Conservation Status
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englanti
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tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web
The greatest concern for brittle stars involves the conservation of their habitats. Pollution and disruption of the shores that they live in is harmful to not only the brittle stars but also to all the other marine animals dependent on this lifestyle. Currently hundreds of conservation organizations across the world are working to lower the level of risk being inflicted upon the marine environment. As long as people can be made aware of the dangers of pollution and the importance of conservation, the amount of marine life being destroyed can be minimized.
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- Kan, C. 2000. "Ophiopholis aculeata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ophiopholis_aculeata.html
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- Celestine Kan, Southwestern University
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- Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
Benefits
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tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web
Brittle stars have not had much of an impact upon humans. During the eighteenth century, Indonesians would cook and eat the brittle stars, but today they are simply more of an ornamental species, mostly enjoyed through observation in their habitats. Unlike the starfish, brittle stars are not harvested for souvenirs due to the fragile nature of their structure.(Kistner 1999)
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- Kan, C. 2000. "Ophiopholis aculeata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ophiopholis_aculeata.html
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- Celestine Kan, Southwestern University
- muokkaaja
- Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
Trophic Strategy
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tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web
Their main source of food are small bits of decaying matter and microscopic organisms. Sometimes they feed upon larger prey such as polychaete worms and small crustaceans.(Gosner 1978)
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- Celestine Kan, Southwestern University
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- Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
Distribution
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tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web
The most common of all brittle stars, they can usually be found worldwide in marine environments. A specific area to see these creatures is the Arctic South to Cape Cod and sometimes to East Long Island Sound.(Gosner 1978)
Biogeographic Regions: atlantic ocean (Native )
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- Kan, C. 2000. "Ophiopholis aculeata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ophiopholis_aculeata.html
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- Celestine Kan, Southwestern University
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- Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
Habitat
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tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web
Because brittle stars tend to be shy, they are usually found hidden within or beneath rocks in tidepools, or burrowing in the sand and mud. Usually they can be found in the lower intertidal zones up to almost 5000 feet deep.(Gosner 1978)
Aquatic Biomes: reef ; coastal
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- Kan, C. 2000. "Ophiopholis aculeata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ophiopholis_aculeata.html
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- Celestine Kan, Southwestern University
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- Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
Morphology
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tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web
The daisy brittle star has a star-shaped body that is radially symmetrical and supported by a hard endoskeleton made of calcium. Its 5-7 spiny, jointed arms are attached to a central disk that contains the mouth and jaws, stomach, and saclike body cavities called bursa.
A characteristic of all echinoderms is the water vascular system. Water-filled canals branch out from a ring canal that encircles the gut. The canals lead to the brittle star's tube feet, which it uses for grasping and moving objects. Special sensory tube feet are used for sensory perception.
The mouth is made up of five moveable jaw segments, and food enters the mouth and goes directly into the stomach. There is no intestine and no anus, thus absorption and excretion is carried out by the bursa located at the base of each of the arms. Like all the echinoderms, the brittle star has no head and eyes, nor do their bodies contain a brain or a heart.
Daisy brittle stars have a disc diameter of up to 2 cm and its arms grow to about 8 cm long. It can grow a diameter of 5-7 mm in two years. Usually a reddish shade, the daisy brittle star frequently has dark bands on the arms, although colors and markings may vary. The upper arm plate of this species is ringed by small scales and 5-6 arm spines. The disk is covered with fine, blunt spines and large oval plates. When handled by humans or predators, the brittle star's arms can detach, hence the name.(Bernhard 1972, Gosner 1978, Kistner 1999)
Other Physical Features: ectothermic
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- bibliografinen lainaus
- Kan, C. 2000. "Ophiopholis aculeata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ophiopholis_aculeata.html
- tekijä
- Celestine Kan, Southwestern University
- muokkaaja
- Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
Reproduction
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englanti
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tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web
Sexes are separate, and brittle stars tend to spawn at the end of the summer. The walls of the bursa are coelomic and contain gonads that discharge sex cells into the water for fertilization. The larvae is called the ophiopluteus and freely swims in the plankton until it transforms into the juvenile stage, when it settles on the ocean bottom. Brittle stars can also reproduce asexually; if a portion of the star breaks off and contains the central disk, it can regenerate into a new brittle star.(Balser 1998, Kistner 1999)
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- The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Kan, C. 2000. "Ophiopholis aculeata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ophiopholis_aculeata.html
- tekijä
- Celestine Kan, Southwestern University
- muokkaaja
- Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
Breeding Season
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englanti
)
tarjonnut Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species
Woods Hole, Maine
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- Donald P. Costello and Catherine Henley
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- Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
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- Costello, D.P.
