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Associations ( englanti )

tarjonnut BioImages, the virtual fieldguide, UK
Foodplant / sap sucker
Stephanitis takeyai sucks sap of Sassafras albidum

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Comments ( englanti )

tarjonnut eFloras
Infraspecific taxa have been based on amount of pubescence of leaves and color of young twigs; these taxa are not recognized here.

Traditionally, "sassafras tea" was prepared by steeping the bark of the roots (D. S. Correll and M. C. Johnston 1970). It was once considered a relatively pleasant drink. Several indigenous populations used sassafras twigs as chewing sticks, and sassafras root is used occasionally in commercial dental poultices. Sassafras root was one of the ingredients of root beer; this use has now been banned.

Safrole ( p -allylyn ethylenediozybenzene) is found as a minor component in many Lauraceae and as the principal component (80%) of sassafras oil. It is suspected of causing contact dermatitis and of being hallucinogenic, especially in large doses; it is also considered to be both carcinogenic and hepatotoxic (W. H. Lewis and M. P. F. Elvin-Lewis 1977).

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
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Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Description ( englanti )

tarjonnut eFloras
Trees , to 35 m. Twigs pale green with darker olive mottling, terete. Leaf blade ovate to elliptic, unlobed or 2-3-lobed (rarely more), 10-16 × 5-10 cm, apex obtuse to acute. Inflorescences to 5 cm, silky-pubescent; floral bract to 1 cm. Flowers: fragrant (sweet, lemony), glabrous; tepals greenish yellow. Staminate flowers: inner 3 stamens with 2 conspicuously stalked glands near base of filament, filament slender; pistillodes usually absent (sometimes present in terminal flower of inflorescence). Pistillate flowers: staminodes 6; style slender, 2-3 mm; stigma capitate. Drupe ca. 1 cm; pedicel reddish, club-shaped, ± fleshy. 2 n = 48.
lisenssi
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
tekijänoikeus
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliografinen lainaus
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
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Flora of North America Editorial Committee
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eFloras

Distribution ( englanti )

tarjonnut eFloras
Ont.; Ala., Ark., Conn., Del., D.C., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Miss., Mo., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Okla., Pa., R.I., S.C., Tenn., Tex., Vt., Va., W.Va.
lisenssi
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
tekijänoikeus
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliografinen lainaus
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
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Flora of North America Editorial Committee
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Flowering/Fruiting ( englanti )

tarjonnut eFloras
Flowering spring (Apr-May).
lisenssi
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
tekijänoikeus
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliografinen lainaus
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
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Flora of North America Editorial Committee
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eFloras

Habitat ( englanti )

tarjonnut eFloras
Habitat varied, forests, woodlands, fencerows, old fields (sometimes aggressively colonial), and disturbed areas; 0-1500m.
lisenssi
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
tekijänoikeus
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliografinen lainaus
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Synonym ( englanti )

tarjonnut eFloras
Laurus albida Nuttall, Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 1: 259. 1818; L. sassafras Linnaeus; Sassafras albidum var. molle (Rafinesque) Fernald; S. officinalis T. Nees ex C. H. Ebermaier; S. sassafras (Linnaeus) H. Karsten; S. variifolium (Salisbury) Kuntze
lisenssi
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
tekijänoikeus
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliografinen lainaus
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
lähde
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
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Flora of North America Editorial Committee
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eFloras

Broad-scale Impacts of Plant Response to Fire ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Sassafras albidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Common Names ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: tree

sassafras
white sassafras
common sassafras
ague tree
cinnamon wood
smelling stick
saloop
gumbo file
mitten tree
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Sassafras albidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Conservation Status ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
Sassafras is listed under "Special Concern-Possibly Extirpated" in Maine [22].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Sassafras albidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Description ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: drupe, fruit, shrub, tree

Sassafras is a native, deciduous, aromatic tree or large shrub, with a
flattened, oblong crown [41,83].  On the best sites, height ranges up to
98 feet (30 m) [41].  In the northern parts of its range, sassafras
tends to be shrubby, especially on dry, sandy sites, and reaches a
maximum of 40 feet (12 m) [49].  The bark of older stems is deeply
furrowed, or irregularly broken into broad, flat ridges [38,83].  The
variety of leaf shapes to be found on one individual is a distinctive
trait of the species.  Leaves can be entire, one-lobed, or two-lobed.
The fruit is a drupe [41].  The root system is shallow, with prominent
lateral roots.  Root depth ranges from 6 to 20 inches (15-50 cm).
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Sassafras albidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
Sassafras occurs from southwestern Maine west to extreme southern
Ontario and central Michigan; southwest to Illinois, Missouri, eastern
Oklahoma, and eastern Texas; and east to central Florida.  It is extinct
in southeastern Wisconsin, but its range is extending into northern
Illinois [41].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Sassafras albidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Ecology ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: fire frequency, fire interval, fire regime, frequency, mean fire interval, severity, top-kill

Sassafras is moderately resistant to fire damage to aboveground growth.
It is also highly resilient to such damage; sassafras sprouts vigorously
following top-kill, even after repeated fires [54].  In Indiana,
sassafras occurs in black oak (Quercus velutina) stands with a mean fire
interval of 11.1 years [47].  Sassafras establishment on these sites
appears to be related to the frequency and severity of fire.  Sassafras
did not occur on sites which had burned more often (mean fire interval
of 5.2 years).  The stands with longer fire-free intervals burned more
severely than those with shorter intervals.  The more severe disturbance
probably created more favorable conditions for sassafras seedling
establishment [48].

An increase in the frequency of sassafras in New Jersey forests since
European settlement has been attributed, at least in part, to an
increase in fire frequency [73].

The bear oak type, in which sassafras frequently occurs, is a product of
periodic fire and droughty soils [44].  Sassafras also occurs in the
Table Mountain pine-pitch pine (Pinus rigida) type, another fire-adapted
community [42].

Sassafras bark is less resistant to heat than chestnut oak (Quercus
prinus), white oak (Q. alba), and northern red oak (Q. rubra); equally
as resistant as hickory and red maple (Acer rubrum); and more resistant
than witchhazel (Hamamelis virginiana), fire cherry (Prunus
pensylvanica), serviceberry (Amelanchier spp.), and bear oak [20].

FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Sassafras albidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Management Considerations ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: fruit, fuel, hardwood, prescribed fire

Prescribed fire for hardwood control in southern pine stands results in
the predominance of American beautyberry (Callicarpa americana) and
sassafras.  This predominance is a useful indicator of temporary control
over other hardwoods that usually occupy later seres and are more
serious competitors of pine.  Prescribed fire at 8- to 12-year intervals
can control sprout growth or new plant invasion [74].

In South Carolina, a prescribed January fire in loblolly pine increased
sassafras browse quality and availability.  Prior to the fire, sassafras
stems were out of reach of white-tailed deer [21].  The protein content
of sassafras leaves and twigs was highest in June following prescribed
fire.  By September, the protein content of all browse plants was
similar on burned and unburned sites [23].  After logging and
prescribed burning in an oak-pine stand in South Carolina, white-tailed
deer browsed sassafras heavily [27].

Frequent prescribed fire can improve spring and summer forage quality in
the southern pine forests, where sassafras often occurs.

Prescribed fire on utility rights-of-way does not control sassafras [5].
Vigorous root sprouting maintains sassafras even after repeated fires.
Annual prescribed fire, however, may have a detrimental effect on
sassafras fruit production [50].  On some sites, repeated annual fires
may eventually eliminate sassafras [19,26,40].

A regression equation to calculate the relationship of sassafras bark
thickness to stem diameter has been reported [46].  An equation for
predicting standing sassafras dry weight (and therefore fuel loading)
from sassafras basal diameter has also been reported [70].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Sassafras albidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification) ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

More info for the term: phanerophyte

  
   Phanerophyte
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Sassafras albidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat characteristics ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
Sassafras occurs on nearly all soil types within its range, but is best
developed on moist, well-drained sandy loams in open woodlands [41].
Optimum soil pH ranges from 6.0 to 7.0, but sassafras also occurs on
acid sands in eastern Texas [41,75].  It is intolerant of poorly drained
soils [32].  Sassafras occurs along fence rows and on dry ridges and
upper slopes, particularly following fire [41].  Sassafras occurs at
elevations ranging from Mississippi River bottomlands up to 4,000 feet
(1,220 m) in the southern Appalachian Mountains, occasionally up to
4,900 feet (1,500 m) [24,41].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Sassafras albidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Cover Types ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

More info for the term: hardwood

    14  Northern pin oak
    15  Red pine
    16  Aspen
    20  White pine - northern red oak - red maple
    21  Eastern white pine
    40  Post oak - blackjack oak
    43  Bear oak
    44  Chestnut oak
    45  Pitch pine
    46  Eastern redcedar
    50  Black locust
    52  White oak - black oak - northern red oak
    53  White oak
    55  Northern red oak
    57  Yellow-poplar
    60  Beech - sugar maple
    61  River birch - sycamore
    64  Sassafras - persimmon
    70  Longleaf pine
    71  Longleaf pine - scrub oak
    75  Shortleaf pine
    76  Shortleaf pine - oak
    78  Virginia pine - oak
    79  Virginia pine
    80  Loblolly pine - shortleaf pine
    81  Loblolly pine
    83  Longleaf pine - slash pine
    84  Slash pine
    85  Slash pine - hardwood
    88  Willow oak - water oak - diamondleaf oak
   108  Red maple
   110  Black oak
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Sassafras albidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Ecosystem ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

   FRES10  White - red - jack pine
   FRES12  Longleaf - slash pine
   FRES13  Loblolly - shortleaf pine
   FRES14  Oak - pine
   FRES15  Oak - hickory
   FRES16  Oak - gum - cypress
   FRES17  Elm - ash - cottonwood
   FRES18  Maple - beech - birch
   FRES19  Aspen - birch
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Sassafras albidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Plant Associations ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the term: forest

   K083  Cedar glades
   K089  Black Belt
   K100  Oak - hickory forest
   K101  Elm - ash forest
   K104  Appalachian oak forest
   K106  Northern hardwoods
   K110  Northeastern oak - pine forest
   K111  Oak - hickory - pine forest
   K112  Southern mixed forest
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Sassafras albidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Immediate Effect of Fire ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: low-severity fire, prescribed fire

Low-severity fires kill seedlings and small saplings.  Moderate- and
high-severity fires injure mature trees, providing entry for pathogens
[41,75].  In oak savanna in Indiana, sassafras showed significantly less
susceptibility to low-severity fire than other species [4].  Sassafras
exhibited 21 percent mortality of stems after prescribed fire in western
Tennessee.  This was the lowest mortality of all hardwoods present.
Season of burning did not affect susceptibility [17].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Sassafras albidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Importance to Livestock and Wildlife ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: marsh

Sassafras leaves and twigs are consumed by white-tailed deer in both
summer and winter.  In some areas it is an important deer food [41].
Sassafras leaf browsers include woodchucks, marsh rabbits, and black
bears [83].  Rabbits eat sassafras bark in winter [8].  Beavers will cut
sassafras stems [15].  Sassafras fruits are eaten by many species of
birds including northern bobwhites [58], eastern kingbirds, great
crested flycatchers, phoebes, wild turkeys, catbirds, flickers, pileated
woodpeckers, downy woodpeckers, thrushes, vireos, and mockingbirds.
Some small mammals also consume sassafras fruits [16,65,75,83].

For most of the above mentioned animals, sassafras is not consumed in
large enough quantities to be important.  Carey and Gill [9] rate its
value to wildlife as fair, their lowest rating.
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Sassafras albidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Key Plant Community Associations ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: cover, cover type, tree

The sassafras-persimmon (Diospyros virginiana) cover type is a
successional type common on abandoned farmlands throughout its range.
Sassafras is a common component of the bear oak (Quercus ilicifolia)
type, which is a scrub type on dry sites along the Coastal Plain [41].
In dry pine-oak forests, sassafras sprouts prolifically and is a
shrub-layer dominant [72].  It achieves short-term dominance by producing
extensive thickets where few other woody plants can establish [32].
In the northern parts of its range, sassafras occurs in the understory
of open stands of aspen (Populus spp.) and in northern pin oak (Q.
ellipsoidalis) stands [41].

Common tree associates of sassafras not previously mentioned include
sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), flowering dogwood (Cornus florida),
elms (Ulmus spp.), hickories (Carya spp.), and American beech (Fagus
grandifolia).  Minor associates include American hornbeam (Carpinus
caroliniana), eastern hophornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), and pawpaw
(Asimina triloba).  On poor sites, particularly in the Appalachian
Mountains, sassafras is frequently associated with black locust (Robinia
pseudoacacia), and sourwood (Oxydendron arboreum).  In old fields with
deep soils, sassafras commonly grows with elms, ashes (Fraxinus spp.),
sugar maple (Acer saccharum), yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), and
oaks [41].

Sassafras is listed as a subdominant on subxeric and submesic sites in
the following classification:  Landscape ecosystem classification for
South Carolina [51].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Sassafras albidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Life Form ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: shrub, tree

Tree, Shrub
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Sassafras albidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Management considerations ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: top-kill

Overstory removal often results in an increase in sassafras stems,
particularly by sprouting [81].  Sassafras thickets may displace more
desirable species for a short time, but few sassafras stems will occupy
space in the overstory [62].  Some herbicides control sassafras [5].
Complete top-kill was achieved with injection of 2,4-D, picloram, and
glyphosate, with no apparent sprouting 2 years after treatment [66].
Arsenal (an imidazolinone-based herbicide) also controls sassafras [57].
Other herbicides do not control root sprouting [33,62].

