dcsimg

Description ( anglais )

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Culms densely tufted, 50–80(–100) cm tall, 2–4-noded, smooth and glabrous, scabrous, or with dense, short, soft hairs below spike. Leaf sheath smooth, glabrous; ligule 0.3–1 mm; leaf blade glaucous to grayish green, flat or involute, 4–18 × 0.2–8 cm, glabrous to scabrous, margin scabrous. Spike (5–)9–12 × (0.5–)0.7–1.2 cm; rachis very brittle, puberulent, margin hirsute. Spikelets 2 or 3 per node, greenish, yellowish brown at maturity, narrowly elliptic, 0.8–1.1 cm, with 1 or 2(or 3) florets. Glumes (4–)5–8 mm, obscurely 1-veined, scabrous or puberulent only proximally and distally. Lemma lanceolate, (7–)8–11 mm including awn 1–2(–3) mm, usually with short, stiff hairs or long, soft hairs. Palea slightly shorter than lemma. Lodicules 1.3–1.5 mm. Anthers yellow or purple, 3.8–4.8 mm. Caryopsis 4.3–5 mm. Fl. and fr. May–Sep.
licence
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
citation bibliographique
Flora of China Vol. 22: 394, 395 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of China @ eFloras.org
rédacteur
Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
projet
eFloras.org
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
eFloras

Distribution ( anglais )

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Gansu, Nei Mongol, Xinjiang [Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia; cultivated in North America].
licence
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
citation bibliographique
Flora of China Vol. 22: 394, 395 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of China @ eFloras.org
rédacteur
Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
projet
eFloras.org
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
eFloras

Habitat ( anglais )

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Grasslands on mountain slopes, stony or pebbly calcareous or schistose mountain slopes, steppes, roadsides, or as a field weed; 1500–2000(–5500) m.
licence
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
citation bibliographique
Flora of China Vol. 22: 394, 395 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of China @ eFloras.org
rédacteur
Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
projet
eFloras.org
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
eFloras

Broad-scale Impacts of Fire ( anglais )

fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: fuel, grassland, litter

Moist bunchgrass root crowns are not likely to ignite and burn, and dry bunchgrass
root crowns are not always consumed, especially in fires with high wind speeds
[105]. Wind-driven, fast moving fires typical of grassland
ecosystems [157] often burn through grass litter too quickly to ignite
the crowns, resulting in little plant mortality [105]. Wright
[172] found that the death of perennial grasses after a fire is usually
attributable to heat. The moisture content of bunchgrass plants and the
adjacent fuels affect the amount of heat that axillary buds receive.
Fine textured bunchgrasses with densely clustered culms
are often more severely damaged than coarse bunchgrasses [23]. Fire can remain burning in
densely clustered culms 2-3 hours after
the fire has passed, reaching temperatures of 1,000 oF (538
oC) [139]. Fire tends to burn more
rapidly through small-diameter grass bunches compared to larger-diameter bunches. Larger
bunches usually have more dead fuel and are thus more likely to generate
enough heat to kill growing points [105]. Wright [173] suggests
that early summer fires are more likely to kill perennial bunchgrasses than fall
fires. Russian wildrye stems bend over at maturity [136], potentially creating more
continuity of surface fuels to favor the spread of fire.
licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Taylor, Jane E. 2005. Psathyrostachys juncea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/graminoid/psajun/all.html

Broad-scale Impacts of Plant Response to Fire ( anglais )

fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: wildfire

Russian wildrye regenerated well following a late August wildfire that burned
through the Aberdeen plant materials testing fields in southeast Idaho.
The fire burned rapidly through the test plots, and Russian wildrye had started
to green up by October of the same year. By July of the following
year, the Russian wildrye plots were all green and plants averaged 8 inches
(20.6 cm) tall  [144].

Russian wildrye was favored by a spring burn of a cultivated field near Fargo, North Dakota.
Canopy coverage of Russian wildrye was higher on the burned areas in the second postburn season (13%) than on
the unburned areas (10.5%) [113].

licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Taylor, Jane E. 2005. Psathyrostachys juncea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/graminoid/psajun/all.html

Common Names ( anglais )

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Russian wildrye
licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Taylor, Jane E. 2005. Psathyrostachys juncea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/graminoid/psajun/all.html

Description ( anglais )

fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: adventitious, caespitose, caryopsis, cool-season, fruit

This description provides characteristics that may be relevant to fire ecology,
and is not meant for identification. Several florae provide keys for identifying
Russian wildrye [45,46,59,61,162,163,164].

Russian wildrye is a nonnative, perennial, cool-season, bunch-type grass
[136]. It is long lived and resistant to cold and drought
[8]. Wasser [161] estimates longevity to be 25
years or longer in cultivated plots in the Northern Great Plains and somewhat
shorter on sites within the Great Basin.


The culms of Russian wildrye are leafless, erect and densely tufted,
typically 1.3 to 3.7 feet (0.4-1.1 m) tall. The inflorescence is a terminal
spike, 1.2 to 4.3 inches (3-11 cm) long. Glumes and lemmas are typically
scabrous and short-awned. The fruit is a caryopsis, 0.2 inch (5 mm) long. Leaves
are basal, 3 to 11 inches (7-30 cm) long and 0.25 to 0.5 inch (6.4-12.8 mm) wide with blades that are flat or curled
inward [61,164]. Leaf sheath bases are usually persistent, often
shredding into fibers [36]. Russian wildrye
forms an extensive network of dense, fibrous roots and is strictly caespitose,
forming no rhizomes or stolons [26,35,59,107]. The root system can establish
to a depth of  8 to 10 feet (2.5-3 m), with 75% of roots in the top 6 inches (15
cm). The horizontal spread of the root system can be 4 to 5 feet (1.2-1.5 m) [142].



Physiology:

Flooding —
Russian wildrye has moderate flood tolerance in the summer and fall [122], but is intolerant of
winter or spring flooding [142].


Drought—
Russian wildrye is exceptionally tolerant of
drought [82,142]. Russian wildrye produces seminal lateral roots when
drought kills the primary roots [15,53,149]. Plants may survive for 60 days or more when restricted to only the seminal root
system until moisture conditions improve and adventitious roots develop [15].

licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Taylor, Jane E. 2005. Psathyrostachys juncea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/graminoid/psajun/all.html

Distribution ( anglais )

fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: natural

Russian wildrye is native to the steppe and desert regions of Russia and China. It has been
utilized in the Northern Great Plains and Intermountain regions of
the United States for rangeland rehabilitation and improvement since the 1950s
[8]. Russian wildrye is not considered in the
literature to be noxious or invasive. Therefore, it generally occurs only
in areas where planted [66]. Because there is no natural distribution of
Russian wildrye in the United States, for this review, the distribution will be
discussed for areas where the species is reported to have been successfully planted. It occurs from
Alaska, Yukon, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan south to New Mexico and Texas [36,51,59,86,130].
Established populations
have been reported for a few locations in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado [36]. The Flora of North America
provides a distributional map of Russian wildrye.
licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Taylor, Jane E. 2005. Psathyrostachys juncea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/graminoid/psajun/all.html

Fire Ecology ( anglais )

fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: fire regime, fire tolerant, grassland, root crown, woodland

Fire adaptations: 
Pellant [120] lists Russian wildrye fire tolerant. Russian wildrye is
adapted to survive fire by tillering. The densely tufted culms of Russian
wildrye act as insulators, protecting the axillary buds located in the root crown [117].

