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Description ( anglais )

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The California Tiger Salamander is a stocky salamander with a broad, rounded snout. Its eyes are relatively small but protruding, with black irises. The base dorsal color is black, and the dorsal side is commonly marked with bold patches of lemon-yellow spots that are concentrated along the sides of the animal. The belly is generally gray in color, and may display a few small spots of white or yellow color. Adults generally have 12 costal grooves.Recent molecular research has supported full species status for A. californiense, in contrast to its previous status as a subspecies of Ambystoma tigrinum (Shaffer and McKnight 1996). Full species status for A. californiense is also supported by its geographical isolation plus differences in coloration and natural history seen in A. californiense, as compared to other members of the A. tigrinum complex (Petranka 1998). This species was featured as News of the Week on March 18, 2013:Johnson et al. (2013) highlights the intersection of evolutionary history, restoration ecology, and conservation biology by testing three Tiger Salamander species found in California - Ambystoma californiense, Ambystoma tigrinum mavortium, and their hybrids - in experimental pools with different drying schedules. Illustrating the adaptive differences in the three clades of Ambystoma, they found that non-natives and hybrids did the best in pools that dried more slowly, like man-made ponds in the highly modified California landscape, while the native California Tiger Salamander did the best in pools that dried out more quickly and which simulated more naturalistic ponds found in California.See another account at californiaherps.com (http://www.californiaherps.com/salamanders/pages/a.californiense.html)

Références

  • Fisher, R. N., and Shaffer, H. B. (1996). "The decline of amphibians in California's Great Central Valley." Conservation Biology, 10(5), 1387-1397.
  • Shaffer, H. B., and McKnight, M. L. (1996). ''The polytypic species revisited: differentiation and molecular phylogenetics of the Tiger Salamander Ambystoma tigrinum (Amphibia: Caudata) complex.'' Evolution, 50, 417-433.

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Distribution and Habitat ( anglais )

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Distribution is restricted to the Central Valley of California and lower elevations to the west. The range includes areas around Sonoma, Petaluma, and the Colusa-Yolo county line, south to the vernal pools in Tulare County, and amongst the coast ranges south to the ponds and vernal pools in the Santa Ynez Drainage (Santa Barbara County). The habitat of this salamander is restricted to grassland and low foothills, where the long-lasting vernal pools it uses for breeding exist. Permanent aquatic sites can be used for breeding, but use of such sites is only common in the absence of predatory fish. Dry season habitat sites are within reasonable distance of breeding sites, and generally consist of small mammal burrows as well as man-made enclosures.
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Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors ( anglais )

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Like many other amphibians in central California, this species has suffered from habitat lost due to the conversion of land for agricultural and urban uses (Fisher and Shaffer 1996). In Sonoma County, 95% of the salamander's preferred vernal pool and grassland/oakland habitat has been lost. Another threat comes from the introduction of predatory fishes such as the mosquitofish, which is still used as a method of mosquito control. California Tiger Salamanders also have been adversely affected by the 1986-1990 California drought, which led to a decrease in suitable breeding habitat. This will likely be exacerbated with climate change.As of 2005, both the Sonoma and Santa Barbara populations (formally as Distinct Vertebrate Population Segments) are classified as Federally Endangered, originally listed as Endangered in 2003 and 2000, respectively but downgraded subsequently. US District courts reversed the downgrade in 2005.
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Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors ( anglais )

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The California Tiger Salamander engages in nocturnal breeding migrations. Movement occurs from dry season refuge sites to the breeding ponds from November to April, thought most commonly from December to March. These migrations don't occur until the ground has become moist, because the breeding pools do not form until the soil below them becomes saturated from the autumn rains. Males precede females to the breeding sites, and males often outnumber females at these sites. Shortly after breeding, the adults vacate the ponds. Eggs are deposited singly or in small groups of 2-4, submerged in the relatively shallow depths of the temporary pools. A minimum of 10 weeks is required for complete development (including metamorphosis).
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Relation to Humans ( anglais )

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Despite the petition to list the California Tiger Salamander as State Endangered (in 2009), the California Department of Fish and Game continues to list this species as Threatened. For more information see The Center for Biological Diversity's website (http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/species/amphibians/California_tiger_salamander/index.html) and the California State Department of Fish and Wildlife conservation listings for amphibians.
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Trophic Strategy ( anglais )

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Ambystoma californiense larvae eat aquatic invertebrates (Petranka 1998, Barry and Shaffer 1994). Adults are known to eat earthworms. They feed with a three part gape cycle, tongue extension cycle, and anterior head body movement common to ambystomatids (Beneski et al. 1995).

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Redding II, J. 2000. "Ambystoma californiense" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ambystoma_californiense.html
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Morphology ( anglais )

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male SVL 80-108 mm

female SVL 79-118 mm

Ambystoma californiense has broad rounded snouts with small eyes. It is a lustrous black and marked with rounded or irregular yellow spots. Bellies are a grayish color and may contain a few small dull yellow spots. These salamanders have 12 costal grooves on their sides (Petranka 1998).

Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; bilateral symmetry

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Redding II, J. 2000. "Ambystoma californiense" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ambystoma_californiense.html
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Habitat ( anglais )

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Ambystoma californiense likes a Mediterranean climate of cool wet winters and hot dry summers. They inhabit annual grasslands and open woodlands of foothills and valleys. Ground squirrel burrows are necessary for the survival af A. californiense (Petranka 1998, Loredo et al 1996).

