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Brief Summary ( englanti )

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The genus Rhipicephalus includes some well known tick species once segregated in the formerly recognized genus Boophilus, such as the cattle ticks R. microplus and R. annulatus (Barker and Murrell 2004). Although it has been virtually eradicated from the United States, Rhipicephalus microplus is still generally regarded as the world's most important tick parasite of livestock (Merck Veterinary Manual online). The cosmopolitan Brown Dog Tick (R. sanguineus), which can transmit the Rickettsia bacteria that cause Rocky Mountain spotted fever and boutonneuse fever, is another well known species in this genus. This tick is unusual in that it can complete its entire life cycle indoors, facilitating its spread around the world (Lord 2001). Although most Rhipicephalus species have 3-host life cycles, some have only two hosts. Those formerly placed in the genus Boophilus have just a single host The genus includes numerous important parasites of both domestic and wild mammals (Merck Veterinary Manual online). Most Rhipicephalus species are known from African mammal hosts (Jongejan and Uilenberg 2004).

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Rhipicephalus ( tanska )

tarjonnut wikipedia DA

Rhipicephalus[1] er en slægt af flåter, først beskrevet af Koch i 1844. Ifølge Catalogue of Life[1] indgår Rhipicephalus i familien Ixodidae, men Dyntaxa[2] regner den til Amblyommidae.

Arter i Rhipicephalus, i alfabetisk rækkefølge[1][2]

Kilder

  1. ^ a b c Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (2011). "Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.". Species 2000: Reading, UK. Hentet 24. september 2012. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
  2. ^ a b Dyntaxa Rhipicephalus


Eksterne links

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Rhipicephalus: Brief Summary ( tanska )

tarjonnut wikipedia DA

Rhipicephalus er en slægt af flåter, først beskrevet af Koch i 1844. Ifølge Catalogue of Life indgår Rhipicephalus i familien Ixodidae, men Dyntaxa regner den til Amblyommidae.

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Rhipicephalus ( saksa )

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Rhipicephalus ist eine Gattung der Schildzecken mit etwa 75 Arten, von denen einige als Krankheitsüberträger eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Die meisten Arten kommen in Afrika vor. Die Braune Hundezecke ist weltweit verbreitet und tritt, wie Rhipicephalus bursa, auch in den südlichen Teilen Europas auf. In die Gattung Rhipicephalus wurden auch die Vertreter der ehemaligen Gattung Boophilus integriert.

Merkmale

Adulte Vertreter der Gattung sind 3 bis 5 mm groß und rötlich oder dunkelbraun gefärbt. Die Basis des Capitulums (die verschmolzenen Hüften der vier Pedipalpen) ist sechseckig mit spitzen seitlichen Fortsätzen, was auch namensgebend war (Rhipicephalus bedeutet etwa „Fächerkopf“, von altgriech. rhiphis ‚fächerartig‘ und kephalos ‚Kopf‘). Die Mundwerkzeuge sind kurz, die Palpen sind kürzer als die Capitulumbasis breit ist. Augen und girlandenartige Hinterrandläppchen (Festons) sind vorhanden. Die Analfurche liegt hinter dem Anus. Die Hüfte des ersten Beinpaars besitzt einen langen äußeren Sporn.[1] Männliche Adulti haben an der Unterseite hervorstehende Adanalschilde und sich daran seitlich anschließende akzessorische Schilde.[2]

Arten

Literatur

  • Peter Deplazes, Johannes Eckert, Georg von Samson-Himmelstjerna, Horst Zahner: Lehrbuch der Parasitologie für die Tiermedizin. 3., überarbeitete Auflage. Enke, Stuttgart 2013, ISBN 978-3-8304-1135-2.
  • Jane B. Walker, James E. Keirans, Ivan G. Horak: The Genus Rhipicephalus (Acari, Ixodidae): A Guide to the Brown Ticks of the World. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2000, ISBN 978-0-521-48008-6.

Einzelnachweise

  1. Jane B. Walker, James E. Keirans, Ivan G. Horak: The Genus Rhipicephalus (Acari, Ixodidae): A Guide to the Brown Ticks of the World. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2000, ISBN 978-0-521-48008-6.
  2. Daniel E. Sonenshine, R. Michael Roe: Biology of Ticks, Band 1. Oxford University Press, 2013, ISBN 978-0-19-974405-3, S. 33.
  3. Apanaskevich, D. A., et al. 2013. A new species of Rhipicephalus (Acari: Ixodidae), a parasite of red river hogs and domestic pigs in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Journal of Medical Entomology 50(3), 479-84.
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Rhipicephalus: Brief Summary ( saksa )

tarjonnut wikipedia DE

Rhipicephalus ist eine Gattung der Schildzecken mit etwa 75 Arten, von denen einige als Krankheitsüberträger eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Die meisten Arten kommen in Afrika vor. Die Braune Hundezecke ist weltweit verbreitet und tritt, wie Rhipicephalus bursa, auch in den südlichen Teilen Europas auf. In die Gattung Rhipicephalus wurden auch die Vertreter der ehemaligen Gattung Boophilus integriert.

