nimet breadcrumb-navigoinnissa
Figs. 15, 40-41.
Atta destructor Jerdon 1851:105. Syntype [[worker]]"s, India [no types known to exist].
Monomorium destructor (Jerdon) : Dalla Torre 1893:66.
Monomorium (Parholcomyrmex) destructor (Jerdon) : Wheeler, w.m. 1922: 874.
Myrmica basalis Smith 1858:125. Syntype [[worker]] (lectotype here designated), Sri Lanka (bmnh) [examined].
Monomorium basale (Smith): Mayr 1865:92. Syn. under M destructor (Jerdon) : Forel 1894a: 86.
Myrmica ominosa Gerstaecker 1859:263. Syntype [[worker]]"s Mozambique [no types known to exist].
Monomorium ominosum (Gerstaecker) : Roger 1863b:31. Syn. under M. destructor (Jerdon) : Dalla Torre 1893: 66.
Myrmica atomaria Gerstaecker , 1859:263. Syntype [[worker]]"s Mozambique [no types known to exist]. Syn. under M. ominosum (Gerstaecker) : Roger 1863b:31.
Myrmica gracillima Smith 1861a:34. Holotype [[worker]] Israel [type presumed lost]
Monomorium gracillimum (Smith) : Mayr 1862:753.
Monomorium (Parholcomyrmex) gracillimum (Smith) : Emery 1915b:190.
Monomorium destructor r. gracillimum Forel 1913a:437. Syn. under M destructor (Jerdon) : Bolton 1987:324. Myrmica vexator Smith 1861b:47. Syntype [[worker]]"s (lectotype here designated) Indonesia: Ternate Isl. (OXUM) [examined]. Syn. under M destructor (Jerdon) : Donisthorpe 1932:468.
Material examined.- M. basale: Lectotype: [[worker]], Sri Lanka ("Ceylon"), no collector named (BMNH). The ant on the LHS (seen from the rear) on a rectangle containing three syntype workers is designated the lectotype for Monomorium basale, so that the name can be fixed. This and other early collections of Monomorium destructor were given separate species-level names, presumably on the basis of quite minute differences in color or morphology, and, possibly, their provenance. The antennal club in M. basale is described by Smith as "dark fuscous", and the termination of the flagellum in M. vexator as "slightly fuscous", otherwise their respective descriptions by Smith read much the same. Paralectotypes: Two workers on the same card rectangle as the lectotype (BMNH). No attempt has been made to separate the carded specimens, which are damaged and fragile. M. vexator : Lectotype: [[worker]], J. Smith. (OXUM) (The collection locality, which does not appear on the labels but in the publication, is Ternate Island, [Indonesia.]) The middle ant of the three carded syntype specimens is here designated the lectotype to fix the name of this taxon. Monomorium destructor , because of its ubiquity and its allometric variation, has attracted half-a-dozen synonyms. Paralectotypes: Two workers on the same card rectangle as the lectotype (OXUM). Carded specimens as above.
Other material examined: Prov. Antsiranana: 10km NE Antsiranana, 14.ii.1991, G.A. Alpert (145) (MCZ); 15km NE Antsiranana, 14.ii.1991, G. A. Alpert (25); (MCZ); 3 km S Namakia, 19.iii.1993 P. Rabeson (2 [[worker]], 2[[male]]) (MCZ). Prov. Mahajanga: Mahavavy River, 6.2 km 145 SE Mitsinjo 1-5.xii.2002 Fisher et al. (10 [[worker]]); Mahavavy River, 10.6 km 148 SSE Mitsinjo 4.xii.2002 Fisher et al. (9 [[worker]]); P. N. Namoroka, 17.8 km 329 WNW Vilanandro, 12.ii.2002 Fisher et al. (1 [[worker]]).