Dense stands of sassafras are difficult to convert to pine or more
desirable hardwoods [41].  Mowing is not effective in controlling
sassafras; root sprouts quickly replace or increase aboveground stems
[5].

Sassafras is difficult to transplant because of the sparse, far-ranging
root system [75].

In North Carolina, mechanical removal of all nondesirable stems
(intensive silvicultural cleaning) increased the amount of sassafras
browse available to white-tailed deer. .  Prior to the cleaning,
sassafras was out of reach of the deer; sprouts arising after the
cleaning were within reach [18].

Major diseases of sassafras include leaf blight, leaf spot, Nectria
canker and American mistletoe (Phoradendron flavescens) [41].

Insect pests of sassafras are mostly minor; the most damaging insects
are the larvae of wood-boring weevils, gypsy moths, loopers, and
Japanese beetles [41].

Sassafras is extremely sensitive to ozone [43].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Sassafras albidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Nutritional Value ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
The nutritional value of sassafras winter twigs is fair [67].  Seasonal
changes in nutrient composition of sassafras leaves and twigs has been
reported.  Crude protein ranged from a high of 21.0 percent in April
leaves to a low of 6.1 in January twigs [7].

Sassafras fruits are high in lipids and energy value [85].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Sassafras albidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Occurrence in North America ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
     AL  AR  CT  DE  FL  GA  IL  IN  IA  KS
     KY  LA  ME  MD  MA  MI  MS  MO  NH  NJ
     NY  NC  OH  OK  PA  RI  SC  TN  TX  VT
     VA  WV
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Sassafras albidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Other uses and values ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
Sassafras oil is extracted from the root bark for use by the perfume
industry, primarily for scenting soaps.  It is also used as a flavoring
agent and an antiseptic [41,83].  Large doses of the oil may be narcotic
[83].  Root bark is also used to make tea, which in weak infusions is a
pleasant beverage, but induces sweating in strong infusions.  The leaves
can be used to flavor and thicken soups [41,83].  The mucilaginous pith
of the root is used in preparations to soothe eye irritations [83].

Because of its durability, sassafras was used for dugout canoes by
Native Americans [49].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Sassafras albidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Palatability ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
Palatability of sassafras to white-tailed deer is rated as good
throughout its range [41].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Sassafras albidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Phenology ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

Depending upon latitude, sassafras flowers from March to May [24], and
fruits ripen from June to September [68,76,77].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Sassafras albidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Plant Response to Fire ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: cover, density, frequency, low-severity fire, prescribed fire, shrub, wildfire

Sassafras occurs on charcoal hearths, which are patches of ground that
were used for charcoal making.  These areas are characterized by very
poor soil structure.  Sassafras on these sites shows poor growth [10].

The effects of annual and 5-year interval prescribed burning over a
27-year period in Tennessee has been reported.  After 6 years, sassafras
density was higher on annually burned plots than on unburned plots.  The
highest sassafras density occurred on the 5-year interval plots [80].
Sassafras gradually decreased with increasing canopy closure on the
5-year interval plots.  By year 27, however, sassafras was eliminated
from the annually burned plots.  Sassafras was also eliminated from
unburned plots; these plots developed closed canopies which are
unfavorable to sassafras [19].

A large number of root sprouts occurred after sapling and small diameter
sassafras trees were top-killed by fire in an Illinois post oak (Quercus
stellata) stand [12].  Sprout production by top-killed sassafras was
stimulated by prescribed fire, and greatly increased its cover in the
shrub layer [13].

In Illinois, the number of small sassafras stems increased after a
single winter prescribed fire from 9 percent frequency to 36 percent
frequency.  This increase was largely due to root sprouting by
top-killed plants.  The number of sassafras seedlings also increased
after the same fire [3].  In Virginia, in Table Mountain pine stands
that experienced a high-severity wildfire (98 percent top-kill),
sassafras increased from 0 to 12.1 in relative importance in 1 year.
Sassafras also increased on plots experiencing low-severity fire, but the
difference in importance value was not as great [42].

In the absence of fire or other disturbances, sassafras frequency
decreases with increasing canopy closure; the number of new sassafras
seedlings also decreases with canopy closure [2,3].

Fire does not always lead to increased sassafras.  Grelen [40] reported
sassafras occurrence on unburned, young slash pine (Pinus elliottii)
plots but not on plots burned annually, biennially, or triennially in
March or May over the course of 12 years.  In Florida, sassafras was
found on unburned, 15-year-old old fields, but not on oldfield plots
that were burned annually in February or March for 15 years [26].
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bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Sassafras albidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Post-fire Regeneration ( englanti )

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More info for the terms: crown residual colonizer, ground residual colonizer, root sucker, tree

   Tree with adventitious-bud root crown/soboliferous species root sucker
   Ground residual colonizer (on-site, initial community)
   Initial-offsite colonizer (off-site, initial community)
   Crown residual colonizer (on-site, initial community)
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Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Sassafras albidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regeneration Processes ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: cover, hardwood, litter, natural, seed, stratification

Sexual reproduction:  Sassafras is sexually mature by 10 years of age,
and best seed production occurs between 25 and 50 years of age.  Good
seed crops are produced every 1 to 2 years.  Seeds are dispersed by
birds, water, and small mammals.  Sassafras seeds are usually dormant
until spring, but some germination occurs in the fall immediately
following dispersal [41].  Stratification in sand for 30 days at 41
degrees Fahrenheit (5 deg C) breaks the natural dormancy.  Average
germination rate is around 85 percent [83].  Since sassafras seeds are
relatively large, initial establishment is not highly dependent on
available soil nutrients.  Other factors appear to play a greater role.
Seedling establishment occurred at higher than randomly expected
frequencies on microsites with greater ground cover, less light, or
deeper litter than other microsites [14].  Sassafras seeds were found in
seed banks under red pine (Pinus resinosa), eastern white pine (P.
strobus), and Virginia pine (P. virginiana) stands [6].  Sassafras
seedling reproduction is usually sparse and erratic in wooded areas.  In
these areas, reproduction is usually vegetative [32,41].

Asexual reproduction:  Sassafras forms dense thickets of root sprouts,
and young trees sprout from the stump [41].  After clearcutting in
upland hardwood stands (Indiana), 86.5 percent of sassafras regeneration
was of seedling or seedling sprout origin; the remainder was of stump
sprout origin [36].
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Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Sassafras albidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Successional Status ( englanti )

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More info on this topic.

More info for the terms: climax, density, forest, frequency, fresh, fruit, presence, relative density, shrub, succession

Facultative Seral Species

Sassafras is a frequent pioneer in old fields, and is a member of seral
stands in the Southeast [41].  In old-field succession in Tennessee,
sassafras was a dominant member of a 15-year-old stand, and was not
present in a 48-year-old stand [11].  In Virginia, sassafras persists to
mid-successional stages with black locust, Virginia pine, pitch pine,
eastern white pine, scarlet oak, blackjack oak, and post oak [86].  It
also occurs in the canopy of old-growth forests in Illinois and Michigan
[45,71].  In the Michigan stands sassafras decreased in relative density
during a 20-year study [45].  The persistence of sassafras into later
seres and climax stands may be a result of gap capture; in an old-growth
forest in Massachusetts, older sassafras trees appear to be associated
with hurricane and/or windthrow gaps.  There was no evidence of fire
disturbance in this forest [25].  Human activities and disturbance can
foster sassafras establishment in old-growth stands.  The relatively
high abundance of sassafras under Virginia pine stands is associated
with a greater frequency of tree-fall gaps under Virginia pine than
under red pine or eastern white pine [6].  Sassafras seedlings in Table
Mountain pine (Pinus pungens) stands are able to exploit canopy gaps at
the expense of Table Mountain pine [87].

A detailed study of age structure in mixed forests in Virginia reveals
another role for sassafras.  In 45- to 80-year-old mixed hardwoods and
mixed pine stands, sassafras seedlings and saplings occur in large
numbers.  They rarely survive more than 30 years except on moist sites.
On relatively dry sites, sassafras does not survive long enough to
occupy upper canopy positions.  But since sassafras sprouts
prolifically, there is a constant turnover of sassafras stems; older
stems die back and are replaced by new ramets.  Sassafras in the
understory produces fruit under these conditions.  In these stands,
sassafras is apparently functioning as a dominant shrub [72].

In New Jersey, fragmented mixed oak forests were compared with forests
that were continuous.  Sassafras was present in 63 percent of the
fragments, compared to 25 percent of the continuous stands [37].

Sassafras exhibits a positive response to overstory removal; overstory
defoliation by gypsy moths results in an increase in the number of
sassafras stems [1].

An unusual pure stand of sassafras was reported by Lamb [59] in 1923.
This stand appeared to have remained essentially pure and intact for
over 100 years.  The trees were described as fully mature, slow growing,
and the soil was very fertile.  It is possible that the persistence of
this stand, and the competitive success of sassafras in pioneer
communities are related to the presence of terpenoid allelopathic
substances in sassafras leaves .  These substances affect, among other
species, American elm (Ulmus americana) and box elder (Acer negundo).
The susceptibility of these species appears to be related to their habit
of germination immediately following dispersal.  The toxic terpenes are
washed off of summer leaves and are less concentrated in winter and
spring when no fresh leaves are present [31,34].
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Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Sassafras albidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Synonyms ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
S.variifolium (Salisb.) K. & Ze.
S. sassafras (L.) Karsten
S. officinale (Nees. & Eberm.)
S. triloba Raf.
S. triloba var. mollis Raf.
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Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Sassafras albidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Taxonomy ( englanti )

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More info for the term: fern

The currently accepted scientific name of sassafras is Sassafras
albidum (Nutt.) Nees. [41,61].

Some authorities consider red sassafras [S. a. var. molle (Raf.) Fern.]
a distinct variety [8,30,82]; other authors consider it synonymous with
the type variety [53,61,68].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Sassafras albidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
Sassafras is used for restoring depleted soils in old fields [41].

Sassafras occurs on sites that have been largely denuded of other
vegetation by the combination of frequent fire and toxic emissions from
zinc smelters.  Sassafras persistence on these sites is attributed to
root sprouting; seedling reproduction is severely curtailed by the high
level of toxins in the soil [52].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Sassafras albidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Wood Products Value ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
Sassafras wood is soft, brittle, light, and has limited commercial value
[41].  It is durable, however, and is used for cooperage, buckets,
fenceposts, rails, cabinets, interior finish, and furniture [24,41,83].
Carey and Gill [9] rate its value for firewood as good, their middle
rating.
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Sassafras albidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Associated Forest Cover ( englanti )

tarjonnut Silvics of North America
Sassafras is included in only two forest cover types; however, scattered trees of the species are found in many eastern forest types (13). Sassafras-Persimmon (Society of American Foresters Type 64) is a temporary type common on abandoned farmlands throughout the range of sassafras, especially in the lower Midwest and, to a limited extent, the mid-Atlantic States. It is also present as successional stands on old fields in the Southeastern States where pine usually predominates. Sassafras is a minor component in Bear Oak (Type 43), a scrub type appearing on dry sites along the Coastal Plain from New England southward to New Jersey, and from northwestern New Jersey southward to scattered localities in western Virginia and eastern West Virginia. It is also prevalent in eastern and central Pennsylvania.

Additional common associated tree species are sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), elms (Ulmus spp.), eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana), hickories (Carya spp.), and American beech (Fagus grandifolia). In fields with deeper soils it grows with elms, ashes (Fraxinus spp.), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), and oaks (Quercus spp.).

Noteworthy minor tree associates are American hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana), eastern hophornbeam (Ostrya uirginiana), and pawpaw (Asimina triloba). On poorer sites, particularly in the Appalachian Mountains, it is frequently associated with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), red maple (Acer rubrum), sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum), and several oaks. At the northern edge of its range, sassafras is found in the understory of aspen (Populus spp.) and northern pin oak Quercus ellipsoidalis) stands (8).

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Climate ( englanti )

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Average annual rainfall varies from 760 to 1400 mm (30 to 55 in) within the humid range of sassafras. Of this, 640 to 760 mm (25 to 30 in) occur from April to August, the effective growing season. At the northern limits of the range, the average annual snowfall is between 76 to 102 cm (30 to 40 in), while in the southern limits there may be only 2.5 cm (1 in) or less. The average frost-free period is from 160 to 300 days. In January average temperatures are -7° C (20° F) in the north and 13° C (55° F) in the south; the average July temperatures vary from 21° to 27° C (70° to 80° F).

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Damaging Agents ( englanti )

tarjonnut Silvics of North America
Sassafras is highly susceptible to fire damage at any age. Light fires kill reproduction and small saplings, and heavier burns injure large trees and provide entry for pathogens. Sassafras may die if not well protected from extremes of winter weather.

Foliage diseases are primarily the main damaging agents to sassafras. Actinopelte dryina is largely a southern fungus severely blighting the leaves. Mycosphaerella sassafras is one of the most widely occurring leaf spots of sassafras. A Nectria canker on trunks is fairly common in the southern Appalachian region. Remarkably, few reports of wood-rot fungi on sassafras have appeared in the literature (6). Mistletoe (Phoradendron flavescens) has been reported (8).

