Odontophrynus americanus (Duméril & Bibron 1841)

Odontophrynus americanus is a robust-bodied leptodactylid frog with an average snout-vent length of 42.2 mm for males and 44.6 mm for females. The head, when viewed from above, is rounded and is wider than it is long. The snout is blunt and truncate. The eye is circular and the pupil is horizontal. The upper eyelids have warts that are approximately the same size. The tympanum is not visible. The dorsum is covered in warts and ridges. The belly is granular. It has a short glandular inner tarsal fold and a single glandular ridge on the posterior forearm. The limbs are short at about half the length of the hind limbs. Their slender fingers are smooth on top and the second and fourth fingers are almost equal in length with the third finger being the longest. The fingers have claw shaped terminal phalanges. Webbing is present on hind limbs. Their lengths of their toes are as follows: 4 > 3 > 5 > 2 > 1. No disks are present. They have an enlarged inner metatarsal tubercle used for burrowing. They have one median vocal pouch and paired lateral vocal slits. No nuptial pads, enlarged temporal glands, enlarged parotoid glands, or tibial glands were present (Savage and Cei 1965).The tadpole’s body shape is globose. The fins meet with the body about 1/3 length from the head. The eyes and nostrils are located dorsally. The tadpoles have sinistral spiracles with median vents. They have complex mouthparts with weakly serrated beaks. Labial papillae are present laterally and along the lower labium, while papillae are absent on the median upper labium (Savage and Cei 1965). The tadpoles have 2/3 denticle rows with the first lower row and second upper row in two parts (Starrett 1960).Odontophrynus americanus can be differentiated from similar species because the adults have similarly-sized warts on the upper eyelids and back. They have an absence of enlarged paratoid, postorbital, temporal, and tibial glands as well as an absence of the tensor fasciae latae muscle. Their labial papillae are not pigmented heavily with black coloration (Savage and Cei 1965). Additionally, unlike most frogs, Odontophrynus americanus is tetraploidy with a total of 44 chromosomes (Bogart 1967). The tetraploid O. americanus, is morphologically cryptic with the diploid O. cordobae. The two can be differentiated, statistically, by their similar release call with O. americanus having a single pulsed release call similar to their advertisement call (Grenat and Martino 2013). They can also be differentiated based on range (Martino and Sinsch 2002). Odontophrynus americanus can also be differentiated from the diploid O. juquinha by O. americanus being tetraploid, having chromosomal differences, having a lower pulse rate in their advertisement call, and having larger tadpoles (Rocha et al. 2017). Adults have dark blotches on lighter coloration. The upper surfaces of their head, body, and limbs are brown with dark brown blotches outlined in black, sometimes with reddish coloration. On the side of their heads and upper lips, they have large rectangular light and dark blotches. Their undersides are an off-white color with slight brown mottling. Adult males have throats that are dark gray (Savage and Cei 1965). Sexual dimorphism is absent (Quiroga et al. 2015). Tadpoles are dorsally and laterally brown, while they are ventrally transparent. Their tail fins and musculature are pigmented along with the presence of light spots. There is a light line that runs along the underside of the fin (Savage and Cei 1965).Savage and Cei (1965) noted differences between populations from Bolivia and Choya, Provincia de Santiago del Estero, Argentina, with the former having smaller males and the latter having atypical coloration.The species authority is: Duméril, A. M. C., Bibron, G. (1841). Erpétologie Genérale ou Histoire Naturelle Complète des Reptiles. Volume 8. Paris: Librarie Enclyclopedique de Roret.Odontophrynus americanus is derived from the prefix “odonto-” meaning “teeth” and “americanus” meaning “American.” This species was originally known as Pyxicephalus americanus (Savage and Cei 1965). In the context of its previous name, “pyxis” means “round or box,” “cephalus” means “head." The species has also been known as Tomopterna americanus by Fitzinger in 1843 and as Ceratophrys americana by Boulenger in 1882 (Savage and Cei 1965).This species is classified under the family of Odontophrynidae. Unlike most frogs, Odontophrynus americanus are actually tetraploids with a total of 44 chromosomes (Bogart 1967). Fortunately, this species is abundant throughout its regions; therefore, they are of least concern, and no conservation work has been done (Aquino et al. 2010). The range of O. americanus overlaps with O. occidentalis in the Sierra de Cordoba of Argentina and is adjacent to the range of O. cultripes in Estado do Sao Paulo, Brazil (Savage and Cei 1965).

Odontophrynus americanus is found in the semi-arid regions in subtropical Argentina, the humid forests of Bolivia, coastal central and southeastern Brazil, southern Paraguay, and Uruguay. It is common to the Campo, Chaco, and Pampa dry forest formations (Savage and Cei 1965). It occurs in terrestrial and freshwater systems in open grasslands and savannahs. In addition to natural areas, O. americanus can also reside near agricultural lands and urbanized areas (Cabagna et al. 2006). During or shortly after heavy rainfalls, it can be found at flooded areas or temporary ponds (Aquino et al. 2010). It occurs in elevations ranging from sea level to 900 meters (Savage and Cei 1965).