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Rhipicephalus ( englanti )

tarjonnut wikipedia EN

Rhipicephalus is a genus of ticks in the family Ixodidae, the hard ticks, consisting of about 74 or 75 species.[2][3] Most are native to tropical Africa.[2]

Rhipicephalus ticks are commonly called 'the brown tick' as they are mostly brown in colour.[4] Most adult ticks in this genus do not have colour patterns on their scutum (inornate).[4] This makes the species difficult to distinguish from one another because most are quite similar, but individuals of one particular species can be quite variable.[3][4] Ticks have traditionally been identified by examination of distinctive morphological features. Most of the characteristics used to identify species pertain to male specimens.[3] The immature and female specimens are sometimes simply impossible to identify due to the lack of differential morphological features.[3][4][5]

Many Rhipicephalus spp. are of economic, medical, and veterinary importance because of their blood feeding lifestyle. They are possible vectors of many pathogens in humans and animals. They can transmit pathogens that cause animal and human diseases, such as East Coast fever, anaplasmosis, babesiosis, rickettsiosis,[2] Boutonneuse fever, Lyme disease, Q fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever.[6] In addition to the infectious agents spread by ticks, tick bites can lead to allergic and toxic reactions.[7][8] A toxic reaction occur when they inject a neurotoxin with their bite that leads to tick-caused paralysis.[2][8]

Boophilus was once considered a separate genus, but studies in the early 2000s resulted in Boophilus being made a subgenus of Rhipicephalus.[9] Although Boophilus has been included in the Rhipicephalus genus, their morphology is different from the typical Rhipicephalus species.[5]

Species familiar in the domestic environment include the brown dog tick (R. sanguineus).

Etymology

The name Rhipicephalus is derived from the Greek word rhiphis, meaning "fan-like", and κεφαλή, kephalē, meaning "head". The two terms are related to the hexagonal basis capituli of Rhipicephalus.

Epidemiology

Rhipicephalus bursa is a carrier of babesiosis, theileriosis and anaplasmosis in domestic animals, of the Nairobi sheep disease, and an aggressive vector of the agents of the Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever and of the Q fever.[10]

Species

Subgenus Boophilus

References

  1. ^ Koch, C. L. (1844). "Systematische Übersicht über die Ordnung der Zecken". Archiv für Naturgeschichte. 10 (1): 238–239.
  2. ^ a b c d Olwoch, J. M., et al. (2007). Climate change and the genus Rhipicephalus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Africa. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 74(1), 45-72.
  3. ^ a b c d Beati, L. and J. E. Keirans. (2001). Analysis of the systematic relationships among ticks of the genera Rhipicephalus and Boophilus (Acari: Ixodidae) based on mitochondrial 12S ribosomal DNA gene sequences and morphological characters. The Journal of Parasitology 87(1), 32.
  4. ^ a b c d Walker, J.B., Keirans, J.E. & Horak, I.G. (2000). The Genus Rhipicephalus (Acari, Ixodidae): A Guide to the Brown Ticks of the World. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-48008-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ a b The Ixodid Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) of Southern Africa. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-70642-9.
  6. ^ Rhipicephalus. Tick Identification Key. University of Lincoln.
  7. ^ Ahmed, Jabbar; Alp, Hatice; Aksin, Muhammed; Seitzer, Ulrike (2007). "Current status of ticks in Asia". Parasitology Research. 101 (S2): 159–162. doi:10.1007/s00436-007-0696-3. ISSN 0932-0113.
  8. ^ a b Daniel E. Sonenshine, R. Michael Roe (2014). Overview: Ticks, People, and Animals in Biology of ticks, Volume 1 (Second ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-937927-9. OCLC 862106136.
  9. ^ Murrell, Anna; Barker, Stephen C. (2003). "Synonymy of Boophilus Curtice, 1891 with Rhipicephalus Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae)". Systematic Parasitology. 56 (3): 169–172. doi:10.1023/B:SYPA.0000003802.36517.a0. PMID 14707501. S2CID 995415.
  10. ^ Arnaudov1, Atanas D.; Arnaudov, Dimo Y. (January 1, 2017). "Ixodid Ticks on Domestic Ruminants: an Investigation in the Valley of Maritsa River in Plovdiv Region, Bulgaria". Acta Zoologica Bulgarica (Suppl. 8): 223. ISSN 0324-0770. OCLC 7091676742.
  11. ^ Apanaskevich, D. A., et al. 2013. A new species of Rhipicephalus (Acari: Ixodidae), a parasite of Red River hogs and domestic pigs in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Journal of Medical Entomology 50(3), 479-84.
  12. ^ Kitaoka, Shigeo; Suzuki, Hiroshi (1983). "Studies on the Parasite Fauna of Thailand: 5. Parasitic ticks on mammals and description of Ixodes siamensis sp. n. and Rhipicephalus tetracornus sp. n. (Acarina: Ixodidae)". Tropical Medicine. 25 (4): 205–219. hdl:10069/4366.
  13. ^ Guglielmone, Alberto A.; Robbins, Richard G.; Apanaskevich, Dmitry A.; Petney, Trevor N.; Estrada-Peña, Agustín; Horak, Ivan G. (2009). "Comments on controversial tick (Acari: Ixodida) species names and species described or resurrected from 2003 to 2008" (PDF). Experimental and Applied Acarology. 48 (4): 311–327. doi:10.1007/s10493-009-9246-2. hdl:2263/13757. PMID 19169832. S2CID 29053875.
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Rhipicephalus: Brief Summary ( englanti )

