, Kentucky, en la parte sur del Parque Iroquois, hubo un árbol que tenía escrito "D. Boone mató un oso" con el año puesto, el final del siglo XVIII. Se ha comprobado que la inscripción data al menos del principio del siglo XIX, y la sección del tronco se conserva en la Filson Historical Society en Louisville.
Enfermedades
La enfermedad de la corteza está siendo un grave problema para el haya americana, sobre todo en la región Noroeste de los Estados Unidos. La plaga la transmite el insecto escamoso (Cryptococcus fagisuga). Este bichito ataca la corteza e infiere una herida en la que medran los hongos del género Nectria. Posteriormente se origina un chancro o úlcera y el árbol acaba por secarse y morir. Por otro lado los áfidos colonizan las ramas del árbol, aunque esto es un mal menor ya que no afecta a los árboles normalmente sanos. Y por si esto no fuera poco, estos agresores depositan una especie de hollín mohoso que sirve de arraigo al hongo Scorias spongiosa, el cual saprofita (crece en) la secreción melífera que exudan los insectos escamosos.
Taxonomía
Fagus grandifolia fue descrita por Jakob Friedrich Ehrhart y publicado en Beiträge zur Naturkunde 3: 22–23. 1788.[1]
- Etimología
Fagus: nombre genérico latíno que se remonta a una antigua raíz indoeuropea que encuentra parentesco en el griego antiguo φηγός phēgós "tipo de roble"[2]
grandifolia: epíteto latíno que significa "con grandes flores".[3]
- Sinonimia
- Sinonimia de Fagus grandifolia subsp. grandifolia.
-
Fagus atropunicea Weston, Bot. Univ.1: 107 (1770).
-
Fagus sylvatica var. atropunicea Marshall, Arbust. Amer.: 46 (1785).
-
Fagus americana latifolia Wangenh., Beytr. Teut. Forstwiss.: 80 (1787).
-
Fagus ferruginea Dryand. in W.Aiton, Hort. Kew. 3: 362 (1789).
-
Fagus purpurea Desf., Tabl. École Bot.: 214 (1804).
-
Fagus sylvatica var. americana Pers., Syn. Pl. 2: 571 (1807).
-
Fagus sylvestris F.Michx., Hist. Arbr. Forest. 2: 170 (1811).
-
Fagus alba Raf., Fl. Ludov.: 134 (1817).
-
Fagus americana (Pers.) Sweet, Hort. Brit.: 370 (1826).
-
Fagus heterophylla Raf., Atlantic J.: 22 (1833).
-
Fagus nigra Raf., Atlantic J.: 22 (1833).
-
Fagus rotundifolia Raf., Atlantic J.: 22 (1833).
-
Fagus ferruginea var. caroliniana Loudon, Arbor. Frutic. Brit. 3: 1980 (1838).
-
Fagus latifolia L'Hér. ex Steud., Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 1: 624 (1840), pro syn.
-
Fagus virginiana Wesm., Bull. Congr. Bot. Bruxelles: 261 (1864).
-
Fagus sylvatica var. ferruginea (Dryand.) N.Coleman, Cat. Fl. Pl. S. Pen. Michigan: 35 (1874).
-
Fagus atropunicea (Marshall) Sudw., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 19: 43 (1893), nom. illeg.
-
Fagus americana f. caroliniana (Loudon) Farw., Pap. Michigan Acad. Sci. 3: 93 (1924).
- Sinonimia de Fagus grandifolia subsp. mexicana (Martínez) A.E.Murray, Kalmia 13: 6 (1983).
-
Fagus mexicana Martínez, México Forest. 17: 66 (1939).[4]
Referencias
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- Autores y editores de Wikipedia
Fagus grandifolia: Brief Summary
(
espagnol ; castillan
)
fourni par wikipedia ES
Fagus grandifolia, el haya americana, es una especie de haya autóctona del este de Norteamérica, desde Nueva Escocia por el noreste de su distribución hasta el sur de Ontario y Wisconsin por el oeste, llegando por el sur hasta el este de Texas y el norte de la Florida. Las poblaciones de la mitad sur son a veces descritas como una variedad, F. grandifolia var. caroliniana, aunque la Flora de Norteamérica no lo considera así. Existe un haya emparentada en las montañas de México central, considerada a veces como una subespecie de F.grandifolia pero más a menudo como una especie distinta, Fagus mexicana.
![src=]()
Bosque de haya americana en Hoot Woods,
Indiana; nótese el color otoñal y los troncos plateados.
![src=]()
Bonsái
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Amerikanpyökki
(
finnois
)
fourni par wikipedia FI
Amerikanpyökki (Fagus grandifolia) on pyökkikasveihin kuuluva kesävihanta puu, joka kasvaa alkuperäisenä Pohjois-Amerikan itäosissa.[1] Tämä suurikokoinen puu on ainoa Pohjois-Amerikassa kasvava pyökkilaji, joka tunnetaan erityisesti kolmionmuotoisista, syötävistä pähkinöistään. Lisäksi sitä käytetään saha- ja polttopuuna sekä kreosootin raaka-aineena.[2]
Ulkonäkö ja koko
![src=]()
Amerikanpyökki François André Michaux’n teoksessa
The North American Sylva vuodelta 1819.
