Comments
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)
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Pinus glabra is more shade tolerant than most yellow pines. Although the trees grow large, the wood is not much valued. The species is similar in tree form to P . strobus . It resembles P . echinata in shoot and leaf but has less prickly cones and deeper green leaves.
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Description
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Trees to 30m; trunk to 1m diam., straight; crown conic to rounded. Bark gray, fissured and cross-checked into elongate, irregular, scaly plates, resin pockets absent, on upper sections of trunk ± smooth, gray, looking slick. Branches whorled, spreading to ascending; twigs slender, purple-red to red-brown, occasionally glaucous, aging gray, smooth. Buds ovoid to ovoid-cylindric, red-brown, ca. 0.5--1cm, slightly resinous; scale margins finely fringed. Leaves 2 per fascicle, spreading to ascending, persisting 2--3 years, 4--8(--10)cm ´ 0.7--1.2mm, straight, slightly twisted, dark green, all surfaces with fine stomatal lines, margins finely serrulate, apex sharply conic; sheath 0.5--1cm, base persistent. Pollen cones lance-cylindric, 10--15mm, purple-brown. Seed cones maturing in 2 years, shedding seeds soon thereafter, semipersistent, spreading to recurved, nearly symmetric, lance-ovoid before opening, ovoid-cylindric when open, 3.5--7cm, red-brown, aging gray, nearly sessile or on stalks to 1cm, scales lacking contrasting border on adaxial surfaces (as in P . echinata ); apophyses but slightly thickened and raised; umbo central, depressed, unarmed or with small, curved, weak, deciduous, short-incurved prickle. Seeds deltoid-obovoid; body ca. 6mm, brown, mottled darker; wing to ca. 12mm. 2 n =24.
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Habitat & Distribution
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Sandy alluvium and mesic woodland; 0--150m; Ala., Fla., Ga., La., Miss., S.C.
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Common Names
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)
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spruce pine
Walter pine
Walter's pine
bottom white pine
cedar pine
- citation bibliographique
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Pinus glabra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Description
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More info for the terms:
frequency,
seed,
treeSpruce pine is a medium-sized, native, evergreen conifer. It usually
grows to 90 to 100 feet (27.4-30.5 m) tall and 24 to 36 inches (61-91
cm) in d.b.h. The national champion tree is 125 feet (38.1 m) tall.
The needles are borne in bundles of two and are 1.6 to 4 inches (4-10
cm) long [
3,
22]. The bark is relatively thin (0.25 to 0.375 inch
[0.64-0.95 cm])[
2]. The bark is smooth on young trees, later developing
close ridges with flat plates on the lower trunk of older trees. Upper
branches and trunks maintain the smoother bark [
3,
23]. The branches are
drooping [
17]. Spruce pine develops a moderately deep taproot, with
numerous moderately deep lateral roots. It is obligately mycorrhizal;
seedlings that fail to develop mycorrhizae usually do not survive [
2,
9].
Longevity is approximately 113 years; the relatively short life span is
probably a result of the high frequency of good seed crops [
12].
- citation bibliographique
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Pinus glabra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Distribution
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anglais
)
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Spruce pine is found on the Coastal Plain of the southeastern United
States from southern South Carolina south to north-central and
northwestern Florida and west to Mississippi and southeastern Louisiana
[
3,
13].
- citation bibliographique
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Pinus glabra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Ecology
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More info for the term:
fire regimeSpruce pine occurs in wet bottomlands that rarely experience fire. It
is not well adapted to fire: the bark is thin and easily damaged, cones
are nonserotinous, and seedling establishment is not enhanced by fire
disturbances. McCune [
14] places spruce pine in the fire resilient
group of pines, largely due to its prolific seeding habit. It does not
exhibit any other fire adaptations, nor is it an early colonizer of
disturbed areas (unless provided with a shade or nurse tree).
FIRE REGIMES : Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the
FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
- citation bibliographique
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Pinus glabra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Management Considerations
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forestStoddard [
20] described mixed stands of magnolia, beech, oak, and spruce
pine that are usually clear of undergrowth due to heavy shading. He
recommends against prescribed burning for wildlife, since even carefully
controlled, low-severity fires do considerable harm to this type of
forest.
- citation bibliographique
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Pinus glabra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)
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phanerophytePhanerophyte
- citation bibliographique
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Pinus glabra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat characteristics
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Spruce pine grows in limited numbers in rich bottomland woods, swamps,
and on hammocks and riverbanks. It occurs on the Coastal Plain where
summers are long, hot, and humid; and winters are mild. Average
rainfall is approximately 50 inches (1,270 mm) per year and generally
evenly distributed, although fall tends to be the driest season [
9].
Spruce pine is generally found on acidic sandy loam soils that are
intermediate between dry sandy soils and alluvial bottomland soils
[
2,
12]. Spruce pine grows well on moderately to poorly drained sites
that may have a high water table or are intermittently waterlogged [
12].
Soil orders tend to be Spodosols or Entisols [
9].