At least 15 species of insects attack sassafras, including root borers, leaf feeders, and sucking insects. Except for small local outbreaks, damage is relatively unimportant. From New York to Florida, the larvae of a wood-boring weevil (Apteromechus ferratus) kills trees up to 25 cm (10 in) in diameter. Two leaf feeders, the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) and looper (Epimecis hortaria), are found on sassafras in the Northeastern United States and in the Atlantic States, respectively. Sassafras is probably one of the favorite forest tree foods of the Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica) (8).

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Flowering and Fruiting ( englanti )

tarjonnut Silvics of North America
Sassafras is dioecious. Greenish-yellow flowers appear in March and April as the leaves unfold. They develop in loose, drooping few-flowered axillary racemes.

The fruit, 8 to 13 mm (0.3 to 0.5 in) long, is a single-seeded dark-blue drupe. It matures in August and September of the first year. The fruit is borne on a thickened red pedicel, and the pulpy flesh covers the seed.

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Genetics ( englanti )

tarjonnut Silvics of North America
No genetic variation has been reported for sassafras.

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Growth and Yield ( englanti )

tarjonnut Silvics of North America
Sassafras varies in size from shrubs to large trees with straight, clear trunks. The short, stout branches spread at right angles to form a narrow flat-topped crown. It may attain heights of 30 in (98 ft) on the best sites. On poor sites, especially in the northern part of its range and in Florida, sassafras is short and shrubby (12). Mature trees may average only 15 to 20 cm (6 to 8 in) in d.b.h., with a maximum of about 38 cm (15 in). Natural pruning is good in well-stocked stands.

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Reaction to Competition ( englanti )

tarjonnut Silvics of North America
Sassafras is classed as intolerant of shade at all ages. In forest stands, it usually appears as individual trees or in small groups and is usually in the dominant overstory. In the understory along the edges of heavy stands it may live, but generally does not reach merchantable size. If it becomes overtopped in mixed stands, it is one of the first species to die. Allelopathy seems to be the mechanism that allows sassafras, when it has invaded abandoned fields, to maintain itself aggressively in a relatively pure and mature forest (4). Field studies revealed that 10 species consistently appear exclusively outside of clump canopies of sassafras, and 7 other species predominated beneath the sassafras canopy. Annual herbs were effectively excluded from the understory flora. The allelopaths produced by sassafras are believed to be 2-pinene, 3-phellandrene, eugenol, safrole, citrol, and s-camphor (4).

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Rooting Habit ( englanti )

tarjonnut Silvics of North America
Sassafras roots are shallow and of the prominent lateral type. The long laterals extend for a distance with little change in diameter, branch occasionally, and form an increasingly complex system (3). The laterals are practically all from 15 to 50 cm (6 to 20 in) deep, rising and falling at various intervals. Lateral spread is at the rate of 74 cm (29 in) per year. The forming of a sucker results in the development of feeding roots that otherwise would not be present on the lateral. These roots arise near the sucker and on the larger part of the lateral. They branch to very fine rootlets that are quite important in the species adaptability to vigorous growth on various types of soil.

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Seed Production and Dissemination ( englanti )

tarjonnut Silvics of North America
Seed production begins when trees approach 10 years of age and is greatest when trees are 25 to 50 years old.Good seed crops are produced every 1 or 2 years (2). There are 8,800 to 13,200 seeds/kg (4,000 to 6,000/lb) and soundness is 35 percent. Birds are principal agents of seed dissemination, with water a secondary agent. Some seeds probably are distributed by small mammals.

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Seedling Development ( englanti )

tarjonnut Silvics of North America
Sassafras seed usually remains dormant until spring, although some early maturing seed may germinate in fall. The limit for storage of sassafras in the forest floor is about 6 years (15). Stratification for 120 days in moist sand at 5° C (41° F) breaks natural dormancy (2). The best seedbed is a moist, rich, loamy soil with a protective cover of leaves and litter. Germination is hypogeal.

Sassafras is intolerant of shade and reproduction is sparse and erratic in wooded areas. Subsequent reproduction is usually vegetative. The dense thickets often found in woods openings or in old fields develop from root sprouts rather than seed. On good sites where competition is not heavy, the sprouts may grow 3.7 in (12 ft) in 3 years and sometimes are abundant (3). Elsewhere growth is slow. Because sassafras grows in dense stands and sprouts prolifically, it is a difficult cover type to convert to pine or more desirable hardwoods.

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Soils and Topography ( englanti )

tarjonnut Silvics of North America
Sassafras can be found on virtually all soil types within its range. It grows best in open woods on moist, well-drained, sandy loam soils, but is a pioneer species on abandoned fields, along fence rows, and on dry ridges and upper slopes, especially following fire. In the South Atlantic and Gulf Coast States where sites are predominately sandy soils, mature sassafras seldom exceeds sapling size. On the Lake Michigan dunes of Indiana, it grows on pure, shifting sand (5). It is also found on poor gravelly soils and clay loams. Sassafras is most commonly found growing on soils of the orders Entisols, Alfisols, and Ultisols. Optimum soil pH is 6.0 to 7.0 (14). The species is found at elevations varying from welldrained Mississippi River bottom lands and loessial bluffs to 1220 m (4,000 ft) in the southern Appalachian Mountains (10,11).

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Special Uses ( englanti )

tarjonnut Silvics of North America
The bark, twigs, and leaves of sassafras are important foods for wildlife in some areas. Deer browse the twigs in the winter and the leaves and succulent growth during spring and summer. Palatability, although quite variable, is considered good throughout the range. In addition to its value to wildlife, sassafras provides wood and bark for a variety of commercial and domestic uses. Tea is brewed from the bark of roots. The leaves are used in thickening soups. The orange wood has been used for cooperage, buckets, posts, and furniture (7). The oil is used to perfume some soaps. Finally, sassafras is considered a good choice for restoring depleted soils in old fields. It was superior to black locust or pines for this purpose in Indiana and Illinois (1).

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Vegetative Reproduction ( englanti )

tarjonnut Silvics of North America
Sassafras reproduces easily by root sprouts. In parts of its ranges, sprouts rapidly restock abandoned farmlands (3). Sprouting is prolific from the stumps of young trees. Sassafras can be propagated fairly well from root cuttings, but not from stem cuttings. Two cutting types-roots with a stem sprout planted vertically and large roots planted horizontally-were found to be superior (9).

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Brief Summary ( englanti )

tarjonnut Silvics of North America
Lauraceae -- Laurel family

Margene M. Griggs

Sassafras (Sassafras albidum), sometimes called white sassafras, is a medium-sized, moderately fast growing, aromatic tree with three distinctive leaf shapes: entire, mittenshaped, and threelobed. Little more than a shrub in the north, sassafras grows largest in the Great Smoky Mountains on moist welldrained sandy loams in open woodlands. It frequently pioneers old fields where it is important to wildlife as a browse plant, often in thickets formed by underground runners from parent trees. The soft, brittle, lightweight wood is of limited commercial value, but oil of sassafras is extracted from root bark for the perfume industry.

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Distribution ( englanti )

tarjonnut Silvics of North America
Sassafras is native from southwestern Maine west to New York, extreme southern Ontario, and central Michigan; southwest in Illinois, extreme southeastern Iowa, Missouri, southeastern Kansas, eastern Oklahoma, and eastern Texas; and east to central Florida (8). It is now extinct in southeastern Wisconsin but is extending its range into northern Illinois (5).


-The native range of sassafras


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Sassafras albidum ( asturia )

tarjonnut wikipedia AST

Sassafras albidum ye una especie d'árbol perteneciente a la familia de les lauracees. Ye orixinaria del este de Norteamérica, dende'l sur de Maine y sur d'Ontario hasta Iowa, y al sur a Florida y este de Texas. Alcuéntrase nos bosqjues caducifoliu a una altitú de 1,500 metros.[1][2][3] Enantes tamién se produció nel sur de Wisconsin, pero escastóse ellí como un árbol nativu.[4]

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Ilustración
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Inflorescencia
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Ilustración
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Detalle de la flor
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Fueyes

Descripción

Ye un árbol caducifoliu de tamañu medianu qu'algama un tamañu d'hasta 15-20 m d'altor,[5][6][7] con un tueru d'hasta 60 cm de diámetru, y una corona con munches cañes delgaes. La corteza nel tueru de los árboles maduros ye gruesa, de color coloráu escuru-marrón, y derrota fondamente. La ramificación ye simpodial. Los biltos son de color verde mariellu brilloso de primeres con corteza mucilaginosa, volviéndose de color marrón acoloratáu, y en dos o tres años empiecen a amosar fisuras superficiales. Les fueyes son alternes, de color verde a mariellu verde, ovaes o obovaes, de 10-16 cm de llargu y 5-10 cm d'anchu con un curtiu pecíolu delgáu, llixeramente acanaláu. Vienen en trés formes distintos, toes los cualos pueden tar na mesma caña, de tres fueyes, lobulaes, enteres elíptiques, y les fueyes de dos lóbulos, escasamente, nun puede haber más de tres lóbulos. Na seronda, volver a tonos de tinte mariellu, de colloráu. Les flores prodúcense sueltes, colgantes, con pocos recímanos de flores d'hasta 5 cm de llargu, en primavera poco primero de que apaezan les fueyes, son de color mariellu a mariellu verdoso, con cinco o seis tépalos . Polo xeneral ye dioica, con flores masculines y femenines n'árboles separaos, les flores masculines tienen nueve estames, les flores femenines con estaminodios (seis estames albortaos) y un estilu de 2-3 mm nun ovariu cimeru. La polinización ye por inseutos. La fruta ye un azul escuro-negru en forma de drupes de 1 cm de llongura que contienen una sola grana , maurez a finales de branu, coles granes tremaes por aves, con cotiledones gruesos y carnosos. Toles partes de la planta son arumoses y picantes. Los raigaños son grueses y carnoses, y con frecuencia producen rebrotes que pueden convertise en nuevos árboles.[1][2][3][8]

Ecoloxía

Prefier suelu ricu y bien drenáu, arenosu o limoso con un pH de 6-7, pero va crecer en tou suelu húmedu. Les plántulas toleren la solombra, pero los árboles nuevos y vieyos esixen la plena lluz del sol pa una bon crecedera nos montes, y polo xeneral refacer nos espacios creaos por airaes. La crecedera ye rápido, sobremanera colos biltos de raigañu, que pueden llegar a 1,2 m nel primer añu y de 4,5 m en 4 años. Los biltos de raigañu de cutiu conviértense en carbes trupes, y un solu árbol, si déxase-y estendese ensin llendes, llueu va tar arrodiáu d'una considerable colonia clonal, yá que los sos raigaños estoloníferas estender en toles direiciones y producen un ensame de biltos.[2][3][8]

Cultivu

Sassafras albidum de cutiu cultívase como árbol ornamental poles sos fueyes inusuales y golor arumoso. Fora de la so área nativa, n'ocasiones cultivar n'Europa y otros llugares.[2]

Usos

La madera ye marrón opacu naranxa, dura y durable en contautu col suelu, y que s'utilizó nel pasáu pa los postes y los raíles, pequeñes embarcaciones y xugos, anque la escasez y pequeñu tamañu llinda l'usu actual. Dalgunos inda s'utiliza pa la fabricación de muebles.[9]

Melecinales

Usáu como un arume n'arumes y xabones, alimentos (té de sasafrás y saborizante de carambelu) y para aromaterapia. El golor del aceite de sasafrás dizse que fai un escelente empuste pa mosquitos y otros inseutos, lo que la fai una planta de xardín. Los ácidos pueden ser estrayíos de la corteza pa fabricación d'arumes.

L'aceite esencial utilízase como analxésicu y como antisépticu en odontoloxía.

Aceite de sasafrás ye la fonte preferida de safrol, que ye'l componente principal (75-80%) de los aceites esenciales.[10]

La corteza del raigañu utilizar pa faer el té, anque la mayor parte de calter comercial "té de sasafrás" agora realízase con sabores artificiales, como resultáu de la prohibición de la FDA. Un colorante mariellu llograr de la madera. Los biltos usar pa faer cerveza, una bébora tradicional refrescu carbonatada col lleldu, que debe'l so carauterísticu golor y sabor al estractu de sasafrás. Cerveces de raigañu más comerciales sustituyeron l'estractu d'azafrán con salicilato de metilu, el éster alcuéntrase na corteza de gualteria y abeduriu negru ( Betula lenta ).