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- C. Henley
Care of Adults
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englanti
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tarjonnut Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species
Woods Hole, Maine
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- Donald P. Costello and Catherine Henley
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
- tekijä
- Costello, D.P.
- tekijä
- C. Henley
Fertilization and Cleavage
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englanti
)
tarjonnut Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species
Woods Hole, Maine
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- Donald P. Costello and Catherine Henley
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
- tekijä
- Costello, D.P.
- tekijä
- C. Henley
Later Stages of Development and Metamorphosis
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englanti
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tarjonnut Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species
Woods Hole, Maine
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- Donald P. Costello and Catherine Henley
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- Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
- tekijä
- Costello, D.P.
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- C. Henley
Living Material
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englanti
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tarjonnut Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species
Woods Hole, Maine
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- Donald P. Costello and Catherine Henley
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- Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
- tekijä
- Costello, D.P.
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- C. Henley
Methods of Observation
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englanti
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tarjonnut Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species
Woods Hole, Maine
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- Donald P. Costello and Catherine Henley
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- Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
- tekijä
- Costello, D.P.
- tekijä
- C. Henley
Preparation of Cultures
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englanti
)
tarjonnut Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species
Woods Hole, Maine
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- Donald P. Costello and Catherine Henley
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
- tekijä
- Costello, D.P.
- tekijä
- C. Henley
Procuring Gametes
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englanti
)
tarjonnut Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species
Woods Hole, Maine
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- tekijänoikeus
- Donald P. Costello and Catherine Henley
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
- tekijä
- Costello, D.P.
- tekijä
- C. Henley
Removal of Membranes
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englanti
)
tarjonnut Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species
Woods Hole, Maine
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- tekijänoikeus
- Donald P. Costello and Catherine Henley
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
- tekijä
- Costello, D.P.
- tekijä
- C. Henley
Sexual Reproduction
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englanti
)
tarjonnut Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species
Woods Hole, Maine
Olsen, H., 1942. The development of the brittle-star Ophiopholis aculeata (O. Fr. Müller) with a short report on the outer hyaline layer. Bergens Mus. Arb., 1942, Naturv. Rekke Nr. 6, S. 1-107.
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- Donald P. Costello and Catherine Henley
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
- tekijä
- Costello, D.P.
- tekijä
- C. Henley
The Unfertilized Ovum
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englanti
)
tarjonnut Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species
Woods Hole, Maine
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- tekijänoikeus
- Donald P. Costello and Catherine Henley
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
- tekijä
- Costello, D.P.
- tekijä
- C. Henley
Comprehensive Description
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englanti
)
tarjonnut Invertebrates of the Salish Sea
Biology/Natural History: This is the main species common on rocky shores in our area. Others can be found in gravelly areas or in areas with boulders interspersed with sand. They feed by capturing food with their tube feet, by picking up detritus, or by mucus secreted by the rays. Predators include fish and harlequin ducks. Ovaries are red and testes are white. In our area they may spawn in Jan-March, July, October, or November. In the USSR, spawning seems to follow a lunar cycle. Metamorphosis from the larval stage does not occur until 83-216 days after fertilization.