Amerikanpyökki on hidaskasvuinen ja pitkäikäinen puu, joka kasvaa yleensä 20–25 metriä korkeaksi, mutta voi saavuttaa suotuisissa olosuhteissa yli 40 metrin korkeuden ja jopa 300–400 vuoden iän.[1][2] Sillä on lähelle maanpintaa levittäytyvä juuristo, paksu runko, siniharmaa ja sileä kaarna, yläviistot ja vahvat haarat sekä tiheä ja kupumainen latvus.[1][3]
Kuluvan kesän kasvainranka on karvainen, ja suipot silmut ovat hoikkia ja 2 senttimetriä pitkiä.[3] Korvakkeettomat, kellanvihreät lehdet sijaitsevat varrella kierteisesti ja niissä on 4–12 millimetriä pitkä lehtiruoti.[1][3][4] Lehtilapa on 6–14 senttimetriä pitkä, sahalaitainen, soikea, suippotyvinen ja suippokärkinen.[3]
Amerikanpyökki on yksikotinen kasvi, joka kukkii maalis–toukokuussa ja kantaa hedelmää syys–lokakuussa.[1] Hedekukinto on tiheä ja pallomainen viuhkosto, joka riippuu pitkän kukintoperän varassa.[3] Pareittain puussa sijaitsevista emikukista kehittyy pölytyksen jälkeen ruskeita tai punaruskeita, piikkisiä kehtoja, joiden läpimitta on noin 2,5 senttimeriä. Kehtojen sisälle kätkeytyy yleensä kaksi onttoa pähkinää, joiden läpimitta on 12–18 millimetriä.[1][3][4] Kehto halkeaa liuskoiksi loka–marraskuun aikana ja pähkinät putoavat maahan.[1][3]
Amerikanpyökin siementuotanto alkaa kunnolla vasta 40 vuoden iässä ja saavuttaa huippunsa 60 vuoden iässä. Hyvät siemenvuodet kertautuvat 2–8 vuoden välein. Siemenet ovat raskaita, joten ne putoavat yleensä puun lähiympäristöön, mistä jyrsijät ja linnut voivat levittää niitä kauemmaksi. Siementen lisäksi laji leviää kanto- ja juurivesojen avulla erityisesti levinneisyysalueen pohjoisosissa.[2]
Levinneisyys
Amerikanpyökki on kotoisin Pohjois-Amerikan itäosista, missä sen levinneisyysalue ulottuu koillisessa Cape Bretonin saarelle ja Nova Scotiaan, luoteessa Pohjois-Michiganiin ja Itä-Wisconsiniin, lounaassa Itä-Texasiin ja kaakossa Pohjois-Floridaan.[1] Parhaiten se menestyy Ohiojoen ja Mississippijoen laaksojen alluviaalisessa maaperässä.[2] Sitä tavataan myös Koillis-Meksikon vuoristoalueilla (var. mexicana).[1] Ennen jääkausia levinneisyysalue ulottui koko mantereen poikki Kaliforniaan saakka.[2]
Elinympäristö
![src=]()
Amerikanpyökin kukintoja.
Amerikanpyökki kasvaa sekapuuna tuoreissa, kosteissa ja runsasravinteisissa metsissä, yleensä pohjoisen puolella.[3] Sitä tavataan 1 000 metrin korkeudelle asti Appalakkien vuoriston eteläosissa – pohjoisessa se menestyy vain alavilla mailla.[1][4]
Amerikanpyökki on valtapuu tai lisävaltapuu koillisissa osavaltioissa, Suurten järvien ympäristössä ja Appalakkien vuoristossa kasvavissa lehtimetsissä, jotka ovat jo saavuttaneet päätemetsävaiheen.[1] Sen tavallisimpia seuralaislajeja ovat sokerivaahtera, punavaahtera, keltakoivu, amerikanlehmus, kiiltotuomi, kuningasmagnolia, strobusmänty, punakuusi, hikkorit ja tammet.[2]
Amerikanpyökin kasvukausi vaihtelee sijainnin mukaan 100 päivästä 280 päivään. Vuoden keskilämpötila on 4–21 celsiusastetta ja vuotuinen sademäärä 760–1 270 millimetriä.[2]
Käyttö
Amerikanpyökin tiivis puuaines kestää hyvin kulutusta ja soveltuu erinomaisesti sorvaukseen ja höyrytaivutukseen. Metsäteollisuudessa siitä tehdään lähinnä lattialautoja, huonekaluja, puuviilua ja ratapölkkyjä.[1][2] Kemianteollisuudessa siitä valmistetaan myrkyllistä kreosoottia, jota käytetään puun kyllästämisessä. Siitä saadaan myös erinomaista polttopuuta.[1]
Ennen vanhaan amerikanpyökin lehtiä ja kaarnaa käytettiin kasvivärjäyksessä. Sen kolmikulmaisia pähkinöitä on syöty sellaisenaan ja niistä on paahdettu kahvinkorviketta.[1][2] Ihmisten lisäksi pähkinöitä käyttävät ravintonaan monet villieläimet, esimerkiksi hiiret, oravat, mustakarhut, valkohäntäpeurat, ketut, röyhelöpyyt, sorsat ja sinitöyhtönärhet.[1] Pohjois-Amerikan intiaanit valmistivat amerikanpyökistä erilaisia rohdoksia, joilla puhdistettiin verta ja hoidettiin matoja, tuberkuloosia, sankkeria, sydänvaivoja, palohaavoja ja myrkkymuratin aiheuttamaa ihottumaa.[4]
Lähteet
- Leena Hämet-Ahti, Annikki Palmén, Pentti Alanko & Peter M. A. Tigerstedt: Suomen puu- ja pensaskasvio. Helsinki: Dendrologian Seura, 1992. ISBN 951-96557-0-0.
