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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

tarjonnut AnAge articles
Observations: Little is known about the longevity of these animals, though one wild born specimen lived 9.9 years in captivity (Richard Weigl 2005).
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Distribution ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

Bettongia lesueur was once one of the most widespread mammals inhabiting the Australian mainland. It could be found in all suitable habitats throughout mainland Australia, yet by the early 1960’s had become extinct on the mainland and could only be found on the Australian islands of Bernier and Dorre in Shark Bay, and Boodie Island and Barrow Island near the Pilbara coast. Burrowing bettongs used to live on Dirk Hartog Island, but have gone extinct from there as well.

Biogeographic Regions: australian (Native )

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Mayfield, J. 2007. "Bettongia lesueur" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Bettongia_lesueur.html
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Jeffery Mayfield, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Trophic Strategy ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

Burrowing bettongs are generally herbivorous but have been known to eat termites and marine animal carcasses. They concentrate on the green parts of plants, seeds, fruits, nuts, tubers, bulbs, flowers, and fungi. This species is partial to figs when available. They are able to find food using their sense of smell.

Animal Foods: carrion ; insects

Plant Foods: roots and tubers; seeds, grains, and nuts; fruit; flowers

Other Foods: fungus

Primary Diet: herbivore (Folivore , Frugivore , Granivore )

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Mayfield, J. 2007. "Bettongia lesueur" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Bettongia_lesueur.html
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Jeffery Mayfield, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Associations ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

Burrowing bettongs are thought to compete with both black rats (Rattus rattus) and European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), although recent studies cast doubt on the importance of rabbits in the decline of B. lesueur. Burrows of B. lesueur may be used by western quolls (Dasyurus geoffroii), greater bilbies (Macrotis lagotis), and silver-tail brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula).

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Mayfield, J. 2007. "Bettongia lesueur" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Bettongia_lesueur.html
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Jeffery Mayfield, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Benefits ( englanti )

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Burrowing bettongs may be an ecotourism draw because of their rarity.

Positive Impacts: ecotourism

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Mayfield, J. 2007. "Bettongia lesueur" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Bettongia_lesueur.html
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Jeffery Mayfield, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Benefits ( englanti )

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Burrowing bettong are often thought of as a pest species in areas where crops are present. Humans have hunted them to reduce their impact on crops and are one of the causes for population declines.

Negative Impacts: crop pest

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Mayfield, J. 2007. "Bettongia lesueur" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Bettongia_lesueur.html
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Conservation Status ( englanti )

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Due to extinction from the mainland of Australia Bettongia leseur has been listed under the IUCN Red List as Vulnerable. Numbers on Barrow island are near 5,000. The species is listed in Appendix I of CITES. It is considered endangered by the US Fish and Wildlife Srevice.

Reasons for the decline of burrowing bettongs have been attributed to predation by introduced foxes and feral cats. Competition from rabbits and black rats is also one reason for population declines due to reduced food availability. Fire regimes that reduced vegetation of lowland shrubs, which is the primary food source of this species, along with human hunts to reduce crop predation have contributed to the decline of populations.

US Federal List: endangered

CITES: appendix i

State of Michigan List: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: near threatened

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Mayfield, J. 2007. "Bettongia lesueur" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Bettongia_lesueur.html
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Behavior ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

Burrowing bettongs locate food using their keen sense of smell. They are also a tactile species, and often dig for food. Bettongia lesueur is a highly vocal species, yet the range of noises or what they mean in a social or defensive context has not yet been determined. They often make grunts, squeaks, and hisses to communicate.

Communication Channels: tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Mayfield, J. 2007. "Bettongia lesueur" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Bettongia_lesueur.html
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Jeffery Mayfield, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Nimetön ( englanti )

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This species is sometimes called Bettongia lesueuri.

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Mayfield, J. 2007. "Bettongia lesueur" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Bettongia_lesueur.html
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Habitat ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

When burrowing bettongs were still thriving on the mainland, their habitat was diverse, including open eucalypt woodland with grass and shrub under story to sand ridge desert. On the islands where they currently exist, they are found in a variety of habitats including areas consisting of shrubs, grasses and herbs. On Bernier and Barrow islands they show no habitat preference. On Dorre Island they prefer coastal dunes and habitats dominated by Triodia. Burrowing bettongs build extensive burrows in areas with stony soils throughout their current distribution, but used to build burrows in sandy soils on the Australian mainland.

Range elevation: 50 (high) m.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: desert or dune ; savanna or grassland ; forest ; scrub forest

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Mayfield, J. 2007. "Bettongia lesueur" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Bettongia_lesueur.html
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Jeffery Mayfield, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Life Expectancy ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

There is little information on the lifespan of B. lesueur, but it is known to usually live three years in the wild.

Range lifespan
Status: wild:
3 (low) years.

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Mayfield, J. 2007. "Bettongia lesueur" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Bettongia_lesueur.html
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Morphology ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

Burrowing bettongs are small, stocky animals similar to kangaroos. They have weakly prehensile tails that can be used for gathering nest materials. They are the only member of the family Potoroidae to inhabit burrows year round. They are light yellow to grey above, have a grey underbelly, short, rounded ears and thick, lightly haired tails, much like those of kangaroos. Bettongia lesueur has a body length ranging from 370 mm to 400 mm with a 300 mm mean tail length. Body mass is 0.4 to 1.8 kg for males and 0.5 to 1.7 kg for females. Males tend to be larger in mass and other body measurements than females. They move strictly using their hind limbs and only use their fore limbs and tail for support when stationary.

Burrowing bettongs can be distinguished from other bettongs mainly by their behavior, but also by their coloration. They often have a light yellow coloration on top while other species have a light grey coloration. Woylies (Bettongia penicillata), which are similar in appearance to Bettongia lesueur, do not inhabit burrows and are not gregarious. The same is true of northern bettongs (Bettongia tropica). Food habits also differ between Bettongia species. The dental formula of potoroids is 3/1, 1-0/0 2/2, 4/4 = 32-34.

Range mass: 0.4 to 1.8 kg.

Range length: 370 to 440 mm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: male larger

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Mayfield, J. 2007. "Bettongia lesueur" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Bettongia_lesueur.html
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Associations ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

Predation on Bettongia lesueur is extensive and is thought to be the cause of the extinction of the species from the mainland and one island population. Introduced foxes (Vulpes vulpes) were the primary mainland predator of burrowing bettongs. Feral cats are the primary reason for extinction of B. lesueur on Dirk Hartog Island. There is little information on native predators of burrowing bettongs.