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- Rosario Beach Marine Laboratory
Comprehensive Description
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englanti
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tarjonnut Invertebrates of the Salish Sea
This brittle star is distinctive in this area because the plates on the aboral surface of the rays are separated from one another by smaller supplementary plates. The rays have five spines on the lateral plates, the middle of which is the largest. Color and pattern are extremely variable. The color usually includes red stripes or blotches, usually interspersed with brown but sometimes with green. Flora and Fairbanks state that it can sometimes be black and white or gray and brown. The oral surface is whitish.
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Look Alikes
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englanti
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tarjonnut Invertebrates of the Salish Sea
How to Distinguish from Similar Species: This is the only local species of brittle stars that has the supplementary plates.
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Habitat
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englanti
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tarjonnut Invertebrates of the Salish Sea
Depth Range: Lower intertidal to 2000 m
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Distribution
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tarjonnut Invertebrates of the Salish Sea
Geographical Range: Worldwide, especially north temperate. On our coasts, Bering Sea to Santa Barbara, CA; most abundant in the north.
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Habitat
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tarjonnut Invertebrates of the Salish Sea
Rocky intertidal or kelp holdfasts
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Ophiopholis aculeata
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englanti
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tarjonnut wikipedia EN
Ophiopholis aculeata, the crevice brittle star[2] or daisy brittle star,[3] is a species of brittle star in the family Ophiactidae. It has a circum-polar distribution and is found in the Arctic Ocean, the northern Atlantic Ocean and the northern Pacific.
Description
Ophiopholis aculeata has a central pentagonal disc up to 2 cm (0.8 in) in diameter; this is clearly set off from the five robust, twisted arms, which are four times as long as the disc is wide. The mouth is on the oral or underside of the disc and is surrounded by five toothed jaws. The aboral or upper side of the disc is granular, and a pair of large scales, the radial shield, covers the base of each arm. The radial shield is covered with small spines which conceal the scales. The many-jointed arms are covered with more scales both on the oral and aboral surfaces; on the aboral surface there is a regular series of oval scales each surrounded by smaller scales. There are six or seven stout spines per segment, with one short spine being hooked. The colour varies, being often reddish or variegated, and sometimes purplish; the central scales on the disc often form a ten-pointed star and there are often darker bands on the arms.[2][4]
Distribution and habitat
This brittle star has a circum-boreal distribution. In the northern Atlantic Ocean it is common around Iceland, Spitzbergen and Norway southwards to the North Sea. On the eastern coast of North America its range extends from Greenland southwards to Long Island, and in the Pacific Ocean, its range stretches from Japan and the Bering Sea southwards to California.[3] It is generally found on rocky substrates where it has a tendency to hide inside shells, in hollows and crevices. It generally occurs at depths less than 300 m (1,000 ft) but has been found as deep as 1,880 m (6,200 ft).[2]
Biology
Ophiopholis aculeata feeds on detritus and small organisms that it traps with its tube feet and with mucus secreted by glands on its arms. It is preyed on by fish and birds.[5]
The sexes are separate in this species, and fertilisation is external. Mass spawning events have been seen, with all the individuals of this species in a locality releasing their spawn at the same time in response to some environmental cue.[6] This has been observed in Jamaica at night, during the period 20:00 hours to 22:00 hours, and in both morning and afternoon in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, Canada. The cue that triggers a spawning event may be a change in the temperature of the water. Spawning tends to occur at 6.5 to 7 °C (43.7 to 44.6 °F) in Alaska, and about a degree cooler than this further north in the White Sea. Several spawning events have occurred when warmer surface waters have down-welled into deep, colder water layers.[6] The larvae of brittle stars are known as ophiopluteus larvae and form part of the plankton. When they are fully developed, they settle on the seabed and undergo metamorphosis into juvenile brittle stars.[7]
References
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^ a b Stöhr, Sabine (2015). Stöhr S, O'Hara T (eds.). "Ophiopholis aculeata (Linnaeus, 1767)". World Ophiuroidea database. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
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^ a b c de Kluijver, M.J.; Ingalsuo, S.S. "Crevice Brittle Star (Ophiopholis aculeata)". Macrobenthos of the North Sea: Echinodermata. Marine Species Identification Portal. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
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^ a b Khanna, D.R. (2005). Biology of Echinodermata. Discovery Publishing House. p. 287. ISBN 978-81-7141-948-7.