Viitteet
-
↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Milo Coladonato: Fagus grandifolia Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service. Viitattu 21.6.2011. (englanniksi)
-
↑ a b c d e f g h i Carl H. Tubbs & David R. Houston: American Beech Silvics of North America – Volume 2: Hardwoods. Northeastern Area State & Private Forestry. Viitattu 21.6.2011. (englanniksi)
-
↑ a b c d e f g h Alanko: 106–107
-
↑ a b c d Hong Song: Fagus grandifolia Flora of North America. Viitattu 21.6.2011. (englanniksi)
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Amerikanpyökki: Brief Summary
(
finnois
)
fourni par wikipedia FI
Amerikanpyökki (Fagus grandifolia) on pyökkikasveihin kuuluva kesävihanta puu, joka kasvaa alkuperäisenä Pohjois-Amerikan itäosissa. Tämä suurikokoinen puu on ainoa Pohjois-Amerikassa kasvava pyökkilaji, joka tunnetaan erityisesti kolmionmuotoisista, syötävistä pähkinöistään. Lisäksi sitä käytetään saha- ja polttopuuna sekä kreosootin raaka-aineena.
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Hêtre à grandes feuilles
fourni par wikipedia FR
Fagus grandifolia
Le Hêtre à grandes feuilles, Hêtre américain ou Hêtre d'Amérique (Fagus grandifolia) est une espèce de hêtre originaire de l'est de l'Amérique du Nord.
Description
Le hêtre à grandes feuilles est un arbre de taille moyenne pouvant atteindre 25 m de hauteur[1]. Son tronc est droit et sa cime est large[2]. Ses racines sont très étalées[1].
L'écorce est mince et lisse, de couleur gris bleu pâle. Il reste lisse avec l'âge mais devient plus foncé[1]. Les feuilles sont ovales et mesurent de 6 à 14 cm. Elles sont simples, alternes et dentées grossièrement[2]. Elles sont cireuses et rigides au toucher[2]. Elles sont divisées par 9 à 14 nervures rectilignes et parallèles de chaque côté[1]. Le dessus est de couleur vert satiné et le dessous plus pâle[2]. Les feuilles des petits arbres et des branches inférieures des arbres forestiers matures s'assèchent à l'automne et restent sur l'arbre tout l'hiver[1].
Les fruits sont de petites noix de 18 à 22 mm appelés faînes. Elles sont recouvertes dans un brou vert jaunâtre hérissé de pointes dont l'extrémité est teintée de rouge[1],[2].
Distribution et habitat
![src=]()
Aire de répartition naturelle de
Fagus grandifolia
Le hêtre à grandes feuilles est largement distribué dans l'Est de l'Amérique du Nord. Sa distribution va de l'ouest de la Louisiane à l'Ontario et du nord-est de la Floride au Nouveau-Brunswick[3].
L'arbre pousse sur les versants humides et bien drainés. L'arbre est souvent associé à l'érable à sucre, au bouleau jaune et à la pruche du Canada dans les forêts matures[1].
Étymologie
Le hêtre à grandes feuilles est aussi connu sous les noms de hêtre américain, de hêtre d'Amérique et de hêtre rouge[1],[4].
Le genre Fagus provient du nom en latin classique du hêtre, qui provient lui-même du grec fagein et qui signifie « manger ». Il fait allusion à la faîne, qui est comestible. Quant au nom d'espèce grandifolia, il provient du latin et signifie « à grandes feuilles »[5].
Utilisation
Le bois du hêtre est utilisé dans la fabrication de planchers, de meubles, de manches d'outils, de caisses et divers autres articles en bois[1].
Maladies
Maladie corticale du hêtre
Le hêtre est vulnérable à l'action combinée de la cochenille du hêtre (Cryptococcus fagisuga), insecte originaire d'Europe, et du champignon indigène Neonectria faginata, qui cause des chancres[6]. L'arbre ne présente pas de résistance immunitaire contre cet insecte introduit vers 1900, à Halifax, avec des hêtres européens utilisés comme plantes ornementales[6]. La cochenille crée des lésions à l'écorce de l'arbre pour se nourrir de sa sève[6]. En même temps, elle introduit une substance qui empêche la cicatrisation de l'arbre, ouvrant la voie aux spores du champignon pathogène qui peuvent y germer[6]. En plus de Neonectria faginata, un second champignon, Noenectria ditissima, qui cause des chancres sur les érables et les bouleaux, peut aussi s'introduire dans les blessures[6]. Les champignons causent des chancres. La présence de l'insecte est facilement identifiable, car il produit une cire blanche qui recouvre son corps[6]. Les troncs d'arbres infectés ont donc sur la surface de l'écorce une fine pellicule blanche. Les biologistes considèrent qu'il faut entre trois et six ans après la primo-infection pour que les champignons produisent des fructifications[6]. Ils envahissent alors l'arbre, et leurs chancres finissent par empêcher la sève de monter dans le tronc, entraînant sa mort[6].