- citation bibliographique
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Pinus glabra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Cover Types
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More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):
More info for the terms:
hardwood,
swamp80 Loblolly pine - shortleaf pine
81 Loblolly pine
82 Loblolly pine - hardwood
84 Slash pine
85 Slash pine - hardwood
89 Live oak
91 Swamp chestnut oak - cherrybark oak
- citation bibliographique
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Pinus glabra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Ecosystem
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More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):
FRES12 Longleaf - slash pine
FRES13 Loblolly - shortleaf pine
FRES14 Oak - pine
FRES16 Oak - gum - cypress
- citation bibliographique
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Pinus glabra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Plant Associations
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More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):
More info for the term:
forestK089 Black Belt
K111 Oak - hickory - pine forest
K112 Southern mixed forest
K113 Southern floodplain forest
- citation bibliographique
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Pinus glabra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Immediate Effect of Fire
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severitySpruce pine is probably easily killed by fire at all stages of growth.
Specific data on the severity of fire needed to kill spruce pine is
lacking.
- citation bibliographique
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Pinus glabra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Importance to Livestock and Wildlife
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coverNorthern bobwhite and squirrels eat spruce pine seeds [
22]. Most pines
are important resources for wildlife, both for food and cover. Specific
information on wildlife use of spruce pine is lacking.
- citation bibliographique
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Pinus glabra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Key Plant Community Associations
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More info for the terms:
association,
hardwood,
shrub,
swamp,
treeSpruce pine tends to be a scattered component of the overstory in
southern mixed-hardwood forests. It is rarely found in pure stands and
is not cited as a dominant tree in any association. Its range overlaps
that of other pines, but it usually occurs with the following hardwood
species: magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora), American beech (Fagus
grandiflora), gum (Nyssa spp.), hickory (Carya spp.), sweetgum
(Liquidambar styraciflua), yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera),
water oak (Quercus nigra), Shumard oak (Q. shumardii), cherrybark oak
(Q. pagoda), swamp chestnut oak (Q. michauxii), live oak (Q.
virginiana), and numerous other tree and shrub species of bottomlands
[
6,
9,
16].
- citation bibliographique
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Pinus glabra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Life Form
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)
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More info for the term:
treeTree
- citation bibliographique
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Pinus glabra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Management considerations
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anglais
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Spruce pine is less susceptible to insects and disease than other pines,
largely due to its scattered occurrence [
9].
- citation bibliographique
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Pinus glabra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Occurrence in North America
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AL FL GA LA MS SC
- citation bibliographique
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Pinus glabra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Other uses and values
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anglais
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Spruce pine is planted for Christmas trees [
9].
- citation bibliographique
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Pinus glabra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Phenology
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seedSpruce pine pollen is released in February and March in Mississippi.
Seed cones ripen in October of their second year, and seeds are dispersed
in October and November [
10].
- citation bibliographique
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Pinus glabra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Plant Response to Fire
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anglais
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Spruce pine does not sprout after the top is damaged or killed [
12].
- citation bibliographique
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Pinus glabra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Post-fire Regeneration
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Tree without adventitious-bud root crown
- citation bibliographique
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Pinus glabra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Regeneration Processes
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More info for the terms:
cone,
seedSpruce pine is sexually mature by 10 years of age; peak cone production
occurs between 20 and 40 years of age. Good seed crops occur frequently
[
12]. The small, winged seeds are released upon maturity and
disseminated by wind. Seedling establishment does not appear to require
a mineral seedbed [
8,
12]. Seedlings develop well in the shade of
hardwoods or other pines, forming widespreading lateral roots near the
surface before penetrating deeper into the soil [
9].
- citation bibliographique
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Pinus glabra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Successional Status
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climax,
forest,
hardwood,
successionObligate Climax Species
Spruce pine is very shade tolerant. Seedlings and saplings can grow
where available light is as low as 250 foot-candles (2,778 lux) and are
common in many parts of the southern mixed-hardwood forest where light
intensity is less than 1000 foot-candles (11,111 lux) at noon on a
summer day [
2]. It is usually only found in late succession hardwood
stands of magnolia, beech, or other climax species. In these stands, it
is represented by all stages of growth [
2,
15,
16]. Where it is found in
younger seral stands, it has usually become established in the shade of
loblolly or shortleaf pines [
9,
16]. According to Platt and Schwartz
[
24], however, spruce pine appears to capitalize on large-scale
disturbance caused by hurricanes. They state that advance recruits in
localized light gaps that are capable of rapid growth at high light
intensities will capture space in the canopy following large-scale
disruption by hurricanes. Hirsh and Platt found that age structures of
spruce pine tend to consist of discrete age classes corresponding to
dates of hurricanes [
25].
- citation bibliographique
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Pinus glabra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Taxonomy
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naturalThe accepted scientific name for spruce pine is Pinus glabra Walt.
There are no subspecies, varieties, or forms [
13].
Spruce pine has been artificially hybridized with shortleaf pine (P.
echinata) [
9,
13]. It does not form any natural hybrids.
- citation bibliographique
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Pinus glabra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Wood Products Value
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Spruce pine wood is brittle, close-grained, and not durable. It is of
limited commercial importance but is sometimes used for lumber or pulp
[
3,
9].
