dcsimg

Morphology ( englanti )

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Mass: up to 350 lbs.

The reticulated python has a complex, geometric pattern, which incorporates a number of different colors. A series of irregular diamond shapes are positioned dorsally along the

back, usually flanked with smaller markings which have light centers. This gives the snake a netlike pattern, which is where it gets its common and Latin name. The head of this species is unmarked with only a conspicuous line running from each eye to the angle of the jaws. The size of this animal along with the unmarked head is usually enough to identify this species, even though there is some variation in pattern (Mattison 1999). Some of the variations in the pattern of this snake are listed as; Normal, Yellow Head, Calico, Albino, Tiger, Super Tiger, Jaguar and island forms (McCurley 1999). This is an extremely large snake, considered by many as the largest snake in the world (definitely the longest). Lengths of more than 16 feet are common and sizes of 25 feet or more occur regularly. The largest Reticulated python maintained in captivity was at the Pittsburgh Zoo; a 28.5 ft 320 lbs female named Colossus. They are sexually dimorphic in size, as females attain larger sizes than males. The largest reticulated python ever measured which was 32 ft 9.5 inches and holds the record for the largest snake in the world according to the Guiness Book of World Records, 1991 (Murphy and Henderson 1997). This is also a long lived snake; accounts of specimens 25 years old are commonplace in captivity.

Range mass: 0 to 158 kg.

Average mass: 0 kg.

Average basal metabolic rate: 2.7349 W.

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Life Expectancy ( englanti )

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Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
21.3 years.

Average lifespan
Sex: male
Status: captivity:
25.3 years.

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Habitat ( englanti )

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Reticulated pythons inhabit steamy tropical rainforests (Mattison 1999). These snakes are heavily dependent on water and can often be found near small rivers or ponds. They require tropical environments with temperatures in the range of 80 - 92 degrees F.

Terrestrial Biomes: rainforest

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Distribution ( englanti )

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Reticulated pythons can be found throughout Southeast Asia. Their range includes the Nicobar Islands, Burma through Indochina, and Borneo, Sulawesi, Ceram and Timor in the Malay archipelago.

Biogeographic Regions: oriental (Native )

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Trophic Strategy ( englanti )

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Reticulated pythons are strictly carnivorous. They are most productive as ambush predators, often waiting in trees for unsuspecting prey (Murphy and Henderson 1997). They are also known to be active foragers, however this method of hunting is seldom used because of the amount of energy it requires. P. reticulatus typically feeds on birds and mammals. This diet extends however to dogs, large deer, pigs and on rare occasions humans (Mattison 1999, Murphy and Henderson 1997). R. Shine (1999) found that prey sizes increased rapidly with growth. Small snakes feed mostly on rats, but shift to larger mammals (e.g. pangolins, porcupines, monkeys, wild pigs, and mouse deer) at only 3-4 meters body length. Reticulated pythons, like all reptiles, have a low metabolic rate allowing them to go without food for long periods of time. In 1926, a captive specimen at Regent's Park refused food for 23 months, after which it accepted a meal and continued to feed normally (Murphy and Henderson 1997).

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Benefits ( englanti )

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This snake does provide economically for the humans in its range that exploit them. They are heavily sold for their skin and meat. Also tourists visiting these areas often buy materials made from these snakes.

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Conservation Status ( englanti )

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This snake is widespread throughout its range but diminishing. Hundreds of thousands of reticulated pythons are taken from the wild to be killed for their skins each year, raising doubts about the long-term sustainability of this species (Shine 1999). These animals also fall victim to the Asian ritual of blood drinking and gall bladder removal (McCurley 1999). When encountered in its natural state by humans this snake is almost always killed. Rapid growth rate, early maturation and high fecundity are the only things keeping this snake around (Shine 1999).

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Nimetön ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

Stories of reticulated pythons reaching sizes of 50 to 150 feet are common among folklore, however they have not been documented. Since the turn of the last century rewards have been offered for any snake 30 ft. or larger. To date the New York Zoological Society is offering $50,000 for a snake of this size (Murphy and Henderson 1997). An interesting fact about this snake is its ability to consume large artiodactyls, even those with antlers. If the antlers are small enough they are simply ingested and digested, however if they are too large the snake can actually break them back to lie along the body allowing them to be engulfed when the animal is consumed. It has been noted that these animals are sometimes swallowed hind quarters first (rarely) and that when the snakes works its way to the antlers, it stops, and allows its digestive acids to breakdown the animal's flesh until the antlers actually become weak and drop off.

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Reproduction ( englanti )

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Sexual maturity is reached in the first 2 - 4 years. Males breed at 7 - 9 ft, while females are typically 11ft. before they become receptive. Breeding usually takes place between the months of September - March. Reduction in the photo-period and overall temperature declines are the primary driving factors that stimulate breeding behavior in these snakes. Both male and females may fast during this time, so appropriate weight is necessary. Fasting may last up until the eggs are laid in the case of females and most probably until the eggs have hatched (McCurley 1999). Females usually lay 25 - 80 plus eggs, which are then maternally incubated at 88-90 degrees F, for 80 - 90 days. Eggs are also large in size, greater than 250 g (Shine 1999). Female Reticulated pythons show maternal care for their offspring only in that they brood the eggs. While the eggs are developing females will coil around them and "shiver" producing muscle contractions which serve to increase the overall temperature of the eggs. Females will also defend their eggs against predators, however once the eggs hatch, they are on their own.

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Distribution ( englanti )

tarjonnut ReptileDB
Continent: Asia
Distribution: Indonesia (Ambon, Anambas Islands, Babi, Bacan = Batjan, Bali ?, Banda Besar, Bangka, Bankak, Belitung, Boano, Borneo, Buru, Butung, Enggano, Flores, Halmahera, Haruku, Java, Kalimantan, Krakatau, Lang, Lombok, Mentawai Archipelago, Natuna Archipelago, Nias, Obira, Riau Archipelago, Saparua, Seram; Simeulue, Sula Archipelago, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Sumba, Sumbawa, Tanimbar, Ternate, Timor, Verlate, We); Bangladesh [Khan, 1988; Das, 1994]; Brunei Darussalam; Cambodia; India (Nicobar Islands); Laos; Malaysia (Malaya and East Malaysia, Pulau Tioman); W Malaysia (fide Grandison 1977), Myanmar (Burma); Philippine Islands (Basilan, Bohol, Cebu, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Palawan: Calamian Islands, Panay, Polillo, Samar, Tawi-Tawi, Sulu Archipelago, Itbayat); Singapore, Thailand; Vietnam. saputrai: Selayar (= Salayar) Island [6.10°S; 120.50°E], south of SW Sulawesi in the Flores Sea (Fig. 1) and SW Sulawesi;
Type locality: Selayar Island, Indonesia jampeanus: With certainty only known from Tanahjampea (7°4S; 120°41E); possibly also on some small neighboring islands, Sulawesi (DE LANG & VOGEL 2006).
Type locality: Tanahjampea Island, Indonesia.
Type locality: unknown (fide KLUGE 1993)
Type locality: Rengit, West Malaysia [fide Auliya et al. 2002]
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Torlu piton ( azeri )

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Torlu piton (lat. Python reticulatus) – pitonlar fəsiləsinin əsl pitonlar cinsinə aid heyvan növü.

İstinadlar

  1. McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).

Xarici keçidlər

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Torlu piton: Brief Summary ( azeri )

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Torlu piton (lat. Python reticulatus) – pitonlar fəsiləsinin əsl pitonlar cinsinə aid heyvan növü.

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Netpyton ( tanska )

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Netpytonen (latin: Python reticulatus) er en ugiftig pytonart som lever i Sydøstasien. Voksne individer kan blive op mod 7 m lange, og netpytonen anses derfor som verden længste slange. På grund af dens størrelse kan netpytonen udgøre en alvorlig trussel mod mennesker, men dens sky natur gør, at den normalt foretrækker at flygte frem for at angribe mennesker. Arten er ikke tilladt at holde i fangenskab i Danmark udenfor zoologiske anlæg.

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Netzpython ( saksa )

tarjonnut wikipedia DE

Der Netzpython (Malayopython reticulatus) zählt zur Gattung Malayopython in der Familie der Pythons (Pythonidae). Er ist eine der größten Schlangen der Welt. Netzpythons leben in den Tropen Südostasiens. Ursprünglich bewohnte die Art dort feuchte Regenwälder und Sümpfe, sie ist jedoch sehr anpassungsfähig und besiedelt auch landwirtschaftliche Nutzflächen und Siedlungen.

Beschreibung

Der Netzpython zählt zu den größten Schlangen der Welt. Hinsichtlich Körperlänge und -gewicht zeigt die Art einen sehr starken Geschlechtsdimorphismus, Weibchen sind im Mittel erheblich größer und schwerer als Männchen. Im Süden Sumatras erreichten bei einer Stichprobe von insgesamt 1046 Individuen Männchen maximal eine Kopf-Rumpf-Länge von 4,25 Meter und ein Gewicht von 20 Kilogramm, Weibchen eine Kopf-Rumpf-Länge von 6,08 Meter und ein Maximalgewicht von 75 Kilogramm.[1][2] Inselformen bleiben, wie bei vielen Wirbeltieren, wesentlich kleiner (→ Inselverzwergung). Auf der zwischen Sulawesi und Flores liegenden Insel Jampea erreichen Männchen maximal eine Gesamtlänge von 2,10 Meter, Weibchen maximal 3,35 Meter.[3]

Gesicherte Angaben zur Maximallänge der Art liegen bisher nicht vor. Generell sind Netzpythons von über 6 m Gesamtlänge selten. Eines der längsten bisher seriös vermessenen Individuen stammt aus der Nähe von Balkipapan, Ost-Kalimantan, wies im anästhesierten Zustand eine Gesamtlänge von 6,95 m auf und war nach einer Fastenzeit von 3 Monaten 59 kg schwer.[4] Zum Teil weithin publizierte Angaben zu weit größeren Exemplaren mit Längen bis fast 9 m hielten bisher in keinem Fall einer wissenschaftlichen Überprüfung stand, auch der Netzpython Colossus war nach einer neueren Untersuchung bei seinem Tod nicht knapp 9 m, sondern nur 6,35 m lang.[5]

Dieser Python ist relativ schlank, der Kopf ist groß, abgeflacht und sehr deutlich vom Hals abgesetzt. Auf den Schwanz entfallen etwa 13–14 % der Gesamtlänge. Von oben erscheint der Kopf recht länglich, die Schnauze ist gerundet. Die Nasenlöcher sind seitlich angeordnet, aber noch von oben sichtbar. Das Rostrale ist von oben kaum sichtbar. Die vorderen Präfrontalia sind ebenfalls groß und länger als breit. Dahinter folgt ein Band unregelmäßig geformter Schuppen, die wahrscheinlich die hinteren Präfrontalia darstellen. Das Frontale selbst ist groß und oval und häufig durch eine vertikale Sutur geteilt. Die Supraocularia sind groß und meist ungeteilt. Die Parietalia sind zahlreich und klein.[6]

 src=
Porträt eines Netzpythons

In der Seitenansicht befinden sich zwischen Nasale und Auge zwei bis vier große, unregelmäßig geformte Zügelschilde (Lorealia) und zwei Präocularia. Es gibt zwei bis vier kleine und unregelmäßig geformte Postocularia. Die Anzahl der großen Supralabialia kann zwischen 10 und 14 liegen, die ersten vier zeigen tiefe Labialgruben mit ziemlich schmalen, schrägen Schlitzen. Im Normalfall berührt nur das siebte Supralabiale das Auge. Der Unterkiefer zeigt 20–23 Infralabialia, von denen die vorderen 6 rundliche Labialgruben zeigen.[6]

Die Anzahl der Bauchschuppen (Ventralschilde) variiert je nach Herkunft der Individuen zwischen 290 und 334,[3] die der paarigen Subcaudalia zwischen 78 und 102[7] und die Anzahl der dorsalen Schuppenreihen in der Körpermitte zwischen 64 und 81.[3]

Die Grundfarbe ist sehr variabel über gelb, hell- und dunkelbraun bis fast schwarz. Die Art zeigt auf dem Rücken eine komplizierte Zeichnung unregelmäßiger, heller Rauten, die breit dunkel und anschließend hell gerandet sind. Diese Rautenzeichnung wird an den Flanken durch dunkle Flecken mit einem hellen Zentrum ergänzt. An den Flanken stoßen jeweils nach oben zugespitzte Dreiecke zwischen diese dunklen Flecken. Insgesamt entsteht so eine Netzzeichnung, der die Art ihren deutschen Namen verdankt. Der Kopf ist einfarbig und bis auf einen schmalen, schwarzen Streifen vom Auge bis zum Mundwinkel und einen dunklen Mittelstrich ungezeichnet. Die Iris ist meist orange, auf Sulawesi jedoch häufig auch goldfarben, im Osten Indonesiens eher weißlich-grau. Die Zunge ist meist fast schwarz mit einer weißlichen Spitze, auf den indonesischen Inseln Jampea und Selajar ist die Zungenbasis eher rosa bis dunkellila.

Der weitestgehend zeichnungslose Kopf und die sehr markante Rückenzeichnung unterscheiden die Art von allen anderen Pythons.

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

 src=
Verbreitung des Netzpythons

Das Verbreitungsgebiet des Netzpythons umfasst große Teile des tropischen Süd- und Südostasiens. Es erstreckt sich von Bangladesch und dem Bundesstaat Assam in Indien und den Nikobaren im Westen nach Osten bis zu den Philippinen und in den Osten Indonesiens. Die Nordgrenze der Verbreitung ist im Detail noch umstritten, so wird das Vorkommen im Nordosten Indiens zum Teil bezweifelt; auch ob in Vietnam eine nördliche Verbreitungsgrenze existiert und ob die Art in China vorkommt, wird kontrovers diskutiert.[8] Die Art schwimmt sehr gut und hat daher auch alle größeren Inseln in diesem Areal besiedelt. Bereits 1908 wurde sie als eine der ersten Wirbeltierarten wieder auf der 1883 durch einen Vulkanausbruch völlig zerstörten Inselgruppe Krakatau festgestellt.[9]

Die Art bewohnte ursprünglich feuchte tropische Regenwälder und Sümpfe. Netzpythons haben sich jedoch als sehr anpassungsfähig erwiesen und besiedeln heute auch Sekundärwälder, landwirtschaftliche Nutzflächen und menschliche Siedlungen bis hin zu Großstädten; die Art ist beispielsweise in Bangkok nicht selten und wurde auch mehrfach in Jakarta nachgewiesen. In allen besiedelten Habitaten sind Netzpythons eng an Wasser gebunden und halten sich meist in der Nähe kleiner Flüsse, Kanäle oder Tümpel auf.[8]

Systematik

Bevor der Netzpython von Reynolds et al. 2014 der neu eingeführten Gattung Malayopython zugeordnet wurde, war er als Python reticulatus in die Gattung der Eigentliche Pythons (Python) eingruppiert. Die Monophylie der Gattung Python wurde seit langem kontrovers diskutiert. Unter anderem Walls wies darauf hin, dass zumindest der Netzpython in einer Reihe von morphologischen Merkmalen den Pythons der Gattung Morelia viel näher steht als den anderen Arten der Gattung Python.[10] Eine 2008 veröffentlichte molekulargenetische Untersuchung hat die Paraphylie der Gattung Python bestätigt.[11] Demnach ist der nächste Verwandte des Netzpythons der Timorpython. Diese beiden Arten bilden das Schwestertaxon aller Pythons Australiens und Papua-Neuguineas, sind mit diesen also näher verwandt als mit den übrigen Arten der Gattung Python. Aufgrund dieser Ergebnisse wurden Netzpython und Timorpython zunächst in die bereits von Hoser[12] vorgeschlagene Gattung Broghammerus überführt, die allerdings ungültig ist, da die Gattung in einer Zeitschrift beschrieben wurde, die kein Peer-Review-Verfahren durchführt. Anfang 2014 wurde deshalb der Gattungsname Malayopython für den Netzpython und den Timorpython eingeführt.[13]

Der Netzpython trägt seitdem den wissenschaftlichen Namen Malayopython reticulatus und ist Typusart der neuen Gattung.[14]

Trotz des riesigen Verbreitungsgebietes wurde die Frage, ob Unterarten differenzierbar sind, erst 2002 untersucht. Aufgrund molekulargenetischer und morphologischer Untersuchungen wurden neben der Nominatform vorerst mindestens zwei weitere Unterarten vorgeschlagen:[3][14]

  • M. r. reticulatus (Nominatform); Asiatisches Festland, Große und Kleine Sunda-Inseln
  • M. r. saputrai; Südwesten und Südosten von Sulawesi sowie die Insel Selayar südlich von Sulawesi
  • M. r. jampeanus; nur auf der Insel Jampea zwischen Sulawesi und Flores

Die molekulargenetischen Ergebnisse legen außerdem eine Abgrenzung der Population auf der etwa 200 km nördlich von Sulawesi liegenden Insel Sangihe als weitere Unterart nahe.[15]

Verhalten

Trotz des riesigen Verbreitungsgebietes und ihrer Häufigkeit in vielen Bereichen des Areals ist über das Verhalten der Art fast nichts bekannt. Studien zur Lebensweise der Art im Freiland gibt es nicht; schon der Lebendfang der Tiere zur Vermessung oder Markierung ist extrem aufwändig und schwierig.[16] Netzpythons sind offenbar ausschließlich nachtaktiv und bewegen sich sehr unauffällig und meist in dichter Vegetation. Über Aktivitätsphasen und über die Größe des genutzten Lebensraumes einzelner Individuen gibt es keine Erkenntnisse. Der Tag wird in Verstecken verbracht. Auch über diese Verstecke ist wenig bekannt, in besiedelten Bereichen ruhen die Tiere aber regelmäßig unter Häusern, wo sie dann häufig entdeckt und getötet werden.