Galerie
Maladie corticale du hêtre, vue générale du tronc
Maladie corticale du hêtre, cire ou laine blanche
Maladie corticale du hêtre, vue de l'écorse
Maladie corticale du hêtre, vue d'une bûche très affectée
Notes et références
-
↑ a b c d e f g h et i John Laird Farrar, Les Arbres du Canada, Saint-Laurent, Fides et Service canadien des forêts, 1996, 5e éd., 502 p. (ISBN 978-2-7621-1824-7, lire en ligne), p. 268–269
-
↑ a b c d et e Michel Leboeuf, Arbres et plantes forestières du Québec et des Maritimes, Waterloo, Éditions Michel Quintin, 2007, 391 p. (ISBN 978-2-89435-331-8), p. 128–129
-
↑ (en) « Fagus grandifolia », sur Flora of North America (consulté le 21 novembre 2010)
-
↑ Luc Brouillet et al., « Fagus grandifolia Ehrhart », sur VASCAN, la Base de données des plantes vasculaires du Canada (consulté le 2 juillet 2011)
-
↑ John Laird Farrar, Les Arbres du Canada, Saint-Laurent, Fides et Service canadien des forêts, 1996, 5e éd., 502 p. (ISBN 978-2-7621-1824-7, lire en ligne), p. 476–477
-
↑ a b c d e f g et h « Le hêtre menacé par une maladie redoutable en Amérique », Progrès Forestier, printemps 2010, p. 31-33.
Références
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Hêtre à grandes feuilles: Brief Summary
fourni par wikipedia FR
Fagus grandifolia
Le Hêtre à grandes feuilles, Hêtre américain ou Hêtre d'Amérique (Fagus grandifolia) est une espèce de hêtre originaire de l'est de l'Amérique du Nord.
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Ameriski buk
(
haut-sorabe
)
fourni par wikipedia HSB
Ameriski buk (Fagus grandifolia, syn. F. americana, F. ferruginea) je štom z roda bukow (Fagus) znutřka swójby bukowych rostlinow (Fagaceae).
Wopis
Ameriski buk je w lěću zeleny štom, kotryž docpěje wysokosć wot 20 - 30 m a ma hładku, slěbrošěru skoru.
Łopjena
Schódnje zarjadowane jednore lisćowe łopjena su jejkojte abo šwižnje jejkojte ze zubatej kromu. Jich dołhosć wučinja 60-120 mm, šěrokosć 25-75 mm, dołhosć stołpika 4-12 mm. Horni bok je błyšćaće módrozeleny, delni bok tróšku swětliši.
Lisćo so zbarbi w nazymje do złotožołtych hač kožobrunych wotsćinow a so potom wotmjetuja.
Kćenja
Ameriski buk je jednodomny rózno splažny (monözisch), tuž twori žónske ale tež muske kćenja na tej samsnej rostlinje. Tute so w rozdźělnych, skerje njenahladnych kwětnistwach z łopjenami na młodych wurostach jewja, muske kćenja w hustych, wisacych promjenjach, žónske kćenja zrunane w 4-zapadakowej wobalce, kotraž so z wodrjewjenym płodowym hornčkom (Cupula) nastanje.
Čas kćěwa je wot apryla hač do junija.
Wopróšenje so powšitkownje přez wětr přewjedźe (anemofilija).
Płody
Jako płody so něhdźe 2 cm dołhe worjechi tworja, bukwicy. Tute zrawja w septembrje hač oktobrje. Sedźa zwjetša po dwěmaj w płodowym hornčku hromadźe, přez čož typiske třihranita forma nastanje.
Worjechi so wot zwěrjatow rozšěrjeja (coochorija).
Rozšěrjenje
Rosće we wuchodnej sewjernej Americe wot Kanady w sewjerje hač k wysokoruninam Mexiska w juhu, w hustych lěsach abo jako měšany lěs wot płoneho kraja hač na něhdźe 1000 m wysoku.
Zwonka jeho domjacych kónčinow rozšěrjenja so ameriske buki jenož rědko kultiwuja.
Wužiwanje
Jako parkowy štom so ameriski buk skerje rědko wusadźuje. Při składnosći so jako bonsaj plahuje.
Ćežke, twjerde drjewo so w parketowym a meblowym twarjenju, za kontainery, drjewowe přimadła a wšelake předmjety k wužiwanju wužiwa.
Wobrazowa galerija
Łopjeno a wočinjena płodowa kapsla z bukwicami
Nóžki
-
↑ Pawoł Völkel: Prawopisny słownik hornjoserbskeje rěče. Hornjoserbsko-němski słownik. Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina, Budyšin 2005, ISBN 3-7420-1920-1, str. 57.
-
↑ W internetowym słowniku: Buche
Literatura
-
Botanica - Das Abc der Pflanzen. 10000 Arten in Text und Bild; Tandem Verlag (2003). ISBN 3-8331-1600-5
- Roloff/Bärtels: Flora der Gehölze. Bestimmung, Eigenschaften, Verwendung. 3. Auflage; Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart (2008). ISBN 978-3-8001-5614-6
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Ameriski buk: Brief Summary
(
haut-sorabe
)
fourni par wikipedia HSB
Ameriski buk (Fagus grandifolia, syn. F. americana, F. ferruginea) je štom z roda bukow (Fagus) znutřka swójby bukowych rostlinow (Fagaceae).