Worker description.- Head: Head square; vertex planar or weakly concave; frons longitudinally finely striolate anteriad (striolae curving inwards around antennal insertions), smooth and shining posteriad, except for a few transverse rugulae on upper vertex; pilosity of frons consisting mainly of appressed and decumbent setulae with a few erect setae on vertex. Eye large, eye width 1.5x greater than greatest width of antennal scape to moderate, eye width 1-1.5x greatest width of antennal scape; (in full-face view) eyes set below midpoint of head capsule; (viewed in profile) eyes set around midline of head capsule; eye elliptical, curvature of inner eye margin may be more pronounced than that of its outer margin. Antennal segments 12; antennal club three-segmented. Clypeal carinae indicated by multiple weak ridges; anteromedian clypeal margin broadly convex to straight; paraclypeal setae moderately long and fine, curved; posteromedian clypeal margin extending slightly beyond level of posterior margin of antennal fossae. Anterior tentorial pits situated nearer antennal fossae than mandibular insertions. Frontal lobes sinuate, divergent posteriad. Weak psammophore present. Palp formula 2,2. Mandibular teeth three, plus minute, basal denticle or angle; mandibles with sub-parallel inner and outer margins, striate; masticatory margin of mandibles approximately vertical or weakly oblique; basal tooth a small to minute denticle or angle, much smaller than t3 (four teeth present).
Mesosoma: Promesonotum shining and smooth on dorsum, lower mesopleuron strongly punctate; (viewed in profile) promesonotum broadly convex anteriad, convexity reduced posteriad; promesonotal setae seven to twelve; standing promesonotal setae a mixture of well-spaced, distinctly longer, erect and semi-erect setae which are curved distally and often paired, interspersed with much shorter, incurved, decumbent setae; appressed promesonotal setulae well-spaced over entire promesonotum. Metanotal groove strongly impressed, with distinct transverse costulae. Propodeum uniformly finely striolate, some punctation on metapleuron; propodeal dorsum flat throughout most of its length; propodeum smoothly rounded or with indistinct angle; standing propodeal setae variable in number and arrangement, when present usually one prominent pair at propodeal angles or at midlength, with other shorter setae very sparse or absent; appressed propodeal setulae well-spaced and sparse; propodeal spiracle equidistant from metanotal groove and declivitous face of propodeum. Vestibule of propodeal spiracle distinct in some specimens. Propodeal lobes present as vestigial flanges or small strips of cuticle only.
Petiole and postpetiole: Petiolar spiracle lateral or laterodorsal and situated within anterior sector of petiolar node or just at front of node; node (viewed in profile) conical, vertex rounded; appearance of node shining and smooth throughout; ratio of greatest node breadth (viewed from front) to greatest node width (viewed in profile) between 1:1 and 3:4; anteroventral petiolar process absent or vestigial; ventral petiolar lobe absent; height ratio of petiole to postpetiole between 1:1 and 3:4; height -length ratio of postpetiole between 4:3 and 3:4; postpetiole shining and smooth; postpetiolar sternite without anterior lip or carina, or this structure vestigial.
Gaster: Pilosity of first gastral tergite consisting of well-spaced, erect and semi-erect setae interspersed with a few appressed setulae.
Mesosoma: Color yellow-orange to brownish-orange, gaster chocolate with or without yellowish area on anterior sector of first gastral tergite. Worker caste monophasically allometric, i.e., with variable size, but not morphology among workers from same nest.
Lectotype measurements ( M. basale ): HML 1.70 HL 0.66 HW 0.58 CeI 88 SL 0.48 SI 83 PW 0.34.
Lectotype measurements ( M. vexator ): HML 1.78 HL 0.68 HW 0.62 CeI 91 SL 0.50 SI 81 PW 0.36.
Other worker measurements (non-types): HML 1.31-1.92 HL 0.49-0.76 HW 0.38-0.68 CeI 78-89 SL 0.39-0.52 SI 76-103 PW 0.25-0.40 (n=20).
Queen description.- Head: Head rectangular; vertex weakly concave or planar; frons shining and smooth except for piliferous pits and striolae around antennal sockets, frontal carinae and below the eyes, and fine rugulae near posterior margin of vertex; frons consisting mainly of decumbent setae, with two longitudinal, parallel rows of erect setae straddling the midline. Eye elongate, elliptical and oblique; (in full-face view) eyes set above midpoint of head capsule; (viewed in profile) eyes set posteriad of midline of head capsule.