- citation bibliographique
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Pinus glabra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Associated Forest Cover
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Spruce pine is not commonly found in pure stands. More often it is
established in the shade of hardwoods such as magnolia (Magnolia spp.),
gum (Nyssa spp.), hickory (Carya spp.), beech (Fagus
spp.), and oak (Quercus spp.), where it may eventually overtop
them. The forest cover types in which spruce pine is included (5) are
Loblolly Pine-Shortleaf Pine (Society of American Foresters Type 80),
Loblolly Pine (Type 81), Loblolly Pine-Hardwood (Type 82), Slash Pine
(Type 84), and Slash Pine-Hardwood (Type 85). Other trees with which it is
associated include pine (Pinus spp.), elm (Ulmus spp.),
holly (Ilex spp.), cherry (Prunus spp.), hawthorn (Crataegus
spp.), fringetree (Chionanthus virginicus), sweetgum (Liquidambar
styraciflua), sassafras (Sassafras albidum), red maple (Acer
rubrum), yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), pondcypress
(Taxodium distichum var. nutans), loblolly-bay (Gordonia
lasianthus), southern redcedar (Juniperus silicicola), flowering
dogwood (Cornus florida), sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum), redbay
(Persea borbonia), and sweetleaf (Symplocos tinctoria). Shrubs
and woody vine associates include beautyberry (Callicarpa americana),
southern bayberry (Myrica cerifera), inkberry (Ilex
glabra), sweet pepperbush (Clethra alnifolia), Alabama
supplejack (Berchemia scandens), blueberry (Vaccinium spp.),
poison-ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), greenbriar (Smilax spp.),
blackberry (Rubus spp.), and grape (Vitis spp.).
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Climate
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In the Southeastern United States where spruce pine grows, the climate
is characterized by long, hot, humid summers and mild winters. Annual
rainfall is about 1270 mm (50 in), which is normally distributed about
evenly throughout the year. Fall tends to be the driest season but summer
droughts can occur. The growing season is about 240 days and the average
annual temperature is 16° C (61° F).
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Damaging Agents
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Because spruce pine is usually found dispersed,
it is less susceptible to insect and disease damage than are the other
southern pines. It is immune to infection by Cronartium quercuum
f. sp. fusiforme (13) and is only known to be susceptible to Cronartium
comandrae when planted outside its native range. Similarly, the
Nantucket pine tip moth (Rhyacionia frustrana), can cause severe
damage to spruce pine planted outside its range but is not considered a
problem within its range (17). A gall mite (Trisetacus floridanus),
attacks terminal shoots and causes the formation of galls and
shortening of the shoot. No control is known for this insect.
Spruce pine at any age is highly susceptible to fire because of its thin
bark (6.4 to 9.7 mm; 0.25 to 0.38 in). In the crown the bark is smooth and
light gray, becoming darker with slightly irregular, shallow fissures with
flat connecting ridges on mature boles. The ridges develop into small,
closely appressed, light reddish brown scales. This finely furrowed bark
is not at all plated like other southern pines but more closely resembles
that of southern red oak.
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Flowering and Fruiting
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Spruce pine trees generally begin
producing cones by age 10. They are most prolific between the ages of 20
to 40 years (14). The trees are monoecious, with pollen cones on weaker
branches below the seed cones. First-year seed conelets appear in March in
the northern parts of its distribution in Mississippi and somewhat earlier
farther south.
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Genetics
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Wood specific gravity showed no trends in any of the four compass
directions over the range. A few trees on plots near the Atlantic and Gulf
Coasts had higher specific gravities (0.44 to 0.50) than did those inland
(0.40 to 0.46) (20).
Spruce pine has been successfully crossed with shortleaf pine but only
when the latter was the female parent (1). No natural hybrids have been
reported.
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Growth and Yield
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Spruce pine is one of the larger eastern North
American pines, reaching a maximum of 38.1 m (125 ft) in height and 122
cm. (48 in) in d.b.h. They are full grown at 60 to 75 years, and as a
scattered tree, often grow to a height of 27.4 to 30.5 m (90 to 100 ft)
with a d.b.h. of 61 to 91 cm (24 to 36 in) (8). The largest living spruce
pine presently recorded measures 128 cm (50.3 in) in d.b.h. and 37.5 m
(123 ft) in height. In a stand environment, spruce pine self-prunes to a
height of 15.2 to 18.3 m (50 to 60 ft) (14).
Its greatest commercial importance is in Louisiana, south Alabama, and
Mississippi, where 80 percent of the standing volume is found (18).
Although it is not of great importance regionally, it can support a small,
local forest industry. Some spruce pine has been planted on a small scale
in South Carolina (4). The volume of growing stock on commercial forest
land is estimated at 13 131 000 m³ (464 million ft³) and the
volume of sawtimber at 56 600 000 m³ (2 billion ft³).
Little growth and yield data are available, but estimates of different
growth rates have been made on 12 trees in fast growth sites and 12 trees
in slow ones within the natural range (table 1) (8).
Table 1- Growth rate and age class for spruce pine (8)
Growth rate
and age class
Growth rate
D.b.h.