FIRE REGIMES:
The historic FIRE REGIMES of grassland communities were generally of the stand
replacement type. Fire frequency was highly variable because fires could
occur in any given year as long as the grass was dry enough to burn and ignition
sources were available. Fire return intervals probably ranged from 4 to 20
years in the plains grasslands and 5 to 40 years in the mountain grasslands,
depending on climate and ignition sources. Native Americans ignited fires for a
variety of reasons, and this was a predominant source of ignition at low to middle elevations
in areas of high use. Grassland fuels, when cured and dry,
are ideally suited for burning; however, bunchgrasses can be difficult to ignite
regardless of their dryness. Historically, grassland fires would burn until a break in
terrain or a change in weather stopped the fire, sometimes covering several
hundred square miles [117].

Russian wildrye was not present in North America while historic FIRE REGIMES
were still operating. It is unclear how Russian wildrye may affect or alter fire
regimes in plant communities where it is present because as of this writing
(2005), fire ecology studies are lacking for Russian wildrye. The following table
provides some fire return intervals for plant communities and
ecosystems where Russian wildrye occurs. Find further fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find FIRE REGIMES".

Community or Ecosystem Dominant Species Fire Return Interval Range (years)
bluestem prairie Andropogon gerardii var. gerardii-Schizachyrium scoparium 89,117]
Nebraska sandhills prairie A. gerardii var. paucipilus-S. scoparium < 10
sagebrush steppe Artemisia tridentata/Pseudoroegneria spicata 20-70 [117]
basin big sagebrush A. tridentata var. tridentata 12-43 [134]
mountain big sagebrush A. tridentata var. vaseyana 15-40 [5,28,106]
Wyoming big sagebrush A. tridentata var. wyomingensis 10-70 (40**) [156,175]
saltbush-greasewood Atriplex confertifolia-Sarcobatus vermiculatus < 35 to < 100
desert grasslands Bouteloua eriopoda and/or Pleuraphis mutica 5-100 [117]
plains grasslands Bouteloua spp. 117,174]
blue grama-needle-and-thread grass-western wheatgrass B. gracilis-Hesperostipa comata-Pascopyrum smithii 117,133,174]
blue grama-buffalo grass B. gracilis-Buchloe dactyloides 117,174]
grama-galleta steppe Bouteloua gracilis-Pleuraphis jamesii < 35 to < 100
cheatgrass Bromus tectorum 121,165]
mountain-mahogany-Gambel oak scrub Cercocarpus ledifolius-Quercus gambelii < 35 to < 100
blackbrush Coleogyne ramosissima < 35 to < 100
western juniper Juniperus occidentalis 20-70
Rocky Mountain juniper J. scopulorum 117]
wheatgrass plains grasslands Pascopyrum smithii 117,127,174]
pinyon-juniper Pinus-Juniperus spp. 117]
Colorado pinyon P. edulis 10-400+ [52,57,85,117]
interior ponderosa pine* P. ponderosa var. scopulorum 2-30 [4,13,94]
Arizona pine P. ponderosa var. arizonica 2-15 [13,34,135]
galleta-threeawn shrubsteppe Pleuraphis jamesii-Aristida purpurea 117]
mountain grasslands Pseudoroegneria spicata 3-40 (10**) [3,4]
oak-juniper woodland (Southwest) Quercus-Juniperus spp. < 35 to < 200
little bluestem-grama prairie Schizachyrium scoparium-Bouteloua spp. 117]


*fire return interval varies widely; trends in variation are noted in the
species review

**mean
licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Taylor, Jane E. 2005. Psathyrostachys juncea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/graminoid/psajun/all.html

Fire Management Considerations ( anglais )

fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: competition, greenstrip, wildfire

Russian wildrye is commonly used in greenstrip plantings in sagebrush
communities designed to act as fuelbreaks in case of wildfire [118,119].
According to Pellant [120], Russian wildrye meets the
following criteria for vegetation used in greenstrips:  1) fire resistant
throughout season; 2) drought tolerant and adapted to persist on semi-arid
sites in competition with weeds; 3) palatable to herbivores yet not susceptible
to mortality with grazing.
licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Taylor, Jane E. 2005. Psathyrostachys juncea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/graminoid/psajun/all.html

Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification) ( anglais )

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More info on this topic.

More info for the term: hemicryptophyte

RAUNKIAER [128] LIFE
FORM:



Hemicryptophyte
licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Taylor, Jane E. 2005. Psathyrostachys juncea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/graminoid/psajun/all.html

Habitat characteristics ( anglais )

fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: shrub

Russian wildrye is exceptionally tolerant of extremely cold temperatures, highly
tolerant of salinity (12 mmhos/cm), and fairly tolerant of alkalinity [122,136,142]. Because of its marked
adaptation to alkaline soils, Russian wildrye is one of the only grass species
to survive plantings in the dry salt desert shrub communities [123]. Russian wildrye grows best on fertile silty, loamy or clayey soils. It does
poorly on soils of low fertility, and is hard to establish on sandy soils [69,72,141,142]. Establishment of
Russian wildrye is enhanced in semiarid rangelands on sites with a cryptogamic
soil crust, presumably because the crust improves moisture and nutrient
relationships [16,80].

Russian wildrye is adapted to sites receiving 8 to 14 inches (20-36 cm) of
annual precipitation [62,76,145]. Holzworth and Lacey [73] rate Russian wildrye as one of the best pasture
grasses for Montana on sites receiving <13 inches (330 mm) precipitation.

The following table lists elevation ranges where
Russian wildrye is reported to occur or has been successfully planted on wildland sites:

State

Elevation
AZ 5,000 to 8,300 feet (1,524-2,530 m) [2,29]
CO 5,400 to 7,600 feet (1,646-2,317 m) [75,104]
ID 2,900 to 6,200 feet (884-1,890 m) [67,74]
MT up to 6,000 feet (1,829 m) [141]
NM 5,000 to 8,000 feet (1,524-2,438 m) [2]
OR 2,900 feet (884 m) [86]
UT 4,200 to 9,400 feet (1,280-2,870 m) [116,132,164]
licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Taylor, Jane E. 2005. Psathyrostachys juncea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/graminoid/psajun/all.html

Habitat: Cover Types ( anglais )

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More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

More info for the term: cover

SAF COVER TYPES [48]:





217 Aspen

218 Lodgepole pine

219 Limber pine

220 Rocky Mountain juniper

236 Bur oak

237 Interior ponderosa pine

238 Western juniper

239 Pinyon-juniper
licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Taylor, Jane E. 2005. Psathyrostachys juncea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/graminoid/psajun/all.html

Habitat: Ecosystem ( anglais )

fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

More info for the term: shrub

ECOSYSTEMS [56]:





FRES21 Ponderosa pine

FRES29 Sagebrush

FRES30 Desert shrub

FRES33 Southwestern shrubsteppe

FRES34 Chaparral-mountain shrub

FRES35 Pinyon-juniper

FRES36 Mountain grasslands

FRES38 Plains grasslands

FRES39 Prairie

FRES40 Desert grasslands
licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Taylor, Jane E. 2005. Psathyrostachys juncea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/graminoid/psajun/all.html

Habitat: Plant Associations ( anglais )

fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the terms: forest, woodland

KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS [90]:




K018 Pine-Douglas-fir forest

K019 Arizona pine forest

K023 Juniper-pinyon woodland

K024 Juniper steppe woodland

K037 Mountain-mahogany-oak scrub

K038 Great Basin sagebrush

K039 Blackbrush

K040 Saltbush-greasewood

K051 Wheatgrass-bluegrass

K053 Grama-galleta steppe

K055 Sagebrush steppe

K056 Wheatgrass-needlegrass shrubsteppe

K057 Galleta-threeawn shrubsteppe

K063 Foothills prairie

K064 Grama-needlegrass-wheatgrass

K065 Grama-buffalo grass

K066 Wheatgrass-needlegrass

K067 Wheatgrass-bluestem-needlegrass

K070 Sandsage-bluestem prairie

K075 Nebraska Sandhills prairie
licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Taylor, Jane E. 2005. Psathyrostachys juncea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/graminoid/psajun/all.html