Known Predators:

  • red foxes (Vulpes vulpes)
  • feral cats (Felis silvestris)
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Mayfield, J. 2007. "Bettongia lesueur" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Bettongia_lesueur.html
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Jeffery Mayfield, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Reproduction ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

Mating in B. lesueur is polygynous, with males mating with several females and maintaining harems within their warrens. Both sexes become sexually mature after about five months. Males are aggressive toward one another in defense of females. Females tend to be non-aggressive, but have been observed being aggressive towards females outside of their warrens.

Mating System: polygynous

Bettongs exhibit embryonic diapause. Lactation causes implantation to be delayed. While one young is still in the pouch, another will not be born until the pouch young has either been weaned after 115 days or has been lost. This allows the mother to have three young relying on her at one time: one weaned but still under care, one in her pouch, and one still in development. Oestrous lasts approximately 23 days.

Breeding interval: Breeding occurs throughout the year.

Breeding season: Breeding occurs throughout the year.

Range number of offspring: 1 to 2.

Average number of offspring: 1.

Average gestation period: 21 days.

Average weaning age: 115 days.

Average time to independence: 180 days.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 5 months.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 5 months.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous ; embryonic diapause

Average birth mass: 0.317 g.

Average gestation period: 21 days.

Average number of offspring: 1.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
Sex: female:
218 days.

Males invest in their young only to the point of protecting their harems. Females carry young in the pouch and care for them until they are weaned, after about 115 days. Joeys accompany their mother in foraging until their independence, near 180 days.

Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female)

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Mayfield, J. 2007. "Bettongia lesueur" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Bettongia_lesueur.html
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Jeffery Mayfield, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Biology ( englanti )

tarjonnut Arkive
Burrowing bettongs are strictly nocturnal and use scent to locate food, which they then dig out of the ground using their muscular limbs. This species feeds on tubers, bulbs, seed nuts, plants and fungi, termites and marine refuse (4). Burrowing bettongs have also been observed eating carrion and raiding vegetable gardens (4). Social groups consist of one male and several females. They dig and occupy a simple burrow which may have a short tunnel and 1-2 entrances or a large warren with more than 100 entrances. One of these warrens may house more than 50 individuals from several groups. Males are aggressive towards other males and defend the females in their group (4). Females produce up to three litters each year with one offspring per litter, though twins are occasionally born. Females will mate again shortly after giving birth. However, the second offspring is not born for around four months as embryonic development is delayed. This allows the first-born to be nurtured by the mother and gives it a better chance of survival (4). If the first young dies, embryonic development of the following offspring begins. Gestation lasts for only 21 days, and sexual maturity is attained within one year (4).
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Conservation ( englanti )

tarjonnut Arkive
The four islands on which this species occurs have been declared as nature reserves (5). Dirk Hartog Island and the Gibson Desert Nature reserve have also been recommended as sites for translocation of populations following the success on Faure island (5) (7). In addition, research is underway to identify the causes of this species' decline so that conservation practices are well informed (5). The Western Australian Department of Conservation and Land Management (CALM) is responsible for the conservation of this species and it is hoped that these new efforts will enable this unique species to recover (5).
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Description ( englanti )

tarjonnut Arkive
The burrowing bettong is a marsupial and the only burrowing member of the kangaroo family (4) (5) though, as its other common name, the Lesueur's rat kangaroo, indicates, it actually bears some resemblance to a rat. Originally there were two subspecies, Bettongia lesueur graii and Bettongia lesueur nova, though the former subspecies is now Extinct (1). Like a kangaroo, it has well developed, muscular hind limbs and short muscular forearms. The head is small with a pointed muzzle, short rounded ears and beady black eyes (6). This mammal is covered in short dense hair which is brown to grey in colour, and has been described as 'woolly' as its hair is softer than that of other bettong species. Burrowing bettongs also bear a faint hip stripe on the body and a distinctive white tail-tip (2).
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Habitat ( englanti )

tarjonnut Arkive
This small marsupial inhabits a variety of habitats from spinifex deserts to woodlands (5).
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Range ( englanti )

tarjonnut Arkive
This species no longer exists on mainland Australia, and until recently was only found on three islands off the coast of Western Australia: Barrow, Dorre and Bernier Island (4) (5). Following a successful reintroduction by the Australian Wildlife Conservancy (AWC) in 2002, this species is now also found in Faure Island (7).
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Status ( englanti )

tarjonnut Arkive
Classified as Near Threatened (NT) on the IUCN Red List (1) and listed on Appendix I of CITES (3).
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Threats ( englanti )

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This Australian species has been completely lost from the mainland, though in 1855-56 they were reported as being abundant. They were considered as agricultural pests by farmers who settled in Australia in the 19th century, and were shot and poisoned in their hundreds (2). Introduced feral animals such as foxes are thought to have kept their numbers low, as has competition from other introduced species such as rabbits, cattle and black rats (Rattus rattus) (4). Increased grazing and changes to fire regimes have also significantly reduced vegetation cover for this species (5).
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Cangur rata de Lesueur ( valencia )

tarjonnut wikipedia CA

El cangur rata de Lesueur (Bettongia lesueur) és un petit marsupial relacionat amb els cangurs. És un exemple fascinant dels efectes dels animals introduïts sobre la fauna i els ecosistemes australians. Antigament era el mamífer macropodiforme més comú de tot el continent, però actualment només viu en illes i en una població recentment introduïda al continent, a Shark Bay.[1]

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Cangur rata de Lesueur Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
  1. Sander, U.; Short, J.; Turner, B. «Social organisation and warren use of the burrowing bettong Bettongia lesueur (Macropodoidea: Potoroidae)». Wildlife Research, 24, 1997, pàg. 143–157. DOI: 10.1071/WR96021.


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Cangur rata de Lesueur: Brief Summary ( valencia )

tarjonnut wikipedia CA

El cangur rata de Lesueur (Bettongia lesueur) és un petit marsupial relacionat amb els cangurs. És un exemple fascinant dels efectes dels animals introduïts sobre la fauna i els ecosistemes australians. Antigament era el mamífer macropodiforme més comú de tot el continent, però actualment només viu en illes i en una població recentment introduïda al continent, a Shark Bay.