Taxonomía

Sassafras albidum describióse por (Nutt.) Nees y espublizóse en Systema Laurinarum 490. 1836.[11]

Etimoloxía

Sassafras: nome xenéricu dau por Nicolas Monardes nel sieglu XVI, que se diz que nes una corrupción de la pallabra española saxifraga.

albidum: epítetu llatín que significa "de color blancu".[12]

Sinonimia
  • Laurus sassafras L.
  • Sassafras albidum var. molle (Raf.) Fernald
  • Sassafras officinalis T. Nees & C.H. Eberm.
  • Sassafras sassafras (L.) H. Karst.
  • Sassafras triloba var. mollis Raf.
  • Sassafras variifolium Kuntze[13]

Ver tamién

Referencies

  1. 1,0 1,1 Flora of North America: Sassafras albidum
  2. 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 O.S. Forest Service: Sassafras albidum (pdf file)
  3. 3,0 3,1 3,2 Hope College, Michigan: Sassafras albidum
  4. O.S. Forest Service Silvics Manual: Sassafras albidum
  5. Although some sources give 30 or 35 meters as the maximum height, as of 1982 the US champion is only 76 feet (23 meters) tall
  6. «Sassafras albidum». Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service.
  7. Whit Bronaugh (May–June, 1994). mio_m1016/is_n5-6_v100/ai_15473433/ The biggest sassafras. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/el mio_m1016/is_n5-6_v100/ai_15473433/
  8. 8,0 8,1 Keeler, H. L. (1900). Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them. Charles Scriber's Sons, New York.
  9. Missouriplants: Sassafras albidum
  10. Kamdem D. P., Gage, D. A.. «Chemical Composition of Essential Oil from the Root Bark of Sassafras albidum». Journal of Organic Chemistry 61 (6). doi:10.1055/s-2006-959379. PMID 8824955.
  11. «Sassafras albidum». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultáu'l 18 de xineru de 2013.
  12. N'Epítetos Botánicos
  13. Sassafras albidum en PlantList

Bibliografía

  1. Anonymous. 1986. List-Based Rec., Soil Conserv. Serv., O.S.D.A. Database of the O.S.D.A., Beltsville.
  2. Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Man. Vasc. Pl. Texas i–xv, 1–1881. The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson.
  3. Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.
  4. Gleason, H. A. 1968. The Choripetalous Dicotyledoneae. vol. 2. 655 pp. In H. A. Gleason Ill. Fl. N. O.S. (ed. 3). New York Botanical Garden, New York.
  5. Gleason, H. A. & A. J. Cronquist. 1991. Man. Vasc. Pl. N.Y. O.S. (ed. 2) i–910. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx.
  6. Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Fl. Great Plains i–vii, 1–1392. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence.
  7. Radford, A. Y., H. Y. Ahles & C. R. Bell. 1968. Man. Vasc. Fl. Carolinas i–lxi, 1–1183. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
  8. Scoggan, H. J. 1978. Dicotyledoneae (Saururaceae to Violaceae). 3: 547–1115. In Fl. Canada. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa.
  9. Voss, Y. G. 1985. Michigan Flora. Part II Dicots (Saururaceae-Cornaceae). Bull. Cranbrook Inst. Sci. 59. xix + 724.
  10. Werff, H. v. d. 1993. Sassafras (Lauraceae). 4 pp.
  11. Wunderlin, R. P. 1998. Guide Vasc. Pl. Florida i–x, 1–806. University Press of Florida, Gainseville.

Enllaces esternos

Cymbidium Clarisse Austin 'Best Pink' Flowers 2000px.JPG Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Botánica, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies.
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Sassafras albidum: Brief Summary ( asturia )

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Sassafras albidum

Sassafras albidum ye una especie d'árbol perteneciente a la familia de les lauracees. Ye orixinaria del este de Norteamérica, dende'l sur de Maine y sur d'Ontario hasta Iowa, y al sur a Florida y este de Texas. Alcuéntrase nos bosqjues caducifoliu a una altitú de 1,500 metros. Enantes tamién se produció nel sur de Wisconsin, pero escastóse ellí como un árbol nativu.

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Kašťa bělavá ( Tšekki )

tarjonnut wikipedia CZ
 src=
Nákres větvičky s plody

Kašťa bělavá (Sassafras albidum) je středně vysoký strom nebo jen rozložitý keř, který je původem ze Severní Ameriky a je jedním ze tří druhů rodu kašťa. Druh pochází ze Spojených států, kde roste od Atlantského pobřeží po východ Texasu, druhé dva druhy se vyskytují ve východní Asii. Počátkem 16. století byl kvůli léčivým vlastnostem i efektnímu vzhledu dovezen do Evropy.

Popis

Tato dvoudomá, opadavá dřevina se vyskytuje ve formě stromu nebo keře s množstvím zahušťujících kořenových výběžků vyrůstajících z plytkých, široce rozložených kořenů. Jako strom s rozbrázděnou, oranžově hnědou kůrou dorůstá do výšky 10 až 20 m a mívá poměrně úzkou korunu, ta bývá pyramidální, oválná nebo zcela nepravidelná. Letorosty jsou leskle zelené až žlutozelené a střídavě porůstají řapíkatými listy vejčitého tvaru. Listy s klínovitou bázi bývají variabilní, na jednom stromu se současně vyskytují celokrajné, dvoulaločné (nesymetrické) i trojlaločné (symetrické). Jsou dlouhé 10 až 15 a široké 5 až 10 cm a mají vždy zaoblené konce. Mají barvu svěže zelenou a na podzim se zbarvují žlutě, oranžově nebo červeně. V reakci na poškození kořene nebo kmene vyrůstá u paty stromu velké množství kořenových odnoží, které jsou vhodné pro množení stromů. Rozemnuté listy stejně jako poraněná kůra vydávají zvláštní, ne všem příjemné kořeněné aroma.

Zelenožluté samčí nebo samičí květy rostou na oddělených stromech v malokvětých koncových převislých hroznech, které jsou s počátku zkrácené a květy směstnané do svazečků. Vonné květy, mívající v průměru asi 7 mm, rozkvétají v březnu a dubnu, obvykle ještě před vyrašením listů. Jednopohlavnost květů je dána zakrněním tyčinek nebo pestíků. Jejich okvětí, rostoucí ve dvou kruzích, má šest okvětních plátků. Samčí květ obsahuje šest nebo devět tyčinek přirostlých u ústí květní trubky, jejich prašníky se otvírají chlopněmi. Samičí květ má svrchní semeník s jednoduchou čnělkou s hlavičkovitou bliznou. Ploidie druhu je 2n = 48.

Opylené samičí květy vytvářejí jednosemenné plody, což jsou tmavě modré, asi 1 cm velké a masité peckovice mající vespod šarlatově zbarvenou číšku na rudých stopkách. Dozrávají v září a jsou oblíbenou potravou pro ptáky a hlodavce.

Ekologie

Kašťa bělavá je dřevinou žádající plné oslunění, ve skupině ostatních stromů roste velmi rychle a většinou bývá nejvyšší. Je velmi citlivá i na malý požár který ji může snadno zahubit. Nejlépe roste v propustné, vlhké, kyselé, jílovité půdě; snáší však i půdy písčité a suché. Protože obvykle produkuje velká množství kořenových výhonků, vyroste bez jejich odstraňování široký, mnohokmenný jedinec, na volném prostranství tak vytvoří rozlehlou kolonii pocházející z jediného exempláře.

Stromy začínají kvést ve věku asi 10 let a nejvíce plodů produkují ve 25 až 50 létech, některé plodí ob jeden rok. Zralá semena jsou s plody šířena hlavně ptáky nebo vodou při záplavách. Dormance semen obvykle končí až na jaře, jejich klíčivost je asi 35 %. Dormance se může se uspíšit stratifikaci po dobu čtyř měsíců ve vlhkém písku při teplotě 5 °C. Semena klíčí ještě i po šesti létech.

V přírodě se stromy mnohem častěji šíří odnožemi než semeny, také pařezy stromů silně obrůstají. Dobře se množí kořenovými řízky, ne však řízky z větví. Starší rostliny se velmi špatně přesazují. V případě nevyhovujících půdních nebo klimatických podmínek je kmen krátký nebo vyrůstá jen keř. U mladých dřevin bývají šťavnaté větvičky v zimě a mladé listy na jaře okousávány vysokou zvěří.

Význam

Kašťa bělavá má světlé, lehké a měkké dřevo, vyrábí se z něj nábytek, dýhy a drobné předměty. Je prosáklé éterickým olejem obsahujícím asi 80 % safrolu, ten mj. působí insekticidně a proto dřevo není napadáno hmyzem. V minulosti se tento olej extrahoval z kořenů i kůry a přidával do kosmetických výrobků, toaletních mýdel, napouštěl se jim vonný tabák nebo se ochucovaly likéry, cukrářské výrobky, čaje, limonády a byl také důležitou součásti ve Spojených státech populárního kořenového piva. V současnosti, po zjištěné potenciální karcinogenity, je používání safrolu u výrobků zakázáno a jeho vůně je vyráběna synteticky.[2][3][4][5][6][7]

Galerie

Synonyma

  • Sasafras lékařský
  • Kušťa (lidový název)

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
  2. Dendrologie.cz: Kašťa bělavá [online]. P. Horáček a J. Mencl, rev. 31.12.2006 [cit. 2015-09-15]. Dostupné online. (česky)
  3. POLÍVKA, František. Užitkové a pamětihodné rostliny cizích zemí: Sassafras lékařský [online]. Wendys, Zdeněk Pazdera, 1908 [cit. 2015-09-15]. Dostupné online. (česky)
  4. GRIGGS, Margene M. Sassafras albidum [online]. United States Forest Service, Washington, D. C., USA [cit. 2015-09-15]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  5. Plant Finder: Sassafras albidum [online]. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO, USA [cit. 2015-09-15]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  6. CHRISTMAN, Steve. Plant Encyclopedia: Sassafras albidum [online]. Floridata.com, Tallahassee, FL, USA, rev. 27.09.2006 [cit. 2015-09-15]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  7. Flora of North America: Sassafras albidum [online]. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA, USA [cit. 2015-09-15]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)

Externí odkazy

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Kašťa bělavá: Brief Summary ( Tšekki )

tarjonnut wikipedia CZ
 src= Nákres větvičky s plody

Kašťa bělavá (Sassafras albidum) je středně vysoký strom nebo jen rozložitý keř, který je původem ze Severní Ameriky a je jedním ze tří druhů rodu kašťa. Druh pochází ze Spojených států, kde roste od Atlantského pobřeží po východ Texasu, druhé dva druhy se vyskytují ve východní Asii. Počátkem 16. století byl kvůli léčivým vlastnostem i efektnímu vzhledu dovezen do Evropy.

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Sassafrasbaum ( saksa )

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Der Sassafrasbaum (Sassafras albidum), auch Fenchelholzbaum oder Nelkenzimtbaum genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart in der Familie der Lorbeergewächse (Lauraceae). Sie ist im östlichen Nordamerika weit verbreitet.

Beschreibung

 src=
Stamm mit Borke
 src=
Illustration

Vegetative Merkmale

 src=
Zweig mit Laubblättern

Sassafras albidum wächst als sommergrüner Baum und erreicht Wuchshöhen von 20 bis zu 35 Metern. Die Borke ist gräulich bis bräunlich, dick und bei älteren Bäumen auch gefurcht. Die stielrunden Zweige besitzen eine hellgrüne Rinde mit dunkel olivfarbenen Flecken.

Die wechselständig angeordneten Laubblätter sind sehr unterschiedlich geformt. Die Blattspreite ist mit einer Länge von 10 bis 16 Zentimetern und einer Breite von 5 bis 10 Zentimetern im Umriss eiformig bis elliptisch und ungelappt oder zwei- bis drei-, selten mehrlappig mit stumpfem bis spitzem oberem Ende. Die dreigelappte Blattspreite erinnert entfernt an ein Feigenblatt. Der Blattrand ist ganz. Die Blattoberseite ist frischgrün und die Blattunterseite blau-grün sowie kahl. Im Herbst verfärben sich die Laubblätter gelb bis orange- oder purpurfarben. Die Nervatur ist dreizählig.

Generative Merkmale

Die Blütezeit liegt im Frühjahr meist zwischen April und Mai. Sassafras albidum ist zweihäusig getrenntgeschlechtig (diözisch). Mehrere Blüten stehen in Büscheln oder rispigen Blütenständen zusammen, die eine Länge von bis zu 5 Zentimetern und eine seidig-flaumige Behaarung aufweisen. Die Deckblätter sind bis zu 1 Zentimeter lang.

Die relativ kleinen, süß-lemonig duftenden, kahlen und gestielten Blüten sind funktionell eingeschlechtig mit einfacher Blütenhülle. Die sechs petaloiden Blütenhüllblätter sind grünlich-gelb. In den männlichen Blüten sind drei Kreise mit je drei Staubblättern vorhanden, wobei die des inneren Kreises jeweils zwei deutlich gestielte Drüsen an der Basis der dünnen Staubfäden besitzen. In der obersten Blüte eines männlichen Blütenstandes kann auch ein steriler Stempel vorhanden sein. Weibliche Blüten enthalten sechs kurze Staminodien und einen oberständigen Fruchtknoten mit schlankem 2 bis 3 Millimeter langen Griffel der in einer kopfigen Narbe endet.

Der mehr oder weniger fleischige „Fruchtbecher“ ist rötlich. Die bei Reife blau-schwarzen und einsamigen, glatten Steinfrüchte sind eiförmig und werden bis zu 1 Zentimeter lang.

Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 48.

Vorkommen

 src=
Verbreitungskarte

Im östlichen Nordamerika kommt Sassafras albidum in Ontario sowie in den US-Bundesstaaten: Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Washington D.C., Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia vor. Auch im venezolanischen Urwald gibt es Vorkommen.

Sassafras albidum gedeiht in unterschiedlichen Habitaten: Wäldern, Erosionsgebieten, Brachen und Ruderalflächen in Höhenlagen zwischen 0 und 1500 Metern.

Systematik

Diese Art wurde im Jahr 1818 unter dem Namen Laurus albida durch Thomas Nuttall in The Genera of North American Plants, 1, S. 259–260 gültig erstbeschrieben. Der aktuell gültige Name Sassafras albidum wurde im Jahr 1836 durch Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck in Systema Laurinarum, S. 490 veröffentlicht.