Terrestrial Biomes: savanna or grassland ; chaparral

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Redding II, J. 2000. "Ambystoma californiense" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ambystoma_californiense.html
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Distribution ( anglais )

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Ambystoma californiense is isolated from Ambystoma tigrinum, with which it was once considered conspecific. It is endemic to California, and are found in the Central Valley and adjacent foothills and coastal grassland (Petranka 1998, Loredo et al. 1996).

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )

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Redding II, J. 2000. "Ambystoma californiense" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ambystoma_californiense.html
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Life Cycle ( anglais )

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Development - Life Cycle: metamorphosis

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Conservation Status ( anglais )

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Special Concern species in California (Holland et al. 1990)

Category I species on Federal Endangered Species List (Loredo et al. 1996)

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: vulnerable

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Redding II, J. 2000. "Ambystoma californiense" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ambystoma_californiense.html
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Sans titre ( anglais )

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Habitat loss is a big problem for Ambystoma californiense. Urban development and agriculture is eliminating its natural habitat. It is preyed upon by introduced species of fish and bullfrogs (Loredo et al. 1996). Ambystoma californiense has toxic skin secretions (Loredo et al. 1996), probably as a defense mechanism against the rodents it shares burrows with. The ground squirrel populations are controlled throughout much of California (Petranka 1998). This is another way in which Ambystoma californiense individuals are losing thier homes. Due to this, the ways in which ground squirrels are controlled and where they are controlled should be taken into consideration.

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Redding II, J. 2000. "Ambystoma californiense" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ambystoma_californiense.html
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Reproduction ( anglais )

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Ambystoma californiense breeds from late winter into early spring in large temporary ponds. They are explosive breeders, meaning they emerge, breed quickly, and then return to their burrows. They may breed two or three times a year this way. Juveniles migrate from these ponds to underground burrows in the spring during the rains. They are especially vulnerable to dehydration and heat stress during their overland movement (Petranka 1998, Loredo et al. 1996, Holland et al. 1990). They are rarely seen, due to nocturnal breeding migrations, and living in burrows underground (Loredo et al. 1996). Females attach one egg at a time to twigs, grass stems, vegetation, or detrious. These eggs are covered by a vitelline membrane and three jelly coats. They are distinguished by a pale yellow brown coloring and are about 2 mm in diameter (Petranka 1998). Eggs hatch 2-4 weeks after deposition (Petranka 1998, Barry and Shaffer 1994). Larvae coloring is yellowish gray. They are similiar to adults, except for large dorsal fins extending onto the back, and large feathery gills (Petranka 1998).

Key Reproductive Features: gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)

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Ambystoma californiense ( catalan ; valencien )

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La salamandra tigre de Califòrnia (Ambystoma californiense) és una espècie d'amfibi en perill d'extinció natiu al nord de Califòrnia. Abans considerada una subespècie de la salamandra tigrada (Ambystoma tigrinum), la salamandra tigre de Califòrnia, que és endèmica, va anar recentment categoritzada com una espècie per separat.

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Ambystoma californiense Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
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Kalifornischer Tiger-Querzahnmolch ( allemand )

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 src=
Kiemen behaftete Larve
 src=
Verbreitungsgebiete

Der Kalifornische Tiger-Querzahnmolch (Ambystoma californiense) ist eine endemisch in Kalifornien vorkommende Schwanzlurchart (Caudata) aus der Überfamilie der Salamanderverwandten (Salamandroidea).

Merkmale

Der Kalifornische Tiger-Querzahnmolch erreicht eine durchschnittliche Gesamtlänge von 20 Zentimetern bei den Männchen sowie von 17 Zentimetern bei den Weibchen.[1] Die Haut ist glatt und glänzend. Kopf, Rücken, Flanken und Schwanz sind tiefschwarz und mit einigen, meist kreisrunden gelben oder cremefarbenen Flecken versehen. Die Unterseite ist zeichnungslos grau gefärbt. Das Maul ist sehr breit und schaufelförmig. Die Gaumenzähne sind in Querreihen angeordnet. Männchen sind an der kräftiger ausgebildeten Kloake zu erkennen. Die im Wasser lebenden, mit Kiemen behafteten Larven sind graugrün. Farblich und zeichnungsmäßig ähnelt die Art dem Flecken-Querzahnmolch (Ambystoma maculatum). Da dieser jedoch ausschließlich im Osten und der Mitte Nordamerikas vorkommt, gibt es keine geographische Überlappung der beiden Arten.

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

Das Verbreitungsgebiet des Kalifornischen Tiger-Querzahnmolchs befindet sich in mehreren, nicht miteinander verbundenen Arealen im Westen Kaliforniens und reicht südlich von Sacramento sowie östlich von San Francisco bis in den Norden von Bakersfield. Ausgewachsene Tiere leben in offenen Waldlandschaften und verstecken sich gerne in von Nagetieren gegrabenen Erdhöhlen. Ihre Larven bewohnen bevorzugt kleine fischfreie Gewässer. Die Höhenverbreitung reicht vom Meeresspiegel bis auf etwa 1200 Meter.[2]

Lebensweise und Entwicklung

Ausgewachsene Individuen ernähren sich in erster Linie von verschiedenen Insekten und Würmern. Ihre im Wasser lebenden, mit Kiemen ausgestatteten Jungtiere fressen in den ersten sechs Wochen zunächst Algen, kleine Krebstiere und Wasserinsektenlarven, danach werden auch Würmer, Schnecken und Kaulquappen als Futter angenommen.[1] Zu Beginn der Regenzeit, meist ab November werden die Eier von den Weibchen nach der Begattung am Rande kleiner Tümpel einzeln oder in kleinen Gruppen an Wasserpflanzen oder Steine angeheftet. Im Durchschnitt werden 814 Eier (maximal 1340) mit einem Durchmesser von 3,5 Millimetern abgesetzt.[2] Nach zwei bis vier Wochen schlüpfen die Larven. Die Metamorphose, d. h. die Umwandlung der aquatischen Kaulquappe zur terrestrischen Form erfolgt frühestens nach zwei Jahren, kann aber auch bis zu vier Jahre dauern. Die Tiere werden nach einer Entwicklungszeit zwischen vier und sechs Jahren geschlechtsreif.[2]