Über die nächtlichen Jagdmethoden ist ebenfalls nichts bekannt, da viele der Beutetiere (z. B. Affen) baumlebend sind, wird eine zumindest gelegentliche Jagd in Bäumen vermutet.[17]

 src=
Malaiische Schuppentiere (Manis javanica) werden regelmäßig von Netzpythons erbeutet

Ernährung

Die Nahrung des Netzpythons besteht fast ausschließlich aus Säugern und Vögeln, gelegentlich werden auch Warane verzehrt. Intensive Untersuchungen zur Ernährung des Netzpythons wurden bisher nur auf Sumatra durchgeführt, hier wurden Mageninhalte von zur Ledergewinnung getöteten Tieren untersucht.

Die Beute wird nach dem Auflauern im Überraschungsangriff umschlungen und dann ausdauernd erdrückt, wodurch die Atmung bzw. der Blutkreislauf aussetzen. Danach wird die Beute mit dem Kopf voran im Ganzen verschlungen. Die Größe der Beute ändert sich mit zunehmender Körpergröße des Pythons. Im Süden Sumatras ernähren sich Netzpythons mit einer Kopf-Rumpf-Länge bis zu etwa 2,8 Meter zu über 80 % von Ratten (überwiegend Reisfeldratten (Rattus argentiventer) und Leopoldamys sabanus). Bei größeren Individuen nimmt der Rattenanteil in der Ernährung stark ab, sie fressen dann dort unter anderem auch Schuppentiere, Stachelschweine, Affen (Javaneraffen (Macaca fascicularis), Braune Sumatra-Languren (Presbytis melalophos) und Hanuman-Languren (Semnopithecus cristatus)), Wildschweine und Kantschile (Tragulus sp.). Primär geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede bei der Ernährung wurden nicht festgestellt. Größere Anteile großer Beutetiere bei den Weibchen waren durch deren im Mittel erheblich größere Körpermaße bedingt; nur Weibchen erreichten hier Kopf-Rumpf-Längen über 4,25 Meter. Die Autoren der Studie vermuten, dass diese teilweise Umstellung der Ernährung auch mit einem Wechsel der genutzten Habitate verbunden ist: Während Männchen und junge Weibchen sich überwiegend in stark von Menschen beeinflussten und damit rattenreichen Bereichen aufhalten, wandern ältere Weibchen offenbar in naturnähere Habitate mit einem größeren Spektrum größerer Wirbeltierarten ab.[1]

Auch hinsichtlich der Ernährung zeigt die Art jedoch eine große Anpassungsfähigkeit. Im Norden Sumatras, der durch intensive landwirtschaftliche Nutzung bedingt kaum noch naturnahe Habitate aufweist, besteht auch die Nahrung großer Weibchen fast ausschließlich aus Ratten und Haushühnern.[2]

Beutetiere mit einem Gewicht zwischen 20 und ca. 50 Kilogramm sind mehrfach nachgewiesen worden, u. a. ein 24 Kilogramm schwerer Malaienbär und ein ausgewachsenes Sulawesi-Pustelschwein (Sus celebensis).[17] Nach unbestätigten Berichten eines Schlangenverarbeiters auf Sumatra wurde in einem großen Netzpython ein 60 Kilogramm schweres Wildschwein gefunden.[1] Auch die Tötung von Menschen durch Netzpythons ist mehrfach nachgewiesen worden, sogar das vollständige Verschlingen erwachsener Menschen ist belegt.[17] Das durchschnittliche Beutegewicht ist jedoch viel geringer, im Süden Sumatras lag das mittlere Beutegewicht von 1070 untersuchten Pythons bei Männchen bei 0,75 Kilogramm, bei den größeren Weibchen bei 1,35 Kilogramm.[1]

Fortpflanzung

Zur Fortpflanzung im Freiland ist ebenfalls nur sehr wenig bekannt, auch hier stammt das bekannte Wissen fast ausschließlich von Untersuchungen toter Tiere und aus Gefangenschaft. Netzpythons werden mit zwei bis vier Jahren geschlechtsreif, auf Sumatra haben Männchen dann eine Kopf-Rumpf-Länge von mindestens 137 Zentimetern, Weibchen sind mindestens 210 Zentimeter lang.[2] Im Norden Sumatras wurden reproduktiv aktive Weibchen von Dezember bis März gefunden, ausnahmsweise auch im Juni, pro Jahr wird demnach ein Gelege überwiegend im April und im Mai gezeitigt. Ein erheblicher Anteil der Weibchen pflanzt sich offenbar nicht jedes Jahr fort. Die Gelege umfassten in Sumatra meist 10–40, im Mittel 24 Eier, Extremwerte waren 8 und 73 Eier; die Gelegegröße war mit der Größe der Weibchen korreliert. Die Eier sind 200–300 Gramm schwer.[2] Das Gelege wird nach Beobachtungen in Gefangenschaft 80–90 Tage lang bebrütet. Das Weibchen liegt in dieser Zeit zusammengerollt über den Eiern, sorgt jedoch im Gegensatz zu anderen Pythonarten nicht durch Muskelzittern für gleichmäßige Temperaturen. Die Brutfürsorge endet mit dem Schlupf der Jungen. Frisch geschlüpfte Jungtiere sind im größten Teil des Verbreitungsgebietes 60–83 Zentimeter lang, bei den kleinen Tieren auf Tanahjampea unter 30 Zentimeter.[3]

Alter und Lebenserwartung

Angaben zum Durchschnitts- und Maximalalter freilebender Individuen sind unbekannt; in Gefangenschaft werden Netzpythons regelmäßig über 25 Jahre alt.[18] Ein Exemplar im Tierpark Dessau erreichte ein Alter von fast 40 Jahren.

Gefährdung

Netzpythons werden in großen Mengen zur Ledergewinnung gefangen, die Zahl der zu diesem Zweck getöteten Pythons wird auf mindestens 500.000 pro Jahr geschätzt. Der größte Teil der Tiere wird auf den Inseln Sumatra und Borneo erbeutet.[19]

 src=
Netzpython der Zuchtform „tiger“ mit stark abgewandelter Rückenzeichnung bei einem privaten Halter – zwei Jahre altes Weibchen von rund drei Metern Länge

Zumindest in Indonesien werden Netzpythons nach Angaben der Bevölkerung auch häufig als Nahrungsquelle genutzt oder getötet, um „eine Belästigung durch Tiere zu vermeiden, die sonst Hühner, Hunde oder Kinder fressen würden“ („…that might otherwise devour chicken, dogs or children.“).[2] Obwohl die intensive Verfolgung offenbar zumindest dazu führt, dass sehr große Netzpythons selten werden, gibt es bisher noch keine Anzeichen einer Gefährdung. Vermutlich können die Verluste durch das schnelle Wachstum, die frühe Geschlechtsreife und die hohe Reproduktion ausgeglichen werden. Da Netzpythons keine enge Bindung an naturnahe Lebensräume zeigen und auch ausschließlich von im menschlichen Siedlungsbereich sehr häufigen Ratten sowie Hühnern leben können, könnte die Art durch menschliche Aktivitäten sogar eher gefördert worden sein.[2]

Der Netzpython ist im Washingtoner Artenschutzübereinkommen in Anhang II gelistet und unterliegt daher Handelsbeschränkungen. In Deutschland ist die Art nach dem Bundesnaturschutzgesetz besonders geschützt.

Quellen

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c d R. Shine, P. S. Harlow, J. S. Keogh, Boeadi: The influence of sex and body size on food habits of a giant tropical snake, Python reticulatus. In: Functional Ecology. 12, 1998, S. 248–258.
  2. a b c d e f R. Shine, Ambariyanto, P. S. Harlow, Mumpuni: Reticulated pythons in Sumatra: biology, harvesting and sustainability. In: Biological Conservation. 87, 1999, S. 349–357.
  3. a b c d e M. Auliya, P. Mausfeld, A. Schmitz, W. Böhme: Review of the reticulated python (Python reticulatus Schneider, 1801) with the description of new subspecies from Indonesia. In: Naturwissenschaften. Band 89, Heft 5, 2002, S. 202.
  4. G. M. Fredriksson: Predation on Sun Bears by Reticulated Python in East Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo. In: Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 53(1), 2005, S. 165–168. (pdf)
  5. D. G. Barker, S. L. Barten, J. P. Ehrsam, L. Daddono: The Corrected Lengths of Two Well-known Giant Pythons and the Establishment of a New Maximum Length Record for Burmese Pythons, Python bivittatus. In: Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society. 47(1), 2012, S. 1–6. (pdf)
  6. a b J. G. Walls: The Living Pythons. T. F. H. Publications, 1998, S. 159 ff.
  7. J. G. Walls: The Living Pythons. T. F. H. Publications, 1998, S. 161.
  8. a b M. Auliya, F. Abel: Taxonomie, Geographische Verbreitung und Nahrungsökologie des Netzpythons (Python reticulatus). Teil 1. In: herpetofauna. 22 (127), 2000, S. 5–18.
  9. P. A. Rawlinson, R. A. Zann, S. van Balen, I. W. B. Thornton: Colonization of the Krakatau islands by vertebrates. In: GeoJournal. Band 28, Heft 2, 1992, S. 225–231. doi:10.1007/BF00177236
  10. J. G. Walls: The Living Pythons. T. F. H. Publications, 1998, S. 166.
  11. L. H. Rawlings, D. L. Rabosky, S. C. Donnellan, M. N. Hutchinson: Python phylogenetics: inference from morphology and mitochondrial DNA. In: Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 93, 2008, S. 603–619.
  12. R. T. Hoser: A reclassification of the Pythoninae including the descriptions new genera, two new species and nine new subspecies. Continued. In: Crocodilian – Journal of the Victorian Association of Amateur Herpetologists. 4, 2004, S. 21–39.
  13. R. Graham Reynolds, Matthew L. Niemiller, Liam J. Revell: Toward a Tree-of-Life for the boas and pythons: Multilocus species-level phylogeny with unprecedented taxon sampling. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Volume 71, Februar 2014, S. 201–213. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.11.011, (Volltextversion)
  14. a b Malayopython reticulatus In: The Reptile Database
  15. M. Auliya, P. Mausfeld, A. Schmitz, W. Böhme: Review of the reticulated python (Python reticulatus Schneider, 1801) with the description of new subspecies from Indonesia. In: Naturwissenschaften. Band 89, Heft 5, 2002, S. 204 und Abb. 2, S. 205.
  16. z. B. M. A. Riquier: Status, Population Biology and Conservation of the Water Monitor (Varanus salvator), the Reticulated Python (Python reticulatus), and the Blood Python (Python curtus) in Sumatra and Kalimantan, Indonesia. Project Report Kalimantan. In: Mertensiella. 9, 1998, S. 119–129.
  17. a b c M. Auliya, F. Abel: Taxonomie, Geographische Verbreitung und Nahrungsökologie des Netzpythons (Python reticulatus). Teil 2. In: herpetofauna. 22 (128) 2000, S. 19–28.
  18. Cameron Brown: Python reticulatus. Animal Diversity Web. (online auf: animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu)
  19. B. Groombridge, R. Luxmoore: Pythons in South-East Asia. A Review of Distribution, Status and Trade in Three Selected Species. A CITES report. Lausanne 1991, ISBN 2-88323-003-X. Zitiert in: R. Shine, Ambariyanto, P. S. Harlow, Mumpuni: Reticulated pythons in Sumatra: biology, harvesting and sustainability. In: Biological Conservation. 87, 1999, S. 349–357.

Literatur

  • M. Auliya, P. Mausfeld, A. Schmitz, W. Böhme: Review of the reticulated python (Python reticulatus Schneider, 1801) with the description of new subspecies from Indonesia. In: Naturwissenschaften. Band 89, Heft 5, 2002, S. 202.
  • R. Shine, P. S. Harlow, J. S. Keogh, Boeadi: The influence of sex and body size on food habits of a giant tropical snake, Python reticulatus. In: Functional Ecology. 12, 1998, S. 248–258.
  • R. Shine, Ambariyanto, P. S. Harlow, Mumpuni: Reticulated pythons in Sumatra: biology, harvesting and sustainability. In: Biological Conservation. 87, 1999, S. 349–357.

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Netzpython: Brief Summary ( saksa )

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Der Netzpython (Malayopython reticulatus) zählt zur Gattung Malayopython in der Familie der Pythons (Pythonidae). Er ist eine der größten Schlangen der Welt. Netzpythons leben in den Tropen Südostasiens. Ursprünglich bewohnte die Art dort feuchte Regenwälder und Sümpfe, sie ist jedoch sehr anpassungsfähig und besiedelt auch landwirtschaftliche Nutzflächen und Siedlungen.

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অজগৰ সাপ ( assami )

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অজগৰ সাপ (ইংৰাজী: Asiatic reticulated python, বৈজ্ঞানিক নাম-Python reticulatus) দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াত দেখা পোৱা এবিধ সাপৰ প্ৰজাতি৷[3] বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ দীঘল সাপ হিচাপে ইয়াক আখ্যা দিয়া হয়৷ [4]

বিৱৰণ

 src=
P. reticulatusৰ মূৰ

অজগৰ সমগ্ৰ এছিয়া মহাদেশৰ স্থানীয় সাপবোৰৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ বৃহৎ সাপৰ প্ৰজাতি৷ সুমাত্ৰাত পোৱা প্ৰায়ভাগ অজগৰ সাপৰেই দেহৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্য ১.৫-৬.৫ মিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আৰু ওজন ১-৭৫ কিলোগ্ৰাম পৰ্যন্ত হয়৷ [5]

 src=
লাওখোলাৰ চিত্ৰ

ইহঁতৰ ৰঙৰ সাজোন অতি জটিল জ্যামিতিক সাজোন, য'ত বিভিন্ন ৰং সন্নিবিষ্ট হৈ থাকে। পিঠিত কাষৰ ফালে সুক্ষ্ম চিহ্ন আৰু মধ্যাংশ পাতলীয়া ৰঙেৰে সজ্জিত হীৰাকৃতিৰ এটা শ্ৰেণী থাকে। বিস্তৃত ভৌগলিক পৰিসৰৰ এই প্ৰজাতিটোৰ, আকাৰ, ৰং আদিৰ যথেষ্ট ভিন্নতা দেখা পোৱা যায়।

বিতৰণ

অজগৰ সাপ দক্ষিনপূৱ এচিয়া (নিকোবৰ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ, উত্তৰপূৱ ভাৰত, বাংলাদেশ, বাৰ্মা, থাইলেণ্ড, লাৱজ, কেম্ব'ডিয়া, ভিয়েটনাম, মালেচিয়া, আৰু চিংগাপুৰ) ইণ্ডোনেচিয়া আৰু ইণ্ড'-অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়ান দ্বীপপুঞ্জ (সুমাত্ৰা, মেন্টাৱাই দ্বীপপুঞ্জ, নাটোনা দ্বীপপুঞ্জ, বৰ্নেঅ', ছুলাৱেচি, জাভা, লম্বক, ছুম্বাৱা, ছুম্বা, ফ্ল'ৰেছ, টাইম'ৰ, মালোকো, টানিম্বাৰ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ) আৰু ফিলিপাইনত পোৱা যায়।

তথ্যসুত্ৰ

  1. ITIS (Integrated Taxonomic Information System). www.itis.gov.
  2. McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  3. "Python reticulatus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=209567। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 12 September 2007.
  4. Fredriksson, G. M. (2005). "Predation on Sun Bears by Reticulated Python in East Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo". Raffles Bulletin of Zoology খণ্ড 53 (1): 165–168. http://dare.uva.nl/document/161117.
  5. Shine, R., Harlow, P. S., & Keogh, J. S. (1998). The influence of sex and body size on food habits of a giant tropical snake, Python reticulatus. Functional Ecology, 12(2), 248-258.

