Gonodactylus smithii

Gonodactylus smithii, also known as the purple spot mantis shrimp or Smith's mantis shrimp, is a species of the smasher type of mantis shrimp.^[2] G. smithii are the first animals discovered to be capable of dynamic polarization vision.^[3] They are identified by their distinctive meral spots ranging from maroon to purple with a white ring, though those that inhabit depths below 10 meters tend to be colored maroon.^[4] They also have raptorial dactyles, specialized forelimbs that are pigmented green and red, and antennal scales that are yellow.^[4]

Background

Gonodactylus smithii are aggressive benthic marine predators that exhibit highly specialized color vision.^[5] On average, they are around 60 millimeters in length, but have been found to be as large as 380 millimeters.^[5][4] The morphology of both males and females are isometrically proportional to their respective body masses.^[6] Their mass ranges between 10 and 300 grams, with the average being around 60 grams.^[4] Their basal metabolic rate ranges from 0.0125 to 0.02 cm3.02/g/hr, with the average being around 0.0175 cm3.02/g/hr.^[4]

Distribution

Gonodactylus smithii are found in tropical littoral zones in the Indo-Pacific Ocean, and widespread in Australia, India, and eastern Africa.^[2][5] They are also found in regions south of Japan and around Guam.^[4] Gonodactylus smithii reside in coral reef flats in both shallow waters and low intertidal depths ranging from 1 to 60 meters, but are most commonly found in the low intertidal zone.^[2] Gonodactylus smithii typically dwell in the cavities they create in either live coral or coral rubble.^[4]

Reproduction

Gonodactylus smithii reproduce all year long, but breeding is more concentrated during warmer months.^[4] They are generally monogamous, though some are polygynous.^[4] Males usually pursue females in their native habitats.^[5] Initially, males, using an external copulation organ, insert gonadopods into female gonadopores.^[4] Sperm is released, with females holding the males briefly.^[4] Females then release both the males and their eggs, with fertilization occurring.^[4] Males typically leave after copulation and do not invest in the females nor their offspring.^[4] Females are oviparous, laying eggs that eventually hatch.^[4]

Life stages

Gonodactylus smithii have a bipartite life cycle.^[7] They begin with a larval phase, during which dispersal occurs, then mature into an adult phase.^[7] There are 7 larval stages, with the first 3 stages taking between 1 and 3 days, the fourth stage taking between 6 and 8 days, and the final 3 stages taking up to 38 days.^[8]

Diet

Gonodactylus smithii utilize their smashing raptorial claws as a mechanism to catch prey.^[4] The claws can easily shatter shells, stunning the prey.^[4] Gonodactylus smithii are generally carnivorous, specifically preying on fish, molluscs, non-insect arthropods, crustaceans, bivalves, and gastropods.^[4]

Movement

Gonodactylus smithii are capable of many signaling behaviors and exhibit offensive and defensive actions while doing so.^[5] Offensive actions include pushing the telson into the domicile of the resident, grasping the body of another using maxillipeds, and using dactyls to pierce through another.^[5] Defensive actions include simply avoiding, and bending the abdomen so that it brings the telson underneath and up to the front.^[5]

Behavior

A behavior unique to Gonodactylus smithii is that they are capable of dynamic polarization vision.^[3] Unlike other organisms, stomatopods only fixate their gaze on objects of interest from time to time.^[3] They are able to focus their eyes with a series of rotations, and their eyes are capable of moving independently of the other.^[3] One type of rotation they use is torsional rotation, in which their ability to see the polarization of light is amplified.^[3] They rotate their eyes so that certain photoreceptors are aligned with the angle of polarization of a linearly polarized visual stimulus.^[3] This allows them to isolate the contrast between the object of interest and its background.^[3] The study of the eye structure of Gonodactylus smithii can generate more information on digital and visual storage capacity.^[4]