Tree height
yr
rings/cm
cm
m
Slow
15
3.3
12.4
11.6
30
3.7
17.0
15.4
45
3.7
26.9
20.6
Fast
15
1.8
20.3
14.9
30
1.9
30.7
21.5
45
2.1
42.9
25.5
yr
rings/in
in
ft
Slow
15
8.4
4.9
38.0
30
9.4
6.7
50.5
45
9.5
10.6
67.5
Fast
15
4.6
8.0
49.0
30
4.8
12.1
70.5
45
5.3
16.9
83.5
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Reaction to Competition
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Little is known about spruce pine's
ability to compete for minerals and water. Although it is classed as very
shade tolerant, it is a slow grower under heavy competition. When planted
with sweetgum and Shumard oak (Q. shumardii) on a bottom land site
near Charleston, SC, spruce pine did not perform as well as sweetgum but
grew slightly better than the Shumard oak. Seedling survival following the
first growing season was similar for all three species (more than 90
percent), but by the end of five growing seasons, herbaceous vine and
brush competition effects were reflected in overall survival and growth.
Sweetgum had a 91 percent survival and grew best (4.1 m, 13.4 ft) on this
site, while Shumard oak demonstrated higher survival than did spruce pine
(72 percent vs. 48 percent) but did not grow as well (1.68 m vs. 2.38 m,
5.5 ft vs. 7.8 ft) (19). Because of its shade tolerance, spruce pine may
be able to compete successfully on cutover lands where other southern
pines are unsuccessful (9).
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Rooting Habit
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Spruce pine has a moderately deep taproot
augmented by numerous moderately deep lateral roots.
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Seed Production and Dissemination
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Second-year cones mature
during September and October and seeds are disseminated during November.
When ripe, cones are green and have a specific gravity of 0.88. Test
results show seeds are mature and germinable when the cones float in SAE
20-weight motor oil. Filled seeds sink in absolute ethanol, and empty or
partially filled seeds float. Cleaned seeds are small, ranging from 88,180
to 114,640/kg (40,000 to 52,000/lb) and average 101,410/kg (46,000/lb).
Seeds at a moisture content of between 5 and 10 percent have been stored
for as long as 10 years at -17.8° to -15.0° C (0° to 5°
F) and remained viable (16).
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Seedling Development
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Seeds are not highly viable if the trees
are isolated and poorly pollinated. Stratification improves seed
germination (11). Sixty percent germination can usually be attained after
only 7 days of stratification at 4° C (39° F) (3); however, the
recommended cold stratification regime is 0.6° to 5.0° C (33°
to 41° F) for 28 days (16).
Germination is epigeal (16). Seedlings develop well in shade of
hardwoods and other pines, forming a wide-spreading, lateral taproot near
the surface before penetrating deep into the soil (14). When it invades
old or cleared fields it may become established in the shade of loblolly
and shortleaf pines (10). Natural inoculation with mycorrhizae is highly
beneficial to seedling establishment (3).
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Soils and Topography
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fourni par Silvics of North America
Spruce pine grows on acidic sandy loam soils high in organic matter,
intermediate between dry sandy soils and alluvial bottom land (3). It
grows well on poorly drained areas, often having a high water table, that
are intermittently waterlogged, and may be found along stream banks or on
rich moist hummocks (6). These soils are most commonly found in the orders
Spodosols and Entisols.
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Special Uses
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Wood of this species is brittle and close-grained, has few resin canals,
and is not durable (14). The average shear strength parallel to the grain
exceeds that of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and loblolly
pine. Other structural features are similar to white fir (Abies
concolor). It is low in strength, with a specific gravity of 0.443
(20).
The average fiber length is two-thirds of that of other southern pines
but pulping characteristics are similar. It can be used as it occurs
naturally for pulping operations, although use in large quantities for
papermaking might require some operational changes to meet strength
requirements (9).
Spruce pine responds to treatment with paraquat by producing lightwood,
that is, wood soaked with oleoresin. Its response is similar to that of
slash pine, and the increase in turpentine produced is proportionately
greater than the increase in resin acids (12).
Spruce pine is planted to some extent for use as a Christmas tree.
Productivity is about half that of the more popular Virginia pine, and two
shearings per growing season are a necessity in southeastern Louisiana
(7).
As a member of mixed pine-hardwood communities it provides some habitat
and food for wildlife.
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Vegetative Reproduction
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There is no published information on
spruce pine vegetative reproduction. The species has been used
experimentally as a rootstock for loblolly pine scions. Seed cone
reproduction was greater when spruce pine was the rootstock than when
loblolly pine was the rootstock (15).
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Distribution
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Although spruce pine is considered a minor southern yellow pine species,
it grows in a wide band across the South. It can be found on the low
coastal areas from the valley of the lower Santee River in eastern South
Carolina, south to the middle of northwest Florida, and west to the valley
of Pearl River in eastern Louisiana (14). The natural range lies between
latitudes 29° to 33° N. and longitudes 78° to 91° W.
(2).
- The native range of spruce pine.
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Brief Summary
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anglais
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Pinaceae -- Pine family
Susan V. Kossuth and J. L. Michael
Spruce pine (Pinus glabra), also called cedar pine, Walter pine,
or bottom white pine, is a medium-sized tree that grows in limited numbers
in swamps, river valleys, on hummocks, and along river banks of the
southern Coastal Plain. Its wood is brittle, close-grained, nondurable,
and is of limited commercial importance.