লগতে চাওক

  • Auliya, M.A. (2003): Taxonomy, Life History and Conservation of Giant Reptiles in West Kalimantan. Ph.D. thesis, University of Bonn.
  • Auliya, M.A.; Mausfeld, P.; Schmitz, A. & Böhme, W. (2002): Review of the reticulated python (Python reticulatus Schneider, 1801 [sic]) with the description of new subspecies from Indonesia. Naturwissenschaften 89(5): 201–213. doi:10.1007/s00114-002-0320-4 (HTML abstract, electronic supplement available to subscribers)
  • Raven, H.C. (1946): Adventures in python country. Natural History 55: 38–41.
  • Schneider, J.G. 1801. Historiae Amphibiorum naturalis et literariae Fasciculus Secundus continens Crocodilos, Scincos, Chamaesauras, Boas, Pseudoboas, Elapes, Angues, Amphisbaenas et Caecilias. Frommann. Jena. vi + 364 pp. + 2 plates. ("[Boa] Reticulata", pp. 264-266.)
  • Shine R, Ambariyanto, Harlow PS, Mumpuni. Reticulated pythons in Sumatra: biology, harvesting and sustainability. Biol. conserv. ISSN 0006-3207. Abstract at CAT.INIST. Accessed 12 September 2007.

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অজগৰ সাপ: Brief Summary ( assami )

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অজগৰ সাপ (ইংৰাজী: Asiatic reticulated python, বৈজ্ঞানিক নাম-Python reticulatus) দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াত দেখা পোৱা এবিধ সাপৰ প্ৰজাতি৷ বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ দীঘল সাপ হিচাপে ইয়াক আখ্যা দিয়া হয়৷

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இராச மலைப்பாம்பு ( tamili )

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இராச மலைப்பாம்பு என்பது ஒரு மலைப்பாம்பு இனம் ஆகும், இது தென்கிழக்கு ஆசியாவில் காணப்படுகிறது. இவையே உலகின் மிக நீளமான பாம்பு மற்றும் நீண்ட ஊர்வன இனம் ஆகும். இதனால் மனிதர்களுக்கு ஆபத்து எனக் கருத முடியாது. இவற்றில் பெரிய பாம்புகள் வயதுவந்த மனிதனைக் கொல்ல போதுமான சக்தி வாய்ந்தது என்றாலும், எப்போதாவது மனிதனைத் தாக்கியதாக மட்டுமே செய்திவந்துள்ளது.

விளக்கம்

நன்கு நீந்தக்கூடியது இந்தப் பாம்புகள். இவற்றின் உடலின் மேற்புறத்தில் மஞ்சள் பழுப்பும் கருமையும் கலந்து காணப்படும். பெரிய உருண்டை வடிவ புள்ளிகள் வரிசையாகக் காணப்படும். இப்புள்ளிகளின் ஒரத்தில் கருமையும், மஞ்சளும் தெரியும். இப்பாம்பு கோழிகள், வாத்துகள், பூனைகள், நாய்கள், பன்றிகள் போன்ற விலங்குகளை விழுங்கிவிடும். ஆசியாவைச் சேர்ந்த இந்தப் பாம்புகளே பெரிய பாம்புகள் ஆகும். ஆயிரத்திற்கும் மேற்பட்ட இராச மலைப்பாம்புகளை தெற்கு சுமத்ராவில் ஆய்வு செய்ததில் இவற்றின் நீளம் 1.5 முதல் 6.5 மீ (4.9 21.3 அடி) உள்ளதாகவும், எடை 1 முதல் 75 கிலோ எடை உள்ளதாக மதிப்பிடப்பட்டது. [4] அரிதான 6 மீட்டர் (19.7 அடி) நீள மலைப்பாம்பு கின்னஸ் உலக சாதனைகள் புத்தகத்தில் இடம்பெற்றுள்ளது.[5]

குறிப்புகள்

  1. ITIS (Integrated Taxonomic Information System). www.itis.gov.
  2. McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  3. Reynolds, R.G., Niemiller, M.L. & Revell L.J. (2014). "Toward a tree-of-life for the boas and pythons: multilocus species-level phylogeny with unprecedented taxon sampling.". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 71: 201–213. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.11.011. பப்மெட்:24315866.
  4. Shine, R., Harlow, P. S., & Keogh, J. S. (1998). The influence of sex and body size on food habits of a giant tropical snake, Python reticulatus. Functional Ecology, 12(2), 248-258.
  5. Wood, Gerald (1983). The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண்:978-0-85112-235-9.
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இராச மலைப்பாம்பு: Brief Summary ( tamili )

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இராச மலைப்பாம்பு என்பது ஒரு மலைப்பாம்பு இனம் ஆகும், இது தென்கிழக்கு ஆசியாவில் காணப்படுகிறது. இவையே உலகின் மிக நீளமான பாம்பு மற்றும் நீண்ட ஊர்வன இனம் ஆகும். இதனால் மனிதர்களுக்கு ஆபத்து எனக் கருத முடியாது. இவற்றில் பெரிய பாம்புகள் வயதுவந்த மனிதனைக் கொல்ல போதுமான சக்தி வாய்ந்தது என்றாலும், எப்போதாவது மனிதனைத் தாக்கியதாக மட்டுமே செய்திவந்துள்ளது.

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စပါးအုံးမြွေ ( burma )

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  1. McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  2. The reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
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ဝီကီပီးဒီးယားစာရေးသူများနှင့်အယ်ဒီတာများ
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Reticulated python ( englanti )

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The reticulated python (Malayopython reticulatus) is a python species native to South and Southeast Asia. It is the world's longest snake, and is among the three heaviest. It is listed as least concern on the IUCN Red List because of its wide distribution. In several countries in its range, it is hunted for its skin, for use in traditional medicine, and for sale as pets.[1] Due to this, reticulated pythons are one of the most economically important reptiles worldwide.[6]

It is an excellent swimmer, has been reported far out at sea, and has colonized many small islands within its range.

Like all pythons, it is a non-venomous constrictor. Adult humans have been killed (and in at least two reported cases, eaten) by reticulated pythons.[7][8][9]

Taxonomy

The reticulated python was first described in 1801 by German naturalist Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider, who described two zoological specimens held by the Göttingen Museum in 1801 that differed slightly in colour and pattern as separate species—Boa reticulata and Boa rhombeata.[10] The specific name, reticulatus, is Latin meaning "net-like", or reticulated, and is a reference to the complex color pattern.[11] The generic name Python was proposed by French naturalist François Marie Daudin in 1803.[12] American zoologist Arnold G. Kluge performed a cladistics analysis on morphological characters and recovered the reticulated python lineage as sister to the genus Python, hence not requiring a new generic name in 1993.[13]

In a 2004 genetics study using cytochrome b DNA, Robin Lawson and colleagues discovered the reticulated python as sister to Australo-Papuan pythons, rather than Python molurus and relatives.[14] Raymond Hoser erected the genus Broghammerus for the reticulated python in 2004, naming it after German snake expert Stefan Broghammer, on the basis of dorsal patterns distinct from those of the genus Python, and a dark mid-dorsal line from the rear to the front of the head, and red or orange (rather than brown) iris colour.[15] In 2008, Lesley H. Rawlings and colleagues reanalysed Kluge's morphological data and combined it with genetic material, finding the reticulated clade to be an offshoot of the Australo-Papuan lineage as well. They adopted and redefined the genus name Broghammerus.[16]

However, this and numerous other names by the same author were criticized by several authors, who proposed ignoring them for the purposes of nomenclature despite this being contrary to the ICZN Code that underpins binomial nomenclature, ostensibly promoting the establishment of a dual nomenclature.[17] R. Graham Reynolds and colleagues subsequently and knowing that it was described already, redescribed the genus Malayopython for this species and its sister species, the Timor python, calling the Timor python M. timoriensis.[18] Hoser has since argued that the Malayopython name is a junior synonym of Broghammerus.[19] Neither of these proposed reclassifications has been recognized by the ITIS,[20] but Malayopython has been recognized by a number of subsequent authors[21][22] and the Reptile Database.

Subspecies

Three subspecies have been proposed:

  • M. r. reticulatus (Schneider, 1801) – Asian reticulated python
  • M. r. jampeanus Auliya et al., 2002 – Kayaudi reticulated python or Tanahjampean reticulated python, about half the length,[23] or according to Auliya et al. (2002), not reaching much more than 2 m (6 ft 7 in) in length.[24] Found on Tanahjampea in the Selayar Archipelago south of Sulawesi. Closely related to M. r. reticulatus of the Lesser Sundas.[24]
  • M. r. saputrai Auliya et al., 2002 – Selayer reticulated python, occurs on Selayar Island in the Selayar Archipelago and also in adjacent Sulawesi. This subspecies represents a sister lineage to all other populations of reticulated pythons tested.[24] According to Auliya et al. (2002) it does not exceed 4 m (13 ft 1 in) in length.[24]

The latter two are dwarf subspecies. Apparently, the population of the Sangihe Islands north of Sulawesi represents another such subspecies, which is basal to the P. r. reticulatus plus P. r. jampeanus clade, but it is not yet formally described.[24]

The proposed subspecies M. r. "dalegibbonsi", M. r. "euanedwardsi", M. r. "haydnmacphiei", M. r. "neilsonnemani", M. r. "patrickcouperi", and M. r. "stuartbigmorei"[3][15] have not found general acceptance.

Characteristics

The "reticulated" net-like patterning that gives the reticulated python its name
Head of a reticulated python
Skull diagram
Skull of a reticulated python

The reticulated python has smooth dorsal scales that are arranged in 69–79 rows at midbody. Deep pits occur on four anterior upper labials, on two or three anterior lower labials, and on five or six posterior lower labials.[25]

The reticulated python is the largest snake native to Asia. More than a thousand wild reticulated pythons in southern Sumatra were studied, and estimated to have a length range of 1.5 to 6.5 m (4 ft 11 in to 21 ft 4 in), and a weight range of 1 to 75 kg (2 lb 3 oz to 165 lb 6 oz).[26] Reticulated pythons with lengths more than 6 m (19 ft 8 in) are rare, though according to the Guinness Book of World Records, it is the only extant snake to regularly exceed that length.[27] One of the largest scientifically measured specimens, from Balikpapan, East Kalimantan, Indonesia, was measured under anesthesia at 6.95 m (22 ft 10 in) and weighed 59 kg (130 lb 1 oz) after not having eaten for nearly 3 months.[28]

The specimen once widely accepted as the largest-ever "accurately" measured snake, that being Colossus, a specimen kept at the Highland Park Zoo (now the Pittsburgh Zoo and Aquarium) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, during the 1950s and early 1960s, with a peak reported length of 8.7 metres (28 ft 7 in) from a measurement in November 1956, was later shown to have been substantially shorter than previously reported. When Colossus died on 14 April 1963, its body was deposited in the Carnegie Museum of Natural History. At that time, its skeleton was measured and found to be 20 ft 10 in (6.35 m) in total length, and the length of its fresh hide was measured as 23 ft 11 in (7.29 m) – both measurements being significantly shorter than what had been previously estimated in 1956.[29] The hide tends to stretch from the skinning process, thus may be longer than the snake from which it came – e.g., by roughly 20–40% or more.[30] The previous reports had been constructed by combining partial measurements with estimations to compensate for "kinks", since completely straightening an extremely large live python is virtually impossible. Because of these issues, a 2012 journal article concluded, "Colossus was neither the longest snake nor the heaviest snake ever maintained in captivity." Too large to be preserved with formaldehyde and then stored in alcohol, the specimen was instead prepared as a disarticulated skeleton. The hide was sent to a laboratory to be tanned, but it was either lost or destroyed, and now only the skull and selected vertebrae and ribs remain in the museum's collection.[29] Considerable confusion exists in the literature over whether Colossus was male or female (females tend to be larger).[29][30] Numerous reports have been made of larger snakes, but since none of these was measured by a scientist nor any of the specimens deposited at a museum, they must be regarded as unproven and possibly erroneous. In spite of what has been, for many years, a standing offer of a large financial reward (initially $1,000, later raised to $5,000, then $15,000 in 1978 and $50,000 in 1980) for a live, healthy snake 30 ft (9.14 m) or longer by the New York Zoological Society (later renamed as the Wildlife Conservation Society), no attempt to claim this reward has ever been made.[30]

Reported sizes

The colour pattern is a complex geometric pattern that incorporates different colours. The back typically has a series of irregular diamond shapes flanked by smaller markings with light centers. In this species' wide geographic range, much variation of size, colour, and markings commonly occurs.

In zoo exhibits, the colour pattern may seem garish, but in a shadowy jungle environment amid fallen leaves and debris, it allows them to virtually disappear. Called disruptive colouration, it protects them from predators and helps them to catch their prey.[36]

The huge size and attractive pattern of this snake has made it a favorite zoo exhibit, with several individuals claimed to be above 20 ft (6.1 m) in length and more than one claimed to be the largest in captivity.[37] However, due to its huge size, immense strength, aggressive disposition, and the mobility of the skin relative to the body, it is very difficult to get exact length measurements of a living reticulated python, and weights are rarely indicative, as captive pythons are often obese.[30] Claims made by zoos and animal parks are sometimes exaggerated, such as the claimed 14.85 m (48 ft 9 in) snake in Indonesia which was subsequently proven to be about 6.5–7 m (21 ft 4 in – 23 ft 0 in) long.[38] For this reason, scientists do not accept the validity of length measurements unless performed on a dead or anesthetized snake that is later preserved in a museum collection or stored for scientific research.[30]

A reticulated python kept in the United States in Kansas City, Missouri, named "Medusa" is considered by the Guinness Book of World Records to be the longest living snake ever kept in captivity. In 2011 it was reported to measure 7.67 m (25 ft 2 in) and weigh 158.8 kg (350 lb 2 oz).[35]

In 2012, an albino reticulated python, named "Twinkie", housed in Fountain Valley, California, was considered to be the largest albino snake in captivity by the Guinness World Records. It measured 7 m (23 ft 0 in) in length and weighed about 168 kg (370 lb).[39]

Dwarf forms of reticulated pythons also occur, from some islands northwest of Australia, and these are being selectively bred in captivity to be much smaller, resulting in animals often referred to as "super dwarfs". Adult super dwarf reticulated pythons are typically between 1.82 and 2.4 m (6 ft 0 in and 7 ft 10 in) in length.[40]

Distribution and habitat

Malayopython reticulatus, Reticulated python - Kaeng Krachan District, Phetchaburi Province (47924282891).jpg

The reticulated python is found in South and Southeast Asia from the Nicobar Islands, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, and Singapore, east through Indonesia and the Indo-Australian Archipelago (Sumatra, the Mentawai Islands, the Natuna Islands, Borneo, Sulawesi, Java, Lombok, Sumbawa, Sumba, Flores, Timor, Maluku, Tanimbar Islands) and the Philippines (Basilan, Bohol, Cebu, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Palawan, Panay, Polillo, Samar, Tawi-Tawi). The original description does not include a type locality. The type locality was restricted to "Java" by Brongersma (1972).[2]

Three subspecies have been proposed,[24] but are not recognized in the Integrated Taxonomic Information System. The color and size can vary a great deal among the subspecies described. Geographical location is a good key to establishing the subspecies, as each one has a distinct geographical range.