Weitere Synonyme sind: Laurus sassafras L., Sassafras albidum var. molle (Raf.) Fernald, Sassafras officinalis T.Nees ex C.H.Ebermaier, Sassafras sassafras (L.) H.Karsten, Sassafras variifolium Kuntze.[1] Es wurden Varietäten beschrieben, die sich beispielsweise in der Behaarung unterscheiden, aber die Gültigkeit dieser Varietäten ist nicht geklärt.

Nutzung

Aus der Wurzelrinde und den Früchten lässt sich durch Wasserdampfdestillation Sassafrasöl gewinnen, das 80 % Safrol enthält und als Parfüm und Aromastoff dient. Die Wurzelrinde wurde auch zur Herstellung von Root Beer verwendet, bevor dies verboten wurde.[2] Einige indigene Völker Nordamerikas benutzten die Zweige als Kauhölzchen.[2] Manchmal werden Inhaltsstoffe der Wurzelrinde in Zahnpasta verwendet.[2] Aus den getrockneten Blättern wird Filé-Pulver gewonnen, das in der Cajun-Küche als Gewürz und Bindemittel verwendet wird.

Safrol liefert auch einen Rohstoff zur Herstellung von MDMA (Ecstasy), der Handel mit Extrakten aus Sassafras ist daher in der EU verboten. In der Schweiz gelten Sassafrasöl und Safrol als so genannte Vorläuferstoffe,[3] die zur Herstellung von Betäubungsmitteln und psychotropen Stoffen verwendet werden können. Der Bezug ist bewilligungspflichtig und die Verwendung von mehr als 10 g pro Jahr führt zu einer behördlichen Kontrollpflicht[4] im Sinne der Betäubungsmittelkontrollverordnung.[5]

Von Safrol wird behauptet, dass es halluzinogene Wirkungen besitze und Kontaktdermatitis verursache, besonders in höheren Dosen; außerdem soll es Karzinome verursachen und hepatotoxisch sein.[2]

Quellen

Einzelnachweise

  1. Sassafras albidum bei Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
  2. a b c d Henk van der Werff: Sassafras.: Sassafras albidum – textgleich online wie gedrucktes Werk, Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Hrsg.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 3: Magnoliophyta: Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae, Oxford University Press, New York und Oxford, 1997, ISBN 0-19-511246-6.
  3. Verzeichnis f: „Vorläuferstoffe“ der Betäubungsmittelverzeichnisverordnung. (PDF; 237 kB) In: Systematische Gesetzessammlung des Bundes. Abgerufen am 21. Februar 2012.
  4. Art. 5 Betäubungsmittelverzeichnisverordnung. In: Systematische Gesetzessammlung des Bundes. Abgerufen am 21. Februar 2012.
  5. Betäubungsmittelkontrollverordnung. (PDF; 292 kB) In: Systematische Gesetzessammlung des Bundes. Abgerufen am 21. Februar 2012.
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Sassafrasbaum: Brief Summary ( saksa )

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Der Sassafrasbaum (Sassafras albidum), auch Fenchelholzbaum oder Nelkenzimtbaum genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart in der Familie der Lorbeergewächse (Lauraceae). Sie ist im östlichen Nordamerika weit verbreitet.

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Sassafras albidum ( englanti )

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Sassafras albidum (sassafras, white sassafras, red sassafras, or silky sassafras) is a species of Sassafras native to eastern North America, from southern Maine and southern Ontario west to Iowa, and south to central Florida and eastern Texas. It occurs throughout the eastern deciduous forest habitat type, at altitudes of up to 1,500 m (4,900 ft) above sea level.[3][4][5] It formerly also occurred in southern Wisconsin, but is extirpated there as a native tree.[6]

Description

Sassafras albidum is a medium-sized deciduous tree growing to 15–20 m (49–66 ft) tall, with a canopy up to 12 m (39 ft) wide,[7] with a trunk up to 60 cm (24 in) in diameter, and a crown with many slender sympodial branches.[8][9][10] The bark on trunk of mature trees is thick, dark red-brown, and deeply furrowed. The shoots are bright yellow green at first with mucilaginous bark, turning reddish brown, and in two or three years begin to show shallow fissures. The leaves are alternate, green to yellow-green, ovate or obovate, 10–15 cm (4–6 in) long and 5–10 cm (2–4 in) broad[11] with a short, slender, slightly grooved petiole. They come in three different shapes, all of which can be on the same branch; three-lobed leaves, unlobed elliptical leaves, and two-lobed leaves; rarely, there can be more than three lobes. In fall, they turn to shades of yellow, tinged with red. The flowers are produced in loose, drooping, few-flowered racemes up to 5 cm (2 in) long in early spring shortly before the leaves appear; they are yellow to greenish-yellow, with five or six tepals. It is usually dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate trees; male flowers have nine stamens, female flowers with six staminodes (aborted stamens) and a 2–3 mm style on a superior ovary. Pollination is by insects. The fruit is a dark blue-black drupe 1 cm (0.39 in) long containing a single seed, borne on a red fleshy club-shaped pedicel 2 cm (0.79 in) long; it is ripe in late summer, with the seeds dispersed by birds. The cotyledons are thick and fleshy. All parts of the plant are aromatic and spicy. The roots are thick and fleshy, and frequently produce root sprouts which can develop into new trees.[4][5][12]

Ecology

It prefers rich, well-drained sandy loam with a pH of 6–7, but will grow in any loose, moist soil. Seedlings will tolerate shade, but saplings and older trees demand full sunlight for good growth; in forests it typically regenerates in gaps created by windblow. Growth is rapid, particularly with root sprouts, which can reach 1.2 m (3.9 ft) in the first year and 4.5 m (15 ft) in 4 years. Root sprouts often result in dense thickets, and a single tree, if allowed to spread unrestrained, will soon be surrounded by a sizable clonal colony, as its roots extend in every direction and send up multitudes of shoots.[4][5][13]

S. albidum is a host plant for the caterpillar of the promethea silkmoth, Callosamia promethea.[14]

Laurel wilt

Laurel wilt is a highly destructive disease initiated when the invasive flying redbay ambrosia beetle (Xyleborus glabratus) introduces its highly virulent fungal symbiont (Raffaelea lauricola) into the sapwood of Lauraceae host shrubs or trees. Sassafras's volatile terpenoids may attract X. glabratus.[15] Sassafras is susceptible to laurel wilt and capable of supporting broods of X. glabratus. Underground transmission of the pathogen through roots and stolons of Sassafras without evidence of X. glabratus attack is suggested. Studies examining the insect's cold tolerance showed that X. glabratus may be able to move to colder northern areas where sassafras would be the main host. The exotic Asian insect is spreading the epidemic from the Everglades through the Carolinas in perhaps less than 15 years by the end of 2014.[16]

Uses

Parc Oberthür, Rennes

All parts of the Sassafras albidum plant have been used for human purposes, including stems, leaves, bark, wood, roots, fruit, and flowers. Sassafras albidum, while native to North America, is significant to the economic, medical, and cultural history of both Europe and North America. In North America, it has particular culinary significance, being featured in distinct national foods such as traditional root beer, filé powder, and Louisiana Creole cuisine. Sassafras albidum was an important plant to many Native Americans of the southeastern United States and was used for many purposes, including culinary and medicinal purposes, before the European colonization of North America. Its significance for Native Americans is also magnified, as the European quest for sassafras as a commodity for export brought Europeans into closer contact with Native Americans during the early years of European settlement in the 16th and 17th centuries, in Florida, Virginia, and parts of the Northeast.

Use by Native Americans

Sassafras with all 3 lobe variations seen.

Sassafras albidum was a well-used plant by Native Americans in what is now the Southeastern United States prior to the European colonization. The Choctaw word for sassafras is "Kvfi," and it was by them principally as a soup thickener.[17] It was known as "Winauk" in Delaware and Virginia and is called "Pauame" by the Timuca.

Some Native American tribes used the leaves of sassafras to treat wounds by rubbing the leaves directly into a wound, and used different parts of the plant for many medicinal purposes such as treating acne, urinary disorders, and sicknesses that increased body temperature, such as high fevers. They also used the bark as a dye, and as a flavoring.[18]

Sassafras wood was also used by Native Americans in the Southeastern United States as a fire-starter because of the flammability of its natural oils.[19]

In cooking, sassafras was used by some Native Americans to flavor bear fat, and to cure meats.[20] Sassafras is still used today to cure meats.[21] Use of filé powder by the Choctaw in the Southern United States in cooking is linked to the development of gumbo, a signature dish of Louisiana Creole cuisine.[22]

Modern culinary use and legislation

Sassafras twig and terminal bud

Sassafras albidum is used primarily in the United States as the key ingredient in home brewed root beer and as a thickener and flavouring in traditional Louisiana Creole gumbo.[23]

Filé powder, also called gumbo filé, for its use in making gumbo, is a spicy herb made from the dried and ground leaves of the sassafras tree. It was traditionally used by Native Americans in the Southern United States, and was adopted into Louisiana Creole cuisine. Use of filé powder by the Choctaw in the Southern United States in cooking is linked to the development of gumbo, the signature dish of Louisiana Creole cuisine that features ground sassafras leaves.[22] The leaves and root bark can be pulverized to flavor soup and gravy, and meat, respectively.[11]

Sassafras roots are used to make traditional root beer, although they were banned for commercially mass-produced foods and drugs by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1960.[24] Laboratory animals that were given oral doses of sassafras tea or sassafras oil that contained large doses of safrole developed permanent liver damage or various types of cancer.[24] In humans, liver damage can take years to develop and it may not have obvious signs. Along with commercially available sarsaparilla, sassafras remains an ingredient in use among hobby or microbrew enthusiasts. While sassafras is no longer used in commercially produced root beer and is sometimes substituted with artificial flavors, natural extracts with the safrole distilled and removed are available.[25][26] Most commercial root beers have replaced the sassafras extract with methyl salicylate, the ester found in wintergreen and black birch (Betula lenta) bark.

Sassafras tea was also banned in the U.S. in 1977, but the ban was lifted with the passage of the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act in 1994.[24][27][28]

Safrole oil, aromatic uses, MDA

S. albidum is a host plant for the spicebush swallowtail.

Safrole can be obtained fairly easily from the root bark of Sassafras albidum via steam distillation. It has been used as a natural insect or pest deterrent.[21] Godfrey's Cordial, as well as other tonics given to children that consisted of opiates, used sassafras to disguise other strong smells and odours associated with the tonics. It was also used as an additional flavouring to mask the strong odours of homemade liquor in the United States.[29]

Chemical structure of safrole, a constituent of sassafras essential oil

Commercial "sassafras oil," which contains safrole, is generally a byproduct of camphor production in Asia or comes from related trees in Brazil. Safrole is a precursor for the manufacture of the drug MDMA, as well as the drug MDA (3-4 methylenedioxyamphetamine) and as such, its transport is monitored internationally. Safrole is a List I precursor chemical according to the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration.

The wood is dull orange brown, hard, and durable in contact with the soil; it was used in the past for posts and rails, small boats and ox-yokes, though scarcity and small size limits current use. Some is still used for making furniture.[30]

History of commercial use

Europeans were first introduced to sassafras, along with other plants such as cranberries, tobacco, and American ginseng, when they arrived in North America.[20][31]

The aromatic smell of sassafras was described by early European settlers arriving in North America. According to one legend, Christopher Columbus found North America because he could smell the scent of sassafras.[29] As early as the 1560s, French visitors to North America discovered the medicinal qualities of sassafras, which was also exploited by the Spanish who arrived in Florida.[32] English settlers at Roanoke reported surviving on boiled sassafras leaves and dog meat during times of starvation.[33]

Upon the arrival of the English on the Eastern coast of North America, sassafras trees were reported as plentiful. Sassafras was sold in England and in continental Europe, where it was sold as a dark beverage called "saloop" that had medicinal qualities and used as a medicinal cure for a variety of ailments. The discovery of sassafras occurred at the same time as a severe syphilis outbreak in Europe, when little about this terrible disease was understood, and sassafras was touted as a cure. Sir Francis Drake was one of the earliest to bring sassafras to England in 1586, and Sir Walter Raleigh was the first to export sassafras as a commodity in 1602. Sassafras became a major export commodity to England and other areas of Europe, as a medicinal root used to treat ague (fevers) and sexually transmitted diseases such as syphilis and gonorrhea, and as wood prized for its beauty and durability.[34][35] Exploration for sassafras was the catalyst for the 1603 commercial expedition from Bristol of Captain Martin Pring to the coasts of present-day Maine, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts. During a brief period in the early 17th century, sassafras was the second-largest export from the British colonies in North America behind tobacco.[36]

Since the bark was the most commercially valued part of the sassafras plant due to large concentrations of the aromatic safrole oil, commercially valuable sassafras could only be gathered from each tree once. This meant that as significant amounts of sassafras bark were gathered, supplies quickly diminished and sassafras become more difficult to find. For example, while one of the earliest shipments of sassafras in 1602 weighed as much as a ton, by 1626, English colonists failed to meet their 30-pound quota. The gathering of sassafras bark brought European settlers and Native Americans into contact sometimes dangerous to both groups.[37] Sassafras was such a desired commodity in England, that its importation was included in the Charter of the Colony of Virginia in 1610.[38]

Through modern times the sassafras plant, both wild and cultivated, has been harvested for the extraction of safrole, which is used in a variety of commercial products as well as in the manufacture of illegal drugs like MDMA; yet, sassafras plants in China and Brazil are more commonly used for these purposes than North American Sassafras albidum.[39]