tarjonnut wikipedia EN

Rhipicephalus is a genus of ticks in the family Ixodidae, the hard ticks, consisting of about 74 or 75 species. Most are native to tropical Africa.

Rhipicephalus ticks are commonly called 'the brown tick' as they are mostly brown in colour. Most adult ticks in this genus do not have colour patterns on their scutum (inornate). This makes the species difficult to distinguish from one another because most are quite similar, but individuals of one particular species can be quite variable. Ticks have traditionally been identified by examination of distinctive morphological features. Most of the characteristics used to identify species pertain to male specimens. The immature and female specimens are sometimes simply impossible to identify due to the lack of differential morphological features.

Many Rhipicephalus spp. are of economic, medical, and veterinary importance because of their blood feeding lifestyle. They are possible vectors of many pathogens in humans and animals. They can transmit pathogens that cause animal and human diseases, such as East Coast fever, anaplasmosis, babesiosis, rickettsiosis, Boutonneuse fever, Lyme disease, Q fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever. In addition to the infectious agents spread by ticks, tick bites can lead to allergic and toxic reactions. A toxic reaction occur when they inject a neurotoxin with their bite that leads to tick-caused paralysis.

Boophilus was once considered a separate genus, but studies in the early 2000s resulted in Boophilus being made a subgenus of Rhipicephalus. Although Boophilus has been included in the Rhipicephalus genus, their morphology is different from the typical Rhipicephalus species.

Species familiar in the domestic environment include the brown dog tick (R. sanguineus).

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Rhipicephalus ( kastilia )

tarjonnut wikipedia ES

Rhipicephalus es un género de garrapatas.[1]

Especies

Referencias

  1. Ivan G. Horak; Walker, Jane; James E. Keirans (2000). The genus Rhipicephalus (Acardi, Ixodidae): a guide to the brown ticks of the world. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 7. ISBN 0-521-48008-6.
  2. Apanaskevich, Dmitry A.; Horak, Ivan G.; Mulumba-Mfumu, Leopold K. 2013. A New Species of Rhipicephalus (Acari: Ixodidae), a Parasite of Red River Hogs and Domestic Pigs in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Journal of Medical Entomology, 50(3): 479-484.

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Rhipicephalus: Brief Summary ( kastilia )

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Rhipicephalus es un género de garrapatas.​

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Rhipicephalus ( ranska )

tarjonnut wikipedia FR

Rhipicephalus est un genre de tiques de la famille des Ixodidae. Une de ses espèces, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, est un important vecteur de Theileria parva, l'agent de la theilériose bovine (ou fièvre de la côte orientale)[1].

Description

Liste des espèces

Selon Guglielmone & al., 2010[2] :

Publication originale

  • C. L. Koch, 1844 : Systematische Übersicht über die Ordnung der Zecken. Archiv Für Naturgeschichte, Berlin, vol. 10, p. 217–239 (texte intégral).