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Lesueur-Bürstenkänguru ( saksa )

tarjonnut wikipedia DE

Das Lesueur-Bürstenkänguru (Bettongia lesueur) ist ein Beutelsäuger aus der Familie der Rattenkängurus (Potoroidae), das einst in Zentral-, Süd- und Südwestaustralien weit verbreitet war. Heute kommt es nur noch auf wenigen Inseln vor der Küste Westaustraliens und in einigen umzäunten Schutzgebieten vor.[1]

Aussehen

Das Lesueur-Bürstenkänguru erreicht eine Kopfrumpflänge von 28 bis 36 cm, hat einen 21 bis 25,5 cm langen Schwanz und wiegt 0,68 bis 1 kg. Männchen sind im Allgemeinen größer als die Weibchen und die Tiere der Barrow-Insel sind deutlich kleiner als die von Bernier Island und von Dorre Island. Das Lesueur-Bürstenkänguru ist stämmig, mit einer kurzen Schnauze und gelblichbraun gefärbt. Der Rücken ist dunkler, die Bauchseite ist heller. Kopf und Schwanz sind oft eher bräunlich. Der relativ kurze, dicke Schwanz ist auf seiner Oberseite dunkel, die Schwanzspitze ist bei einigen Exemplaren weiß. Die unmittelbar rund um die Augen gelegene Haut ist haarlos und rosig. Die kurzen Ohren sind innen rosig, außen behaart und an den abgerundeten Spitzen dunkler als an ihrer Basis.[1]

Verbreitung

 src=
Die Inseln Barrow, Bernier und Dorre vor der Küste Westaustraliens

Das Lesueur-Bürstenkänguru war einst in Zentral-, Süd- und Südwestaustralien weit verbreitet. Inzwischen kommen Restbestände nur noch auf den Inseln Barrow, Bernier und Dorre vor der Küste Westaustraliens vor. Außerdem gibt es einige Populationen auf Inseln und in umzäunten Schutzgebieten, in denen die Tiere vom Menschen ausgesetzt wurden. Dies sind die Inseln Faure und Heirisson Island in der Shark Bay, Boodie-Island südlich der Barrow-Insel und die Schutzgebiete Scotia Wildlife Sanctuary in New South Wales, das Arid Recovery Reserve in der Nähe von Roxby Downs in Südaustralien.[1]

Lebensraum und Lebensweise

Das Lesueur-Bürstenkänguru lebt in Wüsten, Halbwüsten, Buschland und offenen Wäldern bis in Höhen von 300 Metern. Die Ernährung wechselt je nach Jahreszeit. Die Tiere sind nicht auf offene Gewässer angewiesen um ihren Feuchtigkeitsbedarf zu decken. Das Lesueur-Bürstenkänguru ist nachtaktiver und geselliger als andere Rattenkängurus und verbringt den Tag in selbst gegrabenen unterirdischen Bauen. Diese können einfach bis sehr komplex und ausgedehnt sein. Dies hängt von der Topografie und der Struktur des Bodens ab. Die Baue haben mindesten zwei Eingänge, können aber auch sehr viele haben. Innerhalb der Baue werden einfache Nester angelegt. Die Tiere ernähren sich vor allem von selbst ausgegrabenen Wurzeln, Knollen verschiedener Pflanzen, aber auch von Pilzen, Samen, Blättern, Stängeln, Wirbellosen und Aas.[1]

Weibchen bekommen pro Geburt ein einzelnes Jungtier und gebären bis zu zwei Mal im Jahr. Die Trächtigkeitsdauer beträgt 21 Tage. Nach der Geburt bleibt das Jungtier für etwa 4 Monate im Beutel und wird mit einem Alter von 5,5 bis 6 Monaten entwöhnt. Weibchen werden mit einem Alter von 7 Monaten geschlechtsreif, Männchen sind dann 14 Monate alt.[1]

Gefährdung und Schutzmaßnahmen

Einst in Zentral-, Süd- und Südwestaustralien weit verbreitet ist das Lesueur-Bürstenkänguru heute auf dem australischen Festland und auf Dirk Hartog Island ausgestorben. Der Niedergang der Art begann schon Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts im Südosten des Verbreitungsgebietes und setzte sich danach immer weiter nach Westen fort. Die letzten Exemplare wurden im Südwesten Australiens in den 1940er Jahren gesichtet und in Zentralaustralien in den 1960er Jahren. Grund für das Aussterben ist vor allem die Nachstellung durch Rotfüchse und Hauskatzen, die Umwandlung ihres Lebensraumes in Viehweiden und Ackerland und die Nahrungskonkurrenz durch Kaninchen. Die Population der auf den raubtierfreien Inseln und in den umzäunten Schutzgebieten lebenden Tiere liegt zwischen 300 und 3400 Tieren (etwa 3400 auf Barrow, 650 auf Bernier, 1000 auf Dorre, 500 im Schutzgebiet Arid Recovery und 300 im Scotia Wildlife Sanctuary). Der Bestand ist relativ stabil.[1][2]

Etymologie

Der Name des Lesueur-Bürstenkängurus, das von Jean René Constant Quoy und Joseph Paul Gaimard ursprünglich unter dem Namen Hypsiprymnus lesueur beschrieben wurde, ist dem französischen Naturforscher, Entdecker und Maler Charles-Alexandre Lesueur gewidmet.[3]

Belege

  1. a b c d e f Mark Eldridge & Greta Frankham: Family Potoroidae (Bettongs and Potoroos). Seite 625–626 in Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5. Monotremes and Marsupials. Lynx Editions, 2015, ISBN 978-84-96553-99-6
  2. Bettongia lesueur in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2016.3. Eingestellt von: Richards, J., Morris, K. & Burbidge, A., 2008. Abgerufen am 19. Januar 2017.
  3. Jean René Constant Quoy, Joseph Paul Gaimard: Voyage autour du monde, entrepris par ordre du roi, sur le Ministère et Conforménent aux instruction de S. Exc. M. Le Vicomte de Bouchage Secrétaire au Département de la Marine. Exécuté sur les corvettes de S. M. l'Uranie et la Physicienne, pendant les années 1817, 1818, 1819 et 1820. Zoologie. Pillet Ainé, Paris 1824 (biodiversitylibrary.org).

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Lesueur-Bürstenkänguru: Brief Summary ( saksa )

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Das Lesueur-Bürstenkänguru (Bettongia lesueur) ist ein Beutelsäuger aus der Familie der Rattenkängurus (Potoroidae), das einst in Zentral-, Süd- und Südwestaustralien weit verbreitet war. Heute kommt es nur noch auf wenigen Inseln vor der Küste Westaustraliens und in einigen umzäunten Schutzgebieten vor.

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Boodie ( englanti )

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The boodie (Bettongia lesueur), also known as the burrowing bettong or Lesueur's rat-kangaroo,[4] is a small, furry, rat-like mammal native to Australia. Once common throughout the continent, it is now restricted to a few coastal islands. A member of the rat-kangaroo family (Potoroidae), it lives in burrows and is active at night when it forages for fungi, roots, and other plant matter. It is about the size of a rabbit and, like most marsupials, carries its young in a pouch.