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Amerikinis bukas
(
lituanien
)
fourni par wikipedia LT
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Amerikinis bukas: Brief Summary
(
lituanien
)
fourni par wikipedia LT
Amerikinis bukas (lot. Fagus grandifolia, angl. American beech, vok. amerikanische Buche) – bukinių (Fagaceae) šeimos medieninis, vaistinis augalas, paplitęs Šiaurės Amerikoje.
![src=]()
Lapas ir atsidariusi sėkla
![src=]()
Lapai
Vikiteka
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Amerikas dižskābardis
(
letton
)
fourni par wikipedia LV
Amerikas dižskābardis (latīņu: Fagus grandifolia) ir daudzgadīgs dižskābaržu dzimtas koks. Šis ozols savvaļā aug Ziemeļamerikas austrumdaļā. Koks ir liels, sasniedz 20-35 m augstumu. Tam ir gluda, pelēka miza. Lapas tumšzaļas, vienkāršas, lapu malas robotas ar sīkiem zobiņiem, 6-12 cm garas, ar īsu kātiņu. Amerikas dižskābardis ir vienmāju augs. Auglis — riekstiņš ar asām šķautnēm.
Amerikas dižskābarži labi pacieš noēnojumu. Lai gan eksistē Amerikas dižskābaržu tīraudzes, biežāk tie sastopami kopā ar citiem kokiem, tādiem kā cukura kļava, dzeltenais bērzs un Kanādas hemlokegle. Aug uz mitrām nogāzēm un auglīgās pakājēs.
Amerikas dižskābarži ir nozīmīgi koki mežsaimniecībā. To koksne ir cieta, smaga, izturīga. Līdz motorzāģu izgudrošanai, kokus nemaz nevarēja nozāģēt. Tāpēc saglabājušās daudzas vecu koku audzes. Koksni izmanto grīdas segumu, mēbeļu, dažādu tilpņu ražošanai.
Amerikas dižskābarži tiek audzēti arī kā dekoratīvi koki, tomēr retāk kā Eiropas dižskābarži.
Vikikrātuvē par šo tēmu ir pieejami multivides faili. Skatīt:
Amerikas dižskābardis
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Amerikabøk
(
norvégien
)
fourni par wikipedia NO
Amerikabøk (Fagus grandifolia) er et løvfellende tre som vokser i østlige Nord-Amerika.
Den blir 20, eller mer sjelden 30 m høy. Barken er grå og glatt. Bladene er eggformede, 60–120 mm lange og 25–75 mm brede. Bladranden er tannet, noe som er et godt kjennetegn for å skille arten fra sin europeisk slektning bøk, som har bølgeformet bladrand uten tenner. Nøttene sitter parvis i en tornete cupola.[1]
Amerikabøk vokser i ulike typer løv- og blandingsskog. Årsnedbøren ligger som regel mellom 760–1270 mm. I nord vokser den i lavlandet, men i de sørlige Appalachene finnes den opp til 1830 moh. Den tåler mye skygge og danner sammen med sukkerlønn et klimakssamfunn i nordøstlige USA. Andre trær som vokser sammen med amerikabøk er blant annet rødlønn, gulbjørk, svartlind, romhegg, oksemagnolia, weymouthfuru, rødgran, hickory og eik.[2][3][4]
Artens nordgrense går fra Cape Breton i Nova Scotia gjennom Maine, sørlige Québec, sørlige Ontario og nordlige Michigan til østlige Wisconsin. Vestgrensa går videre sørover gjennom sørlige Illinois, sørøstlige Missouri, nordvestlige Arkansas og sørøstlige Oklahoma til østlige Texas. Sørgrensa strekker seg østover til nordlige Florida og sørvestlige og nordøstlige Sør-Carolina.[2]
I den meksikanske fjellkjeden Sierra Madre Oriental forekommer subsp. mexicana. Formen ble først beskrevet som egen art, deretter som varietet, men har nå status som underart. Den vokser i elleve små populasjoner i tåkeskog 1400–2000 moh. i delstatene Hidalgo, Nuevo León, Puebla, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas og Veracruz. Underarten skiller seg ut ved å ha større nøtter og kileformet basis på bladene. Den kan både vokse i rene bestander og sammen med amerikaagnbøk, eik, ambratre, magnolia og Podocarpus.[5][6]
Nøttene er viktige føde for mange dyr som mus, ekorn, svartbjørn, hvithalehjort, rødrev, kragejerpe og blåskrike. Trevirket egner seg godt for dreiing og laminering. Det brukes i parkett, møbler, finér og beholdere. Veden er utmerket til fyring.[2]
Bøkeullus (Cryptococcus fagisuga) ble innført til Nova Scotia rundt 1890. Dette insektet borer hull i barken på bøketrær så skadelige sopper kan komme inn i planten og forårsake en sykdom som kalles Beech bark disease. Sykdommen fører ofte til at mer enn halvparten av alle store trær dør. Sykdommen har spredt seg i Canada, New England, New York, store deler av New Jersey og Pennsylvania og finnes mer spredt lenger vest og sør.[7]
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Referanser
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Amerikabøk: Brief Summary
(
norvégien
)
fourni par wikipedia NO
Amerikabøk (Fagus grandifolia) er et løvfellende tre som vokser i østlige Nord-Amerika.
