Eleocharis tricostata Torr.

I have not seen specimens to verify reports of Eleocharis tricostata from Louisiana. In the absence of rhizomes and achenes, E. tricostata is easily mistaken for E. montevidensis.

Plants perennial, mat-forming; rhizomes evident, fairly long, 1.5–3 mm thick, hard, cortex persistent, longer internodes 1.5–3 mm, scales disintegrating to fibers, 4–5 mm, papery. Culms terete, often with 8–12 blunt ridges when dry, 20–55 cm × 0.3–1.3 mm, soft to hard. Leaves: distal leaf sheaths persistent, rarely splitting, proximally red to stramineous, distally green to reddish, papery, apex often dark reddish, subtruncate to obtuse, not callose, tooth present on some or all culms of plant, to 0.5 mm. Spikelets cylindric to ovoid, 5–20 × 2–3 mm, apex rounded to subacute; proximal scale amplexicaulous, apex entire; subproximal scale empty; floral scales appressed in fruit, 20–200+, 10 per mm of rachilla, dark brown, midrib regions often stramineous or greenish, oblong, 1.7–2.5 × 1 mm, apex entire, broadly rounded, usually recurved, mostly carinate. Flowers: perianth bristles absent; stamens 3; anthers dark yellow, 1–1.5 mm; styles 3-fid. Achenes falling with scales, medium to dark brown, obovoid to obpyriform, with short neck, thickly trigonous, angles prominent (keeled), 0.7–0.9 × 0.4–0.6 mm, obscurely to clearly rugulose at 10–20X with more than 20 horizontal ridges in vertical series and/or minutely cancellate at 20–30X. Tubercles brown, rudimentary, mostly apiculate, sometimes pyramidal, 0.05–0.15 × 0.15–0.2 mm.

Ala., Fla., Ga., Mass., Mich., N.J., N.Y., N.C., S.C., Va.

Fruiting late spring–summer.

Wet sandy or peaty depressions, pond margins, pine barrens, savannas, mostly coastal plains; 10–200m.

Eleocharis tricostata Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3 : 310. 1836
Rootstocks stout, creeping, 2-5 mm. thick; culms 2-6 dm. high, usually slender, striate, compressed or subterete ; sheaths 2-6 cm. high, loose, reddish to stramineous, with longitudinal striations and a toothed apex; spikelets densely flowered, long-cylindric, 6-18 mm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, obtuse or sometimes acute ; scales ovate, obtuse, reddish-brown with a yellowish midrib and a broad hyaline apex, often emarginate or reflexed; style trifid; achene yellow to dark brown, 0.8-1 mm. long, obovoid, with three prominent keel-like angles, the surface roughened-reticulate ; style-base brown, short-conic, acute ; bristles none.
Type locality: "Georgia" (LeConte).
Distribution: Pine-barren ponds: southeastern Massachusetts to New Jersey; Virginia; South Carolina to Florida ; Michigan.