Before European settlement, it was the most common macropod in Australia (a group that includes kangaroos, wallabies, and other Australian mammals). Competition and predation by introduced rabbits, cats, and foxes, as well as habitat loss, pressured the population. It was declared a pest in the 1900s and was wiped out by the 1960s; however, the loss of the boodie and other ground-foraging animals has degraded soil quality. Populations persisted on three west coast islands (Bernier, Dorre, and Barrow), and the boodie has been reintroduced to the mainland since the 2000s.[5]

Taxonomy and name

The boodie belongs to the family Potoroidae, which includes the rat-kangaroos, potoroos, and other bettongs. It is one of four species in the genus Bettongia. There are three subspecies of Bettongia lesueur: B. l. graii, the extinct mainland subspecies; B. l. nova, an undescribed subspecies on Barrow and Brodie Island; and B. l. lesueur.[6]

The word "boodie" comes from its name burdi in Noongar,[7] an Aboriginal language spoken in southwestern Australia. The animal was first collected on an 1817 French expedition of the west coast, and was named Bettongia lesueur after Charles Lesueur, an artist and naturalist who accompanied a previous French expedition.

Paleontology

In the late Oligocene, fossils of paleopotoroines and potoroines (potoroid ancestors) appeared. During the Oligocene, ice buildup on Antarctica resulted in less rainfall on Australia. Rainforests declined, replaced by more arid-tolerant leathery leaf woodlands and reed swamps. This climate shift may have favored a radiation of terrestrial marsupials, including potoroid ancestors.[8] Fossils of the family Potoroidae appear from the mid-Miocene to Recent sediments.[9] Subfossil records of the burrowing bettong have been found in West Victoria, western New South Wales, and South Australia.[10]

Morphology

The boodie is a small, rat-like marsupial with short, rounded ears and a lightly haired, thick tail. This animal has a pointed rostrum and beady black eyes, hind limbs longer than the forelimbs, and large hind feet. This bettong is yellow-gray above and light gray below. Its short, dense fur feels soft and woolly. The animal bears a faint hip stripe and a distinctive white tail tip. This tail is weakly prehensile and used to carry nest material.[10][11] About the size of a wild rabbit, this little marsupial weighs an average of 1.5 kg.[4] Head and body length is an average of 40 cm.[10] Little to no sexual dimorphism seems to exist. However, morphology varies among subspecies and between islands.[12]

In general, a potoroid skull can be separated from a macropodid skull by the presence of well-developed upper canines and large plagiaulacoid (bladelike) premolars. Also unlike macropodids, the squamosal bone widely contacts the frontal. B. lesueur skulls are short and broad with large palatal vacuities, inflated auditory bullae, and short, broad nasals. The mandible is relatively short and deep compared to other relatives. The dental formula for all the modern potoroines is I 3/1 C 1/0 PM 1/1 M 4/4. Molars are bunodont and quadrate, and the premolars have 9-11 fine, vertical ridges. Young bettongs have two molars which are replaced by one adult premolar; this event is a good indication of maturity. The postcranial skeleton of all potoroids has seven cervical, 13 thoracic, six lumbar, two sacral, and 22 caudal vertebrae, with 13 pairs of ribs.[9]

Reproduction

If conditions are good, the boodie seems to mate throughout the year, probably using a polygynous mating system. Males do not seem to have dominance hierarchies; rather, they defend females against other males. Some females seem to establish associations with other females; whether these contribute to increased reproductive success is unknown.[5][9] Gestation lasts 21 days, with only one young per litter. Like other marsupial newborns, the newborn is altricial. About four months elapse until weaning.[4] After young leave the pouch, they take six to seven months to mature sexually.[12] Females mate the day after giving birth, and the fertilized egg arrests development until the young is weaned. This is an example of facultative embryonic diapause. In captivity, females are able to bear three young per year.[4]

Ecology

The boodie once lived in a range of dry subtropical and tropical habitats, from open eucalyptus and acacia woodlands to arid spinifex grasslands. In its current range on the islands, it seems to prefer open Triodia (spinifex) and dune habitats, but will burrow anywhere except places with rocky substrate.[12] The burrowing bettong eats a variety of foods, such as seeds, fruits, flowers, tubers, roots, succulent leaves, grasses, fungi, termites, and marine refuse. It will also raid vegetable gardens. Current populations fluctuate, building up during the years with average or good rainfall and crashing during drought years.[4][6] These marsupials are known to live at least three years in the wild.[12]

After colonisation of Australia, its predators were mainly the introduced red fox and cats.[4] Some natural predators on the islands include the wedge-tailed eagle and sea eagles; on Barrow Island, monitor lizards appear to be a significant predator.[12]

At the Arid Recovery Reserve near Roxby Downs in South Australia, the boodie is preyed upon by the western quoll.[13]

Before its extinction on the mainland, the boodie served a very important function in the Australian grassland ecosystem. As it foraged, it mixed organic matter into the soil, spreading fungi and seeds. This mixing also increased water absorption into the soil and reduced the combustible material under trees, decreasing the likelihood of fire. These actions helped maintain the balance of trees, shrubs, and grasses. The loss of small, ground-foraging animals after European settlement contributed to widespread soil deterioration.[14] Also, B. lesueur may have helped to thin woody weeds on rangeland by browsing shrubs growing after fires.[15]

The contraction of the distribution range in Southwest Australia during English settlement has been difficult to determine, Guy C. Shortridge searched unsuccessfully for the species south of Perth in 1909, and Charles M. Hoy obtained a skull that might have been collected at the sub-fossil site at the Margaret River Caves systems located within the Leeuwin-Naturaliste National Park.[16]

Behavior and physiological attributes

B. lesueur is very vocal, communicating through grunts, hisses, and squeals.[10] It shelters in burrows, the only macropodiform to do so.[5] Burrows vary from simple tunnels to complex networks with multiple entrances and deep, interconnecting tunnels. These elaborate burrows, or warrens, have been seen having from four to 94 entrances.[10] Warrens are communal, housing an average of 20-40 bettongs. Bettongs appear to switch warrens from time to time, though each has one or two preferred warrens. During the day in the warrens, they form groups of one male and one or many females; males never share warrens with other males. Some of the female-female groups seem to be mother-daughter associations. However, individuals seem to forage alone, showing none of the day-range group associations.[5][12]

The boodie is nocturnal, sheltering during the day in burrows and foraging widely at night for food.[4] Locomotion is mainly with the hind legs. The forelimbs are used for support when the boodie is stationary.[10] This bettong exhibits a slow gait and fast gait. The fast gait (or bipedal hop) is characteristic of the macropodiforms and uses only the hind limbs, with the forelimbs held close to the body and tail acting as a counterbalance. The slow gait (or quadrupedal crawl) is used during foraging and other unstressed times.[9] Nighttime movement is usually fairly limited, averaging less than 200 m. However, researchers have measured this marsupial traveling 2.2 km searching for food. One individual tracked on Barrow Island traveled 5 km.[12] B. lesueur uses scent to locate food, which it digs up with the claws on its strong forelimbs.[6] The boodie will even climb into low shrubs to find food.[4] Demonstrating little interspecific interactions, bettongs are apparently undisturbed by run-ins with other non-predators.