Gefährdung

Aufgrund des Bevölkerungszuwachses in Kalifornien und dem damit verbundenen Bau von Wohngebieten und Straßen sowie der Erschließung landwirtschaftlich genutzten Flächen, ist die Art gebietsweise im Rückgang begriffen. Sie wird demzufolge von der Weltnaturschutzorganisation IUCN als VU IUCN 3 1.svg (vulnerable = gefährdet) eingestuft.[3] Da auch die Nagetierpopulationen in einigen Gebieten kontrolliert werden und zurückgehen, fehlen den Kalifornischen Tiger-Querzahnmolchen viele der benötigten Unterschlupfmöglichkeiten in Erdlöchern.[1] Eingeschleppte Tiere, beispielsweise exotische Fisch- oder Ochsenfroscharten stellen zunehmend eine Bedrohung für die Larven dar.[2] Auch wirkt sich der Einsatz von Pestiziden negativ auf das verfügbare Nahrungsspektrum der Lurche aus.

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c Kassie Siegel & Sally Tomlinson: Petition to list the Sonoma County population of the California tiger salmander as endangered under the Endangered Species Act on an emergency basis, Center for Biological Diversity and Citizens for a Sustainable Cotati, petitioners, 2001 http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/species/amphibians/California_tiger_salamander/pdfs/PETITION.PDF
  2. a b c d H. Bradley Shaffer & Peter C. Trenham: Ambystoma californiense, AmphibiaWeb, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, (eingesehen bei http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?where-genus=Ambystoma&where-species=californiense am 25. Juli 2017)
  3. IUCN Red List
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Kalifornischer Tiger-Querzahnmolch: Brief Summary ( allemand )

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 src= Kiemen behaftete Larve  src= Verbreitungsgebiete

Der Kalifornische Tiger-Querzahnmolch (Ambystoma californiense) ist eine endemisch in Kalifornien vorkommende Schwanzlurchart (Caudata) aus der Überfamilie der Salamanderverwandten (Salamandroidea).

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California tiger salamander ( anglais )

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The California tiger salamander (Ambystoma californiense) is a vulnerable amphibian native to California. It is a mole salamander. Previously considered to be a subspecies of the tiger salamander (A. tigrinum), the California tiger salamander was recently designated a separate species again.[4] The California tiger salamander distinct population segment (DPS) in Sonoma County and the Santa Barbara County DPS are listed as federally endangered, while the Central California DPS is listed as federally threatened.[5][6] The Sonoma County, south San Joaquin, and the Santa Barbara County DPS have diverged from the rest of the California tiger salamander populations for over one million years, since the Pleistocene[7] and they may warrant status as separate species.

Description

The California tiger salamander is a relatively large, secretive amphibian endemic to California. Adults can grow to a total length of about 7–8 inches. It has a stocky body and a broad, rounded snout. Adults are black with yellow or cream spots; larvae are greenish-grey in color. The California tiger salamander has brown protruding eyes with black irises.

Habitat and range

The California tiger salamander depends on vernal pools and other seasonal ponds and stock ponds for reproduction; its habitat is limited to the vicinity of large, fishless vernal pools or similar water bodies. It occurs at elevations up to 1000 m (3200 ft). Adults migrate at night from upland habitats to aquatic breeding sites beginning with the first major rainfall of fall and winter, and return to upland habitats after breeding.

Historically, the California tiger salamander probably occurred in grassland habitats throughout much of the state. It occurs from Sonoma County, especially in the Laguna de Santa Rosa (outside the floodplain), south to Santa Barbara County, in vernal pool complexes and isolated ponds along the Central Valley from Colusa County to Kern County, and in the coastal range. Both the Sonoma and Santa Barbara populations are listed as endangered since 2000 and 2003, respectively. On August 4, 2004, the US Fish and Wildlife Service listed the California tiger salamander as threatened within the Central DPS.

The six populations are found in Sonoma County, the Bay Area (Stanislaus County, western Merced County, and most of San Benito County), the Central Valley, the southern San Joaquin Valley, the Central Coast Range, and Santa Barbara County.[7][8][9]

The loss of California tiger salamander populations has been due primarily to the loss of habitat and predators, such as American bullfrogs and access to breeding habitats.[10][11] There is also a viable hybrid between the California tiger salamander and the introduced barred tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum mavortium), which genetic evidence suggests have been hybridizing for 50–60 years.[12]

Life cycle

Adults spend the majority of their lives underground, in burrows created by other animals, such as ground squirrels and gophers;[13][14] these salamanders are poorly equipped for burrowing. Little is known about their underground life. This underground phase has often been referred to as estivation (the summertime equivalent of hibernation), but true estivation has never been observed, and fiber optic cameras in burrows have allowed researchers to witness salamanders actively foraging. Adults are known to eat earthworms,[15] snails, insects, fish, and even small mammals[16][17] but adult California tiger salamanders eat very little.[18]

Reproduction

Larvae have gills

Breeding takes place after the first rains in late fall and early winter, when the wet season allows the salamanders to migrate to the nearest pond, a journey that may be as far as a 1.3 miles[19] and take several days. The eggs, which the female lays in small clusters or singly, hatch after 10 to 14 days. The larval period lasts for three to six months. However, California tiger salamander larvae may also "overwinter". Transformation for overwintering larvae may take 13 months or more. Recent discoveries, such as overwintering, have management implications for this threatened species, particularly when aquatic habitats undergo modification. The larvae feed on other small invertebrates, including tadpoles. When their pond dries, they resorb their gills, develop lungs, and then the metamorphs leave the pond in search of a burrow.