Habitat: Rangeland Cover Types ( anglais )

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More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following Rangeland Cover Types (as classified by the Society for Range Management, SRM):

More info for the terms: cover, grassland, shrub, shrubland, woodland

SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES [138]:




101 Bluebunch wheatgrass

102 Idaho fescue

104 Antelope bitterbrush-bluebunch wheatgrass

105 Antelope bitterbrush-Idaho fescue

106 Bluegrass scabland

107 Western juniper/big sagebrush/bluebunch wheatgrass

109 Ponderosa pine shrubland

110 Ponderosa pine-grassland

209 Montane shrubland

210 Bitterbrush

212 Blackbush

215 Valley grassland

301 Bluebunch wheatgrass-blue grama

302 Bluebunch wheatgrass-Sandberg bluegrass

303 Bluebunch wheatgrass-western wheatgrass

304 Idaho fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass

305 Idaho fescue-Richardson needlegrass

306 Idaho fescue-slender wheatgrass

307 Idaho fescue-threadleaf sedge

308 Idaho fescue-tufted hairgrass

309 Idaho fescue-western wheatgrass

310 Needle-and-thread-blue grama

311 Rough fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass

312 Rough fescue-Idaho fescue

313 Tufted hairgrass-sedge

314 Big sagebrush-bluebunch wheatgrass

315 Big sagebrush-Idaho fescue

316 Big sagebrush-rough fescue

317 Bitterbrush-bluebunch wheatgrass

318 Bitterbrush-Idaho fescue

319 Bitterbrush-rough fescue

320 Black sagebrush-bluebunch wheatgrass

321 Black sagebrush-Idaho fescue

324 Threetip sagebrush-Idaho fescue

401 Basin big sagebrush

402 Mountain big sagebrush

403 Wyoming big sagebrush

404 Threetip sagebrush

405 Black sagebrush

406 Low sagebrush

407 Stiff sagebrush

408 Other sagebrush types

410 Alpine rangeland

411 Aspen woodland

412 Juniper-pinyon woodland

413 Gambel oak

414 Salt desert shrub

416 True mountain-mahogany

501 Saltbush-greasewood

502 Grama-galleta

504 Juniper-pinyon pine woodland

601 Bluestem prairie

602 Bluestem-prairie sandreed

603 Prairie sandreed-needlegrass

605 Sandsage prairie

606 Wheatgrass-bluestem-needlegrass

607 Wheatgrass-needlegrass

608 Wheatgrass-grama-needlegrass

609 Wheatgrass-grama

610 Wheatgrass

611 Blue grama-buffalo grass

612 Sagebrush-grass

613 Fescue grassland

614 Crested wheatgrass

615 Wheatgrass-saltgrass-grama

701 Alkali sacaton-tobosagrass

702 Black grama-alkali sacaton

703 Black grama-sideoats grama

704 Blue grama-western wheatgrass

705 Blue grama-galleta

706 Blue grama-sideoats grama

707 Blue grama-sideoats grama-black grama

708 Bluestem-dropseed

712 Galleta-alkali sacaton

713 Grama-muhly-threeawn

714 Grama-bluestem

715 Grama-buffalo grass

716 Grama-feathergrass

722 Sand sagebrush-mixed prairie

724 Sideoats grama-New Mexico feathergrass-winterfat
licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Taylor, Jane E. 2005. Psathyrostachys juncea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/graminoid/psajun/all.html

Immediate Effect of Fire ( anglais )

fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: root crown

Fire often kills the aboveground parts of Russian wildrye, but not the roots or
growing points in the root crown [113,144]. If fire does ignite the crown, the
heat that is generated may kill the axillary buds, thus killing the entire plant [105].
licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Taylor, Jane E. 2005. Psathyrostachys juncea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/graminoid/psajun/all.html

Importance to Livestock and Wildlife ( anglais )

fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: cover, seed

Russian wildrye has been widely utilized for pasture and rangeland seeding
throughout the Rocky Mountain states, the Intermountain West, and Northern Great
Plains because of its drought, cold, and salt tolerance [97,123,164].
Although Russian wildrye was grown in nursery rows in North
Dakota in 1907, the first recorded introduction was grown at Mandan, North
Dakota, in 1927. Seed from this source was first released to the public in
1941 and 1942. Because of erratic seed yields, Russian wildrye did not come
into common use until the 1950s [141]. Over the years, new Russian
wildrye cultivars were developed with the emphases on improved seedling vigor,
improved seedling emergence from deep planting, and reduced seed shattering
[8]. The following is a list of Russian wildrye cultivars released as of 2005 [152]:

'Vinall' 1960
'Mayak' 1971
'Cabree' 1976
'Swift'' 1978
'Bozoisky-Select' 1984
'Tetracan' 1988
'Mankota' 1991
'Bozoisky II' 2004

Once established, Russian wildrye provides one of the best
sources of forage on many semiarid rangelands [8]. The leaves have a longer growing
season than most dryland grasses and have the ability to cure on the stem; this
allows for a long grazing season. The forage yields per acre for Russian
wildrye are usually not as high as other grasses, but the high digestibility and
long season of use compensate for the lower yields [60]. Plants in new pastures
should be allowed to mature and set seed before they are
grazed [141]. Although Russian wildrye can be grazed
from early spring to winter, it is often best to graze this grass lightly in the
spring, and then again in late summer and fall when other grasses are
unproductive or low in quality [8,102,141]. Grazing systems that utilize crested wheatgrass in spring, native range in
summer, and Russian wildrye in late summer and fall have been recommended for
maintaining high daily gains for beef cattle in the Northern Great Plains [102].

Russian wildrye recovers rapidly after grazing if adequate moisture is
available and is tolerant of close grazing [82,136]. It is better utilized for pasture and range rather than hay
production because most of the growth is from basal leaves, which are difficult
to pick up with harvesting equipment [141].

Palatability/nutritional value:
The palatability and nutritional value of Russian wildrye to livestock and wildlife
have been rated as follows [43]:

 
CO
MT
ND
UT
WY
Cattle
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Domestic sheep
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Horses
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Pronghorn
----
----
----
Good
Poor
Elk
----
----
----
Good
Good
Mule deer
----
----
----
Good
Poor
White-tailed deer
----
----
----
----
Poor
Small mammals
----
----
----
Good
----
Small nongame birds
----
----
----
Good
----
Upland game birds
----
----
----
Good
----
Waterfowl
----
----
----
Poor
----

Deer mice eat Russian wildrye seeds, but in feeding
tests, the seeds did not rank as "preferred" [47]. 'Bozoisky'
wildrye was ranked as "avoided" by black-tailed jackrabbits in a feeding study
near Burns, Oregon [54]. Angora goats "indifferently" graze
Russian wildrye when crested wheatgrass is readily available [55].

The forage of Russian wildrye is nutritious, highly digestible, and it retains
digestibility and high nutritive
value into the fall and winter [6,33,64,142,166]. In a 2-year field study in eastern Montana,
Russian wildrye averaged a crude
protein level of 14.5%, and a phosphorus level of 0.27%, adequately meeting the
requirements for a 1,000 pound (500 kg) lactating cow of  9% crude protein
and 0.22% phosphorus [38]. Fat content usually averages
about 1.62% [64].