Notes et références

  1. (en) Olwoch JM, Reyers B, Engelbrecht FA, Erasmus BFN, « Climate change and the tick-borne disease, Theileriosis (East Coast fever) in sub-Saharan Africa », Journal of Arid Environments, vol. 72, no 2,‎ 2008, p. 108–20 (DOI )
  2. Guglielmone, Robbins, Apanaskevich, Petney, Estrada-Pena, Horak, Shao & Barker, 2010 : The Argasidae, Ixodidae and Nuttalliellidae (Acari: Ixodida) of the world: a list of valid species names Zootaxa, n. 2528, p. 1–28.

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Rhipicephalus: Brief Summary ( ranska )

tarjonnut wikipedia FR

Rhipicephalus est un genre de tiques de la famille des Ixodidae. Une de ses espèces, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, est un important vecteur de Theileria parva, l'agent de la theilériose bovine (ou fièvre de la côte orientale).

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Rhipicephalus ( flaami )

tarjonnut wikipedia NL

Rhipicephalus is een geslacht van harde teken dat ongeveer 74 soorten omvat. Van die 74 soorten komen er maar twee voor in Europa: R. sanguineus (echte hondenteek) en R. bursa. Veel soorten zijn vectoren voor menselijke ziektes en dierziektes. Het geslacht Rhipicephalus staat bekend om het feit dat de verschillende soorten, voornamelijk in het larvestadium, slecht van elkaar te onderscheiden zijn.

De soorten komen wereldwijd voor, en verkiezen warme en vochtige omgevingen. De teken leven in bomen en kunnen het soms langer dan een jaar zonder voedsel volhouden. Er zijn zowel soorten die twee gastheren nodig hebben, andere hebben er drie. De mogelijke gastheer kan van alles zijn; de teken leven onder andere op knaagdieren, antilopen, vee of huisdieren. De Rhipicephalus-soorten kunnen ook een scala aan ziekten verspreiden, wat afhankelijk is van de geografische locatie en de soort teek.

Soorten

Het geslacht kent de volgende soorten:

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Rhipicephalus: Brief Summary ( flaami )

tarjonnut wikipedia NL

Rhipicephalus is een geslacht van harde teken dat ongeveer 74 soorten omvat. Van die 74 soorten komen er maar twee voor in Europa: R. sanguineus (echte hondenteek) en R. bursa. Veel soorten zijn vectoren voor menselijke ziektes en dierziektes. Het geslacht Rhipicephalus staat bekend om het feit dat de verschillende soorten, voornamelijk in het larvestadium, slecht van elkaar te onderscheiden zijn.

De soorten komen wereldwijd voor, en verkiezen warme en vochtige omgevingen. De teken leven in bomen en kunnen het soms langer dan een jaar zonder voedsel volhouden. Er zijn zowel soorten die twee gastheren nodig hebben, andere hebben er drie. De mogelijke gastheer kan van alles zijn; de teken leven onder andere op knaagdieren, antilopen, vee of huisdieren. De Rhipicephalus-soorten kunnen ook een scala aan ziekten verspreiden, wat afhankelijk is van de geografische locatie en de soort teek.

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Rhipicephalus ( portugali )

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Rhipicephalus é um género de carrapatos.[1]

Espécies

Notas

  1. Ivan G. Horak; Walker, Jane; James E. Keirans (2000). The genus Rhipicephalus (Acardi, Ixodidae): a guide to the brown ticks of the world. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 7 páginas. ISBN 0-521-48008-6

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Rhipicephalus: Brief Summary ( portugali )

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Rhipicephalus é um género de carrapatos.

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Rhipicephalus ( turkki )

tarjonnut wikipedia TR
Türler

Metne bakınız.

Dış bağlantılar Commons-logo.svg Wikimedia Commons'ta Rhipicephalus ile ilgili çoklu ortam belgeleri bulunur. Wikispecies-logo.svg Wikispecies'te Rhipicephalus ile ilgili detaylı taksonomi bilgileri bulunur.

Rhipicephalus, yaz kenesigiller (Ixodidae) familyasından kene cinsidir.

Konakçıları

Çoğu üç konaklı kenelerdir. Yalnızca Digineus alt cinsinden üç tür (Rh. bursa, Rh. evertsi, Rh. glabroscutatum) ise iki konaklıdır. Bazı sınıflandırmacıların bu cinse alt cins olarak dahil ettikleri Boophilus cinsinden olanlar ise tek konaklıdır. Büyük ve küçük memelilerde asalaktır. Rhipicephalus pumilio türü Astrahan hummasını yapan Rickettsia conorii 'nin taşıyıcısıdır.