"... the average female bred 1.4 times and produced 8.5 young that survived to metamorphosis per reproductive event, resulting in roughly 12 lifetime metamorphic offspring per female."[20]

California tiger salamanders can live up to 15 years.

See also

References

  1. ^ Geoffrey Hammerson (2004). "Ambystoma californiense". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T1098A3234573. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T1098A3234573.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), Conservation International & NatureServe (2004). "Ambystoma californiense". IUCN 2014. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. Archived from the original on 2014-06-27. Retrieved 2015-05-31.
  3. ^ Hastings, D.; P.K. Dunbar (1999). "Global Land One-kilometer Base Elevation (GLOBE) v.1". National Geophysical Data Center. National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA. doi:10.7289/V52R3PMS. Retrieved 2015-03-16.
  4. ^ Shaffer, H. B.; S. Stanley (1991). Final report to California Department of Fish and Game. California tiger salamander surveys, 1991 (Report). Rancho Cordova, California: California Department of Fish and Game, Inland Fisheries Division. Contract FG9422.
  5. ^ "Species Account: California Tiger Salamander" (PDF). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. July 29, 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 6, 2010. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
  6. ^ California Tiger Salamander Endangered Species Facts (PDF) (Report). Environmental Protection Agency. February 2010. Retrieved 2013-03-14.
  7. ^ a b Shaffer, H. B.; Pauly, G. B.; Oliver, J. C.; Trenham, P. C. (2004). "The molecular phylogenetics of endangerment: cryptic variation and historical phylogeography of the California tiger salamander, Ambystoma californiense". Molecular Ecology. 13 (10): 3033–3049. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2004.02317.x. PMID 15367118. S2CID 912805.
  8. ^ "Rules and Regulations" (PDF). Federal Register / Vol. 68, No. 53. 2003-03-19. Retrieved 2009-10-19.
  9. ^ Shaffer, H. B.; P. C. Trenham (2002). Distinct population segments of the California tiger salamander, Ambystoma californiense. Report to the USFWS (Report).
  10. ^ Fisher, R. N.; H. B. Shaffer (1996). "The decline of amphibians in California's Great Central Valley". Conservation Biology. 10 (5): 1387–1397. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10051387.x.
  11. ^ Center for Biological Diversity and Citizens for a Sustainable Cotati, petitioners (2001-06-11). "Petition to list the Sonoma County population of the California tiger salmander [sic] as endangered under the Endangered Species Act on an emergency basis" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-10-19.
  12. ^ Benjamin M. Fitzpatrick and H. Bradley Shaffer (2007-10-02). "Hybrid vigor between native and introduced salamanders raises new challenges for conservation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (40): 15793–15798. Bibcode:2007PNAS..10415793F. doi:10.1073/pnas.0704791104. PMC 2000440. PMID 17884982.
  13. ^ Trenham, Peter C. (2001). "Terrestrial Habitat Use by Adult California Tiger Salamanders". Journal of Herpetology. 35 (2): 343–346. doi:10.2307/1566130. JSTOR 1566130.
  14. ^ "Ambystoma californiense - California Tiger Salamander". California Herps. Retrieved 2009-10-19.
  15. ^ "Ambystoma californiense, California tiger salamander". University of Michigan Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2009-10-19.
  16. ^ T. Kucera (1997), California Wildlife Habitat Relationships System, California Department of Fish and Game Updated by: CWHR Program Staff, August 2005.
  17. ^ Stebbins, R.C. (1972). California amphibians and reptiles. Berkeley: University of California Press. 152 pp.
  18. ^ Shaffer, H. B.; R. N. Fisher & S. E. Stanley (1993). Status report: the California tiger salamander (Ambystoma californiense). Final report to the California Department of Fish and Game, Inland Fisheries Division, Rancho Cordova California, under Contracts FG9422 and 1383 (Report).
  19. ^ Sweet, Sam (1998). "Vineyard Development Posing an Imminent Threat to Ambystoma californiense in Santa Barbara County, California". Letter to the USFWS.
  20. ^ Trenham, Peter C.; Shaffer, H. Bradley; Koenig, Walter D; Stromberg, Mark R. "Life History and Demographic Variation in the California Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma californiense)". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

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California tiger salamander: Brief Summary ( anglais )

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The California tiger salamander (Ambystoma californiense) is a vulnerable amphibian native to California. It is a mole salamander. Previously considered to be a subspecies of the tiger salamander (A. tigrinum), the California tiger salamander was recently designated a separate species again. The California tiger salamander distinct population segment (DPS) in Sonoma County and the Santa Barbara County DPS are listed as federally endangered, while the Central California DPS is listed as federally threatened. The Sonoma County, south San Joaquin, and the Santa Barbara County DPS have diverged from the rest of the California tiger salamander populations for over one million years, since the Pleistocene and they may warrant status as separate species.

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Ambystoma californiense ( espagnol ; castillan )

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La salamandra tigre de California (Ambystoma californiense) es un anfibio en peligro de extinción nativo del norte de California. Antes considerada una subespecie de la salamandra tigre (Ambystoma tigrinum), la salamandra tigre de California, que es endémica, fue recientemente categorizada como una especie por separado.