Mesosoma: Anterior mesoscutum smoothly rounded, thereafter more-or-less flattened; pronotum, mesoscutum and mesopleuron shining and mainly smooth, vestigial striolae, if present, confined to anterior katepisternum; length -width ratio of mesoscutum and scutellum combined between 7:3 and 2:1. Axillae a strip of thin cuticle separating mesoscutum and scutellum, each individual axilla indistinct. Standing pronotal/mesoscutal setae a mixture of well-spaced, distinctly longer, erect and semi-erect setae which are curved distally, interspersed with much shorter, incurved, decumbent setae; appressed pronotal, mescoscutal and mesopleural setulae abundant, particularly on mesoscutum. Propodeum shining and smooth, with a few weak striolae on metapleuron; always smoothly rounded; propodeal dorsum convex; standing propodeal setae consisting of one pair anteriad, with or without another pair posteriad; propodeal spiracle nearer metanotal groove than declivitous face of propodeum; propodeal lobes present as vestigial flanges only, or absent.
Wing: Wing not seen (queen dealated).
Petiole and postpetiole: Petiolar spiracle lateral and situated slightly anteriad of petiolar node; (viewed in profile) node conical, vertex rounded; appearance of node shining and smooth; ratio of greatest node breadth (viewed from front) to greatest node width (viewed in profile) about 1:1. Anteroventral petiolar process absent or vestigial; height ratio of petiole to postpetiole between 4:3 and 1:1; height -length ratio of postpetiole between 4:3 and 1:1; postpetiole shining, with vestigial sculpture; postpetiolar sternite with anterior and posterior margins convergent, forming a narrow wedge.
Gaster: Pilosity of first gastral tergite consisting mainly of appressed setae with a few erect and semi-erect setae.
General characters: Color of foreparts tawny-yellow, gaster brown. Brachypterous alates not seen. Ergatoid or worker-female intercastes not seen.
Queen measurements: HML 3.22-3.46 HL 0.83-0.84 HW 0.76-0.80 CeI 92-95 SL 0.60-0.62 SI 78 PW 0.68-0.89 (n=2).
Remarks.- Monomorium destructor is very similar to the closely related Monomorium robustior , but is lighter in color and the eyes tend to be less elongate. Workers within nests also show more allometric variation than is found in M. robustior . Samples of this tramp species have been taken in tropical dry forest in north and north-western Madagascar in the Antsiranana and Mahajanga Provinces, where they have been collected under stones, from a dead branch and by sweeping. Populations also may be expected to occur generally in severely damaged habitats in these regions.
A widespread tramp species, M. destructor is readily recognized by the fine transverse striae on the vertex, as well as the deep metanotal groove.
— Tenerife (M. Noualhier).
Espece cosmopolite, repandue, probablement par le commerce, dans toute la zone tropicale et subtropicale.
- Colombo.
[[ worker ]]. Lombok (cosmopolite).
[[worker]] Takao (Kosmopolit).
Trichomyrmex destructor is a species of ant in the subfamily Myrmicinae. Its common names include destructive trailing ant or Singapore ant.[1] It is a pest species in urban areas, known for causing costly damage to structures, vehicles, and electronic devices with its chewing activity.[1] In 2015, the species was moved from the genus Monomorium to the revised genus Trichomyrmex.[2]
This is a "tramp ant",[1][3] an invasive ant species that easily becomes established and dominant in new habitat due to traits such as aggression toward other ant species, little aggression toward members of its own species, efficient recruitment, and large colony size.[4] As a tramp ant, it has spread throughout the world via human transport systems, particularly shipping. It is introduced with freight in a variety of transport modes.[1]
Today it can be found in tropical regions worldwide, and it can live in urban environments in temperate climates. It is present in or has been reported from many countries and islands in Asia, Africa, Australasia and other Pacific Islands, the West Indies, North, Central, and South America, and Europe.[5][6] It is most widely distributed in the Old World,[5] and it is very common in the Pacific Islands.[7] Its native range is unknown. It has been hypothesized that it originated in India[1] and perhaps other Asian countries,[8] or Africa.[7] Considering its close resemblance to African Monomorium species and its apparently continuous distribution from North Africa to Southeast Asia, its native range may include southern Asia and the Middle East, and it may have originated in North Africa.[5]
