Madagaskarinmangustit

Die Madagaskar-Mangusten (Galidiinae) sind eine auf Madagaskar endemische Unterfamilie der Madagassischen Raubtiere (Eupleridae). Sie umfassen sechs Arten in vier Gattungen.

Merkmale

Madagaskar-Mangusten erreichen eine Kopfrumpflänge von 26 bis 48 Zentimetern, eine Schwanzlänge von 16 bis 33 Zentimetern und ein Gewicht von 500 bis 1700 Gramm. Ihr Körperbau ist schlank und langgestreckt, die Beine sind kurz. Der buschige Schwanz umfasst die Hälfte bis zwei Drittel der Länge des Rumpfes. Ihr abgeflachter Schädel ist langgestreckt und mit einer spitzen Schnauze versehen. Ihr Fell ist gräulich oder braun, drei der sechs Arten weisen Längsstreifen auf.

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

Diese Tiere sind auf Madagaskar endemisch. Ihr Lebensraum sind vorwiegend Wälder, einzig der Ringelschwanzmungo hält sich auch in Waldrandgebieten auf. Die Tiere kommen in allen Waldformen ihrer Heimatinsel vor, sowohl in den Regenwäldern der Ostküste als auch in den Laubwäldern der Westküste und den trockenen Dornwäldern im Südwesten.

Lebensweise

Madagaskar-Mangusten halten sich meist am Boden auf, können aber gut klettern und schwimmen. Drei der Arten sind tagaktiv, die Breitstreifenmungos begeben sich jedoch vorwiegend in der Nacht auf Nahrungssuche. Als Schlafplätze dienen ihnen Erdbaue, Felshöhlen, umgestürzte Baumstämme und anderes. Das Sozialverhalten ist bei vielen Arten kaum bekannt. Es gibt Beobachtungen von einzelgängerisch oder in Familiengruppen lebenden Tieren.

Diese Tiere sind Fleischfresser, die sich sowohl von kleinen Wirbeltieren als auch Wirbellosen ernähren.

Madagaskar-Mangusten und Menschen

In manchen Regionen haben Madagaskar-Mangusten einen schlechten Ruf, da ihnen nachgesagt wird, Geflügel zu reißen. Hauptbedrohung stellt neben der Bejagung die fortschreitende Zerstörung ihres Lebensraums dar. Mit Ausnahme des Ringelschwanzmungos sind alle Arten in ihrem Bestand gefährdet.

Systematik

Traditionell wurden die Madagaskar-Mangusten als Unterfamilie der Mangusten (Herpestidae) geführt, denen sie im Körperbau ähneln. Nach jüngeren genetischen Untersuchungen zählen sie jedoch nicht zu dieser Familie, sondern sind Teil der neu aufgestellten Madagassischen Raubtiere (Eupleridae), die alle Raubtiere Madagaskar umfasst – neben den Madagaskar-Mangusten sind dies noch die Euplerinae (Fossa, Falanuk und Fanaloka).

Die Gruppe umfasst sechs Arten in vier Gattungen:

• Ringelschwanzmungo (Galidia elegans)
• Breitstreifenmungos (Galidictis)
  • (Eigentlicher) Breitstreifenmungo (Galidictis fasciatus)
  • Großer Breitstreifenmungo (Galidictis grandidieri)
• Schmalstreifenmungo (Mungotictis decemlineata)
• Salanoia
  • Schlichtmungo (Salanoia concolor)
  • Salanoia durrelli^[1]

Ob die Madagaskar-Mangusten tatsächlich monophyletisch sind, das heißt eine natürliche Verwandtschaftsgruppe bilden, ist nicht restlos geklärt. Der molekulare Befund spricht sich dafür aus, dass zumindest Ringelschwanzmungo, Breitstreifenmungos und Schmalstreifenmungo eine Gruppe eng verwandter Tiere bilden, die Stellung des Schlichtmungos ist ungeklärt.

Belege

1. ↑ J. Durbin, S. M. Funk, F. Hawkins, D. M. Hills: Investigations into the status of a new taxon of Salanoia (Mammalia: Carnivora: Eupleridae) from the marshes of Lac Alaotra, Madagascar. Systematics and Biodiversity 8 (3), September 2010, 341–355 doi:10.1080/14772001003756751

Literatur

• Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (Hrsg.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 1: Carnivores. Lynx Edicions, 2009, ISBN 978-84-96553-49-1.
• Ronald M. Nowak: Walker's Mammals of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999 ISBN 0-8018-5789-9

Weblinks

Galidiinae is a subfamily of carnivorans that is restricted to Madagascar and includes six species classified into four genera. Together with the three other species of indigenous Malagasy carnivorans, including the fossa, they are currently classified in the family Eupleridae within the suborder Feliformia.^[1] Galidiinae are the smallest of the Malagasy carnivorans, generally weighing about 600 to 900 g. They are agile, short-legged animals with long, bushy ringed tails.^[2]

They closely resemble the mongooses (family Herpestidae) of continental Africa and southern Eurasia, with which they were classified until 2006, and accordingly they are said to be "mongoose-like"^[2] or even described as "Malagasy mongooses".^[3] The Malagasy name vontsira is a common name or alias for many species.