Gallery

See also

References

  1. ^ Stritch, L. (2018). "Sassafras albidum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T62020487A62020489. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T62020487A62020489.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ The Plant List, Sassafras albidum
  3. ^ Flora of North America: Sassafras albidum
  4. ^ a b c U.S. Forest Service: Sassafras albidum (pdf file)
  5. ^ a b c Hope College, Michigan: Sassafras albidum
  6. ^ Griggs, Margene M. (1990). "Sassafras albidum". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Hardwoods. Silvics of North America. Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Vol. 2 – via Southern Research Station.
  7. ^ "Sassafras albidum " (PDF). University of Florida Horticulture. US Forest Service - Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
  8. ^ Although some sources give 30 or 35 meters as the maximum height, as of 1982 the US champion is only 76 feet (23 meters) tall
  9. ^ "Sassafras albidum " (PDF). Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service.
  10. ^ Whit Bronaugh (May–June 1994). "The biggest sassafras". American Forests.
  11. ^ a b Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (2009) [1982]. Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods. New York: Sterling. p. 125. ISBN 978-1-4027-6715-9. OCLC 244766414.
  12. ^ Flora of North America: Sassafras
  13. ^ Keeler, H. L. (1900). Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.
  14. ^ "Promethea silkmoth Callosamia promethea (Drury, 1773) | Butterflies and Moths of North America". www.butterfliesandmoths.org. Retrieved 2017-11-14.
  15. ^ Kendra, PE; Montgomery, WS; Niogret, J; Pruett, GE; Mayfield, AE; MacKenzie, M; Deyrup, MA; Bauchan, GR; Ploetz, RC; Epsky, ND (2014). "North American Lauraceae: terpenoid emissions, relative attraction and boring preferences of redbay ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus (coleoptera: curculionidae: scolytinae)". PLOS ONE. 9 (7): e102086. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j2086K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0102086. PMC 4090202. PMID 25007073.
  16. ^ <http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/00000000/opmp/Redbay%20Laurel%20Wilt%20Recovery%20Plan%20January%202015.pdf> (search--resistan)
  17. ^ Freedman, Robert Louis (1976). "Native North American Food Preparation Techniques". Boletín Bibliográfico de Antropología Americana (1973-1979). Pan American Institute of Geography and History. 38 (47): 143. JSTOR 43996285., s.v. Soup Thickener (kombo ashish) Choctaw
  18. ^ Duke, James (December 15, 2000). The Green Pharmacy Herbal Handbook: Your Comprehensive Reference to the Best Herbs for Healing. Rodale Books. p. 195. ISBN 978-1579541842.
  19. ^ Bartram, William (December 1, 2002). William Bartram on the Southeastern Indians (Indians of the Southeast). University of Nebraska Press. p. 270. ISBN 978-0803262058.
  20. ^ a b Weatherford, Jack (September 15, 1992). Native Roots: How the Indians Enriched America. Ballantine Books. p. 52. ISBN 978-0449907139.
  21. ^ a b Duke, James (September 27, 2002). CRC Handbook of Medicinal Spices. CRC Press. p. 274. ISBN 978-0849312793.
  22. ^ a b Nobles, Cynthia Lejeune (2009), "Gumbo", in Tucker, Susan; Starr, S. Frederick (eds.), New Orleans Cuisine: Fourteen Signature Dishes and Their Histories, University Press of Mississippi, p. 110, ISBN 978-1-60473-127-9
  23. ^ "The Pot Thickens".
  24. ^ a b c Dietz, B; Bolton, Jl (Apr 2007). "Botanical Dietary Supplements Gone Bad". Chemical Research in Toxicology. 20 (4): 586–90. doi:10.1021/tx7000527. ISSN 0893-228X. PMC 2504026. PMID 17362034.
  25. ^ "CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21".
  26. ^ Higgins, Nadia (August 1, 2013). Fun Food Inventions (Awesome Inventions You Use Every Day). 21st Century. p. 30. ISBN 978-1467710916.
  27. ^ Kwan, D; Hirschkorn, K; Boon, H (Sep 2006). "U.S. and Canadian pharmacists' attitudes, knowledge, and professional practice behaviors toward dietary supplements: a systematic review" (Free full text). BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 6: 31. doi:10.1186/1472-6882-6-31. PMC 1586212. PMID 16984649.
  28. ^ Barceloux, Donald (March 7, 2012). Medical Toxicology of Natural Substances: Foods, Fungi, Medicinal Herbs, Plants, and Venomous Animals. Wiley. ASIN B007KGA15Q.
  29. ^ a b Small, Ernest (September 23, 2013). North American Cornucopia: Top 100 Indigenous Food Plants. CRC Press. p. 606. ISBN 978-1466585928.
  30. ^ Missouriplants: Sassafras albidum
  31. ^ Sauer, Jonathan (1976). "Changing Perception and Exploitation of New World Plants in Europe, 1492-1800". In Fredi, Chiapelli (ed.). First Images of America: the Impact of the New World on the Old. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520030107.
  32. ^ Quinn, David (January 1, 1985). Set Fair for Roanoke: Voyages and Colonies, 1584-1606. The University of North Carolina Press. p. 175. ISBN 978-0807841235.
  33. ^ Stick, David (November 1, 1983). Roanoke Island: The Beginnings of English America. The University of North Carolina Press. p. 127. ISBN 978-0807841105.
  34. ^ Horwitz, Tony (2008). A Voyage Long and Strange: Rediscovering the New World. Henry Holt and Co. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-8050-7603-5.
  35. ^ Tiffany Leptuck, "Medical Attributes of 'Sassafras albidum' - Sassafras"], Kenneth M. Klemow, Ph.D., Wilkes-Barre University, 2003
  36. ^ Martin Pring, "The Voyage of Martin Pring, 1603", Summary of his life and expeditions at American Journeys website, 2012, Wisconsin Historical Society
  37. ^ Dugan, Holly (September 14, 2011). The Ephemeral History of Perfume: Scent and Sense in Early Modern England. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 83–95. ISBN 978-1421402345.
  38. ^ Bruce, Phillip. Economic History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century. Vol. 2. Nabu Press. p. 613. ISBN 978-1271504855.
  39. ^ Blickman, Tom (February 3, 2009). "Harvesting Trees". Transational Institute. Transnational Institute. Retrieved April 4, 2015.

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Sassafras albidum: Brief Summary ( englanti )

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Sassafras albidum (sassafras, white sassafras, red sassafras, or silky sassafras) is a species of Sassafras native to eastern North America, from southern Maine and southern Ontario west to Iowa, and south to central Florida and eastern Texas. It occurs throughout the eastern deciduous forest habitat type, at altitudes of up to 1,500 m (4,900 ft) above sea level. It formerly also occurred in southern Wisconsin, but is extirpated there as a native tree.

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Sassafras albidum ( kastilia )

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Sassafras albidum es una especie de árbol perteneciente a la familia de las lauráceas. Es originaria del este de Norteamérica, desde el sur de Maine y sur de Ontario hasta Iowa, y al sur a Florida y este de Texas. Se encuentra en los bosques caducifolios a una altitud de 1500 metros.[1][2][3]​ Anteriormente también se dio en el sur de Wisconsin, pero allí se extinguió como árbol autóctono.[4]

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Ilustración
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Inflorescencia
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Ilustración
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Detalle de la flor
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Hojas

Descripción

Es un árbol caducifolio de tamaño medio que alcanza un tamaño de hasta 15-20 m de altura,[5][6][7]​ con un tronco de hasta 60 cm de diámetro, y una corona con muchas ramas delgadas. La corteza en el tronco de los árboles maduros es gruesa, de color rojo oscuro-marrón, y surcada profundamente. La ramificación es simpodial. Los brotes son de color verde amarillo brillante al principio con corteza mucilaginosa, volviéndose de color marrón rojizo, y en dos o tres años comienzan a mostrar fisuras superficiales. Las hojas son alternas, de color verde a amarillo-verde, ovadas u obovadas, de 10-16 cm de largo y 5-10 cm de ancho con un corto pecíolo delgado, ligeramente acanalado. Vienen en tres formas diferentes, todas los cuales pueden estar en la misma rama, de tres hojas, lobuladas, enteras elípticas, y las hojas de dos lóbulos, rara vez, no puede haber más de tres lóbulos. En otoño, se vuelven a tonos de tinte amarillo, de rojo. Las flores se producen sueltas, colgantes, con pocos racimos de flores de hasta 5 cm de largo, en primavera poco antes de que aparezcan las hojas, son de color amarillo a amarillo verdoso, con cinco o seis tépalos. Por lo general es dioica, con flores masculinas y femeninas en árboles separados, las flores masculinas tienen nueve estambres, las flores femeninas con estaminodios (seis estambres abortados) y un estilo de 2-3 mm en un ovario superior. La polinización es por insectos. La fruta es un azul oscuro-negro en forma de drupas de 1 cm de largo que contienen una sola semilla , madura a finales de verano, con las semillas dispersadas por aves, con cotiledones gruesos y carnosos. Todas las partes de la planta son aromáticas y picantes. Las raíces son gruesas y carnosas, y con frecuencia producen rebrotes que pueden convertirse en nuevos árboles.[1][2][3][8]

Ecología

Prefiere suelo rico y bien drenado, arenoso o limoso con un pH de 6-7, pero crecerá en todo suelo húmedo. Las plántulas toleran la sombra, pero los árboles jóvenes y viejos exigen la plena luz del sol para un buen crecimiento en los bosques, y por lo general se regenera en los espacios creados por vendavales. El crecimiento es rápido, sobre todo con los brotes de raíz, que pueden llegar a 1,2 m en el primer año y de 4,5 m en 4 años. Los brotes de raíz a menudo se convierten en matorrales densos, y un solo árbol, si se le permite extenderse sin límites, pronto estará rodeado de una considerable colonia clonal, ya que sus raíces estoloníferas se extienden en todas las direcciones y producen una multitud de brotes.[2][3][8]

Cultivo

Sassafras albidum a menudo se cultiva como árbol ornamental por sus hojas inusuales y olor aromático. Fuera de su área nativa, en ocasiones se cultiva en Europa y otros lugares.[2]

Usos

La madera es marrón opaco naranja, dura y durable en contacto con el suelo, y que se utilizó en el pasado para los postes y los raíles, pequeñas embarcaciones y yugos, aunque la escasez y pequeño tamaño limita el uso actual. Algunos todavía se utiliza para la fabricación de muebles.[9]

Medicinales

Usado como una fragancia en perfumes y jabones, alimentos (té de sasafrás y saborizante de caramelo) y para aromaterapia. El olor del aceite de sasafrás se dice que hace un excelente repelente para mosquitos y otros insectos, lo que la hace una planta de jardín. Los ácidos pueden ser extraídos de la corteza para fabricación de perfumes.

El aceite esencial se utiliza como analgésico y como antiséptico en odontología.

Aceite de sasafrás es la fuente preferida de safrol, que es el componente principal (75-80%) de los aceites esenciales.[10]

La corteza de la raíz se utiliza para hacer el té, aunque la mayor parte de carácter comercial "té de sasafrás" ahora se realiza con sabores artificiales, como resultado de la prohibición de la FDA. Un colorante amarillo se obtiene de la madera. Los brotes se usa para hacer cerveza, una bebida tradicional refresco carbonatada con la levadura, que debe su característico olor y sabor al extracto de sasafrás. Cervezas de raíz más comerciales han sustituido el extracto de azafrán con salicilato de metilo, el éster se encuentra en la corteza de gualteria y abedul negro ( Betula lenta ).

Taxonomía

Sassafras albidum fue descrita por (Nutt.) Nees y publicado en Systema Laurinarum 490. 1836.[11]

Etimología

Sassafras: nombre genérico otorgado por Nicolás Monardes en el siglo XVI, que se dice que es una corrupción de la palabra española saxifraga.

albidum: epíteto latino que significa "de color blanco".[12]

Sinonimia
  • Laurus sassafras L.
  • Sassafras albidum var. molle (Raf.) Fernald
  • Sassafras officinalis T. Nees & C.H. Eberm.
  • Sassafras sassafras (L.) H. Karst.
  • Sassafras triloba var. mollis Raf.
  • Sassafras variifolium Kuntze[13]

Referencias

  1. a b Flora of North America: Sassafras albidum
  2. a b c d U.S. Forest Service: Sassafras albidum (pdf file)
  3. a b c Hope College, Michigan: Sassafras albidum
  4. U.S. Forest Service Silvics Manual: Sassafras albidum
  5. Although some sources give 30 or 35 meters as the maximum height, as of 1982 the US champion is only 76 feet (23 meters) tall
  6. «Sassafras albidum». Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service.
  7. Whit Bronaugh (May–June, 1994). «The biggest sassafras». American Forests. Archivado desde el original el 9 de julio de 2012.
  8. a b Keeler, H. L. (1900). Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them. Charles Scriber's Sons, New York.
  9. Missouriplants: Sassafras albidum
  10. Kamdem D. P., Gage, D. A. (1995). «Chemical Composition of Essential Oil from the Root Bark of Sassafras albidum». Journal of Organic Chemistry 61 (6): 574-575. PMID 8824955. doi:10.1055/s-2006-959379.
  11. «Sassafras albidum». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 18 de enero de 2013.
  12. En Epítetos Botánicos
  13. Sassafras albidum en PlantList

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Sassafras albidum: Brief Summary ( kastilia )

tarjonnut wikipedia ES

Sassafras albidum es una especie de árbol perteneciente a la familia de las lauráceas. Es originaria del este de Norteamérica, desde el sur de Maine y sur de Ontario hasta Iowa, y al sur a Florida y este de Texas. Se encuentra en los bosques caducifolios a una altitud de 1500 metros.​​​ Anteriormente también se dio en el sur de Wisconsin, pero allí se extinguió como árbol autóctono.​

 src= Ilustración  src= Inflorescencia  src= Ilustración  src= Detalle de la flor  src= Hojas
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Sassafras albidum ( ranska )

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Le Laurier des Iroquois, Laurus albida, est une plante ornementale de la famille des Lauracées originaire d’Amérique du Nord, du sud du Maine et du sud-ouest de l’Ontario dans l’Iowa et du sud de la Floride centrale et l’est du Texas. Il se produit dans tout le type d’habitat de forêt décidue orientale, à une altitude de mer niveau jusqu'à 1 500 m. Précédemment s’est produite aussi dans le sud du Wisconsin, elle est disparue il comme un arbre indigène. C'est un arbre qui peut atteindre 15 ou 20 mètres de haut dans sont milieu d'origine. Il résiste à des températures de -20 °C.