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Physical Description
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fourni par USDA PLANTS text
Tree, Evergreen, Monoecious, Habit erect, Trees without or rarely having knees, Primary plant stem smooth, Tree with bark smooth, Tree with bark rough or scaly, Young shoots 3-dimensional, Buds resinous, Leaves needle-like, Leaves alternate, Needle-like leaf margins finely serrulate (use magnification or slide your finger along the leaf), Leaf apex acute, Leaves < 5 cm long, Leaves > 5 cm long, Leaves < 10 cm long, Leaves not blue-green, Needle-like leaves triangular, Needle-like leaves twisted, Needle-like leaf habit erect, Needle-like leaves per fascicle mostly 2, Needle-like leaf sheath persistent, Twigs glabrous, Twigs viscid, Twigs not viscid, Twigs without peg-like projections or large fascicles after needles fall, Berry-like cones orange, Woody seed cones < 5 cm long, Woody seed cones > 5 cm long, Seed cones bearing a scarlike umbo, Umbo with missing or very weak prickle, Bracts of seed cone included, Seeds brown, Seeds winged, Seeds unequally winged, Seed wings prominent, Seed wings equal to or broader than body.
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Pinus glabra
(
azéri
)
fourni par wikipedia AZ
Pinus glabra (lat. Pinus glabra) - şamkimilər fəsiləsinin şam ağacı cinsinə aid bitki növü.
Mənbə
İynəyarpaqlılar ilə əlaqədar bu məqalə qaralama halındadır. Məqaləni redaktə edərək Vikipediyanı zənginləşdirin. Etdiyiniz redaktələri mənbə və istinadlarla əsaslandırmağı unutmayın.
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Pinus glabra: Brief Summary
(
azéri
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fourni par wikipedia AZ
Pinus glabra (lat. Pinus glabra) - şamkimilər fəsiləsinin şam ağacı cinsinə aid bitki növü.
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Pinus glabra
(
allemand
)
fourni par wikipedia DE
Pinus glabra ist ein immergrüner Nadelbaum aus der Gattung der Kiefern (Pinus) mit meist 4 bis 8 Zentimeter langen, in Paaren angeordneten Nadeln und 4 bis 7 Zentimeter langen Samenzapfen. Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet liegt im Südosten der Vereinigten Staaten. Die Art ist nicht gefährdet. Sie ist wirtschaftlich nur von geringer Bedeutung und wird kaum gärtnerisch genutzt.
Beschreibung
Erscheinungsbild
Pinus glabra wächst als immergrüner, 30 bis 35 Meter hoher Baum. Der Stamm ist gerade und säulenförmig und erreicht einen Brusthöhendurchmesser von bis zu 100 Zentimeter. Das größte bekannte Exemplar wurde 2003 mit einer Höhe von 47,6 Metern, einem Kronendurchmesser von 21,4 Metern und einem Stammdurchmesser von 1,2 Metern gemessen. Die Stammborke ist dick, graubraun und unter Witterungseinfluss grau. Sie bleibt lange glatt und schuppig, zerbricht später in kleine, unregelmäßige, längliche Platten, die durch flache Furchen getrennt sind. Die Borke der Äste ist grau, glatt und blättert nicht ab. Die wenigen Hauptäste stehen waagrecht oder aufgerichtet und bilden bei älteren Bäumen eine gerundete oder flache Krone. Die benadelten Zweige sind dünn, rötlich bis purpurn braun, unbehaart und nach dem Verlust der Nadeln durch bleibende Pulvini rau. Junge Triebe sind anfangs bläulich überlaufen und später grau.[1][2]
Knospen und Nadeln
Die Knospen sind eiförmig, 5 bis 10 Millimeter lang, spitz und leicht harzig. Die als Knospenschuppen ausgebildeten Niederblätter sind rotbraun und schmal gerandet. Die Nadeln wachsen in Paaren in einer anfangs 5 bis 10 Millimeter langen sich später auf 3 bis 7 Millimeter verkürzenden Nadelscheide. Sie sind dunkelgrün, steif, gerade, um die Längsachse leicht verdreht, 4 bis 8 Zentimeter lang und 0,7 bis 1,2 Millimeter breit und bleiben zwei bis drei Jahre am Baum. Der Nadelrand ist fein gesägt, das Ende spitz. Auf allen Nadelseiten gibt es schmale Spaltöffnungslinien. Es werden zwei oder drei Harzkanäle gebildet.[1][2]
Zapfen und Samen
Die Pollenzapfen wachsen spiralig angeordnet in kleinen Gruppen. Sie sind kurz zylindrisch, 1 bis 1,5 Zentimeter lang, anfangs leicht purpurn und später braun. Die Samenzapfen wachsen einzeln oder in Paaren. Sie sind bis zu 1 Zentimeter lang gestielt, 4 bis 7, selten ab 3 oder bis 10 Zentimeter lang, geschlossen eiförmig-länglich und geöffnet eiförmig-zylindrisch, anfangs grün und bei Reife rotbraun. Sie reifen nach zwei Jahren[3], öffnen sich weit um die Samen abzugeben und bleiben danach drei bis vier Jahre am Baum, bevor sie zusammen mit dem Stiel abfallen. Die 60 bis 90 Samenschuppen sind breit keilförmig, dünn holzig und an der Basis mehr oder weniger biegsam. Die Apophyse ist leicht erhöht, quer gekielt, im Umriss unregelmäßig rhombisch oder hat einen gerundeten oberen Rand. Der Umbo ist abgesenkt oder stumpf, unbewehrt oder mit einem schwachen, abfallenden kleinen Stachel bewehrt. Die Samen sind verkehrt eiförmig bis beinahe deltoid, 5 bis 6 Millimeter lang und braun gefleckt. Der Samenflügel ist 12 bis 15 Millimeter lang.[4][2]