The worker is variable in size, from 1.8 to 3.5 millimeters (0.07 to 0.14 inches) in length, and color, from light yellow to darker brownish yellow,[1] but usually with a "chocolate" abdomen.[3] It has a square head and 12-segmented antennae with club-like tips. Each mandible has three large teeth and a much smaller fourth tooth. The body is mostly smooth and shiny with erect setae.[3]
The queen ant is between 3 and 4 millimeters (0.12 and 0.16 inches) long and tawny in color with a brown abdomen. The head is more rectangular. The setae on the front part of the body are more curved and those on the abdomen are more flat than erect.[3]
This species is similar to Trichomyrmex robustior[3] and Trichomyrmex mayri, which are darker in color, and M. latinode, which has five teeth per mandible instead of four.[9]
The colonies of this species are polygyne, having multiple queens. Colonies can be established in trees, in the soil, or inside buildings. They have been found in potted plants, lawns, and irrigated fields.[8] In cooler climates, especially outside the tropics, colonies are often found in heated buildings.[8] The ant has been known to nest inside power sockets and computers.[5]
Workers forage slowly, traveling in narrow trails. It is a generalist species in terms of diet, gathering living and dead insects, insect eggs, nectar, seeds, and almost any food item available in households. In trials of baits, the ant was most attracted to soybean oil and white bread, and clearly preferred peanut butter over honey. This ant tends sap-sucking insects to retrieve their honeydew, but it does not have the strong mutualistic relationship with these insects that many other ants do.[8]
In some regions this is a major pest species. Foraging workers chew through non-nutritive materials, such as fabric, rubber, and plastic.[8] They have been observed chewing up tires and polystyrene cups.[5] They can damage cables and electrical insulation, causing malfunctions in electrical equipment and telecommunications systems. The ant has been known to short out the ignition systems in cars and has been responsible for car and house fires.[8]
The ant sometimes attacks living animals and people, inflicting painful bites. People have complained of being attacked by swarms while sleeping in bed, and the ant may bite sleeping babies and children. A researcher describing a laboratory infestation in 1922 reported that the ants killed a number of caged lab rats and attacked the resident scientists, "biting out small pieces of skin" and delivering enough bites to one man to knock him unconscious for a short time.[5] Residents of Cape Verde call it the "ninja ant" because of the species' silent aggression toward humans.[5]
Early introductions of the ant came by sea. It was infesting ships and harassing steamer passengers by 1922. Today it is sometimes also transported by airplane.[5] Shipments of many kinds of freight can contain nests, including containers, produce, lumber, live plants,[8] and electrical equipment.[5] In 2005, a man unknowingly brought the ant home to New Zealand from Fiji, where he had purchased an iPod. The packaging was thought to contain an active nest.[5][10]
While it is considered to be invasive, it rarely has negative effects on native fauna or habitat. It most often invades urban areas and it is not generally a dominant or competitive species in ant communities.[8]
Trichomyrmex destructor is a species of ant in the subfamily Myrmicinae. Its common names include destructive trailing ant or Singapore ant. It is a pest species in urban areas, known for causing costly damage to structures, vehicles, and electronic devices with its chewing activity. In 2015, the species was moved from the genus Monomorium to the revised genus Trichomyrmex.
De Ninja faraomier[1] (Monomorium destructor) is een mierensoort uit de onderfamilie van de Myrmicinae.[2][3] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1851 door Jerdon.
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
Monomorium destructor é uma espécie de insetos himenópteros, mais especificamente de formigas pertencente à família Formicidae.
A autoridade científica da espécie é Jerdon, tendo sido descrita no ano de 1851.
Trata-se de uma espécie presente no território português.
Monomorium destructor é uma espécie de insetos himenópteros, mais especificamente de formigas pertencente à família Formicidae.
A autoridade científica da espécie é Jerdon, tendo sido descrita no ano de 1851.
Trata-se de uma espécie presente no território português.
Trichomyrmex destructor (лат.) — вид мелких муравьёв рода Trichomyrmex. Инвазивный вид, вредитель, расселившийся с помощью человеческой коммерции по многим странам и континентам и более ста лет (с 1893 года) известный под именем Monomorium destructor (Jerdon, 1851)[1].