Odontophrynus americanus has stable populations and there are no major threats against the species. Despite their stable populations, there may be some arising threats due to anthropogenic activity. Since this species occur in agricultural areas, insecticides such as Fenitrothion, could be a threat to this species. The species seem to recover quickly, but the insecticide, even in low doses, still has effects in aquatic environments (Lajmanovich et al. 2009). If their food sources are poisoned, Odontophrynus americanus could be threatened by secondary poisoning. Cypermethrin, a pyrethroid insecticide, could also pose a threat to this species because it is lethal to tadpoles even in low concentrations and it affects adults by disrupting their genetic makeup through breaking, deleting, or rearranging their chromosomes (Cabagna et al. 2006).

Odontophrynus americanus is nocturnal. This species is abundant in the wild. They are semi-aquatic and found in semi-arid regions and humid forests (Savage and Cei 1965). The species is an explosive breeder that mate in freshwater permanent, semi permanent, and temporary ponds after heavy rains. Matured females occur in every month except in June. During breeding, males call at night in or at the edge of the water to attract females (Valdez and Maneyro 2016). Male O. americanus call frequency is 1025 – 1075 Hz and the pulse rate is 524 – 558ms (Rosset and Baldo 2014). The duration of the call is 170 – 381 ms (Grenat and Martino 2013). Male frogs are territorial and the males undergo physical combat to fight each other for a mate (Valdez and Maneyro 2016). The males use the axillary amplexus position when mating. This species does not have aposematic body coloration, but instead have cryptic coloration (Grenat 2012).After mating, females release their eggs on the muddy bottom of their mating sites (Grenat 2012). There have not been enough studies done to determine the number of eggs in their clutch, however, clutch size is correlated to the size of the mature females (Valdez and Maneyro 2016). A closely related species, Odontophrynus cordobae, lays eggs in a range between 1180 to 7080 eggs (Grenat 2012). It takes seven to nine months for O. americanus tadpoles to develop (Gallardo 1963). A clutch completes its development in 12 to 15 days. Development and metamorphosis are influenced by temperature (Martino 1999). There is no parental care after mature females deposit their eggs. Their larvae thrive in the habitat they were hatched in (Echeverria et al. 2007). Odontophrynus americanus is a generalist. The tadpoles are benthic feeders and eat plant debris and algae (Echeverria et al. 2007). They are predated on by various animals and the invasive species, Rana catesbeiana (Leivas 2013). Their defenses mechanisms are to burrow into the ground with their hind legs and to change their posture to a flat body with stretched legs (Maffei and Ubaid 2016).

Odontophrynus americanus és una espècie de granota que viu a l'Argentina, Brasil, Paraguai, Uruguai i, possiblement també, a Bolívia.

Odontophrynus americanus (common names: common lesser escuercito, American ground frog) is a species of frog in the family Odontophrynidae. It is found in central and northern Argentina, Uruguay, southern Brazil, and southern Paraguay. It is tetraploid; diploid populations have been described as a new species, Odontophrynus cordobae.

Odontophrynus americanus is common throughout much of its range. It occurs in open grasslands and savannas. It is a fossorial species, but during the breeding season, these frogs are found at shallow, temporary ponds and flooded areas. Males can be heard calling at night from the edge of, or from within the water. The species tolerates substantial habitat disturbance and no significant threats have been identified.

Odontophrynus americanus es una especie de anfibios de la familia Odontophrynidae.

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Odontophrynus americanus Odontophrynus generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Odontophrynidae familian sailkatuta dago, Anura ordenan.

Odontophrynus americanus est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Odontophrynidae.

Odontophrynus americanus é uma espécie de anfíbio da família Odontophrynidae.

Pode ser encontrada nos seguintes países: Argentina, Brasil, Paraguai, Uruguai e possivelmente em Bolívia.

Os seus habitats naturais são: florestas secas tropicais ou subtropicais , florestas subtropicais ou tropicais húmidas de baixa altitude, savanas úmidas, matagal húmido tropical ou subtropical, matagal tropical ou subtropical de alta altitude, campos de gramíneas subtropicais ou tropicais secos de baixa altitude, campos de gramíneas de baixa altitude subtropicais ou tropicais sazonalmente úmidos ou inundados, rios intermitentes, lagos de água doce intermitentes, marismas intermitentes de água doce, pastagens, jardins rurais, áreas urbanas e florestas secundárias altamente degradadas.

The Escuercito (Odontophrynus americanus) là một loài ếch trong họ Leptodactylidae. Nó được tìm thấy ở Argentina, Brasil, Paraguay, Uruguay, và có thể cả Bolivia. Các môi trường sống tự nhiên của chúng là các khu rừng khô nhiệt đới hoặc cận nhiệt đới, rừng ẩm vùng đất thấp nhiệt đới hoặc cận nhiệt đới, xavan ẩm, vùng đất ẩm có cây bụi nhiệt đới hoặc cận nhiệt đới, vùng cây bụi nhiệt đới hoặc cận nhiệt đới vùng đất cao, đồng cỏ khô nhiệt đới hoặc cận nhiệt đới vùng đất thấp, đồng cỏ nhiệt đới hoặc cận nhiệt đới vùng ngập nước hoặc lụt theo mùa, sông có nước theo mùa, hồ nước ngọt có nước theo mùa, đầm nước ngọt có nước theo mùa, vùng đồng cỏ, vườn nông thôn, các vùng đô thị, và các khu rừng trước đây bị suy thoái nặng nề.