Bettong digestive systems are characterized by a very large sacciform fore stomach, a tubiform fore stomach with limited sacculation, and a small hind stomach. The hind gut has a well-developed, simple cecum. Like many macropodiforms, bettongs have fore gut fermentation. Daily water intake is only about 3% of its body weight. B. lesueur seems to have renal adaptations to conserve water, which is important in its arid and semiarid habitats.[9]

Species decline

Researchers have proposed many possible causes for the boodie's decline on mainland Australia, which began once Australia was colonized. Nineteenth-century colonists killed boodies, considering them a destructive garden pest. As pastoral leases spread over the grasslands, livestock grazing reduced vegetation cover, shrinking their habitat. Also, introduced species such as foxes, cats, and rabbits took a severe toll on the boodie, especially on islands. Rabbits competed with them for food and shelter, and the foxes and cats became their major predators. The theory that rabbits compete with boodies for food has been disputed in a study done in 2002[17] although further investigation is needed. Finally, the Indigenous Australians maintained certain fire regimes, and when these ceased, the habitat probably changed.[4] The species was amongst several marsupials declared pests under the Western Australian Vermin Act 1918, by a regional animal control board at Denmark, Western Australia in 1922.[16] By the 1960s, all the boodies on the mainland were extinct.[6]

Conservation efforts

Once present in all mainland states except Victoria, the burrowing bettong survived as three remnant populations on small offshore islands.[18][19] These islands include Bernier and Dorre Islands in Shark Bay and Barrow Island off the northwest coast of Western Australia. The marsupial was listed on the 2006 IUCN Red List as Vulnerable due to acute restriction of its area of occupancy to less than 100 km². In 2008, however, due to successful conservation efforts both by government agencies and the private sector, the species was listing was downgraded to Near Threatened, as its range and population had increased, and are still increasing. Newly established populations included Herrison Prong on mainland Shark Bay by the DEC, as well as Faure Island, Scotia Sanctuary, and Yookamurra Sanctuary, which were established by the Australian Wildlife Conservancy. The species was released at a large fenced sanctuary at Newhaven in the Northern Territory in June 2022.[20] It is pegged for reintroduction to Dirk Hartog Island[21] following the removal of feral cats and domestic livestock, as well as to fenced landscapes at Mallee Cliffs National Park and Sturt National Park, both in New South Wales.[22][23]

References

  1. ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 57. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ Richards, J.; Morris, K. & Burbidge, A. (2008). "Bettongia lesueur". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2008: e.T2784A9480530. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T2784A9480530.en.
  3. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i "The burrowing bettong (Bettongia lesueur)". Heirisson Prong Threatened Species Project. 2005-09-25. Archived from the original on 2007-04-01. Retrieved 2006-12-08.
  5. ^ a b c d Sander, U.; Short, J.; Turner, B. (1997). "Social organisation and warren use of the burrowing bettong Bettongia lesueur (Macropodoidea: Potoroidae)". Wildlife Research. 24 (2): 143–157. doi:10.1071/WR96021.
  6. ^ a b c d Massicot, P. (2006-06-02). "Burrowing Bettong". Animal Info. Retrieved 2006-12-08.
  7. ^ Oxford Dictionary. Oxford University Press. http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/boodie (12 Sep 2012)
  8. ^ Burk, A. & Springer, M.S. (2000). "Intergeneric relationships among Macropodoidea (Metatheria:Diprotodontia) and the chronicle of kangaroo evolution". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 7 (4): 214–237. doi:10.1023/A:1009488431055. S2CID 41226126.
  9. ^ a b c d e Seebeck, J.H. & Rose, R.W. (1989). "Potoroidae" (PDF). In D.W. Walton & B.J. Richardson (eds.). Fauna of Australia. Vol 1B Mammalia. Australian Government Publishing Service.
  10. ^ a b c d e f Burrowing bettong (boodie) Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine. Nature Base Fauna Species Profiles.
  11. ^ Burrowing bettong (Bettongia lesueur) Archived 2007-05-01 at the Wayback Machine. (2006). ARKive.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g Short, J. & Turner, B. (1999). "Ecology of burrowing bettongs, Bettongia lesueur (Marsupialia: Potoroidae), on Dorre and Bernier Islands, Western Australia". Wildlife Research. 26 (5): 651–669. doi:10.1071/WR98039.
  13. ^ West, R. S.; Tilley, L.; Moseby, K. E. (2019-10-16). "A trial reintroduction of the western quoll to a fenced conservation reserve: implications of returning native predators". Australian Mammalogy. 42 (3): 257–265. doi:10.1071/AM19041. ISSN 1836-7402.
  14. ^ Martin, G. (2003). "The roll of small ground-foraging mammals in topsoil health and biodiversity: Implications to management and restoration". Ecological Management & Restoration. 4 (2): 114–119. doi:10.1046/j.1442-8903.2003.00145.x.
  15. ^ Sarre, A. (1999). "Slow change on the range" (PDF). Ecos (100): 44.
  16. ^ a b Short, J.; Calaby, J. (July 2001). "The status of Australian mammals in 1922 - collections and field notes of museum collector Charles Hoy". Australian Zoologist. 31 (4): 533–562. doi:10.7882/az.2001.002. ISSN 0067-2238.
  17. ^ Robley, A. J., Short, J. & Bradley, S. (2002) Do European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) influence the population ecology of the burrowing bettong (Bettongia lesueur)? Wildlife research, 29, 423-429.
  18. ^ Menkhorst, P., Knight, F. (2004) A Field Guide to the Mammals of Australia, Oxford University Press, South Melbourne, Victoria, ISBN 0-19-555037-4
  19. ^ Van Dyck, S., Gynther, I., Baker, A. (2013) Field Companion to the Mammals of Australia, New Holland Publishers, Chatswood, New South Wales, ISBN 9781877069819
  20. ^ Tribune, The National (2022-06-01). "Burrowing Bettong's historic homecoming to Central Australia". The National Tribune. Retrieved 2022-06-03.
  21. ^ "Boodie (Burrowing Bettong)". Shark Bay. Retrieved 2020-09-03.
  22. ^ "Burrowing Bettong". AWC - Australian Wildlife Conservancy. Retrieved 2020-09-03.
  23. ^ author. "Sturt National Park Review of Environmental Factors for the reintroduction of locally extinct mammals". NSW Environment, Energy and Science. Retrieved 2020-09-03. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)

Sources

  • Tim Flannery (2007). Chasing Kangaroos: A Continent, a Scientist, and a Search for the World's Most Extraordinary Creature, ISBN 978-0-8021-1852-3

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Boodie: Brief Summary ( englanti )

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The boodie (Bettongia lesueur), also known as the burrowing bettong or Lesueur's rat-kangaroo, is a small, furry, rat-like mammal native to Australia. Once common throughout the continent, it is now restricted to a few coastal islands. A member of the rat-kangaroo family (Potoroidae), it lives in burrows and is active at night when it forages for fungi, roots, and other plant matter. It is about the size of a rabbit and, like most marsupials, carries its young in a pouch.