Descripción

La salamandra tigre de California es un anfibio de gran tamaño. Los adultos pueden crecer de 20 a 25 centímetros, y tienen puntos negros, amarillos o color crema; las larvas tienen color verde grisáceo. Las salamandras tigre de California tiene ojos prominentes con pupilas negras.

Hábitat

La salamandra tigre de California depende del agua para reproducirse, su hábitat es limitado a los alrededores de grandes lagunas libres de peces o cuerpos de agua similares y necesita elevaciones de más de 1000 msnm.

La salamandra tigre de California se encuentra desde el condado de Sonoma, principalmente en la laguna de Santa Rosa, al sur del condado de Santa Bárbara, en complejos de lagunas primaverales y estanques a través del valle central del condado de Colusa al condado de Kern y en la cadena costera del pacífico.

Ciclo de vida

Los adultos pasan la mayoría de sus vidas bajo tierra, en agujeros creados por otros animales como ardillas; la salamandra misma no realiza las excavaciones. Poco se sabe de su vida bajo tierra. A este periodo que pasan bajo tierra se le conoce como estivación (el equivalente veraniego de la hibernación), pero la verdadera estivación nunca ha sido observada, y cámaras de fibra óptica en sus madrigueras han permitido ha investigadores observar a la salamandra tigre en búsqueda de comida.

La reproducción toma lugar después de las primeras lluvias a finales de otoño y principios de invierno, es cuando la temporada húmeda permite a las salamandras migrar al estanque más cercano, un viaje largo que puede durar varios días. La hembra pone los huevos individualmente o en grupos, y eclosionan después de 10 a 14 días.

El periodo larval en la salamandra tigre de California dura de tres a seis meses.

Se cree que la salamandra tigre de California es bastante longeva, pudiendo vivir diez años o más.

Referencias

  1. Geoffrey Hammerson (2004). «Ambystoma californiense». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2015.2 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 6 de septiembre de 2015.
Fuentes

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Ambystoma californiense: Brief Summary ( espagnol ; castillan )

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La salamandra tigre de California (Ambystoma californiense) es un anfibio en peligro de extinción nativo del norte de California. Antes considerada una subespecie de la salamandra tigre (Ambystoma tigrinum), la salamandra tigre de California, que es endémica, fue recientemente categorizada como una especie por separado.

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Ambystoma californiense ( basque )

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Ambystoma californiense Ambystoma generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Ambystomatidae familian sailkatuta dago, Caudata ordenan.

Erreferentziak

Ikus, gainera

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Ambystoma californiense: Brief Summary ( basque )

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Ambystoma californiense Ambystoma generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Ambystomatidae familian sailkatuta dago, Caudata ordenan.

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Ambystoma californiense

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Ambystoma californiense est une espèce d'urodèles de la famille des Ambystomatidae[1].

Répartition

Cette espèce est endémique du centre-Ouest de la Californie aux États-Unis[1]. Elle se rencontre jusqu'à 1 054 m d'altitude.

Étymologie

Son nom d'espèce, composé de californi et du suffixe latin -ense, « qui vit dans, qui habite », lui a été donné en référence au lieu de sa découverte, la Californie.

Publication originale

  • Gray, 1853 : On a new species of salamander from California. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, vol. 1853, p. 11 (texte intégral).

Notes et références

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Ambystoma californiense: Brief Summary

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Ambystoma californiense est une espèce d'urodèles de la famille des Ambystomatidae.

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Ambystoma californiense ( latin )

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Ambystoma californiense est species caudatorum familiae Ambystomatidarum, in California endemica.

Habitatio

Quia haec caudata in regione sicca calidaque evoluta sunt, in silvis humidis inveniri non solent. Quamquam necesse est iis prope aquam vivere, plerumque sub humum manent ne desiccent. Cum cavos suos creare non possint, cavis sciurorum saepe utuntur.[2]

Procreatio

Ambystoma californiense hieme vereque in lacubus parvis temporariisque procreat. Post adventum pluviae primae cavis discedunt ut ad lacus natales revertantur. Post procreationem ad cavos revertuntur. Salamandrae iuvenes in lacubus manent antequam lacus desiccent, tum cavos suos reperiunt.[3]

Nexus interni

Notae

  1. Geoffrey Hammerson, Ambystoma californiense (California Tiger Salamander), IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, (2014).
  2. California Tiger Salamander, Stanford Habitat Conservation Plan, (2012).
  3. Jerry Redding II, Ambystoma californiense, Animal Diversity Web, (2000).
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Ambystoma californiense: Brief Summary ( latin )

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Ambystoma californiense est species caudatorum familiae Ambystomatidarum, in California endemica.

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Ambystoma californiense ( néerlandais ; flamand )

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Herpetologie

Ambystoma californiense is een salamander uit de familie molsalamanders (Ambystomatidae). De soort werd voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door John Edward Gray in 1853. Later werd de wetenschappelijke naam Amblystoma californicum gebruikt.[2]

Uiterlijke kenmerken

De kleur lijkt op die van de in Nederland en België levende vuursalamander (Salamandra salamandra), vanwege de zwarte basiskleur en de heldergele vlekken, maar de vlekken zijn bij deze soort vrijwel rond of juist streepachtig en meestal niet dicht verspreid. De salamander heeft een stompe kop, rond lichaam en iets zijdelings afgeplatte staart, de gifklieren of parotoïden zijn duidelijk zichtbaar. De ogen zijn klein en kraalachtig maar puilen wat uit en zijn goed te zien, de tenen hebben vaak vele kleine vlekjes waardoor ze erg opvallen.