Yayılımı

Yarı kurak alanlar başlıca habitatıdır. Türlerinin büyük çoğunluğu Afrika'da bulunur. Avrupa ve Asya'da bulunun türleri nispeten azdır. Bir türü (Kahverengi köpek kenesi, R. sanguineus) ise insan tarafından gayrıihtiyari taşınarak Amerika dahil bütün dünyaya yayılmıştır.

Türleri

Kimileri Boophilus cinsini alt cins olarak Rhipicephalus cinsine dahil eder. Aşağıda verilen liste kene uzmanı akarolog G. V. Kolonin'in 2009 tarihli listesidir.

Ayrıca bakınız

Kaynakça

  • [1] G. V. Kolonin, Fauna of Ixodid Ticks of the World (Acari, Ixodidae), Moscow 2009
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Rhipicephalus: Brief Summary ( turkki )

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Rhipicephalus, yaz kenesigiller (Ixodidae) familyasından kene cinsidir.

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Rhipicephalus ( venäjä )

tarjonnut wikipedia русскую Википедию

Rhipicephalus (лат.) — род клещей из семейства иксодовых. По современным данным включает таксон Boophilus [2][3]. Переносчики многих опасных заболеваний: анаплазмоза, бабезиоза, риккетсиоза, East Coast fever[4], марсельской лихорадки, болезни Лайма, Ку-лихорадки, пятнистой лихорадки Скалистых гор, геморрагической лихорадки Крым-Конго[5].

Описание

Длина 3—5 мм. Скутум овальный, гнатосома в основании шестиугольная, краевых фестонов 7—11 пар, анальная борозда дуговидная, глаза краевые. У самцов две пары околоанальных щитков. Анальных щетинок как правило 4 пары. Характерен пастбищный тип подстерегания (у некоторых видов норное подстерегание)[6].

Систематика

В мировой фауне известно около 80 видов[7][8][9][10][11], включая 5 видов из бывшего рода Boophilus[2].

Подрод Boophilus

Примечания

  1. Koch, C. L. (1844). “Systematische Übersicht über die Ordnung der Zecken”. Archiv für Naturgeschichte. 10 (1): 238—239.
  2. 1 2 Murrell Anna, Barker Stephen C. Synonymy of Boophilus Curtice, 1891 with Rhipicephalus Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae) // Systematic Parasitology. — 2003. — Vol. 56. — P. 169—172. — ISSN 0165-5752. — DOI:10.1023/B:SYPA.0000003802.36517.a0.
  3. Beati L., Keirans J. E. Analysis of the systematic relationships among ticks of the genera Rhipicephalus and Boophilus (Acari:Ixodidae) based on mitochondrial 12S ribosomal DNA gene sequences and morphological characters // J Parasitol. — 2001. — Vol. 87. — P. 32—48.
  4. Olwoch, J. M., et al. (2007). Climate change and the genus Rhipicephalus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Africa. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 74(1), 45—72.
  5. Rhipicephalus. Tick Identification Key. University of Lincoln.
  6. Филиппова Н. А. Иксодовые клещи подсем. Amblyomminae // Фауна России и сопредельных стран. Паукообразные. — Т. IV, вып. 5. — СПб.: Наука, 1997. — 383 с. (с.314—392)
  7. Guglielmone, A. A., et al. (2010). The Argasidae, Ixodidae and Nuttalliellidae (Acari: Ixodida) of the world: A list of valid species names. Zootaxa (2528), 1—28.
  8. Guglielmone A. A., Robbins R. G., Apanaskevich D. A., Petney T. N., Estrada-Peña A., Horak I. G. 2014. The Hard Ticks of the World (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae). Springer Science. Dordrecht: 1—738. ISBN 978-94-007-7497-1 Текст на books.google.ru
  9. Beati, L. and J. E. Keirans. (2001). Analysis of the systematic relationships among ticks of the genera Rhipicephalus and Boophilus (Acari: Ixodidae) based on mitochondrial 12S ribosomal DNA gene sequences and morphological characters. The Journal of Parasitology 87(1), 32.
  10. Филиппова Н. А. 1997. Иксодовые клещи подсем. Amblyomminae. В кн. Фауна России и сопредельных стран. Паукообразные. Т.IV, (5). СПб., Наука, 383 с.
  11. Колонин Г. В. 1984. Распространение иксодовых клещей. М., Наука, 96 с.
  12. Apanaskevich, D. A., et al. 2013. A new species of Rhipicephalus (Acari: Ixodidae), a parasite of red river hogs and domestic pigs in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Journal of Medical Entomology 50(3), 479—484.
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Rhipicephalus: Brief Summary ( venäjä )

tarjonnut wikipedia русскую Википедию
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