Before European settlement, it was the most common macropod in Australia (a group that includes kangaroos, wallabies, and other Australian mammals). Competition and predation by introduced rabbits, cats, and foxes, as well as habitat loss, pressured the population. It was declared a pest in the 1900s and was wiped out by the 1960s; however, the loss of the boodie and other ground-foraging animals has degraded soil quality. Populations persisted on three west coast islands (Bernier, Dorre, and Barrow), and the boodie has been reintroduced to the mainland since the 2000s.

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Bettongia lesueur ( kastilia )

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El betong de Lesueur o rata canguro de nariz corta de Lesueur (Bettongia lesueur) es una especie de marsupial diprotodonto de la familia Potoroidae oriundo de los bosques templados de Tasmania. Es un marsupial nocturno, muy tímido y se alimenta de toda clase de cosas, incluso carne, sus dientes caninos puntiagudos lo ayudan a ello. Hace su nido en una madriguera, lo construye con briznas de paja que amontona con su boca y luego sube a su cola con sus patas traseras, después curva la cola de modo que aprieta el manojo y puede llevarlo saltando hacia su destino.

Referencias

  1. Richards, J., Morris, K. & Burbidge, A. (2008). «Bettongia lesueur». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2010.4 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 20 de noviembre de 2010.

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Bettongia lesueur: Brief Summary ( kastilia )

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El betong de Lesueur o rata canguro de nariz corta de Lesueur (Bettongia lesueur) es una especie de marsupial diprotodonto de la familia Potoroidae oriundo de los bosques templados de Tasmania. Es un marsupial nocturno, muy tímido y se alimenta de toda clase de cosas, incluso carne, sus dientes caninos puntiagudos lo ayudan a ello. Hace su nido en una madriguera, lo construye con briznas de paja que amontona con su boca y luego sube a su cola con sus patas traseras, después curva la cola de modo que aprieta el manojo y puede llevarlo saltando hacia su destino.

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Bettongia lesueur ( baski )

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Bettongia lesueur Bettongia generoko animalia da. Martsupialen barruko Diprotodontia ordeneko animalia da. Potoroidae familian sailkatuta dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. Quoy and Gaimard (1824) In de Freycinet 64. or..

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Bettongia lesueur: Brief Summary ( baski )

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Bettongia lesueur Bettongia generoko animalia da. Martsupialen barruko Diprotodontia ordeneko animalia da. Potoroidae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Bettongie de Lesueur ( ranska )

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Bettongia lesueur

Le Rat-kangourou de Lesueur (Bettongia lesueur) est une espèce de petits marsupiaux de la famille des Potoroidae. Il vit uniquement en Australie, dont il est endémique et où il ne subsiste plus que sur quelques îles. Des programmes de réintroduction ont lieu après qu'ils ont été éliminés du continent notamment par les maladies, les chats ou les renards introduits par mégarde.

Dénominations

Distribution

Cette espèce est endémique d'Australie, elle se rencontrait en Australie-Occidentale, en Australie-Méridionale, dans le Territoire du Nord et au sud-ouest de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, maintenant elle n'est plus connue que des îles Bernier et Dorre dans la baie Shark et de l'Île de Barrow sur la côte du Pilbara. Des réintroductions sur le continent sont en cours.

Classification

Cette espèce a été décrite pour la première fois en 1824 par les zoologistes français Jean René Constant Quoy (1790-1869) et Joseph Paul Gaimard (1793-1858).

Publication originale

  • Quoy & Gaimard, 1824 : Zoologie. Voyage autour du monde entrepris par ordre du Roi, sous le Ministère et conformément aux instructions de S. Exc. M. Le Vicompte du Bocage, Secrétaire d'état au Département de la Marine, Exécuté sur les Corvettes de S. M. l'Uranie et al Physicienne, pendant les Années 1817, 1818, 1819 et 1820. Pillet Aîné Paris, p. 1-712.

Synonymes

Synonymes scientifiques :

  • Bettongia anhydra Finlayson, 1957
  • Bettongia graii (Gould, 1841)
  • Bettongia harveyi (Waterhouse, 1842)

Notes et références

  1. Meyer C., ed. sc., 2015, Dictionnaire des Sciences Animales (En ligne). Montpellier, France, Cirad. [12/05/2015].
  2. a et b Bettongia lesueur sur le site de l'UICN, consulté le 25 juin 2015.
  3. (en) Murray Wrobel, Elsevier's Dictionary of Mammals : in Latin, English, German, French and Italian, Amsterdam, Elsevier, 2007, 857 p. (ISBN 978-0-444-51877-4, lire en ligne)

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Bettongie de Lesueur: Brief Summary ( ranska )

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Bettongia lesueur

Le Rat-kangourou de Lesueur (Bettongia lesueur) est une espèce de petits marsupiaux de la famille des Potoroidae. Il vit uniquement en Australie, dont il est endémique et où il ne subsiste plus que sur quelques îles. Des programmes de réintroduction ont lieu après qu'ils ont été éliminés du continent notamment par les maladies, les chats ou les renards introduits par mégarde.

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Bettongia lesueur ( Italia )

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Il boodie (Bettongia lesueur Quoy e Gaimard, 1824), noto anche come bettongia scavatrice, è un piccolo marsupiale imparentato con i canguri. È un affascinante esempio di quanto le specie introdotte dall'uomo abbiano influito sulla fauna e gli ecosistemi australiani. Il boodie, un tempo il mammifero macropodiforme più comune dell'intero continente, oggi vive solamente su alcune isolette e in una popolazione recentemente introdotta nell'entroterra della Baia degli Squali[3]. Questo animale, catturato per la prima volta nel 1817, durante una spedizione francese lungo le coste occidentali, prende il nome da Charles Lesueur, un artista e naturalista che aveva visitato le stesse aree nel corso di una precedente spedizione francese. B. lesueur è noto con molti nomi comuni, tra cui tungoo, ratto canguro di Lesueur e ratto canguro dal naso corto[4].