Verspreiding en habitat

Ambystoma californiense komt voor in de Verenigde Staten in de staat Californië, en leeft in grassige biotopen als savannen, graslanden en bosranden. Het dier zoekt de vochtige plaatsen op, tussen de onderste strooisellaag of tussen mos en bladeren. De salamander is een opportunistische soort die de meeste tijd verstopt zit in kleine holletjes van andere dieren of onder stenen en bladeren, veel gebruikt worden de holen van grondeekhoorns.

Voedsel en vijanden

Op het menu staan kleine ongewervelden zoals insecten en wormen. Alleen bij vochtig weer wordt er gejaagd, en alleen tijdens de paartijd wordt de salamander weleens in drogere omstandigheden aangetroffen als hij naar het water trekt. Vijanden zijn kikkers, slangen en eekhoorns. De salamander is giftig, en het gif is waarschijnlijk meer bedoeld om kleine knaagdieren in hun holen mee op afstand te houden dan tegen echte vijanden zoals grote kikkers.

Voortplanting

De paartijd begint in december en eindigt in maart, de salamanders komen alleen tevoorschijn om te paren als het geregend heeft, maar dan komen ze ook massaal uit de schuilplaatsen. De eitjes worden meestal afgezet in tijdelijke poelen waar de larven niet door grote vijanden als vissen worden belaagd, maar ook permanente wateren worden gebruikt.[3] De larven ontwikkelen zich beduidend langzamer dan die van veel andere soorten, en worden ook groter.

Beschermingsstatus

Ambystoma californiense gaat in aantal achteruit doordat de landbouw en de daarmee gepaard gaande landschapsverandering het natuurlijke leefgebied van de soort drastisch heeft verkleind.[4]

Externe link

Bronvermelding

Referenties
  1. (en) Ambystoma californiense op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. Darrel R. Frost - Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference - Version 6.0 - American Museum of Natural History, Ambystoma californiense.
  3. University of California - AmphibiaWeb, Ambystoma californiense.
  4. California Herps, Ambystoma californiense.
Bronnen
  • (en) – California Herps - Ambystoma californiense - Website
  • (en) - Darrel R. Frost - Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference - Version 6.0 - American Museum of Natural History - Ambystoma californiense - Website Geconsulteerd 26 februari 2017
  • (en) - University of California - AmphibiaWeb - Ambystoma californiense - Website
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Ambystoma californiense: Brief Summary ( néerlandais ; flamand )

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Ambystoma californiense is een salamander uit de familie molsalamanders (Ambystomatidae). De soort werd voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door John Edward Gray in 1853. Later werd de wetenschappelijke naam Amblystoma californicum gebruikt.

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Ambystoma kalifornijska ( polonais )

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Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Ambystoma kalifornijska (Ambystoma californiense) − gatunek płaza z rodziny ambystomowatych (Ambystomatidae), występujący w okolicach Santa Barbara w Kalifornii. Dawniej uznawana była za podgatunek ambystomy tygrysiej.

Wygląd

Długość ciała wynosi 8–11 cm, samice są nieco większe. Ciało czarne, żółto nakrapiane, brzuch szary. Po bokach, na żebrach 12 wyrostków. Skóra wydziela truciznę prawdopodobnie służącą do obrony przed gryzoniami, z którymi salamandry dzielą nory.

Tryb życia

Żyją w norach wykopanych przez gryzonie (głównie świstaki), w pobliżu jezior. Dorosłe osobniki żywią się dżdżownicami, młode zjadają wodne bezkręgowce.

Rozmnażanie

Salamandry te rozmnażają się późną zimą i wczesną wiosną. Parzą się nocą. Samice przyklejają jaja, pokryte żelową osłoną, do źdźbeł trawy. Żółto-szare młode wylęgają się po 2-4 tygodniach.

Zagrożenie

Ambystoma kalifornijska została zakwalifikowana przez IUCN jako gatunek zagrożony wyginięciem. Głównymi zagrożeniami dla tego gatunku są introdukowane gatunki ryb i płazów, oraz osuszanie jezior. Zmniejszająca się liczba świstaków także ma negatywny wpływ na ten gatunek – zmniejsza się liczba nor, w których mogą żyć salamandry.

Przypisy

  1. Ambystoma californiense, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Joanna Mazgajska: Płazy świata. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2009, s. 78. ISBN 978-83-01-15846-0.
  3. Ambystoma californiense. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).

Bibliografia

p d e
Płazy ogoniasteCryptobranchoidea Kammmolchmaennchen.jpgSirenoidea Salamandroidea
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Ambystoma kalifornijska: Brief Summary ( polonais )

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Ambystoma kalifornijska (Ambystoma californiense) − gatunek płaza z rodziny ambystomowatych (Ambystomatidae), występujący w okolicach Santa Barbara w Kalifornii. Dawniej uznawana była za podgatunek ambystomy tygrysiej.

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Ambystoma californiense ( portugais )

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Ambystoma californiense é uma espécie de anfíbio caudado pertencente à família Ambystomatidae. Endêmica da Califórnia, nos Estados Unidos da América.

Referências

  1. Geoffrey Hammerson (2004). «Ambystoma californiense». Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas. 2004: e.T1098A3234573. doi:. Consultado em 12 de novembro de 2021
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Ambystoma californiense: Brief Summary ( portugais )

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Ambystoma californiense é uma espécie de anfíbio caudado pertencente à família Ambystomatidae. Endêmica da Califórnia, nos Estados Unidos da América.