Chromosomenzahl
Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n=24.[3]
Zweig mit Nadeln und Samenzapfen
Verbreitung, Ökologie und Gefährdung
![src=]()
Natürliches Verbreitungsgebiet
Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet von Pinus glabra liegt im Südosten der Vereinigten Staaten in Alabama, im Norden von Florida, in Georgia, im Osten von Louisiana, in Mississippi und South Carolina.[5][6]
Die Art wächst im warmgemäßigten Klima des Tieflands im Südosten der USA in Höhen von bis zu 150 Metern. Die Sommer im natürlichen Verbreitungsgebiet sind lang, heiß und feucht, die Winter mild. Das Verbreitungsgebiet wird der Winterhärtezone 8 zugeordnet mit mittleren jährlichen Minimaltemperaturen von −12,2° und −6,7° Celsius (10 bis 20° Fahrenheit). Die Bäume treten verstreut in Flusstälern, auf Flussbänken, auf Hügeln und in Sumpfgebieten auf saurem Untergrund auf. Junge Bäume wachsen meist im Schatten von Laubbäumen wie Vertretern der Magnolien (Magnolia), dem Tulpenbaum (Liriodendron tulipifera), dem Amerikanischen Amberbaum (Liquidambar styraciflua), Vertretern der Tupelobäume (Nyssa), der Hickory (Carya), der Buchen (Fagus) und der Eichen (Quercus), die sie jedoch mit der Zeit an Höhe übertreffen. Diese Schattenverträglichkeit ist bei Kiefern eher unüblich und nimmt mit der Wuchshöhe ab, daher sind oft Öffnungen im Kronendach notwendig, damit die Art die anderen Bäume übertreffen kann. Im Gegensatz zu anderen Kiefern ist Pinus glabra feueranfällig. Neben den Laubbäumen findet man sie auch zusammen mit Pinus elliottii, der Weihrauch-Kiefer (Pinus taeda) und der Echte Sumpfzypresse (Taxodium distichum).[5][2]
In der Roten Liste der IUCN wird Pinus glabra als nicht gefährdet („Lower Risk/least concern“) eingestuft. Es wird jedoch darauf hingewiesen, dass eine Neubeurteilung notwendig ist.[7]
Systematik und Forschungsgeschichte
Pinus glabra ist eine Art aus der Gattung der Kiefern (Pinus), in der sie der Untergattung Pinus, Sektion Trifoliae und Untersektion Australes zugeordnet ist. Sie wurde 1788 von Thomas Walter in der Flora Caroliniana erstmals wissenschaftlich beschrieben.[6] Der Gattungsname Pinus wurde schon von den Römern für mehrere Kiefernarten verwendet.[8] Das Artepitheton glabra bedeutet kahl und verweist auf die unbehaarten jungen Triebe.[1][2] Die Art hat keine Synonyme.[9]
Pinus glabra ähnelt in der Baumform der Weymouth-Kiefer (Pinus strobus), Triebe und Nadeln ähneln denen von Pinus echinata, doch sind die Nadeln dunkler und die Zapfenschuppen weniger stachelig.[3] Sie kann mit Pinus echinata Hybride bilden, natürliche Hybride sind jedoch nicht bekannt.[2]
Verwendung
Das Holz von Pinus glabra hat nur eine geringe Qualität, es ist brüchig und wenig dauerhaft. Zusammen mit dem verstreuten Auftreten verhindert das eine intensive Nutzung. Lokal kann sie, wenn sie zusammen mit anderen Kiefern wächst, eine gewisse wirtschaftliche Bedeutung als Holzlieferant haben. In manchen Gebieten wird sie als Christbaum verwendet, braucht jedoch häufigen Zuschnitt, um die gewünschte Form und Zweigdichte zu erreichen. Sie wird nur selten außerhalb von Botanischen Gärten und Arboreten gärtnerisch verwendet.[5]
Quellen
Literatur
- Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers. Band 2. Brill, Leiden-Boston 2010, ISBN 90-04-17718-3, S. 678–679.
- James E. Eckenwalder: Conifers of the World. The Complete Reference. Timber Press, Portland, OR/London 2009, ISBN 978-0-88192-974-4, S. 433.
- Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Hrsg.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 2: Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford u. a. 1993, ISBN 0-19-508242-7 (englisch).
- Helmut Genaust: Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 3., vollständig überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7, S. 487 (Nachdruck von 1996).
Einzelnachweise
-
↑ a b c Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers, Band 2, S. 678
-
↑ a b c d e f James E. Eckenwalder: Conifers of the World, S. 433
-
↑ a b c Robert Kral: Pinus glabra in Flora of North America, Band 2
-
↑ Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers, Band 2, S. 678–679
-
↑ a b c Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers, Band 2, S. 679
-
↑ a b Pinus glabra im Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Abgerufen am 10. Mai 2013.
-
↑ Pinus glabra in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2012. Eingestellt von: Conifer Specialist Group, 1998. Abgerufen am 10. Mai 2013.