Taxonomy

The relationship of galidiines to other carnivorans has historically been controversial. Up to the middle of the 20th century, all smaller feliforms, including members of the current families Viverridae, Herpestidae, and Eupleridae as well as some smaller groups, were classified in the single family Viverridae.^[2] Galidiines, which share some characters with both the civets and genets (current Viverridae) and the mongooses (Herpestidae),^[4] were allied early on both with the former^[5] and the latter, with some going as far as to doubt that they should be placed in a different subfamily than the other mongooses.^[6]

When the classification of the mongooses as a family separate from Viverridae gained wide acceptance around 1990, the galidiines were classified with them in the family Herpestidae,^[7] an arrangement supported by cladistic analysis of morphological data.^[8] In the early 2000s, molecular phylogenetic inferences, based on data from several genes, provided evidence for a close relationship between galidiines and other Malagasy carnivorans to the exclusion of mainland feliforms.^[9] Accordingly, they were all reclassified into a single family, Eupleridae,^[10] which is most closely related to the mongooses of the family Herpestidae.^[9]

Within the family Eupleridae, some relations remain unclear, with evidence from several genes and methods of inference providing conflicting evidence as to the relations among Galidiinae, the fossa, and the Malagasy civet (Fossa fossana).^[11] Molecular evidence suggests that Galidia was the earliest to diverge of the four galidiine genera and that Mungotictis and Salanoia are each other's closest relatives.^[12] Morphological evidence, on the other hand, supports the relation between Mungotictis and Salanoia, but suggests that Galidictis was the earliest lineage to diverge.^[13]

Classification

The subfamily includes the following genera and species:^[1]

Phylogenetic tree

The phylogenetic relationships of Galidiinae are shown in the following cladogram:^[15]

Galidiinae Galidia

Galidia elegans (Ring-tailed vontsira)

Galidictis

Galidictis fasciata (Broad-striped vontsira)

Galidictis grandidieri (Grandidier's vontsira)

Salanoia

Salanoia durrelli (Durrell's vontsira)

Salanoia concolor (Brown-tailed vontsira)

Mungotictis

Mungotictis decemlineata (Narrow-striped vontsira)

Morphology

Galidiines range in size from the narrow-striped mongoose, which may weigh as little as 500 g (18 oz),^[16] to the Grandidier's mongoose, which can reach a weight of 1,500 g (53 oz).^[17] All are similar in general form to mongooses, sharing with them an agile body supported by short legs, as well as a long, bushy tail and a flat, long cranium.^[2] Each of the four genera has a distinctive color pattern reflected in its common name: the tail of the ring-tailed mongoose is ringed with brown and black bands; both species of Galidictis have the body covered with broad stripes; the narrow-striped mongoose also has stripes over the body, but they are narrower and less conspicuous; and the brown-tailed mongoose has a dark brown pelage without any rings or stripes.^[18] Most galidiines share a dental formula of 3.1.3.23.1.3.2, but both species of Salanoia are distinct in having a dental formula of 3.1.4.23.1.3.2.^[19]

Ecology and behavior

Galidiines are generally found in forest, but the Grandidier's and narrow-striped mongooses live in open habitats. All species dig burrows for shelter, and several species may also use tree holes. All six species can be found on the ground, but the narrow-striped and ring-tailed mongooses also climb trees. Like true mongooses, galidiines are usually active during the day, with the exception of the two species of Galidictis. Breeding occurs during the (Southern Hemisphere) summer, except in Grandidier's mongoose, which breeds year-round. Usually, only a single young is born. The ring-tailed, Grandidier's, and brown-tailed mongooses live alone or in pairs, sometimes with their offspring, but the broad-striped Malagasy and narrow-striped mongooses also occur in larger social groups. The diet varies among the species, with the ring-tailed and broad-striped Malagasy mongooses eating mainly small vertebrates like lizards, frogs and rodents, and the other three species eating more invertebrates like insects and scorpions. The ring-tailed and brown-tailed mongooses are also known to eat fruit.^[18]