The reticulated python lives in rainforests, woodlands, and nearby grasslands. It is also associated with rivers and is found in areas with nearby streams and lakes. An excellent swimmer, it has even been reported far out at sea and has consequently colonized many small islands within its range.[36] During the early years of the 20th century, it is said to have been common even in busy parts of Bangkok, sometimes eating domestic animals.[41]

Behaviour and ecology

Diet

A captive reticulated python eating a chicken

As with all pythons, the reticulated python is an ambush predator, usually waiting until prey wanders within strike range before seizing it in its coils and killing by constriction. Its natural diet includes mammals and occasionally birds. Small specimens up to 3–4 m (9 ft 10 in – 13 ft 1 in) long eat mainly small mammals such as rats, other rodents, mouse-eared bats, and treeshrews, whereas larger individuals switch to prey such as small Indian civet and binturong, primates, pigs, and deer weighing more than 60 kg (132 lb 4 oz).[42] As a rule, the reticulated python seems able to swallow prey up to one-quarter its own length and up to its own weight. Near human habitation, it is known to snatch stray chickens, cats, and dogs on occasion.[26] Among the largest documented prey items are a half-starved sun bear of 23 kg (50 lb 11 oz) that was eaten by a 6.95 m (22 ft 10 in) specimen and took some 10 weeks to digest.[28] At least one case is reported of a foraging python entering a forest hut and taking a child.[43]

Reproduction

The reticulated python is oviparous. Adult females lay between 15 and 80 eggs per clutch. At an optimum incubation temperature of 31–32 °C (88–90 °F), the eggs take an average of 88 days to hatch.[23] Hatchlings are at least 61 cm (2 ft) in length.[41] Reticulated pythons have been observed shivering to increase the ambient temperature around them. This is used exclusively by female Reticulated Pythons during the incubation of eggs.

Danger to humans

Large reticulated pythons are occasionally found on the outskirts of Bangkok. Usually, a minimum of two people is required to successfully extract such a large snake.
Reticulated python in Pune

The reticulated python is among the few snakes that prey on humans. On April 9, 2015, the species was added to the Lacey Act list in the United States, prohibiting import and interstate transport due to its "injurious" history with humans.[44] Attacks on humans are not common, but this species has been responsible for several reported human fatalities, in both the wild and captivity. Considering the known maximum prey size, a full-grown reticulated python can open its jaws wide enough to swallow a human, but the width of the shoulders of some adult Homo sapiens can pose a problem for even a snake with sufficient size. Reports of human fatalities and human consumption (the latest examples of consumption of an adult human being well authenticated) include:

  • A report of a visit of Antonio van Diemen, Governor-General of the Dutch East India Company, to the Banda Islands in 1638, includes a description of an enslaved woman who, when tending to a garden on the volcanic island of Gunung Api, was strangled by a snake of "24 houtvoeten" (slightly over seven meters) in length, and then swallowed whole. The snake, having become slow after ingesting such a large prey, was subsequently shot by Dutch soldiers and brought to the Governor-General to be looked at, with its victim still inside.[45] Although the species was not named, the only snake found in Banda matching this description is the reticulated python.
  • In early 20th-century Indonesia: On Salibabu island, North Sulawesi, a 14-year-old boy was killed and supposedly eaten by a specimen 5.17 m (17 ft 0 in) in length. Another incident involved a woman reputedly eaten by a "large reticulated python", but few details are known.[46]
  • In the early 1910s or in 1927, a jeweller went hunting with his friends and was apparently eaten by a 6 m (19 ft 8 in) python after he sought shelter from a rainstorm in or under a tree. Supposedly, he was swallowed feet-first, perhaps the easiest way for a snake to actually swallow a human.[47]
  • In 1932, Frank Buck wrote about a teenaged boy who was eaten by a pet 25 ft (7.6 m) reticulated python in the Philippines. According to Buck, the python escaped, and when it was found, a human child's shape was recognized inside the snake, and turned out to be the son of the snake's owner.[48]
  • Among a small group of Aeta negritos in the Philippines, six deaths by pythons were said to have been documented within a period of 40 years, plus one who died later of an infected bite.[43]
  • In September 1995, a 29-year-old rubber tapper from the southern Malaysian state of Johor was reported to have been killed by a large reticulated python. The victim had apparently been caught unaware and was squeezed to death. The snake had coiled around the lifeless body with the victim's head gripped in its jaws when it was stumbled upon by the victim's brother. The python, reported as measuring 23 ft (7.0 m) long and weighing more than 300 pounds (136 kg), was killed soon after by the arriving police, who shot it four times.[30]
  • In October 2008, a 25-year-old woman appeared to have been killed by a 13-foot (4.0 m) pet reticulated python. The apparent cause of death was asphyxiation. The snake was later found in the bedroom in an agitated state.[49]
  • In January 2009, a 3-year-old boy was wrapped in the coils of a 18 ft (5.5 m) pet reticulated python, turning blue. The boy's mother, who had been petsitting the python on behalf of a friend, rescued the toddler by gashing the python with a knife. The snake was later euthanized because of its wounds.[50]
  • In December 2013, a 59-year-old security guard was strangled to death while trying to capture a python near the Bali Hyatt, a luxury hotel on Indonesia's resort island. The incident happened around 3 am as the 4.5-m (15-ft) python was crossing a road near the hotel. The victim had offered to help capture the snake, which had been spotted several times before near the hotel in the Sanur, Bali, area and escaped back into nearby bushes.[51]
  • In March 2017, the body of Akbar Salubiro, a 25-year-old farmer in Central Mamuju Regency, West Sulawesi, Indonesia, was found inside the stomach of a 7 m (23 ft 0 in) reticulated python. He had been declared missing from his palm tree plantation, and the people searching for him found the python the next day with a large bulge in its stomach. They killed the python and found the whole body of the missing farmer inside. This was the first fully confirmed case of a person being eaten by a python. The process of retrieving the body from the python's stomach was documented by pictures and videos taken by witnesses.[52][53][54]
  • In June 2018, a 54-year-old Indonesian woman in Muna Island, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia, was killed and eaten by a 23-foot (7 m) python. The woman went missing one night while working in her garden, and the next day, a search party was organized after some of her belongings were found abandoned in the garden. The python was found near the garden with a large bulge in its body. The snake was killed and carried into town, where it was cut open, revealing the woman's body completely intact.[55]
  • In June 2020, a 16-year-old Indonesian boy was attacked and killed by a 7 m (23 ft 0 in) long python in Bombana Regency, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. The incident took place near a waterfall at Mount Kahar in Rumbia sub-district. The victim was separated from his four friends in the woods. When he screamed, his friends came to help and found him encoiled by a large python. Villagers came to help and managed to kill the snake using a parang machete. However, the victim had already suffocated.[56]
  • In October 2022, a 52-year-old woman in Terjun Gajah village, Betara Subdistrict, West Tanjung Jabung Regency, Jambi, Indonesia, was killed and swallowed whole by a 6-metre (19 ft 8 in) reticulated python. She went to tap rubber sap on 23 October 2022 and did not return home after sunset. After she was reported missing for a day and a night, a search party discovered a large python with a bulge in its body in a jungle near the rubber plantation. The villagers immediately killed and dissected the python and discovered the intact body of the missing woman inside. Villagers were alarmed, fearing more large pythons might be lurking in the rubber plantation, because farmers previously had reported two goats missing.[57]

In captivity

Reticulated python with an unusual color pattern: Various color patterns are found in captive-bred specimens – some brought about by selective breeding.

Increased popularity of the reticulated python in the pet trade is due largely to increased efforts in captive breeding and selectively bred mutations such as the "albino" and "tiger" strains. Smaller variants such as the "super dwarf" variants found on small islands are likewise popular due to their smaller size, as they grow to a fraction of the lengths and weights of their mainland kin due to genetics, limited space and prey availability.[58] It can make a good captive, but keepers working with adults from mainland populations should have previous experience with large constrictors to ensure safety to both animal and keeper. Although its interactivity and beauty draws much attention, some feel it is unpredictable.[59][60] It does not attack humans by nature, but will bite and possibly constrict if it feels threatened, or mistakes a hand for food. While not venomous, large pythons can inflict serious injuries by biting, sometimes requiring stitches.

In popular culture

In Moonraker (1979), a reticulated python tries to suffocate James Bond (Roger Moore), but Bond kills the snake with a hypodermic pen.

See also

References

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  41. ^ a b Stidworthy J (1974). Snakes of the World. Grosset & Dunlap Inc. 160 pp. ISBN 0-448-11856-4.
  42. ^ "Python reticulatus (Reticulated Python)". Animal Diversity Web.
  43. ^ a b Headland, T. N.; Greene, H. W. (2011). "Hunter–gatherers and other primates as prey, predators, and competitors of snakes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (52): E1470–E1474. doi:10.1073/pnas.1115116108. PMC 3248510. PMID 22160702.
  44. ^ "Notice to the Wildlife Import/Export Community - Subject: Ban on Importation and Interstate Transport of Snake Species Expanded" (PDF). March 16, 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-03-22.
  45. ^ VOC Archive, inv. nr. 1126, fol. 409r. Although less reliable than this first-hand document, several early published travel journals describe similar episodes. This includes Blussé, Leonard; de Moor, Jaap, eds. (2016). Een Zwitsers leven in de tropen: de lotgevallen van Kapitein Elie Ripon. pp. 96–97.
  46. ^ Kopstein, F. (1927). "Over het verslinden van menschen door Python reticulatus" [On the swallowing of humans by P. reticulatus]. Tropische Natuur (4): 65–67. (in Dutch)
  47. ^ Bruno, S. (1998). "I serpenti giganti " [The giant snakes]. Criptozoologia (in Italian). 4: 16–29. Archived from the original on 2007-02-28.
  48. ^ Kobis I (1995). "Giant python killed after trying to swallow man". The Star (Malaysian English newspaper), 16 September 1995.
  49. ^ "Woman killed by pet 13-foot python". UPI. 2008. Retrieved 27 October 2008.
  50. ^ "In Las Vegas, python vs. angry mom with a knife". Las Vegas Sun. 2009. Retrieved 23 January 2009.
  51. ^ "Python kills security guard near Bali luxury hotel" at The Jakarta Post. Accessed 29 June 2019.
  52. ^ Nurhadi (2017). "Beginilah Ular Piton Menelan Akbar Petani Sawit Memuju Tengah". Tribun Timur (in Indonesian). Retrieved 28 March 2017.
  53. ^ "Missing man found dead in belly of 7m-long python in Indonesia: Report". Straits Times. 2017. Retrieved 2017-03-29.
  54. ^ "Indonesian man's body found inside python – police". BBC. 2017. Retrieved 2017-03-29.
  55. ^ "23-foot python swallows Indonesian woman near her garden". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2018-06-17.
  56. ^ "Seorang Pelajar SMP Dililit Ular Piton hingga Tewas" (in Indonesian). Kompas. 15 June 2020. Retrieved 2020-06-15.
  57. ^ Suwandi (24 October 2022). "Sempat Hilang, Seorang Ibu Penyadap Karet di Jambi Ditelan Ular Piton 6 Meter". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 24 October 2022.
  58. ^ "Reticulated Pythons - Super Dwarf".
  59. ^ "Reticulated Python Care (Python reticulatus) – Eco Terrarium Supply". Archived from the original on 2008-12-30. Retrieved 2009-02-06.
  60. ^ "Reticulated Pythons - Boatips.com". Retrieved 2009-02-06.
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Reticulated python: Brief Summary ( englanti )

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The reticulated python (Malayopython reticulatus) is a python species native to South and Southeast Asia. It is the world's longest snake, and is among the three heaviest. It is listed as least concern on the IUCN Red List because of its wide distribution. In several countries in its range, it is hunted for its skin, for use in traditional medicine, and for sale as pets. Due to this, reticulated pythons are one of the most economically important reptiles worldwide.

It is an excellent swimmer, has been reported far out at sea, and has colonized many small islands within its range.

Like all pythons, it is a non-venomous constrictor. Adult humans have been killed (and in at least two reported cases, eaten) by reticulated pythons.

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Retbilda pitono ( Esperanto )

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Malayopython reticulatus[1], konata ankaŭ kiel (Azia) retbilda pitono,[2]Retikula pitono, estas specio de pitono troviĝanta en Sudorienta Azio. Plenkreskuloj povas kreski ĝis 6.95 m longe[3] sed normale kreskas averaĝe ĝis 3–6 m. Ii estas la plej longaj serpentoj kaj plej longaj reptilioj, sed ne estas la plej fortike konstruitaj. Kiel ĉiuj pitonoj, ili estas nevenenaj superpremuloj kaj normale ne konsiderataj danĝeraj al homoj. Kvankam grandaj specimenoj estas sufiĉe povegaj por mortigi plenkreskan homon, iliaj atakoj estas nur malofte registritaj.

Ĝi estas elstara naĝulo, kaj tiele Malayopython reticulatus estis registrita tre for mare kaj koloniigis multajn malgrandajn insulojn ene de sia teritorio. La specifa nomo, reticulatus, estas latina signife "retecaspekta", aŭ foje retikula, alude al prilaborita kolorbildo.[4]

Subspecioj

Estas agnoskitaj la jenaj subspecioj:

  • Retikula pitono, Malayopython reticulatus
    • Malayopython reticulatus reticulatus (Schneider, 1801)
    • Selajera retikula pitono, Malayopython reticulatus saputrai (Auliya, 2002)
    • Kajauda retikula pitono, Malayopython reticulatus jampeanus (Auliya, 2002)

Referencoj

Bibliografio

  • Auliya, M.A. (2003): Taxonomy, Life History and Conservation of Giant Reptiles in West Kalimantan. Ph.D. tezo, Universitato de Bonn.
  • Auliya, M.A.; Mausfeld, P.; Schmitz, A. & Böhme, W. (2002): Review of the reticulated python (Python reticulatus Schneider, 1801 (sic)) kun priskribo de nova subspecio el Indonezio. Naturwissenschaften 89(5): 201–213. COI:10.1007/s00114-002-0320-4 (HTML resumo, elektronika suplemento disponebla al subskribintoj)
  • Raven, H.C. (1946): Adventures in python country. Natural History 55: 38–41.
  • Schneider, J.G. 1801. Historiae Amphibiorum naturalis et literariae Fasciculus Secundus continens Crocodilos, Scincos, Chamaesauras, Boas, Pseudoboas, Elapes, Angues, Amphisbaenas et Caecilias. Frommann. Jena. vi + 364 pp. + 2 plates. ("[Boa] Reticulata", pp. 264–266.)
  • Shine R, Ambariyanto, Harlow PS, Mumpuni. Reticulated pythons in Sumatra: biology, harvesting and sustainability. Biol. conserv. ISSN 0006-3207. Abstract at CAT.INIST. Accessed 12 September 2007.

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Retbilda pitono: Brief Summary ( Esperanto )

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Malayopython reticulatus, konata ankaŭ kiel (Azia) retbilda pitono, aŭ Retikula pitono, estas specio de pitono troviĝanta en Sudorienta Azio. Plenkreskuloj povas kreski ĝis 6.95 m longe sed normale kreskas averaĝe ĝis 3–6 m. Ii estas la plej longaj serpentoj kaj plej longaj reptilioj, sed ne estas la plej fortike konstruitaj. Kiel ĉiuj pitonoj, ili estas nevenenaj superpremuloj kaj normale ne konsiderataj danĝeraj al homoj. Kvankam grandaj specimenoj estas sufiĉe povegaj por mortigi plenkreskan homon, iliaj atakoj estas nur malofte registritaj.

Ĝi estas elstara naĝulo, kaj tiele Malayopython reticulatus estis registrita tre for mare kaj koloniigis multajn malgrandajn insulojn ene de sia teritorio. La specifa nomo, reticulatus, estas latina signife "retecaspekta", aŭ foje retikula, alude al prilaborita kolorbildo.