-
↑ Genaust: Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen S. 487
-
↑ Pinus glabra. In: The Plant List. Abgerufen am 10. Mai 2013.
Weblinks
– Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien
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Pinus glabra: Brief Summary
(
allemand
)
fourni par wikipedia DE
Pinus glabra ist ein immergrüner Nadelbaum aus der Gattung der Kiefern (Pinus) mit meist 4 bis 8 Zentimeter langen, in Paaren angeordneten Nadeln und 4 bis 7 Zentimeter langen Samenzapfen. Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet liegt im Südosten der Vereinigten Staaten. Die Art ist nicht gefährdet. Sie ist wirtschaftlich nur von geringer Bedeutung und wird kaum gärtnerisch genutzt.
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Pinus glabra
(
komi
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fourni par wikipedia emerging languages
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Гольык пужым
(
oudmourte
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Pinus glabra
(
anglais
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fourni par wikipedia EN
Pinus glabra, the spruce pine, is a tree found on the coastal plains of the southern United States, from southern South Carolina south to northern Florida and west to southern Louisiana.
Description
This pine is a straight-growing, medium-sized species, attaining heights of 20 to 40 metres (66 to 131 ft). The leaves are needle-like, in bundles of two, 5-to-8-centimetre-long (2.0 to 3.1 in), slender (1-millimetre-thick (0.039 in)), and glossy dark green. The small, slender cones are 4-to-6-centimetre-long (1.6 to 2.4 in), with weak prickles on the scales that are soon shed.[2]
Ecology
Pinus glabra differs markedly from most other pines in that it does not occur in largely pure pine forests, but is typically found as scattered trees in moist woodland habitats in mixed hardwood forest. To be able to compete successfully in such habitats, it has adapted to greater shade tolerance than most other pines.[3]
Gallery
Pinus glabra foliage and cone
Bark of mature Pinus glabra
Crown of mature Pinus glabra
References
-
^ Farjon, A. (2013). "Pinus glabra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T42364A2975443. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42364A2975443.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
-
^ Moore, Gerry; Kershner, Bruce; Craig Tufts; Daniel Mathews; Gil Nelson; Spellenberg, Richard; Thieret, John W.; Terry Purinton; Block, Andrew (2008). National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America. New York: Sterling. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-4027-3875-3.
-
^ Kral, Robert (1993). "Pinus glabra". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 2. New York and Oxford – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
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Pinus glabra: Brief Summary
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fourni par wikipedia EN
Pinus glabra, the spruce pine, is a tree found on the coastal plains of the southern United States, from southern South Carolina south to northern Florida and west to southern Louisiana.
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Pinus glabra
fourni par wikipedia FR
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Pinus glabra: Brief Summary
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Pinus glabra est une espèce de conifères de la famille des Pinaceae.
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Pinus glabra
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Pinus glabra er furutegund sem finnst á strandsléttum suðaustur Bandaríkjanna, frá suður Suður-Karólínu suður til norður Flórída og vestur til suður Louisiana. Þetta er meðastór og beinvaxin tegund, um 20–40 m.
Barrnálarnar eru tvær saman, 5–8 sm langar, grannar (1 mm þykkar), og gljáandi grænar. Litlir og grannir könglarnir eru 4–6 sm langir, með smáa gadda sem falla fljótt af.[2]
Pinus glabra er frábrugðin öðrum furum að því leyti að hún er ekki í hreinum furuskógum, fremur sem stök tré í röku skóglendi með lauftrjám. Til að geta það er hún aðlöguð að meira skuggaþoli en flestar aðrar furur.
Barr og köngull á Pinus glabra
Börkur á fullvaxinni Pinus glabra
Tilvísanir
- Kral, Robert (1993). "Pinus glabra". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee. Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). 2. New York and Oxford – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
- {{{assessors}}} (1998). Pinus glabra. 2006 Rauði listi IUCN yfir tegundir í hættu. IUCN 2006. Sótt 12 May 2006.
- Kossuth, Susan V.; Michael, J. L. (1990). "Pinus glabra". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. Conifers. Silvics of North America. Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). 1 – via Southern Research Station (www.srs.fs.fed.us).
- What Is A Cedar Pine: Tips On Planting Cedar Pine Hedges
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Pinus glabra: Brief Summary
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fourni par wikipedia IS
Pinus glabra er furutegund sem finnst á strandsléttum suðaustur Bandaríkjanna, frá suður Suður-Karólínu suður til norður Flórída og vestur til suður Louisiana. Þetta er meðastór og beinvaxin tegund, um 20–40 m.
Barrnálarnar eru tvær saman, 5–8 sm langar, grannar (1 mm þykkar), og gljáandi grænar. Litlir og grannir könglarnir eru 4–6 sm langir, með smáa gadda sem falla fljótt af.
Pinus glabra er frábrugðin öðrum furum að því leyti að hún er ekki í hreinum furuskógum, fremur sem stök tré í röku skóglendi með lauftrjám. Til að geta það er hún aðlöguð að meira skuggaþoli en flestar aðrar furur.
![src=]()
Barr og köngull á Pinus glabra
![src=]()
Börkur á fullvaxinni Pinus glabra
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Pinus glabra
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Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Pinus glabra Walter – gatunek drzewa iglastego z rodziny sosnowatych (Pinaceae). Występuje w USA (Alabama, Floryda, Georgia, Luizjana, Missisipi, Karolina Południowa)[2].