Den blir 20, eller mer sjelden 30 m høy. Barken er grå og glatt. Bladene er eggformede, 60–120 mm lange og 25–75 mm brede. Bladranden er tannet, noe som er et godt kjennetegn for å skille arten fra sin europeisk slektning bøk, som har bølgeformet bladrand uten tenner. Nøttene sitter parvis i en tornete cupola.
Amerikabøk vokser i ulike typer løv- og blandingsskog. Årsnedbøren ligger som regel mellom 760–1270 mm. I nord vokser den i lavlandet, men i de sørlige Appalachene finnes den opp til 1830 moh. Den tåler mye skygge og danner sammen med sukkerlønn et klimakssamfunn i nordøstlige USA. Andre trær som vokser sammen med amerikabøk er blant annet rødlønn, gulbjørk, svartlind, romhegg, oksemagnolia, weymouthfuru, rødgran, hickory og eik.
Artens nordgrense går fra Cape Breton i Nova Scotia gjennom Maine, sørlige Québec, sørlige Ontario og nordlige Michigan til østlige Wisconsin. Vestgrensa går videre sørover gjennom sørlige Illinois, sørøstlige Missouri, nordvestlige Arkansas og sørøstlige Oklahoma til østlige Texas. Sørgrensa strekker seg østover til nordlige Florida og sørvestlige og nordøstlige Sør-Carolina.
I den meksikanske fjellkjeden Sierra Madre Oriental forekommer subsp. mexicana. Formen ble først beskrevet som egen art, deretter som varietet, men har nå status som underart. Den vokser i elleve små populasjoner i tåkeskog 1400–2000 moh. i delstatene Hidalgo, Nuevo León, Puebla, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas og Veracruz. Underarten skiller seg ut ved å ha større nøtter og kileformet basis på bladene. Den kan både vokse i rene bestander og sammen med amerikaagnbøk, eik, ambratre, magnolia og Podocarpus.
Nøttene er viktige føde for mange dyr som mus, ekorn, svartbjørn, hvithalehjort, rødrev, kragejerpe og blåskrike. Trevirket egner seg godt for dreiing og laminering. Det brukes i parkett, møbler, finér og beholdere. Veden er utmerket til fyring.
Bøkeullus (Cryptococcus fagisuga) ble innført til Nova Scotia rundt 1890. Dette insektet borer hull i barken på bøketrær så skadelige sopper kan komme inn i planten og forårsake en sykdom som kalles Beech bark disease. Sykdommen fører ofte til at mer enn halvparten av alle store trær dør. Sykdommen har spredt seg i Canada, New England, New York, store deler av New Jersey og Pennsylvania og finnes mer spredt lenger vest og sør.
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Buk wielkolistny
(
polonais
)
fourni par wikipedia POL
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Buk wielkolistny, b. amerykański (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) – gatunek roślin z rodziny bukowatych (Fagaceae Dumort.). Występuje naturalnie w Ameryce Północnej – Kanadzie, Stanach Zjednoczonych oraz Meksyku[3][4][5].
Rozmieszczenie geograficzne
Występuje naturalnie w Ameryce Północnej – Kanadzie, Stanach Zjednoczonych oraz Meksyku[3][4][5]. W Kanadzie występuje w południowo-wschodniej części kraju – w prowincjach Ontario, Quebec, Wyspa Księcia Edwarda, Nowy Brunszwik i Nowa Szkocja. W Stanach Zjednoczonych został zaobserwowany w Alabamie, Arkansas, Connecticut, Dystrykcie Kolumbii, Delaware, na Florydzie, w Georgii, Illinois, Indianie, Kentucky, Luizjanie, Massachusetts, Marylandzie, Maine, Michigan, Minnesocie, Missouri, Missisipi, Północnej Karolinie, New Hampshire, New Jersey, stanie Nowy Jork, Ohio, Oklahomie, Pensylwanii, Rhode Island, Południowej Karolinie, Tennessee, Teksasie, Utah, Vermoncie, Wisconsin, Wirginii oraz Wirginii Zachodniej[3][4][6]. W Meksyku jest spotykany w stanach Tamaulipas, Hidalgo i Puebla[5].
Morfologia
- Pokrój
- Zrzucające liście drzewo dorastające do 20 m wysokości. Kora jest gładka i ma szarą barwę[4].
- Liście
- Blaszka liściowa ma owalny lub odwrotnie jajowaty kształt. Mierzy 6–12 cm długości oraz 2,5–7,5 cm szerokości, jest falowana na brzegu, ma klinową lub ostrokątną nasadę i spiczasty wierzchołek. Ogonek liściowy jest nagi i ma 4–12 mm długości[4].
- Kwiaty
- Podobne jak w przypadku buka pospolitego[7].
- Owoce
-
Orzechy dorastające do 15–20 mm długości i 10–18 mm średnicy, wystające z brązowych miseczek mierzących 15–20 mm średnicy[4].