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Malayopython reticulatus ( kastilia )

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La pitón reticulada (Malayopython reticulatus) es una especie de serpiente perteneciente a la familia Pythonidae, propia del sureste asiático y la Wallacea. Hay estudios genéticos que afirman que el género Python es parafilético y que esta especie debe pertenecer a un género, Malayopython.[3]

Descripción

 src=
Pitón reticulada

Es la serpiente más larga que se conoce, pudiendo sobrepasar en algunos ejemplares los 8 m y 250 kg de peso, pero en cautividad raramente superan los 6,5 metros.[cita requerida]

El Libro Guiness de los Récords tiene como la mayor serpiente descubierta una pitón reticulada capturada en la isla de Célebes, Indonesia, en 1912.[cita requerida] Superaba los 8 metros de largo al momento de ser encontrada. En el año 2004, en un parque al sur de la isla de Sumatra, también en Indonesia, se exhibió una serpiente pitón que se creía que era de mayores dimensiones (los captores clamaron 10,32 m de largo, 185 cm de perímetro y 448 kg de peso), pero posteriormente se informó de que en realidad no alcanzaba a superar el récord de 1912.[cita requerida] En septiembre de 2017 se capturó una gran pitón reticulada en la isla de Penang, Malasia, que según el Departamento de Defensa civil de ese país midió 8,56 metros de largo, los 112 centímetros de grosor y pesó 254 kg.[4]​ La pitón reticulada más grande existente actualmente en cautiverio es un ejemplar conocido como «Medusa», el cual pertenece a una casa de los horrores conocida como The Edge of Hell Haunted House ubicada en Kansas city. Este ejemplar presenta una longitud de 7,67 metros y un peso de 227,8 kg.[5][4]

La pitón reticulada posee cabeza alargada, hocico ancho y relativamente plano, además de una impresionante boca dotada de casi un centenar de dientes. Sus ojos destacan por ser de un color amarillo anaranjado con una pupila negra brillante. Posee un cuerpo robusto, fuerte y elástico con una vistosa coloración de tonos amarillos, pardos y ocres en dorso y costados, que se aclaran hasta la cara ventral, prácticamente blanca. Unas estrías negras delimitan manchas reticulares hexagonales de color pardo oscuro que se ensanchan en los laterales.[cita requerida]

Distribución

Originaria de Asia sudoriental, Indonesia y Filipinas, habita en los bosques lluviosos en zonas cercanas al agua, ya que puede nadar largas distancias. De costumbres crespusculares, se la suele encontrar en los lugares más insólitos, incluso dentro de viviendas o en bodegas de barcos.

Alimentación

 src=
Cabeza de pitón reticulada.

La pitón reticulada es carnívora; captura presas durante el crepúsculo, a las que engulle enteras. Dependiendo del tamaño de la serpiente, consumirá animales de mayor o menor volumen, entre los cuales se encuentran grandes roedores, peces y otros reptiles. Los especímenes más grandes cazan varanos, ciervos, jabalíes, pavos, e incluso leopardos. Junto con la anaconda verde, la pitón reticulada es la serpiente que puede capturar presas más grandes. Por su parte, los únicos depredadores que la cazan son tigres, leopardos y cocodrilos de suficiente tamaño en las zonas en que coinciden.

La pitón reticulada es muy ágil, rápida, y puede trepar a los árboles para cazar presas, como monos. Es de hábitos terrestres y acuáticos para soportar sus propias dimensiones. Al ser considerablemente más robusta que la anaconda, la pitón puede llegar a considerar a los humanos como presa, como así lo demuestran varios ataques, y llegar a tener la fuerza y amplitud mandibular necesaria para matar y engullir a un hombre adulto. En marzo de 2017 se reportó que una pitón reticulada de 7 metros devoró a un hombre de 25 años en la isla de Célebes, Indonesia, cuyo cadáver fue recuperado por los vecinos de esa localidad luego de la captura y muerte de la pitón, proceso que fue registrado en vídeo.[6][7]

Reproducción

Aproximadamente dos meses después del apareamiento, la hembra deposita una gran cantidad de huevos en un nido herboso, enroscándose posteriormente a su alrededor para mantener una temperatura superior a la del ambiente circundante. Después de 70 u 80 días eclosionan los huevos y salen al exterior unas crías de aproximadamente 60-70 cm, aumentando su longitud otro tanto durante los primeros cuatro-cinco años.

Vida en cautividad

Se ha de tener especial atención a la seguridad; no es una serpiente para iniciarse en la cría de reptiles, y se tendrá especial atención a su convivencia con niños y ancianos. Son ejemplares muy fuertes que podrían romper los cristales de algunos terrarios. También se ha de tener en cuenta que ha de disponer de mucho espacio debido a su gran tamaño, y puesto que le gusta nadar se tendría que habilitar una zona de baño con agua templada. La temperatura del recinto se ha de mantener en una horquilla de 25 a 30º C, rebajándola de 2 a 5º por la noche.

Los ejemplares de pitón reticulada en cautividad pueden llegar a tener una longitud de 5 metros aproximadamente. Habituadas desde jóvenes a la cautividad, son pacíficas y tranquilas con su cuidador, aunque siempre puede haber algún ejemplar mordedor que puede causar graves heridas, sobre todo en ejemplares jóvenes.

De alimentación sencilla, se irán adecuando las presas al tamaño de la serpiente. Se alimentarán fácilmente con aquellos animales vivos que habitualmente cazaría en libertad, como roedores, cobayas o pollitos, aproximadamente una vez al mes.

En cautividad pueden llegar a vivir entre veintiuno y veinticinco años.[8]

Enfermedades

Son bastante resistentes a las enfermedades, pero pueden venir infectadas desde sus lugares de captura por amebiasis bacteriana o lesiones bucales.[8]

Referencias

  1. McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  2. The reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
  3. Reynolds, Niemiller & Revell, 2014 : Toward a Tree-of-Life for the boas and pythons: Multilocus species-level phylogeny with unprecedented taxon sampling. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, vol. 71, p. 201–213.
  4. a b http://www.semana.com/mundo/articulo/capturan-a-la-que-seria-la-serpiente-mas-grande-del-mundo-en-malasia/469011
  5. http://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias/2016/04/160413_piton_malasia_am
  6. http://www.eluniverso.com/vida/2017/03/29/nota/6113992/serpiente-piton-se-traga-hombre-indonesia
  7. Rivas, J. A. & R. Y. Owens; Rivas, J. A. & R. Y Owens. (2000). «Eunectes murinus, the longest reptile in the world». Herpetological Review 31: (In press). |fechaacceso= requiere |url= (ayuda)
  8. a b Animales domésticos, Ediciones Nueva Lente
  • McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  • The reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
  • "Python reticulatus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=209567. Retrieved 12 September 2007.
  • Murphy JC, Henderson RW. 1997. Tales of Giant Snakes: A Historical Natural History of Anacondas and Pythons. Krieger Pub. Co. 221 pp. ISBN 0-89464-995-7.
  • Gotch AF. 1986. Reptiles -- Their Latin Names Explained. Poole, UK: Blandford Press. 176 pp. ISBN 0-7137-1704-1.
  • Mehrtens JM. 1987. Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. ISBN 0-8069-6460-X.
  • Stidworthy J. 1974. Snakes of the World. Grosset & Dunlap Inc. 160 pp. ISBN 0-448-11856-4.
  • Auliya M, Mausfeld P, Schmitz A, Böhme W. 2002. Review of the reticulated python (Python reticulatus Schneider, 1801) with the description of new subspecies from Indonesia. Naturwissenschaften 89: 201–213
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Malayopython reticulatus: Brief Summary ( kastilia )

tarjonnut wikipedia ES

La pitón reticulada (Malayopython reticulatus) es una especie de serpiente perteneciente a la familia Pythonidae, propia del sureste asiático y la Wallacea. Hay estudios genéticos que afirman que el género Python es parafilético y que esta especie debe pertenecer a un género, Malayopython.​

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Võrkpüüton ( viro )

tarjonnut wikipedia ET

Võrkpüüton on (Malayopython reticulatus) on maoliste liik[2] püütonlaste sugukonnast.

Kirjeldus

 src=
Soomuste muster

Võrkpüütoni seljal paiknevad ümarrombjad laigud, mida keha külgedel ääristab tumepruun hambuline triip. Ta elab tihedates metsades aga ei pelga elada ka asustatud alade läheduses- suurte linnade õuedes ja jõekallastel. Võrkpüütonid ujuvad hästi.[3] Võrkpüütoni saagiks on väiksed sõralised, närilised, linnud, koduloomad. Seda madu peetakse inimesele ohtlikuks.

Sigimisperioodil võib suguküpse emane püüton muneda 10–103 maomuna; võrkpüüton haub mune. Munadest väljuvad ligi 60 cm pikkused juveniilsed võrkpüütonid kasvavad kiiresti.

Neid on talutatud loomaaedadesse elama. "Loomade elu", V köide, lk 254 :

“ Kuid selle püütoni iseloom on küllalt leppimatu: inimestega ta ei harju ja võib hammustada teda häirinud inimest isegi pärast mitmepäevast tutvust. ”

Levila

Võrkpüüton on levinud Kagu-Aasias, Sunda saartel, Filipiinidel, Maluku saarel, Timori saarel, Jaava saarel.

Klassifikatsioon

Võrkpüütonil klassifitseeritakse Roomajate andmebaasis järgmised alamliigid[4]:

Anatoomia

1912. aastal Sulawesi saarel tapetud võrkpüüton (Broghammerus reticulatus), kelle pikkuseks mõõdeti 10,0 m, loetakse maailma pikimaks maoks.[5]

Kokkupuuted inimestega

Seda madu peetakse inimesele ohtlikuks, kuigi kirjelduste kohaselt võrkpüüton väldib kokkupuuteid inimesega ei õnnestu see mitte alati, nii on leitud Indoneesias (2017) ühe tapetud võrkpüütoni seest kadunud mehe surnukeha.[6][7]

Viited

  1. Malayopython reticulatus (SCHNEIDER, 1801), vaadatud 30. märtsil 2017
  2. Loomade elu 5:253
  3. Loomade elu 5:253
  4. Peter Uetz & Jakob Hallermann, Malayopython reticulatus (SCHNEIDER, 1801). Roomajate andmebaas. (vaadatud 21.12.2013)
  5. Mark O'Shea, Boas and Pythons of the World, lk 24, 2007. New Holland Publischers, ISBN 1-8453-7544-0, veebiversioon (vaadatud 21.12.2013) (inglise keeles)
  6. How did an Indonesian python eat a man?, BBC, 29. märts 2017, vaadatud 30. märtsil 2017
  7. Piret Kütt, Indoneesias leiti püütoni seest mehe surnukeha, Õhtuleht, 29. märts 2017, vaadatud 30. märtsil 2017
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Võrkpüüton: Brief Summary ( viro )

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Võrkpüüton on (Malayopython reticulatus) on maoliste liik püütonlaste sugukonnast.

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Pitoi sareztatu ( baski )

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Pitoi sareztatua edo pitoi handia (Python reticulatus) Python generoko animalia da. Narrastien barruko Pythonidae familian sailkatuta dago.

Sare itxuran eratutako orban horiak edo arreak eta beltzak dituena, eta neurriz 9 m inguru luze dena. Dagoen sugerik luzeena; eta pisuan ere anakonda sugea da bera baino gehiago den bakarra. Asiako hego-ekialdean, Malaiako uhartedian eta Filipinetako uharteetan bizi da, oihan hezeetan batez ere, baina herrietara ere sartzen da tarteka. Lurreko hegaztiak eta ugaztun txikiak jaten ditu. Poltsak, karterak eta erloju uhalak egiteko oso erabilia da larrua.[2]

Erreferentziak

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Pitoi sareztatu: Brief Summary ( baski )

tarjonnut wikipedia EU

Pitoi sareztatua edo pitoi handia (Python reticulatus) Python generoko animalia da. Narrastien barruko Pythonidae familian sailkatuta dago.

Sare itxuran eratutako orban horiak edo arreak eta beltzak dituena, eta neurriz 9 m inguru luze dena. Dagoen sugerik luzeena; eta pisuan ere anakonda sugea da bera baino gehiago den bakarra. Asiako hego-ekialdean, Malaiako uhartedian eta Filipinetako uharteetan bizi da, oihan hezeetan batez ere, baina herrietara ere sartzen da tarteka. Lurreko hegaztiak eta ugaztun txikiak jaten ditu. Poltsak, karterak eta erloju uhalak egiteko oso erabilia da larrua.

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Python réticulé ( ranska )

tarjonnut wikipedia FR

Malayopython reticulatus

Le python réticulé (Malayopython reticulatus) est une espèce de serpents de la famille des Pythonidae[1]. C'est un serpent de grande taille (jusqu'à au moins 9 mètres pour un poids de 140 kg pour les grands spécimens) qui se rencontre en Asie du Sud-Est.

Description

Ce serpent constricteur, l'un des plus grands serpents du monde, mesure en moyenne entre 4 et 9 m pour un poids compris entre 90 et 140 kg. Il n'est dépassé en taille que par certains anacondas. Il peut exceptionnellement atteindre 10 m, comme une femelle tuée par des indigènes à Célèbes en 1912 et mesurée par un ingénieur[2]. Par ailleurs, une femelle longue de 8,70 mètres, morte en 1963 au zoo d'Highland Park en Pennsylvanie, avait atteint un poids maximal de 145 kilos[3]. C'est une espèce massive comme tous les Pythonidae, mais malgré son poids, il reste plus élancé que d'autres constricteurs, notamment le Grand anaconda.

 src=
Python réticulé, Ménagerie du jardin des plantes, Paris

Sa robe brun clair, l'une des robes les plus richement colorées chez les serpents, comporte des motifs complexes en forme de losange brun-sombre et ocre-jaune, plus ou moins réguliers, parfois tachetés de brun, permettant des reflets irisés.

Sa tête est uniformément brun clair avec trois fines bandes noires, une sur le sommet du crâne et deux sur les côtés qui partent de ses yeux, ces derniers étant orangés. Les jeunes pythons réticulés sont plus élancés et sombres que les adultes mais possèdent les mêmes motifs[4].

Comme chez la plupart des serpents, il existe des morphes albinos. On retrouve plusieurs degrés d'albinisme. Chez les plus pâles, le brun clair est remplacé par du blanc et les motifs brun et ocre sont jaune citron. Il existe d'autres variantes où le blanc est remplacé par du gris violacé[5].

Les individus atteint de leucisme sont entièrement blancs, mais leurs yeux sont noirs et non rougeâtres comme chez les albinos[6].

C'est un serpent qui se déplace très lentement : il avance à seulement 1 km/h environ[réf. nécessaire].

Ce python peut vivre plus de trente ans[7].

Distribution et habitat

Python reticulatus Area.PNG

C'est une espèce présente dans les forêts tropicales, les lisières de forêts et les prairies attenantes, souvent à proximité de l'eau. C'est d'ailleurs un excellent nageur. Il a aussi été observé en mer loin des côtes, ce qui expliquerait comment il a pu coloniser une série de petites îles et îlots. Jusqu'au XIXe siècle, il était considéré comme commun dans certaines grandes villes asiatiques, notamment Bangkok.

Son aire de répartition englobe quasiment toute l'Asie du Sud-Est : Bengale, Bangladesh, Birmanie, Thaïlande, Cambodge, Laos, Viêt Nam, Malaisie, Brunei, Philippines et Indonésie (sauf en Nouvelle-Guinée)[8],[9].

Comportement

Alimentation

Comme la plupart des serpents cette espèce est un chasseur embusqué qui passe une grande partie de son temps partiellement caché dans l'attente d'une proie. Il chasse le plus généralement au sol, mais arrive malgré son poids important à grimper dans les arbres. Son régime alimentaire se compose principalement de mammifères moyens ou grands et d'oiseaux. Comme tous les pythons, il tue par constriction.

Les pythons de 3-4 m chassent principalement des rongeurs. Les plus gros individus chassent des viverridae (binturongs, civettes), des singes, des cervidés et des cochons sauvages. À proximité des habitations, le régime alimentaire de l'espèce inclut aussi des animaux domestiques (chiens, chats, volailles, porcs, chèvres). Parmi les récits des grosses proies mangées par un Python réticulé le plus solidement documenté fut un ours malais de 23 kg tué par un spécimen de 6,95 m et digéré en 10 semaines. Mais des cas d'absorptions de proies plus grosses encore ont été rapportées. En mars 2017, un jeune cultivateur de 25 ans a été tué par un python réticulé de 7 m à Karossa, dans la province de Sulawesi occidental en Indonésie. Son corps a été retrouvé entier dans le serpent mort. L’outil et une botte du cultivateur qui se trouvaient à côté du serpent qui avait du mal à se déplacer en raison de son ventre qui avait grossi, a permis de comprendre le drame dont a été victime le cultivateur[10].