Tassonomia

Il boodie appartiene alla famiglia dei Potoroidi, che comprende i ratti canguro, i potoroo e le altre specie di bettongia. Il genere Bettongia è costituito da quattro specie. A sua volta, il boodie viene suddiviso in tre sottospecie: Bettongia lesueur graii, la sottospecie continentale ormai estinta; Bettongia lesueur nova, una sottospecie ancora da descrivere diffusa sulle isole di Barrow e di Brodie; e Bettongia lesueur lesueur[5].

Paleontologia

Le prime specie fossili di Paleopotoroini e Potoroini (antenati dei Potoroidi) fecero la loro comparsa nell'Oligocene superiore. Nel corso di questa era, l'ampliamento dei ghiacci in Antartide causò una diminuzione delle piogge in Australia. Le foreste pluviali diminuirono e furono rimpiazzate da boscaglie di alberi dalle foglie coriacee più tolleranti al clima arido e da canneti. Questo cambiamento climatico potrebbe aver favorito una radiazione dei marsupiali terrestri, compresi gli antenati dei Potoroidi[6]. Fossili attribuiti a questa famiglia sono stati scoperti in sedimenti che vanno dal Miocene medio all'Olocene[7]. Resti subfossili della bettongia scavatrice sono stati trovati nel Victoria occidentale, nel Nuovo Galles del Sud occidentale e in Australia Meridionale[8].

Morfologia

Il boodie è un piccolo marsupiale simile al ratto con corte orecchie arrotondate ed una coda spessa e leggermente pelosa. Questo animale ha un rostro appuntito, vivaci occhi neri, arti posteriori più lunghi di quelli anteriori e grandi piedi posteriori. Questa bettongia ha il dorso color giallo-grigiastro e il ventre grigio chiaro. La sua pelliccia, breve e folta, è soffice e lanosa al tatto. L'animale presenta una leggera striscia sui fianchi e una caratteristica macchia bianca all'estremità della coda. Questa coda è leggermente prensile e viene utilizzata per trasportare materiali per il nido[8][9]. All'incirca delle dimensioni di un coniglio selvatico, questo piccolo marsupiale pesa in media 1,5 kg[4]. La lunghezza della testa e del corpo si aggira sui 40 cm[8]. Sembra che presenti poco o nessun dimorfismo sessuale. Tuttavia, la morfologia varia a seconda delle sottospecie e da un'isola all'altra[10].

In generale, un cranio di Potoroide si distingue da quello di un Macropodide per la presenza di canini superiori ben sviluppati e di grandi premolari plagiaulacoidi (a forma di lama). Diversamente da quanto avviene nei Macropodidi, l'osso squamoso aderisce largamente al frontale. Il cranio di B. lesueur è corto e largo e presenta una grande cavità palatina, bullae uditive rigonfie e un osso nasale corto e largo. La mandibola è relativamente corta e profonda se paragonata a quella dei suoi stretti parenti. La formula dentaria di tutti i Potoroini moderni è I 3/1 C 1/0 PM 1/1 M 4/4. I molari sono bunodonti e squadrati e i premolari presentano 9-11 sottili creste verticali. Le giovani bettonge hanno due molari che nell'adulto vengono rimpiazzati da un premolare; questa caratteristica viene spesso utilizzata per attribuire l'età ai vari esemplari. Lo scheletro post-craniale di tutti i Potoroidi presenta 7 vertebre cervicali, 13 toraciche, 6 lombari, 2 sacrali e 22 caudali, con 13 paia di costole[7].

Riproduzione e sviluppo

Se le condizioni sono favorevoli, sembra che il boodie si accoppi in ogni periodo dell'anno, probabilmente utilizzando un sistema di accoppiamento poliginico. Tra i vari maschi non sembra esserci una gerarchia di dominanza; piuttosto, essi difendono le femmine dalle avances di altri maschi. Alcune femmine sembra che formino associazioni con altri membri del proprio sesso; non sappiamo, però, se ciò contribuisca ad aumentare il successo riproduttivo[3][7]. La gestazione dura 21 giorni ed ogni nidiata è composta da un unico piccolo. Come i neonati degli altri marsupiali, anche quello del boodie alla nascita è completamente inetto e non sarà svezzato fino all'età di quattro mesi[4]. Dopo aver lasciato il marsupio, impiegherà altri 6-7 mesi per raggiungere la maturità sessuale[10]. Le femmine si accoppiano di nuovo il giorno dopo aver partorito; l'uovo fecondato arresta subito lo sviluppo, il quale riprenderà non appena il piccolo precedente sarà svezzato. Questo è un classico esempio di diapausa embrionale facoltativa. In cattività, una femmina può dare alla luce fino a tre piccoli all'anno[4].

Ecologia

Il boodie un tempo viveva in una vasta gamma di habitat subtropicali e tropicali secchi, dalle boscaglie aperte di eucalipti e acacie alle aride praterie di spinifex. Nel suo areale insulare attuale, sembra preferire ambienti aperti di Triodia (spinifex) e di dune, ma può scavare ovunque la sua tana, tranne che nei luoghi con substrati rocciosi[10]. La bettongia scavatrice si nutre di una gran varietà di alimenti, come semi, frutti, fiori, tuberi, radici, foglie succulente, graminacee, funghi, termiti e rifiuti portati a riva dalle onde. Può inoltre compiere incursioni nei giardini coltivati. L'andamento delle popolazioni di questo animale è oscillante: queste aumentano nelle annate piovose e diminuiscono nei periodi di siccità[4][5]. In natura, questo marsupiale può sopravvivere fino a tre anni[10].

Dopo la colonizzazione dell'Australia, i predatori più frequenti del boodie sono la volpe rossa e i gatti, entrambi introdotti dall'uomo[4]. Sulle isole, tra i predatori di questa specie ricordiamo l'aquila cuneata e le aquile di mare, e, sull'Isola di Barrow, i varani[10]. Prima della sua scomparsa dal continente, il boodie giocava un ruolo importantissimo negli ecosistemi di prateria australiani. Nutrendosi, mischiava i materiali organici nel suolo, diffondendo funghi e semi. Così facendo, aumentava anche il tasso di assorbimento idrico nel terreno e riduceva il numero delle sostanze combustibili all'ombra degli alberi, diminuendo quindi la probabilità di incendi. Queste azioni mantenevano il giusto equilibrio tra alberi, boscaglie e graminacee. La scomparsa dei piccoli animali terricoli erbivori dopo la colonizzazione europea ha contribuito all'estensivo deterioramento del suolo[11]. Inoltre, B. lesueur potrebbe aver aiutato a tenere sotto controllo le piante legnose infestanti brucando gli arbusti germinati dopo gli incendi[12].