Cook and Harris [33] compared spring season digestible protein levels in
Russian wildrye and crested wheatgrass. They found that
the digestible protein of Russian wildrye was 8.1% in early-spring and 7.4% in
late-spring, compared to 10.6% early-spring and 3.9% late-spring for crested
wheatgrass. The recommended digestible protein for lactating ewes is 5.4%
in the first 8 weeks after lambing. Russian wildrye provides adequate
protein throughout the crucial spring lactating period, whereas crested
wheatgrass is inadequate toward the end of the period.

Grazing studies have generally shown that Russian wildrye's high nutritive values in late-summer and fall
results in better late-season weight gains in cattle than other forage grasses.
In a grazing study of Russian wildrye in Saskatchewan,
Holt and Knipfel [71] found that over a 6-year period, the average daily weight
gain in September and October was 0.75 pounds (0.34 kg) per day for cows and 2.2
pounds (1.0 kg) per days for calves.

One limitation of Russian wildrye as a forage grass is
the potential for cattle to develop grass tetany, a deficiency of available
magnesium caused by a high potassium: magnesium plus calcium ratio [10,77].
The grass tetany risk can be reduced by seeding Russian wildrye in mixtures with
alfalfa (Medicago sativa) or other legumes [9].

Cover value:
The degree to which Russian wildrye provides cover for wildlife species has been rated as
follows [43]:

 
UT
WY
Small mammals
Fair
Good
Small nongame birds
Fair
Good
Upland game birds
Fair
Good
Waterfowl
Poor
Fair
licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Taylor, Jane E. 2005. Psathyrostachys juncea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/graminoid/psajun/all.html

Key Plant Community Associations ( anglais )

fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: grassland, nonnative species, shrub

Russian wildrye is a nonnative species and is therefore not used for habitat
typing. The occurrence of Russian wildrye is not well documented for all
plant communities where it may be found. Although it was planted extensively in many states
in the western United States for range improvement, soil stabilization, and pasture,
the literature indicates that the species is not invasive, and it
is suspected that many plantings of Russian wildrye on "wild", noncultivated
sites have gradually been replaced by other species. The following is a
list of  habitat types and native plant communities where Russian wildrye
was once widely planted and where it may still occur. The list is
neither restrictive nor all inclusive.

Pinyon-juniper type (Pinus-Juniperus spp.) AZ, NM, UT [2,29,30,81,115,123,143,148,151,159,164]
Sagebrush types (Artemisia spp.) AZ, ID, NV, NM, UT [67,74,79,87,98,101,114,115,130,164]
Saltgrass meadow CO [99]
Blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis) grassland CO [63,104]
Salt desert shrub NV, OR, UT, WY [22,24,86,111,123,137,164]
Mountain brush UT [123,145,146,164]
Northern desert shrub AZ, CO, NM, NV, UT, WY [101,123]
Tallgrass prairie & mixed-grass plains MT, ND, SD, WY [113,129]
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citation bibliographique
Taylor, Jane E. 2005. Psathyrostachys juncea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/graminoid/psajun/all.html

Life Form ( anglais )

fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: graminoid

Graminoid
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citation bibliographique
Taylor, Jane E. 2005. Psathyrostachys juncea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/graminoid/psajun/all.html

Management considerations ( anglais )

fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: dough stage, lodging, seed

There has been some concern expressed in the literature about using nonnatives
for revegetating disturbed areas or improving rangeland forage. Monsen
and McArthur [108] suggest that the use of nonnatives has been so successful on
some sites that their longevity, adaptation, and competitive ability have made
it difficult for native plants to recover or reestablish. Koehler [88]
cautions that seeding efforts that involve the destruction of valuable wildlife
browse, especially in key wintering areas, should not be attempted. He
further suggests that seeding with nonnatives should only be done on an
"emergency" basis in areas in particularly critical condition.

Dormaar and others [44] compared native rangeland to 17- to 27-year-old
cultivated monocultures of Russian wildrye in southern Canada. The native range
had about 7.5 times more root mass in the upper soil horizons, and soils in the
native rangeland had significantly more (P<0.01) organic matter. The wide spacing
used for the seeding of the Russian wildrye resulted in 44% bare ground
exposure, compared to less than 5% for the native range.


As of this writing (2005), Russian wildrye is apparently not considered invasive or noxious.


The biggest limitation in growing Russian wildrye is the difficulty of establishment.
Seeding depth is the most crucial factor determining successful establishment. Seed establishment is
enhanced by seeding into a firm, weed-free seedbed at a
depth of less than 1 inch (2.5 cm). Seeding can be done in early spring,
in summer if soil moisture is adequate, or in late fall once soil temperatures
remain below 45 oF (4.4 oC). Row spacings of 
2 to 3 feet (0.7-0.9 m) are recommended for pastures in dry areas, and 1 to 2
feet (0.3-0.7 m) in areas where the annual precipitation is above 14 inches
(35.6 cm) [70,154].


Although Russian wildrye will produce seed well on relatively fertile dryland
soils, seeds are difficult to harvest due to lodging and shattering [136]. The relatively high
moisture content and softness of the
seed can lead to damage during harvesting and reduced germination potential. Seeds should be
harvested in the firm dough stage with a combine set at a slow
cylinder speed (1,000 rpm). Seeds harvested in this stage will need to
be dried before storage [154]. Binding and field curing is an alternative
method of seed harvest [12,31,154]. Nitrogen fertilization is necessary to maintain high
seed yields of Russian wildrye for many years [154].


Russian wildrye is subject to attack by grasshoppers and cutworms [141], but is relatively
resistant to the bluegrass billbug [7,112]. Russian wildrye is resistant to barley-yellow-dwarf
virus [110], but is susceptible to Septoria leaf spot disease
[18] and head smut [150].




Russian wildrye has been artificially hybridized with bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria
spicata) [160], durum wheat (Triticum durum) [110], and a Russian/Asian
wildrye species (Elymus coreanus) [78].
licence
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citation bibliographique
Taylor, Jane E. 2005. Psathyrostachys juncea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/graminoid/psajun/all.html

Phenology ( anglais )

fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

More info for the term: seed

Russian wildrye begins spring growth
about 2 weeks later than crested wheatgrass [141], but earlier than most
native range grasses [75]. Russian wildrye flowers in May-June [59]. It continues growing
longer into the summer, often remaining green after seed maturity [155]. The seed
of Russian wildrye matures in late summer [8,33,142].

In perennial grasses, the plant growing points undergo a physiological transition between
the reproductive stage and the vegetative stage. Often, a cold shock, as would occur with
winter temperatures, is needed to initiate this transition. Russian
wildrye does not require cold shock, and therefore, the transition occurs in the fall in contrast to
the spring transition reported for many other grasses [96].
licence
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citation bibliographique
Taylor, Jane E. 2005. Psathyrostachys juncea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/graminoid/psajun/all.html

Plant Response to Fire ( anglais )

fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: root crown

After defoliation, Russian wildrye grows new tillers from axillary
buds in the plant root crown [65]. Russian wildrye has
been observed to sprout within weeks following fire [144].
licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Taylor, Jane E. 2005. Psathyrostachys juncea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/graminoid/psajun/all.html

Post-fire Regeneration ( anglais )

fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: tussock

POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY [147]:




Tussock graminoid
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citation bibliographique
Taylor, Jane E. 2005. Psathyrostachys juncea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/graminoid/psajun/all.html

Regeneration Processes ( anglais )

fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: litter, monoecious, root crown, seed, tiller

Russian wildrye reproduces by seeds and by tillering [39,65,164].

Breeding system:
Russian wildrye is monoecious [61].