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Амбістома каліфорнійська ( ukrainien )

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Опис

Загальна довжина становить 15—22 см. Голова широка, морда округла. Очі опуклі з чорними зіницями. Тулуб кремезний. Шкіра гладенька. З боків тіла є 12 поперечних борозенок. Передні кінцівки мають 5, задні — 4 пальці. Хвіст дещо сплощено з боків, він поступово звужується на кінці. Забарвлення дорослих особин чорне з жовтими або кремовими плямами на спині й хвості. Личинки мають зеленувато-сірий колір.

Спосіб життя

Полюбляє скелясті, піщані місцини, береги тимчасових та стоячих водойм. Зустрічається на висоті до 500–1200 м над рівнем моря. Основний час проводить під землею, використовуючи для хованки нори різних тварин, частіше каліфорнійських ховрахів. Активна вночі або в дощову погоду. Дорослі особини живляться різними безхребетними, личинки — зоопланктоном.

Період розмноження триває з грудня до лютого. Розмноження відбувається у тимчасових водоймах, які формуються протягом зими і висихають влітку. Самиця відкладає 2—4 яйця на дні водойми, прикріплюючи їх до водної рослинності. В одному місті можуть відкладати яйця до декількох самиць. Зафіксовано факт в окрузі Монтерей, де кладка 11 самиць каліфорнійської амбістоми містила 814 яєць.

Розвиток яєць триває близько 30 днів. При появі личинки мають довжину 15-17 мм. Метаморфоз відбувається при довжині тіла 8—9 см, а весь розвиток триває 3—4 місяці. У високогірних популяціях розвиток личинок відбувається протягом року.

Розповсюдження

Поширена у штаті Каліфорнія (США).

Джерела

  • Fisher, R. N. and H. B. Shaffer. 1996. The decline of amphibians in California's Great Central Valley. Conservation Biology 10:1387-1397.
  • Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, A. L. Gardner, and W. C. Starnes (2004) , Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada
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Ambystoma californiense ( vietnamien )

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Kỳ giông hổ California (Danh pháp khoa học: Ambystoma californiense) là một loài lưỡng cư trong họ Ambystomatidae có nguồn gốc từ California của Hoa Kỳ, chúng là loài dễ bị tổn thương. Trước đây được coi là một phân loài của loài kỳ giông hổ (Ambystoma tigrinum) nhưng loài kỳ giông hổ California gần đây đã được chỉ định một loài riêng biệt.

Đặc điểm

Kỳ giông hổ California là một loài lưỡng cư có đời sống bí ẩn có kích thước tương đối lớn ở California. Những con trưởng thành có thể phát triển đến tổng chiều dài khoảng 7-8 inch. Nó có một cơ thể săn chắc và một cái mõm tròn. Những cá thể lớn có màu đen với những đốm màu vàng hoặc kem, những con nhỏ thì có màu xám xanh lục. Con kỳ giông hổ California có đôi mắt nhô ra màu nâu với đôi mắt màu đen.

Kỳ giông California phụ thuộc vào những hồ bơi và các ao nuôi và ao nuôi theo mùa khác để sinh sản, môi trường sống của nó bị giới hạn ở vùng lân cận của các hồ lớn hoặc các vùng nước tương tự. Nó được tìm tháy ở độ cao lên đến 1000 m (3200 ft). Những con trưởng thành di chuyển vào ban đêm từ môi trường sống ở vùng cao đến các điểm nuôi trồng thủy sản bắt đầu với lượng mưa lớn đầu tiên của mùa thu và mùa đông, và trở về môi trường sống ở vùng cao sau khi sinh sản.

Nó xuất hiện từ Sonoma County, đặc biệt là ở Laguna de Santa Rosa (bên ngoài vùng đồng bằng ngập lụt), phía nam đến Santa Barbara Count và các ao bị cô lập dọc theo Thung lũng Trung tâm từ Hạt Colusa đến Hạt Kern, và ở vùng ven biển. Cả hai quần thể Sonoma và Santa Barbara được liệt kê là nguy cơ tuyệt chủng kể từ năm 2000 và 2003. Sáu quần thể được tìm thấy ở Hạt Sonoma, Vùng Vịnh (Quận Stanislaus, Quận Tây Merced, và hầu hết Hạt San Benito), Thung lũng Trung tâm, Thung lũng San Joaquin phía Nam, Dải Bờ biển Trung tâm và Hạt Santa Barbara.

Những con trưởng thành dành phần lớn cuộc sống của chúng dưới lòng đất, trong hang động được tạo ra từ các động vật khác chẳng hạn như sóc đấtchuột nang vì những con kỳ giông được trang bị kém để đào hang. Ít được biết về cuộc sống dưới lòng đất của chúng. Giai đoạn ngầm này thường được gọi là tương đương với việc ngủ đông, nhưng thực tế không bao giờ được quan sát, máy ảnh cáp quang trong hang động đã cho phép các nhà nghiên cứu chứng kiến những con kỳ giông tích cực tìm kiếm thức ăn. Những con trưởng thành được biết là ăn giun đất, ốc sên, côn trùng, và thậm chí cả động vật có vú nhỏ nhưng loài kỳ giông hổ California trưởng thành ăn rất ít.