See also

• List of mammals of Madagascar

References

Los galidinos (Galidiinae) son una subfamilia de mamíferos carnívoros que incluye cuatro géneros restringidos a Madagascar. Junto a la subfamilia euplerinae, la cual incluye especies de Madagascar, forman la familia Eupleridae. Anteriormente los miembros de esta subfamilia incluyendo Galidia elegans, Galidictis grandidieri, Galidictis fasciata y Salanoia concolor, Salanoia durrelli y Mungotictis decemlineata fueron clasificados en familias como herpestidae antes que los datos genéticos indicaran su relación con los otros carnívoros de Madagascar.^[1]​

Referencias

Galidinés, Galidies

Les Galidies, anciennement les mangoustes malgaches, sont des mammifères carnivores de la famille des eupléridés formant la sous-famille des Galidinés (Galidiinae). Cette sous-famille était auparavant placée dans la famille des herpestidés avec les mangoustes. Elle a été créée par le zoologiste britannique John Edward Gray (1800-1875) en 1865.
Comme tous les eupléridés, les galidies sont endémiques de Madagascar.

Liste des genres et espèces

• Genre Galidia I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1837
  • Galidia elegans - Galidie à queue annelée
• Genre Galidictis I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1839
  • Galidictis fasciata - Galidie à bandes
  • Galidictis grandidieri - Galidie de Grandidier
• Genre Mungotictis Pocock, 1915
  • Mungotictis decemlineata - Galidie à bandes étroites
• Genre Salanoia Gray, 1865
  • Salanoia concolor - Galidie unicolore

I Galidiini (Galidiinae Gray, 1865) sono una sottofamiglia di mammiferi carnivori, endemici del Madagascar. Assieme agli Euplerini formano la famiglia degli Eupleridi. Talvolta vengono chiamati manguste del Madagascar o malgasce.

Tassonomia

Questa sottofamiglia comprende cinque specie suddivise in quattro generi:

• Genere Galidia I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1837
  • G. elegans I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1837 - mangusta dalla coda ad anelli
    • G. e. elegans I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1837
    • G. e. dambrensis Tate and Rand, 1941
    • G. e. occidentalis Albignac, 1971
• Genere Galidictis Gmelin, 1788
  • G. fasciata Gmelin, 1788 - mangusta dalle strisce larghe
    • G. f. fasciata Gmelin, 1788
    • G. f. striatus G. Cuvier, 1829
  • G. grandidieri Wozencraft, 1986 - mangusta di Grandidier
• Genere Mungotictis Pocock, 1915
  • M. decemlineata Grandidier, 1867 - mangusta dalle strisce strette
    • M. d. decemlineata Grandidier, 1867
    • M. d. lineatus Pocock, 1915
• Genere Salanoia Gray, 1865
  • S. concolor I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1837 - mangusta bruna
  • S. durrelli Durbin et al., 2010

Così come i loro parenti Euplerini, anche i Galidiini in passato venivano classificati tra i Viverridi. Successivamente, durante il corso degli anni Novanta, con la suddivisione dei Viverridi tra Viverridi veri e propri ed Erpestidi, vennero classificati tra questi ultimi, a differenza degli Euplerini, considerati parte dei Viverridi. Solo nell'ultimo decennio, utilizzando tecniche di biologia molecolare, si è scoperta la stretta parentela che li lega con gli Euplerini e tutte le differenze che intercorrono invece tra di loro e gli Erpestini.

Descrizione

I Galidiini variano in dimensione dalla mangusta dalle strisce strette, che non supera i 500 g ^[1], alla mangusta di Grandidier, che può raggiungere il chilo e mezzo ^[2]. Ricordano tutti nell'aspetto le manguste, con il loro corpo agile sorretto da corte zampe, la coda lunga e folta ed il cranio piatto e allungato ^[3]. Ognuno dei quattro generi presenta una particolarità nella colorazione riflessa dal proprio nome comune: la mangusta dalla coda ad anelli ha ovviamente una coda anellata da bande marroni e nere; le due specie di Galidictis sono ricoperte da strisce longitudinali; anche la mangusta dalle strisce strette ha strisce su tutto il corpo, ma sono più sottili e meno evidenti; la mangusta bruna, infine, ha il pelo uniformemente marrone scuro, privo di ogni sorta di anelli o strisce ^[4]. I Galidiini hanno tutti la stessa formula dentaria, tranne la mangusta bruna ^[5].

Biologia

Alimentazione

La dieta varia a seconda delle specie: la mangusta dalla coda ad anelli e quella dalle strisce larghe si nutrono soprattutto di piccoli vertebrati, come lucertole, rane e roditori, mentre le altre tre specie hanno un'alimentazione basata soprattutto su invertebrati come insetti e scorpioni. È noto inoltre che la mangusta dalla coda ad anelli e quella bruna mangiano anche la frutta ^[4].