Pollination:
A reference could not be found that speaks specifically to the pollination of Russian wildrye, but
it is presumed that it is similar to other perennial grasses
and is cross-pollinated by wind [58,68,153].


Seed production:
Seed production in Russian wildrye ranges from 50 to 300 pounds per acre under
dryland conditions [17,136] and 100 to 700 pounds per acre with irrigation
[12,95,136]. Grazing soon after seed maturity  increases the seed production the following year by
preventing the development of long mesocotyls. Long mesocotyls cause the shoot
apices to form in an elevated position where they are more exposed to frost
damage, resulting in a loss of seed production potential [96].


Seed dispersal:
The seed of Russian wildrye shatters readily at maturity [142]. Most of the seed falls under
or near the parent plant [50].


Seed banking: Grasses
typically have seeds that are a transient part of the seed bank. Much of
the seed remains in the litter layer and is lost to predation [105].


Germination:
In the laboratory, Russian wildrye
germinates at a rate of 82% to 85% at 62 to 86 oF (17-30 oC)
[11,136,176]. Germination rate drops to
34% at colder temperatures and to 70% at warmer temperatures [176]. Maximum germination rate is
achieved at 14 days. Shaw and Cooper [136]
recommend 5 days of prechilling prior to planting for optimum seed germination. Seeds can be
stored for 4 years before germination rates fall below 70% [136]. Germination rates decrease with increased moisture
stress. In laboratory tests, seed germination was greater than 90% at a
simulated dehydration level of -59 megapascals (mP). The germination rate
dropped to an average of 60% at -120 mP and 33% at -220 mP [14].


Seedling establishment/growth:
Russian wildrye is very difficult to establish. It is especially sensitive
to seeding depth, and does not emerge well if seeded to a depth of greater than
0.5 to 0.75 inch (1.3-1.9 cm) [6]. Seedlings are weak and develop slowly
[142]. Seedling establishment is best on loamy soils
because sandy soils may dry out before seedling roots can grow to a depth to
find available moisture [72]. 


Asexual regeneration:
Russian wildrye produces tillers from axillary buds on the root crown [65].
Heavy grazing can decrease tiller numbers, but moderate
grazing to a plant height of 3 inches (7.6 cm) can
stimulate tillering and increase tiller numbers [39,65]. Although Russian wildrye does produce
tillers, the vegetative spread is very slow [12].

licence
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citation bibliographique
Taylor, Jane E. 2005. Psathyrostachys juncea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/graminoid/psajun/all.html

Regional Distribution in the Western United States ( anglais )

fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS [19]:





5 Columbia Plateau

6 Upper Basin and Range

8 Northern Rocky Mountains

9 Middle Rocky Mountains

10 Wyoming Basin

11 Southern Rocky Mountains

12 Colorado Plateau

14 Great Plains

16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Taylor, Jane E. 2005. Psathyrostachys juncea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/graminoid/psajun/all.html

States or Provinces ( anglais )

fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
(key to state/province abbreviations)


UNITED STATES

AK AZ CO ID MN MT NE NV
NM ND OR SD TX UT WA WY



CANADA

AB BC MB SK YK      

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citation bibliographique
Taylor, Jane E. 2005. Psathyrostachys juncea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/graminoid/psajun/all.html

Successional Status ( anglais )

fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

More info for the terms: cover, natural, shrub

Russian wildrye is rated as having medium shade tolerance. It does best
when exposed to full sunlight, but is not especially sensitive to shading [136].
When seeded on mountain-brush sites in Utah, Russian
wildrye was more productive growing in the light shade of greasewood (Sarcobatus
spp.), big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), and rubber rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus
spp.) than on sites lacking those woody species [124].

Although Russian wildrye is hard to establish and slow to spread, once it is
established, the extensive root growth makes this grass very competitive for
water and nutrients [26,136,142]. When established in pure stands, it may
nearly exclude other vegetation for years
[72,82].


Plummer [125] suggests that Russian wildrye planted into salt desert shrub
areas seldom persists longer than 10-12 years and is replaced eventually by
natives or more invasive introduced grasses. On a salt desert shrub site
in Utah, Russian wildrye persisted for more than 14 years at a cover of 15% to
21%; natural recruitment of native species including shadscale (Atriplex
spp.), green molly (Kochia americana), and bottlebrush squirreltail (Elymus
elymoides) increased on the plots within this time period [111]. In the arid shadscale zone of Utah
and Nevada, Russian wildrye was still surviving on some sites after 10 years,
although coverage was considered "sparse" [24].


In pinyon-juniper woodlands on the Hualapai Indian Reservation in Arizona,
Russian wildrye persisted on seeded sites for more than 21
years [41].


In aspen (Populus spp.) parkland pastures in British
Columbia, Russian wildrye established well, but was replaced steadily by crested
wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum), smooth brome (Bromus inermis)
and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) until it was considered "all but
gone" within 10 years [103,158].


Russian wildrye planted into a big sagebrush habitat in Nevada persisted for at least
18 years. It persisted best for the
first 11 years, and then was steadily replaced by the sagebrush [130].


In Alberta rangelands, cultivated fields of Russian wildrye have persisted
for 17 to 35 years; native grasses generally did not reinvade the fields [140].

licence
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citation bibliographique
Taylor, Jane E. 2005. Psathyrostachys juncea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/graminoid/psajun/all.html

Synonyms ( anglais )

fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
Elymus junceus Fisch. [36,45,46,59,164]
licence
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citation bibliographique
Taylor, Jane E. 2005. Psathyrostachys juncea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/graminoid/psajun/all.html

Taxonomy ( anglais )

fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
The scientific name of Russian wildrye is Psathyrostachys juncea
(Fisch.) Nevski (Poaceae) [2,61,83,84,162,163].
Cultivars and artificially produced hybrids are discussed in Management Considerations.
licence
cc-publicdomain
citation bibliographique
Taylor, Jane E. 2005. Psathyrostachys juncea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/graminoid/psajun/all.html

Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites ( anglais )

fourni par Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: cover, tree

Russian wildrye has been used extensively to revegetate burned areas [1,27,41,111]. Reseeding
after fire with Russian wildrye often provided quick cover and reduced the
invasion of nondesirable invasives, such as cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum),
while providing for good livestock forage [111]. Plantings
of Russian wildrye have generally been most successful when planted in
pure stands and when Russian wildrye was drill-seeded, as opposed to broadcast or aerially
seeded [74,111,115]. Lavin [94] suggested that Russian wildrye may be
a good species to use when the revegetation goal is the recovery of ponderosa pine
(Pinus ponderosa) seedlings; the
bunch type growth of the grass will provide quick soil cover, but still permit the survival of
the tree seedlings [94].

Russian wildrye has been commonly and effectively used in revegetation efforts
to control invasive nonnatives including leafy spurge (Euphorbia
esula), spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa), diffuse knapweed
(C. diffusa), Russian knapweed (C. repens), yellow starthistle (C.
solstitialis), cheatgrass, halogeton (Halogeton glomeratus),
Dalmatian toadflax (Linaria dalmatica), Canada thistle (Cirsium
arvense), and musk thistle (Carduus nutans). Herbicide
application, with or without cultivation, prior to seeding with Russian wildrye
often improves the level of weed control [20,21,25,26,32,40,42,50,91,92,100,126,131,167,168,169,170].


Although Russian wildrye has been planted for erosion control, it is not
especially suited for this purpose. When planted in pure stands, it does
not naturally fill in between rows very quickly after planting [37,44,140,141]. A high percentage of bare ground
is left exposed, increasing the risk of wind and water erosion [171]. However,
in critical situations, planting Russian wildrye provides quick cover, giving
better erosion control than no vegetation cover at all [87,94]. 