Reproduction

Cette espèce est ovipare. Le mâle fait sa cour à la femelle en la couvrant de caresses jusqu'à ce qu'elle soit consentante[11]. La femelle pond entre 15 et 80 œufs, rarement jusqu'à 100. Leur température d'incubation est de 31-32 °C et ils mettent en moyenne 88 jours pour éclore. Les femelles (généralement plus grosses que les mâles) défendent farouchement leur ponte, qu'elles protègent dans leurs anneaux[12]. Les serpenteaux nouveau-nés mesurent alors entre 50 et 60 cm, rarement 1 m de long. Après leur éclosion, la mère les ignore[13].

 src=
Différents milieux de vie du Python réticulé : sous-bois, cours d'eau en zone tropicale humide. Parc national de Kaeng Krachan, Thaïlande

Le Python réticulé et l'Homme

Menaces

Cette espèce de pythons est chassée pour sa peau. Sa robe aux motifs complexes en fait le serpent le plus vendu pour la confection d'articles en cuir. En effet, environ 350 000 peaux sont exportées chaque année, principalement pour alimenter le marché européen (Italie, France et Espagne)[14]. En 2004 l'Union européenne, pour éviter l'extinction de l'espèce et en raison des conditions d'abattage, interdit l'exportation vers l'Europe des peaux prélevées sur les pythons de Malaisie. Un trafic illégal qui transite par Singapour et la Turquie s'est mis en place pour contourner l'interdiction et alimenter ainsi l'industrie du luxe européen, trafic facilité par l'absence d'un système de traçabilité efficace[15].

Protection

L'espèce est classée en annexe II de la CITES[16].

Élevage en captivité

Le Python réticulé est élevé dans des parcs zoologiques ou des particuliers amateurs de terrariophilie.

Liste des sous-espèces

Selon Reptarium Reptile Database (12 février 2014)[17] :

Étymologie

La sous-espèce Malayopython reticulatus saputrai est nommée en l'honneur de George T. Saputra[18]. La sous-espèce Malayopython reticulatus jampeanus est nommée en référence au lieu de sa découverte, l'île de Tanahjampea[18].

Publications originales

  • Auliya, Mausfeld, Schmitz & Böhme, 2002 : Review of the reticulated python (Python reticulatus Schneider, 1801) with the description of new subspecies from Indonesia. Naturwissenschaften, vol. 89, p. 201–213 (texte intégral).
  • Schneider, 1801 : Historiae Amphibiorum naturalis et literariae. Fasciculus secundus continens Crocodilos, Scincos, Chamaesauras, Boas. Pseudoboas, Elapes, Angues. Amphisbaenas et Caecilias. Frommani, Jena, p. 1-374 (texte intégral).

Notes et références

  1. Reptarium Reptile Database, consulté lors d'une mise à jour du lien externe
  2. Stéphane Frattini, Tous les serpents du monde, Milan, 2002, (ISBN 2745906984)
  3. Livre Guiness des Records, Éditions No 1, 1990 p. 50
  4. « Malayopython reticulatus », sur The Reptile Database (consulté le 2 juin 2021)
  5. « Python Réticulé Photos et images de collection - Getty Images », sur www.gettyimages.fr (consulté le 2 juin 2021)
  6. « Le python réticuler :: P-A-V-D Protection des Animaux en Voie de Disparition », sur p-a-v-d-association.webnode.fr (consulté le 2 juin 2021)
  7. Collectif (trad. Martine Lamy), Le règne animal, Gallimard Jeunesse, octobre 2002, 624 p. (ISBN 2-07-055151-2), Python réticulé page 384
  8. « Malayopython reticulatus (Schneider, 1801) », sur www.gbif.org (consulté le 2 juin 2021)
  9. (en) « Reticulated Python », sur iucnredlist.org, 2021 (consulté le 2 juin 2021)
  10. https://www.ouest-france.fr/societe/faits-divers/indonesie-un-homme-retrouve-entier-dans-le-ventre-d-un-python-4891735
  11. Dominique Martiré et Franck Merlier, Guide des animaux des parcs animaliers, Belin, 2017, 352 p. (ISBN 978-2-410-00922-4), Python réticulé page 207
  12. (en) « Gallery / RainForest Adventures », sur RainForest Adventures (consulté le 12 septembre 2020).
  13. Chris Mattison (trad. Yvan Ineich et Annemarie Ohler), Serpents, autres reptiles et amphibiens, Larousse, 2015, 352 p. (ISBN 978-2-03-589883-8), Python réticulé page 29
  14. (en) « Python Trade Influenced by Fashion Industry », Environmental News Network,‎ 9 janvier 2013 (lire en ligne, consulté le 26 mai 2013)
  15. Malaisie à fleur de peau sur le site www.lemonde.fr (consulté le 1er janvier 2015)
  16. Python reticulatus (Schneider, 1801) sur le site Internet de la CITES, consulté le 26 mai 2013.
  17. Reptarium Reptile Database, consulté le 12 février 2014
  18. a et b Auliya, Mausfeld, Schmitz & Böhme, 2002 : Review of the reticulated python (Python reticulatus Schneider, 1801) with the description of new subspecies from Indonesia. Naturwissenschaften, vol. 89, p. 201–213 (texte intégral).
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Python réticulé: Brief Summary ( ranska )

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Malayopython reticulatus

Le python réticulé (Malayopython reticulatus) est une espèce de serpents de la famille des Pythonidae. C'est un serpent de grande taille (jusqu'à au moins 9 mètres pour un poids de 140 kg pour les grands spécimens) qui se rencontre en Asie du Sud-Est.

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Pitón reticulado ( galicia )

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O pitón reticulado[3] (Python reticulatus) é unha cobra pertencente á familia Pythonidae, propia do Sueste asiático e a Wallacea. Hai estudos xenéticos que afirman que o xénero Python é parafilético e que esta especie debe pertencer a un xénero novo, Malayopython.[4]

Descrición

 src=
Pitón reticulado.

É a cobra cos exemplares de máis lonxitude que se coñecen, podendo exceder algúns os 8 m e 135 kg de peso, pero en catividade raramente superan os 6.5 metros.

Existe un debate aínda na sobre cal é a meirande cobra. Algúns están a favor da pitón e outros da anaconda. A anaconda é a serpe máis pesada; porén, os exemplares máis longos atopados foron de pitón reticulado.

Distribución

Orixinario de Asia suroriental, Indonesia e Filipinas, este pitón habita en selvas húmidas entre pólas semidescompostas das árbores e zonas próximas á auga, xa que pode nadar longas distancias. De costumes nocturnos, é posible atopalos nos lugares máis insólitos, mesmo dentro de vivendas ou en adegas de barcos.

Notas

  1. McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  2. The reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
  3. Definicións no Dicionario da Real Academia Galega e no Portal das Palabras para pitón.
  4. Reynolds, Niemiller & Revell, 2014 : Toward a Tree-of-Life for the boas and pythons: Multilocus species-level phylogeny with unprecedented taxon sampling. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, vol. 71, p. 201–213.

Véxase tamén

Bibliografía

  • Auliya MA (2003). Taxonomy, Life History and Conservation of Giant Reptiles in West Kalimantan. Ph.D. thesis, Universidade de Bonn.
  • Auliya MA, Mausfeld P, Schmitz A, Böhme W (2002). "Review of the reticulated python (Python reticulatus Schneider, 1801[sic]) with the description of new subspecies from Indonesia". Naturwissenschaften 89 (5): 201–213. doi 10.1007/s00114-002-0320-4 (HTML abstract, electronic supplement available to subscribers).
  • Raven HC (1946). "Adventures in python country". Natural History 55: 38–41.
  • Schneider JG (1801). Historiae Amphibiorum naturalis et literariae Fasciculus Secundus continens Crocodilos, Scincos, Chamaesauras, Boas, Pseudoboas, Elapes, Angues, Amphisbaenas et Caecilias. Jena: Frommann. vi + 364 pp. + 2 plates. ("[Boa] Reticulata", new species, pp. 264–266). (en latín)
  • Shine R, Ambariyanto, Harlow PS, Mumpuni (1999). "Reticulated pythons in Sumatra: biology, harvesting and sustainability". Biol. conserv. 87 (3): 349-357. ISSN 0006-3207. Abstract at CAT.INIST. Consultado o 12 de setembro de 2007.
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Pitón reticulado: Brief Summary ( galicia )

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O pitón reticulado (Python reticulatus) é unha cobra pertencente á familia Pythonidae, propia do Sueste asiático e a Wallacea. Hai estudos xenéticos que afirman que o xénero Python é parafilético e que esta especie debe pertencer a un xénero novo, Malayopython.

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Sanca kembang ( Indonesia )

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Sanca kembang atau sanca batik atau disebut juga sanca timur laut adalah sejenis ular dari suku Pythonidae yang berukuran besar dan memiliki ukuran tubuh terpanjang di antara ular lain. Ukuran terbesarnya dikatakan dapat melebihi 8.5 meter dan merupakan ular terpanjang di dunia.[1] Lebih panjang dari anakonda (Eunectes), ular terbesar dan terpanjang di Amerika Selatan. Nama-nama lainnya adalah ular sanca; ular sawah; sawah-n-etem (Simeulue); ular petola (Ambon); dan dalam bahasa Inggris reticulated python atau kerap disingkat retics. Sedangkan nama ilmiahnya yang sebelumnya adalah Python reticulatus, kini diubah genusnya menjadi Malayopython reticulatus.[2]

Identifikasi

Sanca kembang ini mudah dikenali karena umumnya bertubuh besar. Keluarga sanca (Pythonidae) relatif mudah dibedakan dari ular-ular lain dengan melihat sisik-sisik dorsalnya yang lebih dari 45 deret, dan sisik-sisik ventralnya yang lebih sempit dari lebar sisi bawah tubuhnya. Di Indonesia barat, ada tiga spesies bertubuh gendut pendek yakni kelompok ular peraca (Python curtus group: P. curtus, P. brongersmai dan P. breitensteini) di Sumatra, Kalimantan dan Semenanjung Malaya.

Dua spesies yang lain bertubuh relatif panjang, pejal berotot: P. molurus (sanca bodo) dan M. reticulatus. Kedua-duanya menyebar dari Asia hingga Sunda Besar, termasuk Jawa. P. molurus memiliki pola kembangan yang berbeda dari reticulatus, terutama dengan adanya pola V besar berwarna gelap di atas kepalanya. Sanca kembang memiliki pola lingkaran-lingkaran besar berbentuk jala (reticula, jala), tersusun dari warna-warna hitam, kecoklatan, kuning dan putih di sepanjang sisi dorsal tubuhnya. Satu garis hitam tipis berjalan di atas kepala dari moncong hingga tengkuk, menyerupai garis tengah yang membagi dua kanan kiri kepala secara simetris. Dan masing-masing satu garis hitam lain yang lebih tebal berada di tiap sisi kepala, melewati mata ke belakang.

Sisik-sisik dorsal (punggung) tersusun dalam 70-80 deret; sisik-sisik ventral (perut) sebanyak 297-332 buah, dari bawah leher hingga ke anus; sisik subkaudal (sisi bawah ekor) 75-102 pasang. Perisai rostral (sisik di ujung moncong) dan empat perisai supralabial (sisik-sisik di bibir atas) terdepan memiliki lekuk (celah) pendeteksi panas (heat sensor pits) (Tweedie 1983).

Biologi dan persebaran

Sanca kembang terhitung ular terpanjang di dunia. Ular terpanjang yang terkonfirmasi berukuran 6.95 m di Balikpapan, Kalimantan Timur[1] sedangkan berat maksimal yang tercatat adalah 158 kg (347.6 lbs). Ular sanca termasuk ular yang berumur panjang, hingga lebih dari 25 tahun.

Ular-ular betina memiliki tubuh yang lebih besar. Jika yang jantan telah mulai kawin pada panjang tubuh sekitar 7-9 kaki, yang betina baru pada panjang sekitar 11 kaki. Dewasa kelamin tercapai pada umur antara 2-4 tahun.

Musim kawin berlangsung antara September hingga Maret di Asia. Berkurangnya panjang siang hari dan menurunnya suhu udara merupakan faktor pendorong yang merangsang musim kawin. Namun, musim ini dapat bervariasi dari satu tempat ke tempat lain. Shine et al. 1999 mendapatkan bahwa sanca kembang di sekitar Palembang, Sumatra Selatan, bertelur antara September-Oktober; sementara di sekitar Medan, Sumatra Utara antara bulan April-Mei.

Jantan maupun betina akan berpuasa di musim kawin, sehingga ukuran tubuh menjadi hal yang penting di sini. Betina bahkan akan melanjutkan puasa hingga bertelur, dan sangat mungkin juga hingga telur menetas (McCurley 1999).

Sanca kembang bertelur antara 10 hingga sekitar 100 butir. Telur-telur ini ‘dierami’ pada suhu 88-90 °F (31-32 °C) selama 80-90 hari, bahkan bisa lebih dari 100 hari. Ular betina akan melingkari telur-telur ini sambil berkontraksi. Gerakan otot ini menimbulkan panas yang akan meningkatkan suhu telur beberapa derajat di atas suhu lingkungan. Betina akan menjaga telur-telur ini dari pemangsa hingga menetas. Namun hanya sampai itu saja; begitu menetas, bayi-bayi ular itu ditinggalkan dan nasibnya diserahkan ke alam.

Sanca kembang menyebar di hutan-hutan Asia Tenggara. Mulai dari Kep. Nikobar, Burma hingga ke Indochina; ke selatan melewati Semenanjung Malaya hingga ke Sumatra, Kalimantan, Jawa, Nusa Tenggara (hingga Timor), Sulawesi; dan ke utara hingga Filipina (Murphy and Henderson 1997).

Sanca kembang memiliki tiga subspesies. Selain M.r. reticulatus yang hidup menyebar luas, dua lagi adalah M.r. jampeanus yang menyebar terbatas di Pulau Tanah Jampea dan M.r. saputrai yang menyebar terbatas di Kepulauan Selayar. Kedua-duanya di lepas pantai selatan Sulawesi Selatan.[2]

Ekologi

Sanca kembang hidup di hutan-hutan tropis yang lembap (Mattison, 1999). Ular ini bergantung pada ketersediaan air, sehingga kerap ditemui tidak jauh dari badan air seperti sungai, kolam dan rawa.

Makanan utamanya adalah mamalia kecil, burung dan reptilia lain seperti biawak. Ular yang kecil memangsa kodok, kadal dan ikan. Ular-ular berukuran besar dilaporkan memangsa anjing, monyet, babi hutan, rusa, bahkan manusia yang ‘tersesat’ ke tempatnya menunggu mangsa (Mattison 1999, Murphy and Henderson 1997, Shine et al. 1999). Ular ini lebih senang menunggu daripada aktif berburu, barangkali karena ukuran tubuhnya yang besar menghabiskan banyak energi.

Mangsa dilumpuhkan dengan melilitnya kuat-kuat (constricting) hingga mati kehabisan napas. Beberapa tulang di lingkar dada dan panggul mungkin patah karenanya. Kemudian setelah mati mangsa ditelan bulat-bulat mulai dari kepalanya.

Setelah makan, terutama setelah menelan mangsa yang besar, ular ini akan berpuasa beberapa hari hingga beberapa bulan hingga ia lapar kembali. Seekor sanca yang dipelihara di Regent’s Park pada tahun 1926 menolak untuk makan selama 23 bulan, tetapi setelah itu ia normal kembali (Murphy and Henderson 1997).

Taksonomi

Penelitian Filogenetik terbaru mendapatkan hasil yang sangat mencengangkan, bahwa Ular Sanca Kembang dan Ular Sanca Timor ternyata lebih dekat dengan Australasian Python dibanding dengan genus Sanca sejati yang lain.Sehingga Ular Sanca Kembang dan Ular Sanca Timor dimasukkan dalam genus baru, yaitu Broghammerus. Namun, pada tahun 2013-2014, para ilmuwan melakukan studi DNA lagi sampai akhirnya kedua ular ini dimasukkan dalam genus baru lagi, yakni Malayopython.[2]

Sanca dan Manusia

Sanca --terutama yang kecil-- kerap dipelihara orang karena relatif jinak dan indah kulitnya. Pertunjukan rakyat, seperti topeng monyet, seringkali membawa seekor sanca kembang yang telah jinak untuk dipamerkan. Sirkus lokal juga kadang-kadang membawa sanca berukuran besar untuk dipamerkan atau disewakan untuk diambil fotonya.

Sanca banyak diburu orang untuk diambil kulitnya yang indah dan bermutu baik. Lebih dari 500.000 potong kulit sanca kembang diperdagangkan setiap tahunnya. Sebagian besar kulit-kulit ini diekspor dari Indonesia, dengan sumber utama Sumatra dan Kalimantan. Semua adalah hasil tangkapan di alam liar.

Jelas perburuan sanca ini sangat mengkhawatirkan karena mengurangi populasinya di alam. Catatan dari penangkapan ular komersial di Sumatra mendapatkan bahwa sanca kembang yang ditangkap ukurannya bervariasi antara 1 m hingga 6 m, dengan rata-rata ukuran untuk jantan 2.5 m dan betina antara 3.1 m (Medan) – 3.6 m (Palembang). Kira-kira sepertiga dari betina tertangkap dalam keadaan reproduktif (Shine et al. 1999). Hingga saat ini, ular ini belum dilindungi undang-undang. CITES (konvensi perdagangan hidupan liar yang terancam) memasukkannya ke dalam Apendiks II.