Description

Sassafras albidum est un arbre à feuilles caduques moyennes 15 à 20 m de haut, avec un tronc supérieur à 60 cm de diamètre et une couronne avec de nombreuses branches sympodiales minces. L’écorce sur le tronc des arbres matures est épais, rouge-brun foncé et profondément sillonnée. Les pousses sont vert jaune vif à tout d’abord avec l’écorce mucilagineux, tournant brun rougeâtre et dans deux ou trois ans commence à montrer des fissures superficielles. Les feuilles sont alternes, vert à jaune-vert, ovale ou obovale, de 10 à 16 cm de long et de 5 à 10 cm de large avec un pétiole court, mince, légèrement cannelé. Ils viennent en trois formats différents, qui peuvent être sur la même branche ; feuilles trilobées, unlobed feuilles elliptiques et les feuilles bilobées ; rarement, il peut y avoir plus de trois lobes. En automne, ils se tournent vers les tons de jaune, teintée de rouge.

Les fleurs sont regroupées en grappes lâches, retombantes, fleurs peu nombreuses jusqu'à 5 cm de long au début du printemps avant que les feuilles apparaissent ; ils sont de couleur jaunes à jaune-verdâtre, avec cinq ou six tépales. Il est généralement dioïque, avec des fleurs mâles et femelles sur des arbres séparés ; les fleurs mâles ont neuf sta-mens, des fleurs femelles avec six staminodes (étamines avortées) et un style de 2 – 3 mm sur un ovaire supère. La pollinisation est par les insectes.

Le fruit est une drupe bleu foncée 1 cm de long contenant une seule graine, portées par un pédicelle rouge de massue charnu 2 cm de long ; Il est venu en fin d’été, avec les graines dispersées par les oiseaux. Les cotylédons sont épais et charnues. Toutes les parties de la plante sont aromatiques et épicés. Les racines sont épaisses et charnues et souvent produisent des germes de racine qui peuvent évoluer vers de nouveaux arbres.

Liste des variétés

Selon Tropicos (27 mars 2018)[4] (Attention liste brute contenant possiblement des synonymes) :

  • variété Sassafras albidum var. albidum
  • variété Sassafras albidum var. glaucum Nieuwl.
  • variété Sassafras albidum var. molle (Raf.) Fernald

Notes et références

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Sassafras albidum: Brief Summary ( ranska )

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Le Laurier des Iroquois, Laurus albida, est une plante ornementale de la famille des Lauracées originaire d’Amérique du Nord, du sud du Maine et du sud-ouest de l’Ontario dans l’Iowa et du sud de la Floride centrale et l’est du Texas. Il se produit dans tout le type d’habitat de forêt décidue orientale, à une altitude de mer niveau jusqu'à 1 500 m. Précédemment s’est produite aussi dans le sud du Wisconsin, elle est disparue il comme un arbre indigène. C'est un arbre qui peut atteindre 15 ou 20 mètres de haut dans sont milieu d'origine. Il résiste à des températures de -20 °C.

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Sassafras albidum ( Italia )

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Il sassofrasso[1] o sassafrasso[2] (Sassafras albidum L. ex Nees) è una pianta arbustiva della famiglia delle Lauracee[3], diffusa in America settentrionale

Dalla sua radice si ricava un olio essenziale di colore giallo arancio, contenente safrolo, usato per profumare saponi, aromatizzare bevande e in preparati farmaceutici. Viene utilizzato per la fabbricazione della MDMA, droga semisintetica nota come ecstasy.

Note

  1. ^ Giacomo Devoto, Gian Carlo Oli, Dizionario della lingua italiana, Firenze, Le Monnier, 1971.
  2. ^ Nicola Zingarelli, Vocabolario della lingua italiana, 11ª ed., Bologna, Zanichelli, 1988.
  3. ^ (EN) Sassafras albidum, su Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. URL consultato il 23 gennaio 2021.

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Sassafras albidum: Brief Summary ( Italia )

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Il sassofrasso o sassafrasso (Sassafras albidum L. ex Nees) è una pianta arbustiva della famiglia delle Lauracee, diffusa in America settentrionale

Dalla sua radice si ricava un olio essenziale di colore giallo arancio, contenente safrolo, usato per profumare saponi, aromatizzare bevande e in preparati farmaceutici. Viene utilizzato per la fabbricazione della MDMA, droga semisintetica nota come ecstasy.

 src=

Sassafras albidum, foglie della varietà più comune

 src=

Sassafras albidum, foglie della varietà lobata

 src=

Sassafras albidum, foglie della varietà trilobata

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Sassafras albidum ( Latina )

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Sassafras albidum (Anglice: sassafras, white sassafras, red sassafras, silky sassafras) est species generis Sassafras, in America Septentrionali endemica, a Cenomannica meridiana Ontarioneque meridiano occidentem versus ad Iovam, et meridiem versus ad Floridam mediam Texiamque orientalem. Habitat in silvis orientalibus deciduis, altitudinibus a maris aequore ad 1500 m.[1][2][3] Ea in Visconsinia meridiana olim habitabat, sed ut arbor endemica ibi exstirpata est.[4]

Descriptio

Planta est media arbor decidua, quae ad 15–20 m alta crescit,[5][6][7] trunco ad 60 cm lato, et corona multis ramis tenuibus. Cortex trunci est crassus, atrofuscus, profunde exaratus. Ramificatio? (Anglice: branching) est sympodialis. Surculi primo sunt clari flavovirides, cortice mucilagino. Folia sunt alternata, viridia ad flavo-virentia, ovata aut obovata, 10–16 cm longa et 5–10 cm lata, petiolo brevi, gracili, leviter sulcato. Foliis sunt tres formae diversae, quarum omnes in eodem ramo gigni possunt: folia trilobata, folia elliptica non lobata, et folia bilobata. (Raro sunt plus quam tres lobi.) Autumno, fiunt flava, rubro suffusa. Flores sunt in racemis laxis, pendulosis, parvi-floriferis ad 5 cm longis primo vere, antequam appareant folia; ei sunt flavi ad flavoviridem, tepalis quinque vel sex. Pollinatio est ab insectis effecta. Fructus est drupa corvina 1 cm longa, unum semen continens. Omnes plantae partes sunt aromaticae et conditae. Radices, crassae et carnosae, surculos saepe gignunt qui novae fieri possunt arbores.[1][2][3][8]

Usus

 src=
Sassafras albidum in Horto Oberthür (Francice: Parc Oberthür) Redonibus crescit.

Cultus

Sassafras albidum saepe ut arbor ornamentalis colitur, praecipue pro foliis inusitatibus et odore aromatico. Praeter suam regionem indigenam, ea nonnumquam in Europa et alibi colitur.[2]

Materia

Materia est obscura fusca, dura, et firma cum solo congreditur; olim adhibita est pro palis et tignis transversis, parvis navibus, et iugis boum. Iam adhibentur materia pro supellecte facta.[9]

Pinacotheca

Notae

  1. 1.0 1.1 Flora of North America: Sassafras albidum
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 U.S. Forest Service: Sassafras albidum (pdf file)
  3. 3.0 3.1 Hope College, Michigan: Sassafras albidum
  4. U.S. Forest Service Silvics Manual: Sassafras albidum
  5. Nonnulli fontes dicunt 30 ad 35 m esse altitudinem maximam, sed anno 1982, maxima in Civitatibus Foederatis est solum 23 m alta.
  6. "Sassafras albidum". Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service
  7. Whit Bronaugh (May-June, 1994). "The biggest sassafras"
  8. Keeler, H. L. (1900). Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them. Charles Scriber's Sons, New York.
  9. Missouriplants: Sassafras albidum

Nexus externi

Commons-logo.svg Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Sassafras albidum spectant.
Wikispecies-logo.svg Vide "Sassafras albidum" apud Vicispecies. stipula Haec stipula ad biologiam spectat. Amplifica, si potes!
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Sassafras albidum: Brief Summary ( Latina )

tarjonnut wikipedia LA

Sassafras albidum (Anglice: sassafras, white sassafras, red sassafras, silky sassafras) est species generis Sassafras, in America Septentrionali endemica, a Cenomannica meridiana Ontarioneque meridiano occidentem versus ad Iovam, et meridiem versus ad Floridam mediam Texiamque orientalem. Habitat in silvis orientalibus deciduis, altitudinibus a maris aequore ad 1500 m. Ea in Visconsinia meridiana olim habitabat, sed ut arbor endemica ibi exstirpata est.

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Sassafras ( norja )

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Denne artikkelen omhandler arten. For slekta med vitenskapelig navn Sassafras, se sassafrasslekta.

Sassafras (Sassafras albidum) er et løvfellende tre i laurbærfamilien som vokser i østlige Nord-Amerika.

Det blir opptil 35 meter høyt. Krona har mange tettsittende, snodde greiner. Rotskudd er vanlig. Barken er grå med korte, vertikale furer. Bladene har varierende form; de kan være ovale, eller ha to eller tre lapper. De er 10–16 cm lange og 5–10 cm brede, og om høsten blir de rødgule. Sassafras er som regel særbu, med hann- og hunnblomster på ulike trær. Blomstringstida er i april–mai. Blomstene sitter noen få sammen i en hengende klase. De dufter og har seks gulgrønne blomsterblad. Hannblomstene har 9 pollenbærere med purpurfarget støvknapp, og hunnblomstene har 6 reduserte pollenbærere (staminodier). Frukten er en blåsvart steinfrukt som er ca. 1 cm i diameter og sitter på en rød stilk.

Sassafras vokser best på veldrenert grunn i åpen skog, men den er også en vanlig pionerplante, som gror fram i store mengder på forlatt dyrket mark, eller etter skogbrann. Som pionerplante vokser den som regel sammen med Diospyros virginiana. I mer moden skog finnes den sammen med ambratre, blomsterkornell, alm, virginiaeiner, eik, hickory, amerikabøk, ask, sukkerlønn, tulipantre, amerikaagnbøk, virginiahumlebøk, Asimina triloba, robinia, rødlønn og syretre.

Nordgrensen for utbredelsen går fra sørvestre Maine vestover gjennom New York, aller sørligste Ontario og sentrale Michigan. Vestgrensen går fra Illinois gjennom aller sørøstligste Iowa, Missouri, sørøstlige Kansas, østlige Oklahoma og østlige Texas. Arten mangler lengst sør på kystsletta i Texas og Louisiana og i sørlige Florida. Den er utdødd i sørøstlige Wisconsin.

Tørkede blad fra sassafras benyttes som fortykningsmiddel og krydder i Lousiana-matretten gumbo. Røttene ble brukt til å lage drikken root beer, men er ikke lenger tillatt brukt i kommersiell produksjon på grunn av at røttene inneholder et kreftfremkallende stoff.

Galleri

Kilder

Eksterne lenker

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Sassafras: Brief Summary ( norja )

tarjonnut wikipedia NO
Denne artikkelen omhandler arten. For slekta med vitenskapelig navn Sassafras, se sassafrasslekta.

Sassafras (Sassafras albidum) er et løvfellende tre i laurbærfamilien som vokser i østlige Nord-Amerika.

Det blir opptil 35 meter høyt. Krona har mange tettsittende, snodde greiner. Rotskudd er vanlig. Barken er grå med korte, vertikale furer. Bladene har varierende form; de kan være ovale, eller ha to eller tre lapper. De er 10–16 cm lange og 5–10 cm brede, og om høsten blir de rødgule. Sassafras er som regel særbu, med hann- og hunnblomster på ulike trær. Blomstringstida er i april–mai. Blomstene sitter noen få sammen i en hengende klase. De dufter og har seks gulgrønne blomsterblad. Hannblomstene har 9 pollenbærere med purpurfarget støvknapp, og hunnblomstene har 6 reduserte pollenbærere (staminodier). Frukten er en blåsvart steinfrukt som er ca. 1 cm i diameter og sitter på en rød stilk.

Sassafras vokser best på veldrenert grunn i åpen skog, men den er også en vanlig pionerplante, som gror fram i store mengder på forlatt dyrket mark, eller etter skogbrann. Som pionerplante vokser den som regel sammen med Diospyros virginiana. I mer moden skog finnes den sammen med ambratre, blomsterkornell, alm, virginiaeiner, eik, hickory, amerikabøk, ask, sukkerlønn, tulipantre, amerikaagnbøk, virginiahumlebøk, Asimina triloba, robinia, rødlønn og syretre.