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^ Carter, Michelle. "Crevice brittle star (Ophiopholis aculeata)". MarLIN. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
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^ Cowles, David (2006). "Ophiopholis aculeata (Linnaeus, 1767)". Retrieved 10 September 2017.
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^ a b Mercier, Annie; Hamel, Jean-Francois (2009). Advances in Marine Biology: Endogenous and Exogenous Control of Gametogenesis and Spawning in Echinoderms. Academic Press. pp. 89–95. ISBN 978-0-08-095966-5.
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^ Kan, Celestine (2000). "Ophiopholis aculeata". ADW. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
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Ophiopholis aculeata: Brief Summary
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englanti
)
tarjonnut wikipedia EN
Ophiopholis aculeata, the crevice brittle star or daisy brittle star, is a species of brittle star in the family Ophiactidae. It has a circum-polar distribution and is found in the Arctic Ocean, the northern Atlantic Ocean and the northern Pacific.
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Ophiopholis aculeata
(
ranska
)
tarjonnut wikipedia FR
Ophiopholis aculeata est une espèce d'ophiure de la famille des Ophiopholidae.
Description
Le disque central très granuleux mesure jusqu'à 2 cm, et les bras, bordés de courtes épines émoussées, jusqu'à 8 cm. La couleur est variable mais souvent brune, roussâtre ou violacée, avec des bras souvent annelés[2].
Deux faces d'un spécimen de muséum.
Habitat et répartition
On trouve cette ophiure dans l'Atlantique nord et dans la Mer du Nord, et notamment sur les côtes scandinaves et jusqu'en Arctique. Elle est aussi présente au nord-est du Pacifique[2].
Elle vit sur des substrats durs et accidentés (contenant de nombreuses cachettes). Elle peut se trouver à faible profondeur, et a été observée jusqu'à près de 2 000 m[2].
Références taxinomiques
Notes et références
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Ophiopholis aculeata: Brief Summary
(
ranska
)
tarjonnut wikipedia FR
Ophiopholis aculeata est une espèce d'ophiure de la famille des Ophiopholidae.
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Ophiopholis aculeata
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flaami
)
tarjonnut wikipedia NL
Ophiopholis aculeata is een slangster uit de familie Ophiactidae.
De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd in 1767 gepubliceerd door Carl Linnaeus.
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties Geplaatst op:
16-12-2011
Dit artikel is een beginnetje over biologie. U wordt uitgenodigd om op bewerken te klikken om uw kennis aan dit artikel toe te voegen.
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Breeding
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englanti
)
tarjonnut World Register of Marine Species
Ophiopluteus larva
Distribution
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut World Register of Marine Species
Arctic to Cape Cod
North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)
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Distribution
(
englanti
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tarjonnut World Register of Marine Species
Circumpolar
Hayward, P.J. & J.S. Ryland (Eds.). (1990). The marine fauna of the British Isles and North-West Europe: 1. Introduction and protozoans to arthropods. Clarendon Press: Oxford, UK. 627 pp.
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Distribution
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tarjonnut World Register of Marine Species
Common on the lower shore and sublittoral region of the northern coast of British Isles and down to at least 100 m depth off western coasts; absent from the English Channel and southern North Sea
Habitat
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englanti
)
tarjonnut World Register of Marine Species
intertidal, bathyal, infralittoral and circalittoral of the Gulf and estuary
North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)
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