Morfologia
- Pokrój
-
Korona drzewa stożkowata do zaokrąglonej.
- Pień
- Osiąga 30 m wysokości i 1 m średnicy. Kora dorosłych drzew szara i spękana na podłużne, nieregularne płaty.
- Liście
- Igły zebrane po 2 na krótkopędzie, ciemnozielone, delikatnie skręcone. Osiągają 4–8(10) cm długości i 0,7–1,2 mm średnicy.
- Szyszki
- Szyszki męskie cylindryczne, purpurowo-brązowe, o długości 10–15 mm. Szyszki nasienne prawie symetryczne, przed otwarciem podłużnie jajowate, po otwarciu jajowato-cylindryczne, długości 3,5–7 cm. Początkowo czerwono-brązowe, z czasem szare, osadzone na szypułkach o długości 0,1–1 cm. Nasiona brązowe, o długości ok. 6 mm, ze skrzydełkiem o długości ok. 12 mm.
Biologia
Igły pozostają na drzewie przez 2–3 lata. Szyszki nasienne dojrzewają w ciągu 2 lat, uwalniają nasiona wkrótce potem.
Systematyka i zmienność
Pozycja gatunku w obrębie rodzaju Pinus[3]:
Zagrożenia
Międzynarodowa organizacja IUCN umieściła ten gatunek w Czerwonej księdze gatunków zagrożonych, przyznając mu kategorię zagrożenia LR/lc (lower risk/least concern), uznając go za gatunek najmniejszej troski, o niskim ryzyku wymarcia[4]. Po ponownej ocenie w 2011 r. klasyfikację tę utrzymano i opublikowano w roku 2013[5].
Przypisy
Bibliografia
-
R. Kral. Pinus. „Flora of North America North of Mexico”. Vol. 2, 1993. Flora of North America Editorial Committee (red.). Oxford University Press (ang.). [dostęp 2009-11-06].
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Pinus glabra: Brief Summary
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Pinus glabra Walter – gatunek drzewa iglastego z rodziny sosnowatych (Pinaceae). Występuje w USA (Alabama, Floryda, Georgia, Luizjana, Missisipi, Karolina Południowa).
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Pinus glabra
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Pinus glabra é uma espécie de pinheiro originária do Novo Mundo. Faz parte do grupo de espécies de pinheiros com área de distribuição no Canadá e Estados Unidos (com exceção das àreas adjacentes à fronteira com o México).[1]
Ver também
Referências
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Pinus glabra: Brief Summary
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portugais
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Pinus glabra é uma espécie de pinheiro originária do Novo Mundo. Faz parte do grupo de espécies de pinheiros com área de distribuição no Canadá e Estados Unidos (com exceção das àreas adjacentes à fronteira com o México).
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Pinus glabra
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Поширення, екологія
Країни поширення: США (Алабама, Флорида, Джорджія, Луїзіана, Міссісіпі, Південна Кароліна). Росте в обмеженій кількості на болотах, в долинах річок, на купині в кислих піщаних ґрунтах, часто з високим рівнем ґрунтових вод на висотах 0-150 м над рівнем моря. Це низовинна сосна теплого помірного клімату на південному сході Сполучених Штатів, де літо довге, жарке і вологе, а зима м'яка.
Опис
Щільність деревини: 0,41 гр/см3. Дерева до 30 м у висоту і 100 см діаметра. Стовбур прямий. Крона від пірамідальної до округлої. Кора на зрілих дерев сіра, тріщинувата. На молодих деревах і гілках кора сіра і залишається гладкою протягом тривалого. Голки по 2 в пучку, зберігаються 2-3 роки, 4-8 (10) см завдовжки, прямі, злегка скручені, темно-зелені. Пилкові шишки циліндричні, довжиною 10-15 мм, пурпурно-коричневі. Насіннєві шишки довгі яйцеподібні перед відкриттям, овально-циліндричні, коли відкриті, 3.5-7 см завдовжки, червоно-коричневі, старі — сірі. Насіння: тіло бл. 6 мм, коричневе, помережане темнішим; крило бл. 12 мм. 2n = 24.
Найвище відоме дерево знаходиться в Джорджії, 35.63 м.
Використання
Деревина крихка, щільна, недовговічна і має обмежене комерційне значення.
Загрози та охорона
Цей вид чутливий до вогню, запобігання лісовим пожежам допомогло б цьому виду. Він присутній в кількох охоронних територіях по всьому ареалу.
Посилання
Галерея
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Pinus glabra
(
vietnamien
)
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Pinus glabra là một loài thực vật hạt trần trong họ Thông. Loài này được Walter miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1788.[1]
Chú thích
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Pinus glabra: Brief Summary
(
vietnamien
)
fourni par wikipedia VI
Pinus glabra là một loài thực vật hạt trần trong họ Thông. Loài này được Walter miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1788.
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モミハダマツ
(
japonais
)
fourni par wikipedia 日本語
モミハダマツ: Brief Summary
(
japonais
)
fourni par wikipedia 日本語
モミハダマツ（樅肌松、学名: Pinus glabra）とは、マツ科マツ属の常緑高木。
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Це незавершена стаття про родину Соснові.
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