Nordgrensen for utbredelsen går fra sørvestre Maine vestover gjennom New York, aller sørligste Ontario og sentrale Michigan. Vestgrensen går fra Illinois gjennom aller sørøstligste Iowa, Missouri, sørøstlige Kansas, østlige Oklahoma og østlige Texas. Arten mangler lengst sør på kystsletta i Texas og Louisiana og i sørlige Florida. Den er utdødd i sørøstlige Wisconsin.

Tørkede blad fra sassafras benyttes som fortykningsmiddel og krydder i Lousiana-matretten gumbo. Røttene ble brukt til å lage drikken root beer, men er ikke lenger tillatt brukt i kommersiell produksjon på grunn av at røttene inneholder et kreftfremkallende stoff.

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Sasafras lekarski ( puola )

tarjonnut wikipedia POL

Sasafras lekarski, sasafrzan lekarski, sassafras lekarski (Sassafras albidum) – gatunek drzewa z rodziny wawrzynowatych (Lauraceae). Występuje we wschodniej części Ameryki Północnej.

Morfologia

Pokrój
Drzewo do 15 m wysokości.
Liście
Jajowate całobrzegie lub klapowane. Z wierzchu żywozielone, od spodu modre.
Kwiaty
Zebrane w kwiatostany (podbaldachy) szczytowe, zwisające. Okwiat z 6 listków, błoniastych, zielonkawożółtych i zrośniętych u nasady. Kwiaty rozdzielnopłciowe: w męskich jest 9 pręcików, w żeńskich wykształca się 9 prątniczków i jeden słupek.
Owoc
Jagoda jednonasienna.

Zastosowanie

Drewno białe i miękkie ma zapach, którego nie znoszą mole i dlatego używane jest do wyrobu szaf i kufrów na ubrania. Z kory i z korzeni sasafrasu otrzymuje się aromatyczny olejek eteryczny (sasafrzanowy, sasafrasowy). Stosowany jest on do wyrobu kosmetyków. Z liści uzyskuje się czerwony barwnik. Roślina stosowana jest także jako lecznicza.

Przypisy

  1. Stevens P.F.: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (ang.). 2001–. [dostęp 2010-06-21].

Bibliografia

  1. Zbigniew Podbielkowski: Słownik roślin użytkowych. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Rolnicze i Leśne, 1964.
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Sasafras lekarski: Brief Summary ( puola )

tarjonnut wikipedia POL

Sasafras lekarski, sasafrzan lekarski, sassafras lekarski (Sassafras albidum) – gatunek drzewa z rodziny wawrzynowatych (Lauraceae). Występuje we wschodniej części Ameryki Północnej.

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Sassafras albidum ( portugali )

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Sassafras albidum é uma espécie do género Sassafras, uma árvore nativa do leste da América do Norte, tradicionalmente cultivada pelo seu perfume[1]. Em algumas referências, esta espécie é chamada em língua portuguesa "canela-de-sassafrás", embora este nome seja mais utilizado para a espécie brasileira Ocotea odorifera, que tem algumas das mesmas propriedades químicas (e de que é um parente próximo).

Na Louisiana, o pó obtido das folhas secas, localmente chamado "filé", é usado para engrossar o gumbo, e o óleo extraído da casca das raízes era tradicionalmente usado para preparar uma bebida não-alcoólica, chamada "cerveja-de-raiz" ("root beer", em língua inglesa)[2][3].

Descrição

O sassafrás norte-americano é uma árvore que pode crescer até 25 m, tem um tronco fino e piramidal, que produz ramos em andares horizontais. As folhas são caducas e apresentam uma grande variedade de formas, mesmo numa única árvore. As flores abrem antes de nascerem as novas folhas, no início da primavera, e são pequenas e verde-amareladas. Os frutos são pequenas drupas (com cerca de 1 cm de diâmetro)[3].

A planta cresce rapidamente, cerca de um metro por ano, num local soalheiro.

Distribuição

O sassafrás norte-americano ocorre naturalmente em toda a costa leste dos Estados Unidos da América, nas florestas de meseta, tendo a tendência de ocupar terrenos abandonados; cresce bem em solos arenosos e é resistente à seca. Foi introduzida na Europa no século XVI pelos espanhois, onde era utilizada para fins medicinais e como saborizante[3].

Propriedades medicinais e tóxicas

O Sassafras albidum possui vários alcaloides, compostos aromáticos (como o anetol, típico do anis e o eugenol, típico do cravo-da-índia e da canela), mucilagem, tanino e outras substâncias. Por essas razões, preparados de várias partes desta planta são tradicionalmente indicadas como anti-reumáticos, anti-espasmódicos, anti-inflamatórios e antissépticos.[4]

Nos anos 60 provou-se que o safrol, uma das principais substâncias encontradas no óleo de sassafrás, é cancerígeno e o seu uso foi descontinuado, mesmo na "cerveja-de-raiz", onde o sabor típico é conferido por saborizantes sintéticos; no entanto, o "filé", ou pó-de-sassafrás tem quantidades diminutas de safrol, pelo que continua a ser comercializado nos EUA[3].

Referências

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Sassafras albidum: Brief Summary ( portugali )

tarjonnut wikipedia PT

Sassafras albidum é uma espécie do género Sassafras, uma árvore nativa do leste da América do Norte, tradicionalmente cultivada pelo seu perfume. Em algumas referências, esta espécie é chamada em língua portuguesa "canela-de-sassafrás", embora este nome seja mais utilizado para a espécie brasileira Ocotea odorifera, que tem algumas das mesmas propriedades químicas (e de que é um parente próximo).

Na Louisiana, o pó obtido das folhas secas, localmente chamado "filé", é usado para engrossar o gumbo, e o óleo extraído da casca das raízes era tradicionalmente usado para preparar uma bebida não-alcoólica, chamada "cerveja-de-raiz" ("root beer", em língua inglesa).

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Sassafras ( ruotsi )

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Sassafras (Sassafras albidum) är en art i familjen lagerväxter från centrala och nordöstra USA, samt sydöstra Kanada. Sassafras är ett av aromämnena i drycken root beer.

Sassafrasolja

Sassafrasolja är en eterisk olja, som kan utvinnas av rötterna från Sassafras albidum, vilken växer i USA och i norra Mexiko. Roten skördas i långa, upp till armstjocka stycken, som har en brun- till rödfärgad, mjuk, lätt och svampig ved.

Framställning

Oljan utvinns genom destillation med vattenånga, varvid barken ger ett utbyte av 6 – 9 % olja och veden något mindre än 1 %.

Egenskaper

Oljan är en gul till gulröd vätska med mycket behaglig doft. Den innehåller ca 80 % safrol, något kamfer, flera kolväten och en liten mängd eugenol, som finns i nejlikolja.

Användning

Sassafrasolja kommer till användning för parfymtillverkning och vid framställning av likörer.

Källor

  • Meyers varulexikon, Forum, 1952

Externa länkar

Rödklöver.png Denna växtartikel saknar väsentlig information. Du kan hjälpa till genom att tillföra sådan.
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Sassafras: Brief Summary ( ruotsi )

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Sassafras (Sassafras albidum) är en art i familjen lagerväxter från centrala och nordöstra USA, samt sydöstra Kanada. Sassafras är ett av aromämnena i drycken root beer.

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Sassafras albidum ( vietnam )

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Sassafras albidum là loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Nguyệt quế. Loài này được (Nutt.) Nees miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1836.[1]

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Sassafras albidum. Truy cập ngày 14 tháng 6 năm 2013.

Liên kết ngoài


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến họ Nguyệt quế (Lauraceae) này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Sassafras albidum: Brief Summary ( vietnam )

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Sassafras albidum là loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Nguyệt quế. Loài này được (Nutt.) Nees miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1836.

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Сассафрас беловатый ( venäjä )

tarjonnut wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Растения
Подцарство: Зелёные растения
Отдел: Цветковые
Надпорядок: Магнолииды
Порядок: Лавроцветные
Семейство: Лавровые
Вид: Сассафрас беловатый
Международное научное название

Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees

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ITIS 18158NCBI 46945EOL 596911GRIN t:33168IPNI 30245337-2TPL tro-17804221

Сассафрас беловатый (лат. Sassafras albidum), или сассафрас лекарственный, или сассафрас красный — вид рода Сассафрас, произрастающий в восточной части Северной Америки, от юга штатов Мэн и Онтарио на запад до Айовы, и на юг до центральной Флориды и восточного Техаса. Встречается в лиственных лесах на высоте до 1500 м над уровня моря. Ранее встречался в южной части штата Висконсин, но был искоренен.

Описание

Деревья вида сассафрас беловатый лиственные, среднего размера, достигающие 15—20 м в высоту при диаметре ствола до 60 см, крона имеет симподиальное ветвление. Кора на стволах зрелых деревьев толстая, темного красно-коричневого цвета, покрытая глубокими бороздками. Молодые побеги яркого желто-зеленого цвета с корой, покрытой слизью, со временем становятся красновато-коричневыми, а через два-три года начинают появляться мелкие бороздки. Листья очередные, от зеленого до желто-зеленого цвета, яйцевидные или обратнояйцевидные, 10—16 см в длину и 5—10 см в ширину, с короткими, тонкими, слегка рифлеными черешками. Они бывают трех различных форм, каждая из которых может находиться на одной ветке; листья с тремя лопастями, нелопастные эллиптические листья и листья с двумя лопастями; в редких случаях может быть больше трех лопастей. Осенью листья приобретают желто-красный цвет. Ранней весной незадолго до появления листьев в рыхлых, свисающих, малоцветковых кистевидных соцветиях, длиной до 5 см, образуются цветки; они желтого или зеленовато-желтого цвета, с пятью или шестью листочками околоцветника. Они, как правило, двудомные, мужские и женские цветки растут на разных деревьях; мужские цветки с девятью тычинками, женские цветки с шестью стаминодиями (недоразвитые тычинки) и верхней завязью. Опыляются насекомыми. Плоды представляют собой темные сине-черные костянки, длиной до 1 см, содержат одно семя, располагаются на красных мясистых булавовидных цветоножках, длиной 2 см; созревают в конце лета, семена рассеиваются птицами. Семядоли толстые и мясистые. Все части растения душистые и пряные. Корни толстые и мясистые, часто производят корневые ростки, которые могут перерасти в новые деревья.

Примечания

  1. Об условности указания класса двудольных в качестве вышестоящего таксона для описываемой в данной статье группы растений см. раздел «Системы APG» статьи «Двудольные».
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Эта отметка установлена 13 декабря 2016 года.
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Сассафрас беловатый: Brief Summary ( venäjä )

tarjonnut wikipedia русскую Википедию

Сассафрас беловатый (лат. Sassafras albidum), или сассафрас лекарственный, или сассафрас красный — вид рода Сассафрас, произрастающий в восточной части Северной Америки, от юга штатов Мэн и Онтарио на запад до Айовы, и на юг до центральной Флориды и восточного Техаса. Встречается в лиственных лесах на высоте до 1500 м над уровня моря. Ранее встречался в южной части штата Висконсин, но был искоренен.

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北美檫樹 ( kiina )

tarjonnut wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Sassafras albidum
(Nutt.)Nees 北美檫樹分布範圍
北美檫樹分布範圍

北美檫樹學名Sassafras albidum)或稱美國檫樹美洲檫木白檫紅檫黃樟[2]等,為樟科檫樹屬,原產於北美洲東部,以美國緬因州加拿大安大略省為北界,南至佛羅里達州,西至愛荷華州德克薩斯州東部,常見於海拔1500公尺左右的落葉林[3][4][5],北美檫樹原本曾是威斯康辛州原生植物,但現今此樹種已於該地區消失[6]

參考資料

  • 腳註
  1. ^ The Plant List, Sassafras albidum
  2. ^ 中文木材數據庫,中國:Wood Library
  3. ^ Flora of North America: Sassafras albidum
  4. ^ U.S. Forest Service: Sassafras albidum (pdf file)
  5. ^ Hope College, Michigan: Sassafras albidum
  6. ^ U.S. Forest Service Silvics Manual: Sassafras albidum
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北美檫樹: Brief Summary ( kiina )

tarjonnut wikipedia 中文维基百科

北美檫樹(學名:Sassafras albidum)或稱美國檫樹、美洲檫木、白檫、紅檫、黃樟等,為樟科檫樹屬,原產於北美洲東部,以美國緬因州加拿大安大略省為北界,南至佛羅里達州,西至愛荷華州德克薩斯州東部,常見於海拔1500公尺左右的落葉林中,北美檫樹原本曾是威斯康辛州原生植物,但現今此樹種已於該地區消失

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미국찰나무 ( Korea )

tarjonnut wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

미국찰나무(美國檫--, 학명: Sassafras albidum 사사프라스 알비둠[*])는 녹나무과나무이다.[1] 미국캐나다에 분포한다.

이름

종소명 "알비둠"은 "흰색의"라는 뜻의 라틴어이다.

영어권에서는 "사사프라스(sassafras)"로 알려져 있으며, "화이트 사사프라스(white sassafras, 흰찰나무)", "레드 사사프라스(red sassafras, 붉은찰나무)", "실키 사사프라스(silky sassafras, 비단찰나무)" 등으로도 불린다.

사진

각주

  1. Nees von Esenbeck, Christian Gottfried Daniel. Systema Laurinarum 490. 1836.
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