Lihat pula

Referensi

  1. ^ a b Fredriksson, G. M. (2005). "Predation on Sun Bears by Reticulated Python in East Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo". Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 53 (1): 165–168.
  2. ^ a b c Reticulated Python at Reptile Database

Bacaan lanjutan

  • Malayophyton reticulatus @ Reptile Database
  • Mattison, C. 1999. Snake. New York, NY: DK publishing, Inc..
  • Murphy, J., R. Henderson. 1997. Tales of Giant Snakes. Malabar, Fl: Krieger publishing company.
  • Shine, R., Ambariyanto, PS Harlow, Mumpuni. 1999. Reticulated pythons in Sumatra, harvesting and sustainability. Biological Conservation, 87: 349-357.
  • Shine, R., P.S. Harlow, J. Keogh, Boeadi. 1998. The influence of sex and body size on food habits of giant tropical snake, Python reticulatus. Functional Ecology, 12: 248-258.
  • Tweedie, MWF. 1983. The Snakes of Malaya. Singapore National Printers.
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Sanca kembang: Brief Summary ( Indonesia )

tarjonnut wikipedia ID

Sanca kembang atau sanca batik atau disebut juga sanca timur laut adalah sejenis ular dari suku Pythonidae yang berukuran besar dan memiliki ukuran tubuh terpanjang di antara ular lain. Ukuran terbesarnya dikatakan dapat melebihi 8.5 meter dan merupakan ular terpanjang di dunia. Lebih panjang dari anakonda (Eunectes), ular terbesar dan terpanjang di Amerika Selatan. Nama-nama lainnya adalah ular sanca; ular sawah; sawah-n-etem (Simeulue); ular petola (Ambon); dan dalam bahasa Inggris reticulated python atau kerap disingkat retics. Sedangkan nama ilmiahnya yang sebelumnya adalah Python reticulatus, kini diubah genusnya menjadi Malayopython reticulatus.

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Malayopython reticulatus ( Italia )

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Il pitone reticolato (Malayopython reticulatus (Schneider, 1801)) è un grande serpente della famiglia Pythonidae[2] diffuso nell'Asia sud-orientale.

In termini di lunghezza è il serpente più lungo del mondo, raggiungendo di media i 6 metri, con rari casi di pitoni che superano i 7 metri. In termini di grandezza, è secondo solo all'anaconda verde, è quest'ultima infatti il più pesante e massiccio di tutti i serpenti.[3]

Descrizione

 src=
Dettaglio del capo

Il pitone reticolato è piuttosto sottile, con il capo grosso, spianato e staccato molto chiaramente dal collo. Visto da sopra il capo appare allungato con muso arrotondato e narici disposte lateralmente. La coda occupa circa il 13–14 % dell'intera lunghezza. Il rostrale è visibile da sopra. I praefrontalia anteriori sono parimenti grandi e più lunghi che larghi. Dietro segue una banda di squame irregolarmente formate, che verosimilmente rappresentano i praefrontalia posteriori. Il frontale stesso è grosso ed ovale e frequentemente diviso da una sutura. I supraocularia sono grossi e il più delle volte indivisi. I parietalia numerosi e piccoli.[4] Questo pitone è il serpente più lungo del mondo, misurando da 4,5 a 9 metri, e anche uno dei più pesanti, arrivando fino a 140 kg. Ha il corpo giallo o dorato, a disegni neri, ed è ben fornito di fosse labiali termosensibili. È un abile nuotatore e arrampicatore, ma passa più tempo a terra che in acqua (al contrario della sua controparte sudamericana, l'anaconda), allontanandosi di rado dalla sua tana.

Biologia

Il pitone reticolato vive in zone umide come le foreste pluviali e lo si può trovare in laghetti poco profondi o pozzanghere nelle foreste. Spesso si avvicina ai centri abitati attraverso i canali e le vie d'acqua, dove facilmente trova disponibili le prede più comuni di questi ambienti, i ratti.

Alimentazione

 src=
Un pitone mentre digerisce la sua preda

Il pitone reticolato si nutre di una grande varietà di prede, che spaziano dal topo all'antilope, passando per uccelli, sauri, serpenti, rane, grossi pesci e perfino coccodrilli. E dal 2017 in Indonesia si è scoperto che può divorare perfino l'essere umano adulto.

Riproduzione

La femmina depone 50-70 uova che incuba in alberi cavi o camere sotterranee.

Vita

Può anche raggiungere i 30 anni di età.

Conservazione

I grossi esemplari sono sempre più rari, perché a lungo oggetto di caccia da parte dell'uomo che ne commerciava la pelle.

Note

  1. ^ (EN) Stuart, B., Thy, N., Chan-Ard, T., Nguyen, T.Q., Grismer, L., Auliya, M., Das, I. & Wogan, G., Python reticulatus, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ Malayopython reticulatus, su The Reptile Database. URL consultato il 28 luglio 2014.
  3. ^ Jenni Bruce, Karen McGhee, Luba Vangelova e Richard Vogt, L'Enciclopedia degli animali, Milano, Areagroup media, 2005.
  4. ^ (EN) J. G. Walls: The Living Pythons. T. F. H. Publications, 1998: p. 159 e segg.

Bibliografia

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Malayopython reticulatus: Brief Summary ( Italia )

tarjonnut wikipedia IT

Il pitone reticolato (Malayopython reticulatus (Schneider, 1801)) è un grande serpente della famiglia Pythonidae diffuso nell'Asia sud-orientale.

In termini di lunghezza è il serpente più lungo del mondo, raggiungendo di media i 6 metri, con rari casi di pitoni che superano i 7 metri. In termini di grandezza, è secondo solo all'anaconda verde, è quest'ultima infatti il più pesante e massiccio di tutti i serpenti.

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Tinklinis pitonas ( Liettua )

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Binomas Python reticulatus

Tinklinis pitonas (lot. Python reticulatus) – pitoninių (Pythonidae) šeimos žvynaroplis (Squamata). Gyvena Pietryčių Azijoje, Mianmare, Filipinų salose. Patys didžiausi indvidai išauga iki 10 m ilgio, bet paprastai būna 4-8 m. Yra duomenų ir apie daugiau nei 16 m ilgio tinklinius pitonus. Tai didžiausia pagal dydį gyvatė pasaulyje ir antra pagal svorį po žaliosios anakondos (Eunectes murinus). Gerai plaukioja. Žmonių vengia, nes suaugęs žmogus jam per didelis grobis. Jie vos praryja 10-15 kg kiaulę ar ožką. Vikiteka

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Tinklinis pitonas: Brief Summary ( Liettua )

tarjonnut wikipedia LT

Tinklinis pitonas (lot. Python reticulatus) – pitoninių (Pythonidae) šeimos žvynaroplis (Squamata). Gyvena Pietryčių Azijoje, Mianmare, Filipinų salose. Patys didžiausi indvidai išauga iki 10 m ilgio, bet paprastai būna 4-8 m. Yra duomenų ir apie daugiau nei 16 m ilgio tinklinius pitonus. Tai didžiausia pagal dydį gyvatė pasaulyje ir antra pagal svorį po žaliosios anakondos (Eunectes murinus). Gerai plaukioja. Žmonių vengia, nes suaugęs žmogus jam per didelis grobis. Jie vos praryja 10-15 kg kiaulę ar ožką. Vikiteka

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Ular Sawa Batik ( Malaiji )

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Ular Sawa Batik (Python reticulatus)[3], juga dikenali sebagai Ular sawa rendam,[4] ialah satu spesies ular sawa yang ditemui di Asia Tenggara. Yang dewasa boleh tumbuh mencecah 6.95 m (22.8 ka) panjangnya[5] tetapi lazimnya tumbuh hingga purata 3–6 m (10–20 kaki). Inilah spesies ular dan reptilia yang terpanjang di dunia, tetapi bukanlah yang paling besar badan. Seperti semua ular sawa, ular sawa rendam merupakan penjerut dan biasanya tidak dianggap berbahaya kepada manusia. Walaupun spesimen besar cukup kuat untuk membunuh manusia dewasa, namun serangan terhadap manusia agak jarang.

Nama spesifiknya,reticulatus, dalam bahasa Latin bermaksud "seakan jaring", atau berselirat, dan memaksudkan corak warnanya yang kompleks.[6]

Keterangan

 src=
Kepala P. reticulatus

Spesies ini merupakan ular terbesar yang asli di Asia. Secara amnya, ular sawa rendam dengan kepanjangan melebihi 6 m (20 ka) agak jarang, namun menurut Guinness Book of World Records, inilah satu-satunya ular masih wujud yang sering mencecah kepanjangan itu.[7] Salah seekor spesimen yang paling panjang ukuran saintifiknya, iaitu dari Balikpapan, Kalimantan Timur, Indonesia, diukur dalam keadaan anestesia pada 6.95 m (22.8 ka) dan ditimbang pada 59 kg (130 lb) setelah tiga bulan tanpa makan.[5] Widely

 src=
Skull diagram

Corak warnanya merupakan corak geometri kompleks yang menerapkan berbagai-bagai warna. Bahagian belakangnya lazimnya mempunyai serantaian bentuk-bentuk daiman yang tidak sekata, diapit oleh tanda-tanda kecil yang berpusat terang. Oleh sebab spesies ini luas tertabur, maka sudah tentu terdapat banyak kelainan dari segi saiz, warna dan corak.

Ular sawa yang dipamerkan dalam zoo biarpun kelihatan menyilau warna kulitnya, tetapi dalam persekitaran hutan yang berbayang-bayang di tengah-tengah daun gugur dan puing, corak kulitnya membolehkan ular ini menjadi seakan-akan halimunan. Inilah yang dinamakan pewarnaan disruptif yang melindungi ular ini daripada pemangsa sambil membantunya menangkap mangsa.[8]

Taburan geografi

Ular sawa rendam ditemui di Asia Tenggara mulai Kepulauan Nicobar, India timur laut, Bangladesh, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Kemboja, Vietnam, Malaysia dan Singapura, timur melalui Indonesia dan Kepulauan Indo-Australia (Sumatra, Kepulauan Mentawa, Kepulauan Natuna, Borneo, Sulawesi,Jawa, Lombok, Sumbawa, Sumba, Flores, Timor, Maluku, Tanimbar) dan Filipina (Basilan, Bohol, Cebu, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Palawan, Panay, Polillo, Samar, Tawi-Tawi). [2]

Tiga subspesies telah diusulkan,[9] tetapi tidak diiktiraf dalam Sistem Maklumat Taksonomi Bersepadu (ITIS). Warna dan saiznya mungkin banyak bezanya antara subspesies-subspesies yang diperikan. Lokasi geografi ialah petua yang baik dalam memantapkan subspesies kerana setiap satunya ada taburan geografi yang berbeza.

Habitat

Ular sawa rendam tinggal di hutan hujan, hutan jarang, dan padang rumput yang berdekatan. Ular ini juga dikaitkan dengan sungai dan dijumpai di kawasan-kawasan yang dekat dengan anak sungai dan tasik. Sebagai perenang yang mahir, ular sawa ini turut dilaporkan wujud di tengah-tengah laut dan oleh itu menduduki banyak pulau kecil dalam julatnya.[8] Pada awal abad ke-20, adalah dikatakan bahawa ular sawa turut dijumpai di kawasan-kawasan yang sibuk di Bangkok, kadang-kadang memakan haiwan peliharaan.[10]

Pemakanan

Makanan semula jadi ular ini termasuk mamalia dan adakalanya burung. Spesimen-spesimen kecil sepanjang 3–4 m (10–14 kaki) makan terutamanya rodensia seperti tikus, manakala individu yang lebih tinggi beralih kepada mangsa-mangsa besar seperti musang, binturung, mawas dan babi. Dekat petempatan manusia, ular ini diketahui adakalanya merampas ayam, kucing dan anjing yang merayau-rayau. Antara mangsa terbesar yang didokumenkan dengan lengkap ialah seekor beruang madu separa lapar yang seberat 23 kilogram yang dimakan oleh spesimen berukuran 6.95 m (23 kaki) dan memakan sepuluh minggu untuk habis dihadam, di samping babi-babi yang beratnya melebihi 60 kg (132 lb).[11] Kebiasaannya, ular-ular ini kelihatan mampu menelan mangsa sebanyak ¼ panjangnya, dan sehingga sama beratnya.[12] Seperti ular-ular sawa yang lain, ular sawa rendam lazimnya merupakan pemburu hendap yang menunggu hingga mangsa muncul di dalam julat serangan sebelum menangkapnya dengan lingkaran lalu menjerutnya hingga mati. Bagaimanapun, terdapat sekurang-kurangnya satu kes yang dilaporkan tentang seekor ular sawa yang memasuki pondok hutan dan merampas seorang kanak-kanak.[13]

Pembiakan

Ular betina mengeluarkan 15 hingga 80 biji telur dalam sekali. Pada suhu eraman terbaik sekitar 31–32 °C (88–90 °F), telur-telur ini memakan masa 88 hari untuk menetas.[14] Anak yang baru menetas tidak kurang 2 kaki (61 cm) panjangnya.[10]

Taksonomi

 src=
Hasil kulit ular sawa Burma (Python molurus bivittatus) dan ular sawa rendam di Mandalay, Myanmar

Tiga subspesies mungkin ditemui, termasuk yang baru:

  • P. r. reticulatus, Schneider (1801) – Dipanggil "retik" dalam bidang penternakan ular.
  • P. r. jampeanus, Auliya et al. (2002) – Ular sawa kerdil Kayaudi atau retik Jampea, sekitar separuh panjangnya,[14] atau menurut Auliya et al. (2002), tidak menjangkau kepanjangan 2 m.[9] Ditemui di Tanahjampea di Kepulauan Selayar di selatan Sulawesi. Bersaudara rapat dengan P. r. reticulatus di Kepulauan Nusa Tenggara.[9]
  • P. r. saputrai, Auliya et al. (2002) – ular sawa Selayer atau retik Selayer. Ditemui di Pulau Selayar di Kepulauan Selayar dan juga Sulawesi yang berdekatan. Subspesies ini mewakili keturunan beradik kepada semua populasi ular sawa rendam lain yang diuji.[9] Menurut Auliya et al. (2002) ia tidak mencecah kepanjangan 4 m.[9]

Rujukan

  1. ^ ITIS (Integrated Taxonomic Information System). www.itis.gov.
  2. ^ a b McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  3. ^ Journal of Bioscience, Volumes 15-16, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2004 - Life sciences
  4. ^ "Python reticulatus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Dicapai 12 September 2007.
  5. ^ a b Fredriksson, G. M. (2005). "Predation on Sun Bears by Reticulated Python in East Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo". Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 53 (1): 165–168.
  6. ^ Gotch AF. 1986. Reptiles – Their Latin Names Explained. Poole, UK: Blandford Press. ISBN 0-7137-1704-1.
  7. ^ Wood, Gerald (1983). The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9.
  8. ^ a b Mehrtens JM. 1987. Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. ISBN 0-8069-6460-X.
  9. ^ a b c d e Auliya, M. (2002-04-09). "Review of the reticulated python (Python reticulatus Schneider, 1801) with the description of new subspecies from Indonesia". Naturwissenschaften. 89 (5): 201–213. doi:10.1007/s00114-002-0320-4. Dicapai 2012-04-08. Parameter |coauthors= tidak diketahui diabaikan (guna |author=) (bantuan)
  10. ^ a b Stidworthy J. 1974. Snakes of the World. Grosset & Dunlap Inc. 160 pp. ISBN 0-448-11856-4.
  11. ^ Shine R, Harlow PS, Keogh JS, Boeadi NI. (1998). The influence of sex and body size on food habits of a giant tropical snake, Python reticulatus. Functional Ecology12:248–258.
  12. ^ Fredriksson, Gabriella M. (2005). "Predation on Sun Bears by Reticulated Python in East Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo" (PDF). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 53 (1): 165–168.
  13. ^ Headland, T. N.; Greene, H. W. (2011). "Hunter–gatherers and other primates as prey, predators, and competitors of snakes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (52): E1470. doi:10.1073/pnas.1115116108.
  14. ^ a b Mattison, Christopher (1999): Snake. DK Publishing. ISBN 0-7894-4660-X.