Biologia i ekologia
Rośnie w lasach mieszanych lub zrzucających liście. Występuje na wysokości do 1000 m n.p.m. Kwitnie od kwietnia do czerwca, natomiast owoce dojrzewają od września do października[4].
Zmienność
W obrębie tego gatunku oprócz podgatunku nominatywnego wyróżniono jeden podgatunek[2]:
Zastosowanie
Dawniej gatunek ten był stosowany w medycynie tradycyjnej jako środek na odrobaczanie czy w leczeniu zaburzeń serca. Obecnie bywa uprawiany[4]. Ponadto ma zastosowanie jako surowiec drzewny[5].
Przypisy
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Buk wielkolistny: Brief Summary
(
polonais
)
fourni par wikipedia POL
Buk wielkolistny, b. amerykański (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) – gatunek roślin z rodziny bukowatych (Fagaceae Dumort.). Występuje naturalnie w Ameryce Północnej – Kanadzie, Stanach Zjednoczonych oraz Meksyku.
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Fagus grandifolia
(
roumain ; moldave
)
fourni par wikipedia RO
Fagus grandifolia (fagul american) este o specie de arbore din genul Fagus, ordinul Fagales, nativă din estul Statelor Unite și Canadei.
Referințe
- R.C. Hosie, 1969. Native Trees of Canada. Canadian Forestry Service, Ottawa.
Legături externe
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Fagus grandifolia: Brief Summary
(
roumain ; moldave
)
fourni par wikipedia RO
Fagus grandifolia (fagul american) este o specie de arbore din genul Fagus, ordinul Fagales, nativă din estul Statelor Unite și Canadei.
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Ameriška bukev
(
espagnol ; castillan
)
fourni par wikipedia SL
Ameriška bukev (znanstveno ime Fagus grandifolia) je listopadno drevo iz družine bukovk, ki je domorodna v Severni Ameriki.
Značilnosti
Ameriška bukev povprečno zraste od 25 do 30 metrov, izjemoma pa tudi do 40 metrov visoko. Krošnja drevesa je piramidasta, deblo pa je ravno in močno in ima tanko, sivomodro lubje. Na bazi drevo požene številne stranske poganjke. Listi so jajčasti in grobo nazobčani, na veje pa so nameščeni premenjalno. Sprva so po zgornji strani poraščeni z gostimi, kratkimi dlačicami, kasneje pa postanejo svetleči in zeleno modre barve. Spodnja stran listov je svetlejše zelene barve. Listi so v povprečju dolgi od 6-12 cm. Drevo je enodomno, kar pomeni, da se na njem pojavljajo tako ženski kot moški cvetovi naenkrat.
Plod ameriške bukve je žir, ki je oranžno rdeče barve in poraščen z dogimi izrastki. V lupini, ki se zrela odpre v štiri dele se nahaja seme, s katerim se prehranjujejo živali, v preteklosti pa so ga za hrano uporabljali tudi ljudje.
Razširjenost in uporabnost
Ameriška bukev se razmnožuje s semeni ali s stranskimi koreninskimi poganjki, dobro pa uspeva v rahlih, zmerno namočenih tleh. Ta vrsta uspeva na vzhodu ZDA in Kanade.
Ameriška bukev je gospodarsko pomebna vrsta. Les drevesa je trd, težak in trpežen, zaradi česar se uporablja za izdelavo pohištva, parketa in embalaže.
Reference in viri
Wikimedijina zbirka ponuja več predstavnostnega gradiva o temi:
Ameriška bukev Wikivrste vsebujejo še več podatkov o temi:
Ameriška bukev
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Ameriška bukev: Brief Summary
(
espagnol ; castillan
)
fourni par wikipedia SL
Ameriška bukev (znanstveno ime Fagus grandifolia) je listopadno drevo iz družine bukovk, ki je domorodna v Severni Ameriki.
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Бук великолистковий
(
ukrainien
)
fourni par wikipedia UK
Поширення
![src=]()
Ареал Бука великолисткового
![src=]()
Бонсай з Бука великолисткового
Має два підвиди:
Fagus grandifolia subsp. grandifolia
Зустрічається в Канаді від провінції Нова Шотландія до північного берега затоки Джорджіан-бей (озеро Гурон). На території США росте в північній частині Нової Англії і в листопадних лісах східних районів США.
Fagus grandifolia subsp. mexicana
Зустрічається в Мексиці.
Опис
Дерево іноді досягає висоти 24 м, але зазвичай 12-15 м при діаметрі 0,5 м.
Заболонь і ядро мало відрізняються за забарвленням: заболонь світло-коричнева, ядро червонувато-коричневе, як у бука лісового (європейського), але текстура більша і більша щільність (показник близько 740 кг/м3 в сухому стані).
Сушка
Висушується швидко і добре, але можливі викривлення, а також розтріскування бічних поверхонь і торців.
Міцність
Тверда, важка і міцна деревина, за основними показниками механічних властивостей схожа з деревиною бука лісового (європейського).
Стійкість
Деревина швидко псується.
Технологічні властивості
Обробляється легко, але затискає пили і підгорає при поперечному розпилюванні і свердлінні. Дозволяє отримувати високу якість поверхні, добре обточується токарним інструментом. Має непогану гвоздимість, задовільно протравлюється барвниками, полірується і склеюється.