Tham khảo

  • Hammerson (2004). "Ambystoma californiense". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2004. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 February 2010.
  • IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), Conservation International & NatureServe (2004). "Ambystoma californiense". IUCN 2014. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. Archived from the original on 2014-06-27. Retrieved 2015-05-31.
  • Hastings, D.; P.K. Dunbar (1999). "Global Land One-kilometer Base Elevation (GLOBE) v.1". National Geophysical Data Center. National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA. doi:10.7289/V52R3PMS. Retrieved 2015-03-16.
  • Shaffer, H. B.; S. Stanley (1991). Final report to California Department of Fish and Game. California tiger salamander surveys, 1991 (Report). Rancho Cordova, California: California Department of Fish and Game, Inland Fisheries Division. Contract FG9422.
  • "Species Account: California Tiger Salamander" (PDF). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. July 29, 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 6, 2010. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
  • California Tiger Salamander Endangered Species Facts (PDF) (Report). Environmental Protection Agency. February 2010. Retrieved 2013-03-14.
  • Shaffer, H. B.; Pauly, G. B.; Oliver, J. C.; Trenham, P. C. (2004). "The molecular phylogenetics of endangerment: cryptic variation and historical phylogeography of the California tiger salamander, Ambystoma californiense". Molecular Ecology. 13: 3033–3049. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2004.02317.x. PMID 15367118.

Chú thích

  1. ^ Hammerson (2004). “Ambystoma californiense”. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2004. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế. Truy cập ngày 17 tháng 2 năm 2010.
  2. ^ IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), Conservation International & NatureServe (2004). “Ambystoma californiense”. IUCN 2014. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 27 tháng 6 năm 2014. Truy cập ngày 31 tháng 5 năm 2015.
  3. ^ Hastings, D.; P.K. Dunbar (1999). “Global Land One-kilometer Base Elevation (GLOBE) v.1.”. National Geophysical Data Center. National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA. doi:10.7289/V52R3PMS. Truy cập ngày 16 tháng 3 năm 2015.
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Ambystoma californiense: Brief Summary ( vietnamien )

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Kỳ giông hổ California (Danh pháp khoa học: Ambystoma californiense) là một loài lưỡng cư trong họ Ambystomatidae có nguồn gốc từ California của Hoa Kỳ, chúng là loài dễ bị tổn thương. Trước đây được coi là một phân loài của loài kỳ giông hổ (Ambystoma tigrinum) nhưng loài kỳ giông hổ California gần đây đã được chỉ định một loài riêng biệt.

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Ambystoma californiense ( russe )

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Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Подкласс: Беспанцирные
Подотряд: Salamandroidea
Семейство: Амбистомовые
Вид: Ambystoma californiense
Международное научное название

Ambystoma californiense Gray, 1853

Синонимы[1]
  • Amblystoma californicum Cooper, 1873
  • Ambystoma tigrinum californiense Cope, 1889
Ареал

изображение

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Систематика
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Изображения
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ITIS 173595NCBI 43107EOL 1019662

Ambystoma californiense (лат.) — вид хвостатых земноводных из семейства амбистом.

Распространение

Эндемик США. Ареал ограничен штатом Калифорния[1].

Описание

Общая длина составляет 15-22 см. Голова широкая, морда округлая. Глаза выпуклые с чёрными зрачками. Туловище коренастое, кожа гладкая. По бокам тела имеются 12 поперечных бороздок. Передние конечности имеют 5, задние — 4 пальца. Хвост несколько уплощён с боков, и постепенно сужается к концу. Окраска взрослых особей чёрная с жёлтыми или кремовыми пятнами на спине и хвосте. Личинки имеют зеленовато-серый цвет[2].

Образ жизни

Обитает в скалистых, песчаных местах, на берегах временных и стоячих водоёмов. Встречается на высотах 500—1200 м над уровнем моря[3]. Основное время проводит под землей, используя для укрытий норы различных животных, чаще всего — калифорнийских сусликов[4]. Активна ночью или в дождливую погоду. Взрослые особи питаются различными беспозвоночными, личинки — зоопланктоном. Продолжительность жизни до 15 лет[5].

Размножение

 src=
Личинка с жабрами

Период размножения длится с декабря по февраль. Размножение происходит во временных водоёмах, которые формируются в течение зимы и высыхают летом[6]. Самка откладывает 2-4 яйца на дне водоёма, прикрепляя их к водной растительности. В одном водоёме могут откладывать яйца несколько самок[4].

Развитие яиц длится около 30 дней. При появлении личинки имеют длину 15-17 мм. Метаморфоз происходит при длине тела 8-9 см, а все развитие длится 3-4 месяца. В высокогорных популяциях развитие личинок происходит в течение года[7].

Фото

  • Ambystoma californiense.jpeg
  • California Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma californiense).jpg
  • California Tiger Salamander (CTS) (21261426961).jpg
  • California Tiger Salamander (CTS) (20632289023).jpg

Примечания

  1. 1 2 Frost, Darrel R. Ambystoma californiense (неопр.). Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History (2017).
  2. California Tiger Salamander (англ.) информация на сайте «Энциклопедия жизни» (EOL).
  3. Ambystoma californiense (англ.). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  4. 1 2 Trenham, Peter C. (2001). “Terrestrial Habitat Use by Adult California Tiger Salamanders”. Journal of Herpetology. 35: 343—346. DOI:10.2307/1566130.
  5. Shaffer, H. B.; R. N. Fisher & S. E. Stanley (1993), "Status report: the California tiger salamander (Ambystoma californiense)", Final report to the California Department of Fish and Game, Inland Fisheries Division, Rancho Cordova California, under Contracts FG9422 and 1383
  6. Sweet, Sam (1998). “Vineyard Development Posing an Imminent Threat to Ambystoma californiense in Santa Barbara County, California”. Letter to the USFWS. Проверено 22 March 2015. |access-date= требует |url= (справка)
  7. Amphibia Web. Ambystoma californiense (неопр.). Provides information on amphibian declines, natural history, conservation, and taxonomy (2017).
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Ambystoma californiense: Brief Summary ( russe )

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Ambystoma californiense (лат.) — вид хвостатых земноводных из семейства амбистом.

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