Attempts to use Russian wildrye to revegetate mine spoils have generally not
been successful [49,104,109].

licence
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citation bibliographique
Taylor, Jane E. 2005. Psathyrostachys juncea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/graminoid/psajun/all.html

Physical Description ( anglais )

fourni par USDA PLANTS text
Perennials, Terrestrial, not aquatic, Stems nodes swollen or brittle, Stems erect or ascending, Stems caespitose, tufted, or clustered, Stems terete, round in cross section, or polygonal, Stem internodes hollow, Stems with inflorescence less than 1 m tall, Stems with inflorescence 1-2 m tall, Stems, culms, or scapes exceeding basal leaves, Leaves mostly cauline, Leaves conspicuously 2-ranked, distichous, Leaves sheathing at base, Leaf sheath mostly open, or loose, Leaf sheath smooth, glabrous, Leaf sheath and blade differentiated, Leaf blades linear, Leaf blade auriculate, Leaf blades 2-10 mm wide, Leaf blades 1-2 cm wide, Leaf blades mostly flat, Leaf blade margins folded, involute, or conduplicate, Leaf blades mostly glabrous, Leaf blades scabrous, roughened, or wrinkled, Ligule present, Ligule an unfringed eciliate membrane, Inflorescence terminal, Inflorescence a dense slender spike-li ke panicle or raceme, branches contracted, Inflorescence solitary, with 1 spike, fascicle, glomerule, head, or cluster per stem or culm, Inflorescence single raceme, fascicle or spike, Inflorescence spikelets arranged in a terminal bilateral spike, Peduncle or rachis scabrous or pubescent, often with long hairs, Flowers bisexual, Spikelets pedicellate, Spikelets sessile or subsessile, Spikelets dorsally compressed or terete, Spikelet less than 3 mm wide, Spikelets with 2 florets, Spikelets with 3-7 florets, Spikelets 3 per node, Spikelets distichously arranged, Spikelets all alike and fertille, Spikelets bisexual, Inflorescence disarticulating between nodes or joints of rachis, rachis fragmenting, Spikelets falling with parts of disarticulating rachis or pedicel, Rachilla or pedicel glabrous, Glumes present, empty bracts, Glumes 2 clearly present, Glumes equal or subequal, Glumes equal to or longer than adjacent lemma, Glumes displaced, side by side, Glumes awn-like, elonga ted or subulate, Glumes awned, awn 1-5 mm or longer, Glume surface hairy, villous or pilose, Glumes 1 nerved, Lemma similar in texture to glumes, Lemma 1 nerved, Lemma glabrous, Lemma body or surface hairy, Lemma apex acute or acuminate, Lemma mucronate, very shortly beaked or awned, less than 1-2 mm, Lemma distinctly awned, more than 2-3 mm, Lemma with 1 awn, Lemma awn less than 1 cm long, Lemma awned from tip, Lemma awns straight or curved to base, Lemma margins thin, lying flat, Lemma straight, Palea present, well developed, Palea shorter than lemma, Stamens 3, Styles 2-fid, deeply 2-branched, Stigmas 2, Fruit - caryopsis, Caryopsis ellipsoid, longitudinally grooved, hilum long-linear, Caryopsis hairy at apex.
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Dr. David Bogler
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Missouri Botanical Garden
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USDA NRCS NPDC
original
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USDA PLANTS text

Эмзэг түрүүт өлөнгө ( mongol )

fourni par wikipedia emerging languages

Эмзэг түрүүт өлөнгө (лат. Psathyróstachys júncea) нь олон наст үет ургамал юм.

Ботаник тодорхойлолт

Түрүү баг цэцэгтэй, түрүүхэй нь нэг дор гурав гурваар сууж, түрүүхэйн хайрс нэг бүдэг нарийн шовгордуу, түрүүхэйн гол үеэрээ амархан салж унадаг. Үндэсний систем нь хүчирхэг хөгжсөн (3 м). Ургамлын өндөр 107.6-118.6 см. Бутны хэлбэр саглагар. Навчны урт 45-53 см. Газрын гадаргуу дээр ихэнх нь тархсан. Түрүүний урт нь 10-16 см, цагаан шаргал өнгөтэй, түрүүн дэх үрийн тоо 105-160 ширхэг[1].

Биологи, аж ахуйн шинж чанарууд

Тарьсны дараах 2 жилд аажим ургаж бага хэмжээний үрийн ургац өгнө. 4 сарын 15-20-нд сэргэн ургаж 7-р сарын 21-28-нд үр бүрэн боловсорно. Хэнзэлж ургах чадвар маш сайн. Жилдээ 3-4 удаа хэнзэлж, 16000-21000 кг/га ногоон ургац өгнө. Сэргэн ургалтаас үр боловсролт хүртэл 95-105 хоног. Үр хураасны дараа 8-р сард 20 хоногт 20-25 см өндөр ургадаг. 10-р сарын 10 хүртэл ногоон байдлаа хадгалж хагдарна. Үрийн ургац 300-330 кг/га. Үет, буурцагт ургамлаас ялгагдах олон шинэлэг онцлогтой: Үүнд: 5 -р сарын эхийн 10 хоногт 15-25 см өндөр ургаж мал ногоолох хугацааг 1 сараар наашлуулдаг. Ган, хүйтэнд маш их тэсвэртэй. 10-р сарын эхний 10 хоногт ногооноор хагдарна. 1000 үрийн жин 3.0-3.1 гр[2].

Тархалт

Дундад Азийн уул, тал хөндий, Афганистан, Монгол, Төвдийн нутгаар өргөн тархсан. Мөн Хойд Америк, АНУ-ын төвийн нутаг, Канад, Аляскад элбэг тохиолдоно[3].

Шимт чанар

Хавартаа үхэр маш сайн адуу, тэмээ сайн, бусад улиралд бүх төрлийн мал дунд зэрэг иднэ. Тэжээлийн шимт чанарын хувьд буурцагт ургамалтай адил уургийн агууламжтай[4].

Ашиглалт

Тэжээл үйлдвэрлэл, уул уурхайн нөхөн сэргээлт болон хавар эрт, зун, намар оройн таримал ногоон бэлчээр болгож ашиглана. Эрдэмтэн А.Эрдэнэчимэг 2011 онд нутгийн дээжээс бөөний сонголт үржүүлгийн аргаар тэжээлийн зориулалттай "Мандал" сортыг гарган авчээ.

Эх сурвалж

  1. http://muls.edu.mn/viewsubnew/250/198/1093
  2. http://muls.edu.mn/viewsubnew/250/198/1093
  3. http://www.agroatlas.ru/ru/content/related/Psathyrostachys_juncea/map/
  4. http://muls.edu.mn/viewsubnew/250/198/1093
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Эмзэг түрүүт өлөнгө: Brief Summary ( mongol )

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Эмзэг түрүүт өлөнгө (лат. Psathyróstachys júncea) нь олон наст үет ургамал юм.

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Psathyrostachys juncea ( anglais )

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Psathyrostachys juncea is a species of grass known by the common name Russian wildrye. It was formerly classified as Elymus junceus. It is native to Russia and China, and has been introduced to other parts of the world, such as Canada and the United States.[1] Psathyrostachys juncea is a great source of food for grazing animals, as it has high nutrition value in its dense basal leaves, even in the late summer and autumn seasons. This species can grow and prosper in many harsh environments, making it an ideal candidate for improvement as it can grow in areas were farming is difficult. This species is a drought-resistant forage plant and can survive during the cool seasons. It is also a cross-pollinator and is self-sterile.[2] This means that P. juncea cannot self-fertilize; it must find another plant of the same species with which to exchange gametes. Self-sterilization increases the genetic diversity of a species.