Тропики, субтропики, частично умеренный пояс (Северная и Южная Америка, Азия, Африка, Австралия, Европа), естественные открытые биотопы, сады, плантации и урбоценозы (дома и окрестности). Точки обнаружения: США (Нью-Йорк), Афганистан, Иран, Туркмения, Узбекистан, Япония. Известны находки в Европе: Великобритания, Испания. Предположительной родиной является Южная Азия (Индия или другие близкие страны)[1][2].
Длина желтовато-коричневых рабочих муравьёв (брюшко темнее) составляет 1,8—3,5 мм (самки до 4 мм). Длина головы 0,49—0,76 мм (ширина — 0,38—0,68); длина скапуса усика 0,39—0,52 мм. Усики 12-члениковые, булава состоит из 3 сегментов. Нижнечелюстные щупики 2-члениковые, нижнегубные щупики состоят из 2 сегментов. Жвалы с 4 зубцами (3 крупных + 1 мелкий). Глаза рабочих мелкие или среднего размера эллиптической формы, расположены в передне-боковой части головы, немного впереди её средней линии (глаза самцов крупные, занимают почти половину боковой поверхности головы). Оцеллии у рабочих отсутствуют. Затылочные края головы округлые. На нижней стороне головы есть слаборазвитый псаммофор. Индекс скапуса рабочих (соотношение длины скапуса к ширине головы, SI) от 70 до 104; индекс головы (соотношение длины и ширины головы, CI) от 76 до 92. Голова, грудка и брюшко гладкие и блестящие, сверху несут отстоящие щетинки. Проподеум округлый, без шипиков или зубцов на заднегрудке. Стебелёк между грудкой и брюшком состоит из двух члеников: петиолюса и постпетиолюса (последний четко отделен от брюшка), жало развито, куколки голые (без кокона)[1][3].
Гнездятся в разнообразных условиях: в земле, ветвях деревьев, стенах домов. Всеядные, собирают мёртвых и живых насекомых, семена, нектар. Рабочие фуражируют, медленно передвигаясь по узким тропинкам. Образуют крупные полигинные колонии с множеством самок. Размножаются делением колоний и роением крылатых самок и самцов[1][4].
Поселяясь в офисах и жилых домах, наносят вред электросетям (повреждают изоляцию электропроводов), известны находки в кондиционерах и компьютерах, на кухнях портят запасы пищи. Способны вывести из строя систему зажигания автомобиля, надолго оставленного на стоянке или в гараже. Ночью могут нападать на домашних животных и спящих людей, нанося болезненные ужаления; способны убивать лабораторных крыс, сидящих в клетках[1][4].
Для борьбы с муравьями используют инсектициды и отравленные приманки на основе гидраметилнона (5,5-диметилпергидропиримидин-2-он 4-трифлуорометил-α-(4-трифлуорометилстирил)циннамилиденегидразон; C25H24F6N4) и сулфлурамида (N-этилперфлуорооктан-1-сульфонамид; C10H6F17NO2S)[5][6][7].
Вид Trichomyrmex destructor был впервые описан в 1851 году британским зоологом Томасом Джердоном (Thomas Jerdon; 1811—1872) по материалам из Индии под первоначальным названием Atta destructor Jerdon, 1851. В 1893 году таксон включён в состав рода Monomorium (в подрод Parholcomyrmex)[1][8][9], а в 2014 перенесён в род Trichomyrmex[10]. Trichomyrmex destructor сходен с видами Trichomyrmex robustior и Trichomyrmex mayri, которые темнее в окраске, и M. latinode, который имеет 5 зубцов на жвалах, вместо 4 у T. destructor[11].
В муравьиных семьях встречаются рабочие, самки (матки) и самцы[1][4].
Голова рабочего
Рабочий сбоку
Рабочий сверху
Голова самки
Самка сбоку
Самка сверху
Голова самца
Самец сбоку
Крыло самца
Самец сверху
Trichomyrmex destructor (лат.) — вид мелких муравьёв рода Trichomyrmex. Инвазивный вид, вредитель, расселившийся с помощью человеческой коммерции по многим странам и континентам и более ста лет (с 1893 года) известный под именем Monomorium destructor (Jerdon, 1851).