Roles in ecosystem

Gonodactylus smithii are essential to their ecosystem as they provide habitats for other organisms.^[4] The cavities that they create are left behind for other organisms to dwell in, and some host parasites, though this has led to the contracting of diseases in their shells.^[4]

Bibliography

• Barber, Paul, and Boyce, Sarah L. (2006). Estimating diversity of Indo-Pacific coral reef stomatopods through DNA barcoding of stomatopod larvae. Proc. R. Soc. B.^[7]
• Cheroske, Cronin, T. W., Durham, M. F., & Caldwell, R. L. (2009). Adaptive signaling behavior in stomatopods under varying light conditions. Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology.^[5]
• Daly, I., How, M., Partridge, J. et al. (2016). Dynamic polarization vision in mantis shrimps. Nat Commun.^[3]
• Luff, J. 2019. "Gonodactylus smithii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web.^[4]
• McHenry, Claverie, T., Rosario, M. V., & Patek, S. N. (2012). Gearing for speed slows the predatory strike of a mantis shrimp. Journal of Experimental Biology.^[6]
• Morgan, Steven G., and Goy, Joseph W. (1987). Reproduction and Larval Development of the Mantis Shrimp Gonodactylus Bredini (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) Journal of Crustacean Biology.^[8]
• Yang, Mingqui, Liu, Hongtao, Wang, Rong, & Tan, Wei (2021). The complete mitochondrial genome of Purple Spot Mantis Shrimp Gonodactylus smithii (Pocock, 1893), Mitochondrial DNA Part B.^[2]

References

Gonodactylus smithii (camarón mantis púrpura, "purple spot mantis shrimp" en inglés) es un crustáceo malacostráceo del orden Stomatopoda que habita en el gran arrecife de coral de Australia.

Posee una visión singular, pues puede mover independientemente cada uno de sus ojos y son capaces de captar una gama de espectroscopia muy alta, desde radiaciones con frecuencias bajas como el infrarrojo hasta el ultravioleta. También son capaces de detectar cuatro tipos de polarización lineal y dos de polarización circular. Esta propiedad les ayuda en la alimentación al detectar pequeños animales casi transparentes e invisibles al ojo humano.

Gonodactylus smithii es conocido por los buzos por su agresividad y lo afilado de sus tenazas, por ello lo nombran "rajador de pulgares".^[1]​

Este crustáceo, que alcanza los 12 cm y es de colores vivos, puede vivir en acuarios, pero son capaces de romper cristales de acuario hasta de 6,3 mm (1/4 de pulgada).

Aunque a pesar de que tiene vivos colores y de sus otras características en la índole de la visión, su reconocimiento en el mundo científico es debido principalmente a dos de sus extremidades frontales, este pequeño crustáceo gracias a un evolucionado aparato de 'palanca y presión' que realiza en un intrincado sistema de huesos internos consigue propulsar sus pinzas con forma de guante de boxeo para golpear y matar con una aceleración tan grande como la de un calibre LR .22 , alrededor de los 345 metros / segundo (350 m/s) lo que equivale a una fuerza de 1500 Newtons (N). Gracias a estas potentísimas extremidades el camarón mantis caza de una manera inusitada a otros crustáceos tales como los cangrejos, moluscos u otros congéneres de su misma especie; hay que destacar también el hecho de que tienen muy pocos enemigos, se han dado casos documentados de camarones mantis destruyendo a animales marinos 8 veces más grandes. Además, esta especie tiene una alta densidad ósea que le permite no dañarse cuando realiza dichos golpes contra sus presas.

Hoy en día es toda una novedad en el ámbito científico, e incluso actualmente se están realizando investigaciones sobre las cualidades mecánicas de este pequeño crustáceo, el cual, goza también de una gran agresividad y la capacidad de generar efectos de cavitación con las mencionadas pinzas, pudiendo herir y conmocionar a otros seres próximos .

Se ha observado que las gambas mantis se mueven por rodar.^[2]​

Referencias