Description

Psathyrostachys juncea is a perennial bunch grass that grows in tufts that may be up to 1 metre (3.3 ft) tall or taller. The grass is long-lived and known to persist in cultivation for 25 years or more.

The grass has a dense root network beneath each clump; there are no rhizomes or stolons. The roots can reach 3 metres (9.8 ft) deep into the soil.

The leaves are located around the stem bases, and are straight or curled. Old leaf sheaths become shreddy. The inflorescence is a spike up to 11 to 16 centimetres (4.3 to 6.3 in) long.[1][3]

Cultivars

Many cultivars of Psathyrostachys juncea have been developed, including 'Vinall', 'Bozoisky-Select', and 'Bozoisky II'.[1]

Seedling vigor

Though Psathyrostachys juncea can survive in harsh conditions, it is a hard species to initially plant, because the seeds must be in the correct conditions in order to begin germination.[4] Psathyrostachys juncea has low seedling vigor, which affects the success of germination. But once P. juncea has begun germination, it can tolerate most harsh weather conditions. In recent years, scientists have explored possible solutions to improving seedling vigor. One possible technique to increasing seedling vigor is increasing ploidy.[5] In nature, P. juncea are diploids, however, tetraploid germplasm have been show to increase seed size and seedling vigor in P. juncea.[4] Regeneration of this species has been successful, meaning that scientists can more easily select for specific traits and manipulate P. juncea at the cellular level.[2] Thus, humans can easily induce tetraploidy in P. juncea. As a result, breeding programs have begun to grow tetraploid cultivars so as to increase the success of P. juncea germination. There is a small change in tissue quality and nutrition content with different ploidy levels, but nothing significant. Therefore, increasing tetraploid cultivars is a possible avenue for improving seed quality. Path analysis has been conducted to examine what exactly effects seed yield. Fertile, strong stems (tillers), the number of flowers (florets) per flower cluster (spikelet), and seed weight all showed positive relationships with seed yield.[6] That is, P. juncea with more stems/tillers, more flowers, and/or heavier seeds have improved seed yield. However, the number of flower clusters (spikelet) per stem and number of seeds per flower cluster were negatively correlated with seed yield. Thus, having more flowers on a cluster, not more seeds per cluster, increasing seed yield.[5] This information can be used to improve breeding programs for P. juncea. In addition, water stress also improves leaf and inflorescence tissue quality, while nitrogen rich fertilizer improves leaf, stem, and inflorescence tissue quality. Increased tissue quality is related to improvements in total yield.[5]

Uses

Psathyrostachys juncea was introduced to North America as a forage grass and for rangeland rehabilitation and soil stabilization. The grass is "one of the most versatile forage grasses available for dryland pastures."[7] It is palatable to livestock, though it does not make a good hay due to its basal leaves. It is also palatable for wild ungulates, such as elk. The grass is a particularly good forage when planted in alternating rows with a legume, such as alfalfa.[7]

It is not generally invasive and usually does not become a noxious weed. It rarely grows outside of plots where it has been planted. The Southwestern United States has some invasive occurrences, such as on the Grand Canyon plateaus.

It is drought-resistant, flood-resistant most of the year, and is tolerant of cold. It is also tolerant of high soil salinity.

It is not easy to establish via seed; if the seeds are planted more than 1.9 centimeters deep the seedlings do not emerge in large numbers. The seedlings are weak. Once it has established, however, it is tough and competes well for water and nutrients. It is tolerant of fire because the dense clumpiness of the stems protects the axillary buds, which can produce tillers and resprout after destruction by fire.[1]

Evolutionary relationships

There are four novel alleles coding for high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) in the genus Psathyrostachys. High molecular weight glutenin subunits provide protein to the endosperm in wheat relatives but also determine the level of wheat improvement possible in a plant species. These proteins are coded from the Gun-1 locus, and studying this locus has helped scientists trace the evolutionary ties between Triticeae species. This means that P. juncea has close evolutionary ties to wild wheat relatives.[8] Wheat improvement is therefore a major possibility for P. juncea. By improving wheat quality, P. juncea could potentially become a crop for human consumption, especially in areas were growing crops is challenging such as in dry or drought areas. The current obstacle to wheat improvement is that cross-pollinating wheat and P. juncea is extremely difficult because their gametes are not compatible with each other.[9]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Taylor, Jane E. (2005). Psathyrostachys juncea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Retrieved January 18, 2012.
  2. ^ a b Wang, Z.; Lehmann, D.; Bell, J.; Hopkins, A. (2002). "Development of an efficient plant regeneration system for Russian wildrye (Psathyrostachys juncea)". Plant Cell Reports. 20 (9): 797–801. doi:10.1007/s00299-001-0410-3. S2CID 1835105.
  3. ^ Psathyrostachys juncea. Archived 2012-10-20 at the Wayback Machine Grass Manual Treatment. Retrieved January 18, 2012.
  4. ^ a b Asay, K. H.; Johnson, D. A.; Jensen, K. B.; Sarraj, W. M.; Clark, D. H. (1996). "Potential of New Tetraploid Germplasm in Russian Wildrye". Journal of Range Management. 49 (5): 439–442. doi:10.2307/4002926. hdl:10150/644302. JSTOR 4002926.
  5. ^ a b c Karn, J. F.; Frank, A. B.; Berdahl, J. D.; Poland, W. W. (2004). "Ploidy, Water, and Nitrogen Effects on Russian Wildrye Chemical Composition". Journal of Range Management. 57 (5): 503–510. doi:10.2458/azu_jrm_v57i5_karn. JSTOR 4003980.
  6. ^ Wang, Quanzhen; Zhang, Tiejun; Cui, Jian; Wang, Xianguo; Zhou, He; Han, Jianguo; Gislum, René (2011). "Path and Ridge Regression Analysis of Seed Yield and Seed Yield Components of Russian Wildrye (Psathyrostachys juncea Nevski) under Field Conditions". PLOS ONE. 6 (4): e18245. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...618245W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0018245. PMC 3078908. PMID 21533153.
  7. ^ a b Psathryrostachys juncea. USDA NRCS Plant Guide. Retrieved January 18, 2012.
  8. ^ Kong, Lina; Liang, Yu; Qin, Lumin; Sun, Lei; Xia, Guangmin; Liu, Shuwei (2014). "Characterization of high molecular weight glutenin subunit genes from the Ns genome of Psathyrostachys juncea". Development Genes and Evolution. 224 (4–6): 189–196. doi:10.1007/s00427-014-0477-9. PMID 25081411. S2CID 16951793.
  9. ^ Li, Cui-Ling; Xia, Guang-Min (2004). "[Asymmetric somatic hybridization between mixed wheat and Psathyrostachys juncea]". Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao = Chinese Journal of Biotechnology. 20 (4): 610–614. PMID 15968998.

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Psathyrostachys juncea: Brief Summary ( anglais )

fourni par wikipedia EN

Psathyrostachys juncea is a species of grass known by the common name Russian wildrye. It was formerly classified as Elymus junceus. It is native to Russia and China, and has been introduced to other parts of the world, such as Canada and the United States. Psathyrostachys juncea is a great source of food for grazing animals, as it has high nutrition value in its dense basal leaves, even in the late summer and autumn seasons. This species can grow and prosper in many harsh environments, making it an ideal candidate for improvement as it can grow in areas were farming is difficult. This species is a drought-resistant forage plant and can survive during the cool seasons. It is also a cross-pollinator and is self-sterile. This means that P. juncea cannot self-fertilize; it must find another plant of the same species with which to exchange gametes. Self-sterilization increases the genetic diversity of a species.