Застосування
Покриття підлог, меблі, бондарські вироби, посуд, предмети домашнього вжитку, столярні і токарні вироби, рукоятки, щітки, деталі возів (обозне виробництво). Деревина бука використовується також для сухої перегонки.
Примітки
Література
- «Деревні породи світу» під редакцією Г. І. Воробйова.
Джерела
Посилання
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Fagus grandifolia
(
vietnamien
)
fourni par wikipedia VI
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Fagus grandifolia: Brief Summary
(
vietnamien
)
fourni par wikipedia VI
Fagus grandifolia là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Fagaceae. Loài này được Jakob Friedrich Ehrhart mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1787.
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Бук крупнолистный
(
russe
)
fourni par wikipedia русскую Википедию
Вид: Бук крупнолистный
Международное научное название
Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.
Синонимы Ареал 
Систематика
на Викивидах
Изображения
на Викискладе ITIS 19462NCBI 60423EOL 1143553GRIN t:100831IPNI 295597-1TPL kew-83824 Бук крупноли́стный (лат. Fagus grandifolia) — вид цветковых растений рода Бук (Fagus) семейства Буковые (Fagaceae).
Распространение и экология
В природе ареал вида охватывает восточные районы Северной Америки — от Новой Шотландии (Канада) до реки Сент-Мерис и южного побережья Верхнего озера, затем через штаты Индиана, Кентукки, Теннесси и Миссисипи до устья реки Миссисипи, потом по берегу Мексиканского залива до Атлантического океана на границе штатов Джорджия и Южная Каролина. Отдельный обширный ареал существует к западу от Миссисипи на территории штатов Техас, Луизиана и Арканзас. В северных районах Мексики встречается подвид бука крупнолистного — Бук мексиканский (Fagus grandifolia subsp. mexicana)[3].
В Западной Европе введён в культуру с конца XVIII века, где иногда разводится в парках и садах в качестве декоративного растения с красивой осенней листвой. В России культивируется с начала XIX века.
Образует чистые и смешанные леса с берёзой аллеганской (Betula alleghaniensis), клёном сахарным (Acer saccharum), a на юге с липой американской (Tilia americana), лириодендроном тюльпановым (Liriodendron tulipifera), черёмухой поздней (Prunus serotina) и другими древесными породами.
Растёт на разнообразных почвах, лучшего развития достигает южнее Великих озёр на плодородных, достаточно влажных почвах.
Охранный статус NatureServe
Находящиеся в надёжном состоянии
Secure: Fagus grandifolia
Ботаническое описание
Дерево высотой 20—25 (до 40) м при диаметре ствола 0,6—1,0 (до 1,2) м. На открытых местах крона широко-яйцевидная, низко опущенная по стволу.
Почки длиной 2—2,5 см, веретенообразные, острые. Листья эллиптические, на вершине заострённые, длиной 6—12 см, шириной 2,5—6 см, с 9—14 парами жилок, грубопильчатые, молодые шелковистые, зрелые, обыкновенно, голые, сверху тёмно-синевато-зелёные, снизу светло-зелёные. Осенью приобретают красно-бурые оттенки.
Околоцветник тычиночных цветков с тупыми долями; тычинок 8—16. Плюска длиной около 2 см, с прямыми и искривлёнными шиловидными придаточными листочками, на ножках длиной 0,5—1,0 см.
Орехи длиной 1,2—1,8 см, равные по длине лопастям плюски или короче её.
На родине листораспускание происходит в апреле, опадание листьев в октябре — декабре. Цветение в апреле — мае, плодоношение в августе — октябре.
Классификация
Таксономия
Вид Бук крупнолистный входит в род Бук (Fagus) семейства Буковые (Fagaceae) порядка Букоцветные (Fagales).
ещё 7 семейств (согласно
Системе APG II) ещё 10 видов порядок
Букоцветные род
Бук отдел
Цветковые, или Покрытосеменные семейство
Буковые вид
Бук крупнолистный ещё 44 порядка цветковых растений
(согласно
Системе APG II) ещё 9 родов
Подвиды
В рамках вида выделяют ряд подвидов[2]:
-
Fagus grandifolia subsp. grandifolia
-
Fagus grandifolia subsp. mexicana (Martínez) A.E.Murray
- [syn. Fagus mexicana Martínez — Бук мексиканский]
Примечания
- licence
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- droit d’auteur
- Авторы и редакторы Википедии
Бук крупнолистный: Brief Summary
(
russe
)
fourni par wikipedia русскую Википедию
Бук крупноли́стный (лат. Fagus grandifolia) — вид цветковых растений рода Бук (Fagus) семейства Буковые (Fagaceae).
- licence
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- droit d’auteur
- Авторы и редакторы Википедии
アメリカブナ
(
japonais
)
fourni par wikipedia 日本語
アメリカブナ: Brief Summary
(
japonais
)
fourni par wikipedia 日本語
アメリカブナ（学名:Fagus grandifolia）は、ブナ科の落葉性広葉樹の一種である。高さ20～35ｍになる落葉高木で、カナダ南東部から、アメリカ合衆国のフロリダ州やテキサス州東部にかけてのアメリカ東海岸に自生する。メキシコ中央部に分布するメキシコブナは、亜種とされることもある。
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アメリカブナの葉と果実
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