Bacaan lanjut

  • Auliya, M.A. (2003): Taxonomy, Life History and Conservation of Giant Reptiles in West Kalimantan. Ph.D. thesis, University of Bonn.
  • Auliya, M.A.; Mausfeld, P.; Schmitz, A. & Böhme, W. (2002): Review of the reticulated python (Python reticulatus Schneider, 1801 [sic]) with the description of new subspecies from Indonesia. Naturwissenschaften 89(5): 201–213.doi:10.1007/s00114-002-0320-4 (HTML abstract, electronic supplement available to subscribers)
  • Raven, H.C. (1946): Adventures in python country. Natural History 55: 38–41.
  • Shine R, Ambariyanto, Harlow PS, Mumpuni. Reticulated pythons in Sumatra: biology, harvesting and sustainability. Biol. conserv. ISSN 0006-3207. Abstract at CAT.INIST. Accessed 12 September 2007.

Pautan luar

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Ular Sawa Batik: Brief Summary ( Malaiji )

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Ular Sawa Batik (Python reticulatus), juga dikenali sebagai Ular sawa rendam, ialah satu spesies ular sawa yang ditemui di Asia Tenggara. Yang dewasa boleh tumbuh mencecah 6.95 m (22.8 ka) panjangnya tetapi lazimnya tumbuh hingga purata 3–6 m (10–20 kaki). Inilah spesies ular dan reptilia yang terpanjang di dunia, tetapi bukanlah yang paling besar badan. Seperti semua ular sawa, ular sawa rendam merupakan penjerut dan biasanya tidak dianggap berbahaya kepada manusia. Walaupun spesimen besar cukup kuat untuk membunuh manusia dewasa, namun serangan terhadap manusia agak jarang.

Nama spesifiknya,reticulatus, dalam bahasa Latin bermaksud "seakan jaring", atau berselirat, dan memaksudkan corak warnanya yang kompleks.

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Píton-reticulada ( portugali )

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 src=
Píton reticulada

A píton-reticulada (Python reticulatus) é uma espécie de serpente da família das pítons encontrada no Sudeste da Ásia. São as segundas maiores cobras do mundo, sendo mais leves que as Anacondas e os répteis mais longos da atualidade e uma das três cobras mais pesadas. Assim como todas as pítons, são constritoras não-venenosas e normalmente não são consideradas perigosas aos humanos, embora já tenha alguns poucos casos documentados de pessoas mortas.

A Python reticulatus é uma cobra muito adaptável e com uma grande capacidade de se espalhar pelo ambiente. Já foram relatados casos da P. reticulatus nadando longas distâncias em rios, atravessando uma ilha para a outra.

Descrição

Seu comprimento normalmente varia entre 5 a 7 metros, enquanto o peso varia de 1 a 160 quilogramas, sendo considerada a maior cobra nativa da Ásia.

De acordo com o Guinness Book of Records, o animal mais longo da espécie a ser oficialmente medido e registrado foi "Medusa", de 7,62 metros. Medusa pesa 158,8 quilogramas. Outra serpente, "Twinkie", media aproximadamente 6 metros e pesava quase 158,7 quilos. Um exemplar que supostamente ultrapassará Medusa em comprimento, é "Samantha" de 6 metros e 136 quilos mas como tem apenas 6 anos pode superar Medusa.

Possui um padrão geométrico complexo de cores, com tons e formas variados. Pela ampla distribuição geográfica da P. reticulatus a variação das cores, tons, marcas e tamanhos é muito grande. Essas variações ajudam cada individuo a se proteger de predadores e capturar suas presas, ficando camufladas com o ambiente.[1]

Distribuição e Habitat

Python reticulatus são encontradas em grande parte do continente asiático.[2]

Vivem, em geral, em florestas tropicais e pastagens próximas. Também estão associadas aos rios e áreas com riachos e lagos próximos. São descritas como excelentes nadadoras, sendo encontrada, segundo relatos, em alto mar, e por consequência, colonizando pequenas ilhas dentro do seu alcance.[1]

Predadores

A espécie possui poucos inimigos naturais (além do crocodilo e leões) pois são fortes o suficiente para matar quase qualquer animal que as ameace. Muitas vezes elas atacam até os seus próprios predadores, os crocodilos. Uma Python reticulatus muitas vezes não consegue engolir um crocodilo adulto.

Alimentação

A espécie se alimenta, principalmente, de mamíferos, e ocasionalmente de pássaros.

Espécimes pequenos (3-4 metros) comem roedores, enquanto indivíduos maiores mudam para presas maiores, de mamíferos de médio porte até de grande porte, como primatas.

Quando a serpente está caçando, ela fica escondida na vegetação esperando a sua presa passar, quando o animal passa perto dela, a serpente dá o bote e começa a enrolar e pressionar o animal, em um processo chamado de constrição. Ao contrário da crença popular, a constrição não mata por sufocamento, e sim por interromper o fluxo sanguíneo (e, consequentemente, o oxigênio) necessário para órgãos vitais como o coração e o cérebro, o que leva à morte muito rapidamente.

A Python reticulatus pode passar até 4 meses sem se alimentar.

Reprodução

Ovíparas, as fêmeas colocam entre 15 e 80 ovos por embreagem. Em uma temperatura ótima de incubação de 31 a 32 °C (88 a 90 °F), os ovos levam uma média de 88 dias para eclodirem.[3] As crias têm pelo menos 2 pés (61 cm) de comprimento.[4]

Cativeiro

O enorme tamanho e o padrão atraente dessas cobras fizeram deles exposições de zoológicos favoritos, com vários indivíduos alegando estarem acima de 6,1 m (20 pés) de comprimento e mais do que um deles afirmar ser o maior em cativeiro.[5] No entanto, devido ao seu enorme tamanho, força imensa, disposição agressiva e mobilidade da pele em relação ao corpo, é muito difícil obter medidas exatas de comprimento em uma píton reticulada viva. O peso em cativeiro é raramente indicativo, pois espécimes cativos são freqüentemente obesos.[3] Por esta razão, os cientistas não aceitam a validade das medições de comprimento, a menos que sejam realizadas em uma cobra morta ou anestesiada, que é posteriormente preservada em uma coleção do museu ou armazenada para pesquisa científica.[3]

Perigos para os humanos

Elas não atacam os humanos por natureza, mas podem morder e possivelmente se contrair ao se sentirem ameaçadas. Embora não sejam venenosas, grandes pítons podem causar ferimentos graves, às vezes exigindo pontos.

Ataques em humanos são raros, mas esta espécie tem sido responsável por várias fatalidades humanas, tanto na vida silvestre quanto em cativeiro. Considerando o tamanho e força do animal, é tecnicamente possível que um espécime adulto de P. reticulatus abra suas mandíbulas largas o suficiente para engolir um humano, mas a largura dos ombros de alguns Homo sapiens adultos provavelmente seria um problema mesmo para uma píton com tamanho suficiente. Elas estão entre as poucas cobras que foram sugeridas para atacar seres humanos. Relatos de fatalidades humanas e consumo humano (o último exemplo de consumo de um ser humano adulto bem autenticado) incluem:

  • Dois incidentes, aparentemente na Indonésia do início do século XX: Na ilha de Salibabu, Sulawesi do Norte, um menino de 14 anos foi morto e supostamente comido por um espécime de 5,17 m (17,0 pés) de comprimento. Outro incidente envolveu uma mulher adulta supostamente devorada por uma "grande python reticulada", mas poucos detalhes são conhecidos.[6]
  • Franz Werner relataram um caso de Burma que ocorre tanto no início dos anos 1910 ou em 1927.[3] Um joalheiro chamado Maung Chit Chine, que saiu para caçar com seus amigos, supostamente foi comido por um espécime de 6 m (19,7 pés) após ele procurar abrigo de uma tempestade em uma árvore. [7]
  • Em 4 de setembro de 1995, Ee Heng Chuan, um seringueiro de 29 anos do estado de Johor, no sul da Malásia, teria sido morto por uma grande píton reticulada. A vítima aparentemente foi surpreendida e espremida até a morte. A cobra teria se enrolado ao redor do corpo sem vida com a cabeça da vítima presa em suas mandíbulas, quando foi encontrada pelo irmão da vítima. A píton, relatada medindo 7 m de comprimento e pesando mais de 300 libras, foi morta pela polícia, que disparou quatro vezes. https://revistagalileu.globo.com/Ciencia/Biologia/noticia/2018/07/mulher-e-encontrada-dentro-de-cobra-de-sete-metros-veja-video.html.[3]

Referências

  1. a b M., Mehrtens, John (1987). Living snakes of the world in color. New York: Sterling Pub. Co. ISBN 080696460X. OCLC 15521062
  2. W., McDiarmid, Roy; A., Touré, TŚhaka; League., Herpetologists' (1999). Snake species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference. Washington, DC: Herpetologists' League. ISBN 1893777006. OCLC 42256497
  3. a b c d e Chris., Mattison, (1999). Snake 1st American ed. New York: DK Pub. ISBN 078944660X. OCLC 40857053
  4. 1943-, Stidworthy, John, (1974). Snakes of the world Rev. ed. New York: Grosset & Dunlap. ISBN 0448118564. OCLC 1174366
  5. Mier, P. D.; van den Hurk, J. J. (Outubro de 1975). «Lysosomal hydrolases of the epidermis. 2. Ester hydrolases». The British Journal of Dermatology. 93 (4): 391–398. ISSN 0007-0963. PMID 31
  6. Kopstein F (1927). "Over het verslinden van menschen portaPython reticulatus [Sobre a deglutição de seres humanos porP. reticulatus]". Tropische Natuur 4: 65–67. (em holandês).
  7. Bruno, Silvio (1998). " Eu serpenti giganti [As cobras gigantes]". Criptozoologia 4: 16-29.
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Píton-reticulada: Brief Summary ( portugali )

tarjonnut wikipedia PT
 src= Píton reticulada

A píton-reticulada (Python reticulatus) é uma espécie de serpente da família das pítons encontrada no Sudeste da Ásia. São as segundas maiores cobras do mundo, sendo mais leves que as Anacondas e os répteis mais longos da atualidade e uma das três cobras mais pesadas. Assim como todas as pítons, são constritoras não-venenosas e normalmente não são consideradas perigosas aos humanos, embora já tenha alguns poucos casos documentados de pessoas mortas.

A Python reticulatus é uma cobra muito adaptável e com uma grande capacidade de se espalhar pelo ambiente. Já foram relatados casos da P. reticulatus nadando longas distâncias em rios, atravessando uma ilha para a outra.

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Pytón mriežkovaný ( slovakia )

tarjonnut wikipedia SK

Pytón mriežkovaný alebo pytón mriežkavý (lat. Broghammerus reticulatus) je nejedovatý had z rodu Broghammerus, ktorý obýva juhovýchodnú Áziu. Je to najdlhší zdokumentovaný had na svete – v roku 1912 zabili na ostrove Celebes pytóna, ktorý meral rekordných 9,76 metrov.

Opis

Vyznačuje sa žltým alebo svetlohnedým telom s tmavými znakmi, ktoré pripomínajú mriežky (odtiaľ meno) a nápadnými jamkami s tepelnými senzormi pozdĺž čeľusti. Pytón mriežkovaný sa dožíva okolo 30 rokov.

Dĺžka

Je to najdlhší zdokumentovaný had na svete. Rekordný jedinec bol zabitý v roku 1912 na ostrove Celebes a meral 9,76 m. Zároveň je to aj najdlhší chovaný had v zajatí. V Pittsburghskej Zoo merala samica pytóna, menom Colossus, ktorá tam žila v rokoch 1949 až 1963 8,99 m a vážila 172 kg.

Váha

Pytón mriežkovaný je jeden z najťažších hadov na svete (ťažšia je asi len anakonda tmavá). Dosahuje váhy až 200 kg.

Výskyt

Broghammerus reticulatus obýva juhovýchodnú Áziu a tieto štáty: Indonézia, Bangladéš, Brunej, Kambodža, India, Laos, Malajzia, Mjanmarsko, Filipíny, Singapur, Thajsko a Vietnam.

Správanie

Viac sa zdržuje na súši ako vo vode, hoci dobre pláva. Len zriedkavo sa vzďaľuje od svojho hniezda.

Potrava

Jeho potravu tvoria vtáky a cicavce. Vyskytli sa aj prípady, kedy zaútočil, či dokonca zabil a zožral človeka.

Rozmnožovanie

Samica kladie 30 - 50 vajec do dutín stromov alebo dier v zemi a potom ich opatruje. Málokedy sa od svojej znášky vzďaľuje. Inkubačná doba môže byť až 90 dní, po ktorej sa z vajec liahnu mladé jedince, dlhé až 70 cm.

Ohrozenie

Je často lovený pre svoju kožu, preto sú veľké jedince raritné.

Chov v zajatí

Chov pytóna mriežkovaného si vyžaduje veľké terárium s vodnou nádržou v ktorej sa denne vymieňa voda. Denná teplota v teráriu by sa mala pohybovať v rozmedzí 25 – 32 °C, odporúčaná nočná teplota medzi 21 – 26 °C.

Keďže dospelé jedince dorastajú do dĺžky presahujúcu tri metre, ich chov je na území Slovenska upravený Vyhláškou Ministerstva pôdohospodárstva a rozvoja vidieka SR o chove nebezpečných živočíchov č. 143/2012 Z.z., ktorá ukladá chovateľom rôzne povinnosti, napríklad nároky na chovný priestor a jeho zabezpečenie.[1] Ide o druh, ktorý pre svoju veľkosť, ale aj útočnú povahu nie je vhodný pre začiatočníkov, ani do bytových podmienok, ale skôr do zoologických záhrad a špecializovaných zariadení, kde s ním dokážu bezpečne manipulovať a poskytnúť mu dostatok priestoru. Ide o mimoriadne silné zviera, preto sa pri manipulácii s ním z bezpečnostných dôvodov vyžaduje súčinnosť minimálne dvoch osôb.

Poddruhy

Poznáme tri poddruhy pytóna mriežkovaného:

  • Broghammerus reticulatus reticulatus
  • Broghammerus reticulatus saputrai
  • Broghammerus reticulatus jampeanus

Galéria

Iné projekty

Referencie

  • BURNIE, David; KOVÁČ, Vladimír, a kol. Zviera: Obrazová encyklopédia živočíšnej ríše. Bratislava : Ikar, 2002. ISBN 80-551-0375-5.
  • Tento článok je čiastočný alebo úplný preklad článku Netzpython na nemeckej Wikipédii.
  1. Pytón mriežkovaný - informácie na herpetologickom webe Hady.sk

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Pytón mriežkovaný: Brief Summary ( slovakia )

tarjonnut wikipedia SK

Pytón mriežkovaný alebo pytón mriežkavý (lat. Broghammerus reticulatus) je nejedovatý had z rodu Broghammerus, ktorý obýva juhovýchodnú Áziu. Je to najdlhší zdokumentovaný had na svete – v roku 1912 zabili na ostrove Celebes pytóna, ktorý meral rekordných 9,76 metrov.

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그물무늬비단뱀 ( Korea )

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그물무늬비단뱀 또는 그물무늬비단구렁이, 그물무늬왕뱀(Malayopython reticulatus)은 비단뱀과 비단뱀속에 속하는 파충류 과의 하나이다. 세상에서 가장 긴 뱀이자 세상에서 가장 긴 파충류이다. 수컷은 약 3~4m 정도 성장하고 암컷은 약 5~7m까지 성장한다. 먹는것은 포유류와 조류이며 3~4m 정도되는 작은 개체는 등의 설치류를 먹고, 큰 개체는 토끼, 원숭이, 돼지, 작은사슴, 빈투롱, 조류 등을 잡아먹는다. 동남아시아에 분포한다.

외부 링크

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그물무늬비단뱀: Brief Summary ( Korea )

tarjonnut wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

그물무늬비단뱀 또는 그물무늬비단구렁이, 그물무늬왕뱀(Malayopython reticulatus)은 비단뱀과 비단뱀속에 속하는 파충류 과의 하나이다. 세상에서 가장 긴 뱀이자 세상에서 가장 긴 파충류이다. 수컷은 약 3~4m 정도 성장하고 암컷은 약 5~7m까지 성장한다. 먹는것은 포유류와 조류이며 3~4m 정도되는 작은 개체는 등의 설치류를 먹고, 큰 개체는 토끼, 원숭이, 돼지, 작은사슴, 빈투롱, 조류 등을 잡아먹는다. 동남아시아에 분포한다.

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