Comportamento

I Galidiini vivono solitamente nelle foreste, a eccezione della mangusta di Grandidier e di quella dalle strisce strette, abitatrici invece di zone più aperte. Tutti scavano tane utilizzate come nascondiglio e alcune specie usano allo scopo anche le cavità degli alberi. Sono tutti terricoli, ma Mungotictis decemlineata e Galidia elegans sono buone arrampicatrici. Come le vere manguste sono creature diurne, tranne le due specie di Galidictis. Si riproducono tutti durante l'estate australe, tranne la mangusta di Grandidier che può accoppiarsi in ogni periodo dell'anno. Quasi sempre nasce un unico piccolo. Le manguste dalla coda ad anelli, di Grandidier e brune vivono da sole o in coppia, talvolta accompagnate dai propri piccoli, ma le altre due specie possono vivere anche in gruppi sociali più numerosi.

Note

Bibliografia

• Albignac, R. 1972. The Carnivora of Madagascar. Pp. 667–682 in Battistini, R. & Richard-Vindard, G. (eds.). Biogeography and Ecology in Madagascar. The Hague: W. Junk B.B., Publishers.
• Flynn, J.J., Finarelli, J.A., Zehr, S., Hsu, J. & Nedbal, M.A. 2005. Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships. Systematic Biology 54(2):317–337.
• Garbutt, N. 2007. Mammals of Madagascar: A Complete Guide. Yale University Press, 304 pp. ISBN 978-0-3001-2550-4
• Gaubert, P., Wozencraft, W.C., Cordeiro-Estrela, P. & Veron, G. 2005. Mosaics of convergences and noise in morphological phylogenies: What's in a viverrid-like carnivoran? Systematic Biology 54(6):865–894.
• Lydekker, R. 1894. A hand-book to the Carnivora. Part 1, Cats, civets, and mungooses. London: Allen.
• Nowak, R.M. 2005. Walker's Carnivores of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, 313 pp. ISBN 978-0-8018-8032-2
• Pocock, R.I. On some external characters of Galidia, Galidictis, and related genera. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (8)16:351–356.
• Wozencraft, W.C. 2005. Order Carnivora. Pp. 532–628 in Wilson, D.E. & Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3rd ed. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols., 2142 pp. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0
• Yoder, A.D. & Flynn, J.J. 2003. Origin of Malagasy Carnivora. Pp. 1253–1256 in Goodman, S.M. & Benstead, J. (eds.). The Natural History of Madagascar. University of Chicago Press.
• Yoder, A.D., Burns, M.M., Zehr, S., Delefosse, T., Veron, G., Goodman, S.M. & Flynn, J.J. 2003. Single origin of Malagasy Carnivora from an African ancestor. Nature 421:734–737.

마다가스카르몽구스아과(Galidiinae)는 식육목에 속하는 아과 분류군의 하나로 마다가스카르 섬에 제한적으로 서식하는 4속 6종을 포함하고 있다. 역시 마다가스카르에서만 발견되는 팔라노크아과 4종과 함께 고양이아목에 속하는 마다가스카르식육과를 이루고 있다.^[1] 마다가스카르몽구스아과 종들은 마다가스카르 육식동물 중에서 가장 종들로 일반적으로 몸무게가 600~900g 정도에 불과하다. 몸 움직임이 재빠르고, 다리가 짧으며 꼬리의 털은 길고 무성하다.^[2]

이들 특징의 일부는 아프리카 대륙과 유라시아 남부에 사는 몽구스(몽구스과)와 닮았으며, 2006년까지는 이 종들을 몽구스과로 분류했다. 그래서 이름에 "몽구스"라는 이름이 붙어 있다.^[2][3]

하위 분류

• 줄무늬꼬리몽구스속 (Galidia)
  • 줄무늬꼬리몽구스 (Galidia elegans)
• 띠몽구스속 또는 갈리딕티스속 (Galidictis)
  • 넓은띠몽구스 (Galidictis fasciata)
  • 큰띠몽구스 (Galidictis grandideri)
• 살라노이아속 또는 본시라속 (Salanoia)
  • 듀렐몽구스 또는 듀렐본시라 (Salanoia durrelli)
  • 갈색꼬리몽구스 또는 갈색꼬리본시라, 살라노 (Salanoia concolor)
• 좁은띠몽구스속 (Mungotictis)
  • 좁은띠몽구스 (Mungotictis decemlineata)

각주