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Psathyrostachys juncea ( vietnamien )

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Psathyrostachys juncea là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Hòa thảo. Loài này được (Fisch.) Nevski miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1934.[1]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Psathyrostachys juncea. Truy cập ngày 8 tháng 6 năm 2013.

Liên kết ngoài


Bài viết chủ đề tông thực vật Triticeae này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Psathyrostachys juncea: Brief Summary ( vietnamien )

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Psathyrostachys juncea là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Hòa thảo. Loài này được (Fisch.) Nevski miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1934.

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Ломкоколосник ситниковый ( russe )

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 src=
Колос растения

Многолетний плотнодерновинный злак. Стебли тонкие, 25—85 (до 100) см высоты, голые, гладкие, под колосом шероховатые или коротко прижато-волосистые.

Прикорневые листья многочисленные, плоские, реже свёрнутые, с обеих сторон шероховатые, до 20 (35) см длины.

Колос 5—12 см длины, к верхушке слегка суженный, в верхней части разламывающийся по членикам оси, но с легко опадающими колосками, при этом колосковые чешуи остаются на оси колоса. Ось колоса слегка шероховатая под уступами, по рёбрам реснитчатая. Колоски сидят по два — три, с двумя — тремя, редко одним цветком. Колосковые чешуи шиловидные, шероховатые или коротковолосистые; самые длинные волоски обычно не превышают ширины чешуи. Нижняя и верхняя цветковые чешуи шероховатые, нижние цветковые чешуи 7—9 мм длиной, покрытые тонкими шипиками, иногда переходящими в короткие волоски. Пыльники 3—5 мм длиной. Размножение семенное. Цветёт в мае — июле, плодоносит в июле — августе. Анемофил.

Число хромосом 2n = 14[3][4].

Распространение и местообитание

Распространён в Средней Азии на равнине и горах, в Афганистане, Монголии, Джунгарии и Тибете; в России встречается в европейской части: в Заволжье, на юге Урала, Западной и Восточной Сибири[5], к западу от Волги островные нахождения известны в Ростовской, Воронежской, Волгоградской областях, на востоке Украины[4].

Распространён в Северной Америке: центр США, Канады, Аляска[6].

Лимитирующие факторы — узкая экологическая амплитуда. Уплотнение почвы скотом и при чрезмерной рекреационной нагрузке, степные пожары и весенние палы[4].

Синонимика

По данным The Plant List на 2010 год, в синонимику вида входят[7]:

  • Elymus albertii Regel
  • Elymus altaicus A.Spreng.
  • Elymus caespitosus Sukaczev
  • Elymus cretaceus Zingone ex Nevski nom. illeg.
  • Elymus desertorum Kar. & Kir.
  • Elymus desertorum var. angustifolius Kar. & Kir.
  • Elymus desertorum var. desertorum
  • Elymus desertorum var. latifolius Kar. & Kir.
  • Elymus hyalanthus Rupr.
  • Elymus junceus Fisch.
  • Elymus junceus var. alberti (Regel) Roshev. ex B.Fedtsch.
  • Elymus junceus var. caespitosus (Sukaczev) Reverd.
  • Elymus junceus var. desertorum (Kar. & Kir.) Regel
  • Elymus junceus var. junceus
  • Elymus junceus var. typica Trautv.
  • Elymus junceus var. villosus Drobow
  • Elymus kokczetavicus Drobow
  • Psathyrostachys caespitosa (Sukaczev) Peschkova
  • Psathyrostachys desertorum (Kar. & Kir.) Agaf.
  • Psathyrostachys hyalantha (Rupr.) Tzvelev
  • Psathyrostachys juncea subsp. hyalantha (Rupr.) Tzvelev
  • Psathyrostachys juncea var. hyalantha (Rupr.) S.L.Chen
  • Psathyrostachys perennis Keng, nom. illeg.
  • Triticum juncellum F.Herm.

Охранный статус

В России

В России вид входит в Красные книги: Ростовской, Самарской, Саратовской и Ульяновской областей, а также республики Татарстан. Растёт на территории нескольких особо охраняемых природных территорий России[8].

На Украине

Входит в Красную книгу Украины, растёт в Луганской области[9].

Примечания

  1. Об условности указания класса однодольных в качестве вышестоящего таксона для описываемой в данной статье группы растений см. раздел «Системы APG» статьи «Однодольные».
  2. Psathyrostachys juncea: информация о таксоне в проекте «Плантариум» (определителе растений и иллюстрированном атласе видов). (Проверено 27 ноября 2013)
  3. Psathyrostachys juncea (Fish.) Nevski - Ломкоколосник ситниковый (неопр.). Агроэкологический атлас России и сопредельных стран. Проверено 27 ноября 2013.
  4. 1 2 3 Краснокнижный вид Psathyrostachys juncea в Красной книге Самарской области (неопр.). ООПТ России. Проверено 26 ноября 2013.
  5. Ареал ломкоколосника ситникового (Psathyrostachys juncea) (рус.). Агроэкологический атлас России и сопредельных стран. Проверено 27 ноября 2013.
  6. Psathyrostachys juncea (Fisch.) Nevski (англ.). PLANTS. Проверено 27 ноября 2013.
  7. Psathyrostachys juncea (Fisch.) Nevski is an accepted name (англ.). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden. Проверено 27 ноября 2013.
  8. Psathyrostachys juncea (Fisch.) Nevski (рус.). ООПТ России. Проверено 27 ноября 2013.
  9. Ламкоколосник ситниковий Psathyrostachys juncea (Fisch.) Nevski (Elymus junceus Fisch.) (укр.). Червона книга України. Проверено 27 ноября 2013.
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Ломкоколосник ситниковый: Brief Summary ( russe )

fourni par wikipedia русскую Википедию
 src= Колос растения

Многолетний плотнодерновинный злак. Стебли тонкие, 25—85 (до 100) см высоты, голые, гладкие, под колосом шероховатые или коротко прижато-волосистые.

Прикорневые листья многочисленные, плоские, реже свёрнутые, с обеих сторон шероховатые, до 20 (35) см длины.

Колос 5—12 см длины, к верхушке слегка суженный, в верхней части разламывающийся по членикам оси, но с легко опадающими колосками, при этом колосковые чешуи остаются на оси колоса. Ось колоса слегка шероховатая под уступами, по рёбрам реснитчатая. Колоски сидят по два — три, с двумя — тремя, редко одним цветком. Колосковые чешуи шиловидные, шероховатые или коротковолосистые; самые длинные волоски обычно не превышают ширины чешуи. Нижняя и верхняя цветковые чешуи шероховатые, нижние цветковые чешуи 7—9 мм длиной, покрытые тонкими шипиками, иногда переходящими в короткие волоски. Пыльники 3—5 мм длиной. Размножение семенное. Цветёт в мае — июле, плодоносит в июле — августе. Анемофил.

Число хромосом 2n = 14.

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新麦草 ( chinois )

fourni par wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Psathyrostachys juncea

新麦草(学名:Psathyrostachys juncea)是一种禾本科植物。这种植物产于中国新疆天山以北;此外,蒙古、美国、加拿大、苏联均有分布。[1]

参考资料

  1. ^ 北京农业数字信息资源中心. 饲用植物数据库. [2012-08-21].[永久失效連結]
小作品圖示这是一篇與植物相關的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。
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新麦草: Brief Summary ( chinois )

fourni par wikipedia 中文维基百科

新麦草(学名:Psathyrostachys juncea)是一种禾本科植物。这种植物产于中国新疆天山以北;此外,蒙古、美国、加拿大、苏联均有分布。

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