Comportamento e caratteristiche fisiologiche

B. lesueur emette una gran varietà di richiami e comunica tramite grugniti, sibili e squittii[8]. Unico tra i Macropodiformi, si rifugia in tane sotterranee[3]. Queste variano da semplici gallerie a complesse reti con vari ingressi e profondi tunnel connessi tra loro. Le tane più elaborate, o labirinti, possono avere da 4 a 94 entrate[8]. In esse abitano in media 20-40 bettonge. Di tanto in tanto questi animali cambiano residenza, sebbene ogni esemplare abbia una o due tane predilette. Nei rifugi, durante il giorno, formano gruppi composti da un maschio e da una o più femmine; i maschi non condividono mai la tana con altri maschi. Alcune delle associazioni femmina-femmina sembrano essere coppie madre-figlia. Di notte, comunque, questi animali si alimentano da soli e non mostrano alcun segno delle associazioni diurne[3][10].

Il boodie è un animale notturno che trascorre il giorno nascondendosi nella tana, da cui esce solo la notte per mangiare[4]. La locomozione è a carico in gran parte delle zampe posteriori. Quelle anteriori servono da supporto quando l'animale sta fermo[8]. Questa bettongia mostra un'andatura sia lenta che veloce. In quella veloce (o balzo bipede), caratteristica dei Macropodiformi, vengono utilizzate solo le zampe posteriori; quelle anteriori vengono tenute aderenti al corpo e la coda funge da bilanciere. L'andatura lenta (o stile quadrupede) viene usata durante l'alimentazione e in altri momenti tranquilli[7]. Gli spostamenti notturni sono in genere piuttosto limitati e spesso sono inferiori ai 200 m. Tuttavia, i ricercatori hanno individuato anche esemplari alla ricerca di cibo che si spostavano per 2,2 km. Un esemplare dell'Isola di Barrow ha compiuto spostamenti di 5 km[10]. B. lesueur utilizza l'olfatto per localizzare il cibo e, una volta individuato, lo dissotterra con gli artigli delle robuste zampe anteriori[5]. Il boodie può anche arrampicarsi su piccoli arbusti per trovare il cibo[4]. Avendo poche interazioni interspecifiche, le bettonge sono apparentemente esenti da scontri con altre specie erbivore.

L'apparato digerente della bettongia è caratterizzato da un rumine sacciforme molto grande, da un rumine tubiforme meno allargato e da un piccolo stomaco posteriore. L'intestino crasso presenta un cieco ben sviluppato. La fermentazione del cibo avviene nell'intestino tenue, come in molti Macropodiformi. Il consumo d'acqua giornaliero è pari solamente al 3% del peso corporeo. I reni di B. lesueur sembra abbiano sviluppato particolari accorgimenti per conservare l'acqua, fatto di vitale importanza per un animale che abita in zone aride e semi-aride[7].

Conservazione

Come nel caso di molte altre estinzioni, anche quella del boodie dal continente australiano è dovuta a cause molteplici e connesse tra loro. I ricercatori hanno proposto varie ipotesi per spiegare il declino dell'animale, avvenuto dopo la colonizzazione da parte degli europei. Nel XIX secolo i coloni uccidevano i boodie, ritenendoli animali nocivi per le coltivazioni. Quando sulle praterie si fecero più numerose le fattorie, il bestiame, pascolando, riduceva la copertura vegetale, facendo diminuire sempre più l'habitat del ratto canguro. Inoltre, animali introdotti come le volpi, i gatti e i conigli fecero pagare un caro prezzo ai boodie, soprattutto sulle isole. I conigli entrarono in competizione con essi per il cibo e i rifugi, e le volpi e i gatti divennero i loro principali predatori. Da ultimo, venne a cessare il regime degli incendi mantenuto dagli aborigeni: ciò provocò probabilmente mutamenti ambientali[4]. A partire dagli anni '60, il boodie scomparve dal continente[5].

Un tempo presente in tutti gli stati continentali, Queensland escluso, il boodie sopravvive soltanto su tre isolette al largo della costa. Queste sono Bernier e Dorre, nella Baia degli Squali, e Barrow, presso la costa nord-ovest dell'Australia Occidentale. Nella Lista Rossa della IUCN del 2006 il marsupiale entrò nell'elenco delle specie vulnerabili a causa delle ridotte dimensioni dell'areale, inferiore ai 100 km², ma ora, grazie al successo dei progetti di conservazione portati avanti sia dalle agenzie governative (DEC, Department of Environment and Conservation), che hanno reintrodotto l'animale nella località di Heirisson Prong, presso la Baia degli Squali, e, soprattutto, dagli enti privati, come Australian Wildlife Conservancy (AWC), che hanno reintrodotto i boodie sull'isola di Faure, nel Santuario di Scotia, e nel Santuario di Yookamurra, nella Lista Rossa della IUCN del 2008 è stato posto tra le specie prossime alla minaccia, dato che l'areale e la popolazione sono aumentati e stanno ancora crescendo.

Note

  1. ^ (EN) D.E. Wilson e D.M. Reeder, Bettongia lesueur, in Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3ª ed., Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
  2. ^ (EN) Lamoreux, J. & Hilton-Taylor, C. (Global Mammal Assessment Team) 2008, Bettongia lesueur, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  3. ^ a b c d Sander, U., Short, J., & Turner, B., Social organisation and warren use of the burrowing bettong Bettongia lesueur (Macropodoidea: Potoroidae), in Wildlife Research, vol. 24, 1997, pp. 143–157, DOI:10.1071/WR96021.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i The burrowing bettong (Bettongia lesueur), su Heirisson Prong Threatened Species Project, 25 settembre 2005. URL consultato l'8 dicembre 2006 (archiviato dall'url originale il 1º aprile 2007).
  5. ^ a b c d Massicot, P., Burrowing Bettong, su Animal Info, 2 giugno 2006. URL consultato l'8 dicembre 2006.
  6. ^ Burk, A. & Springer, M.S., Intergeneric relationships among Macropodoidea (Metatheria:Diprotodontia) and the chronicle of kangaroo evolution, in Journal of Mammalian Evolution, vol. 7, n. 4, 2000, pp. 214–237, DOI:10.1023/A:1009488431055.
  7. ^ a b c d e Seebeck, J.H. and Rose, R.W., Potoroidae (PDF), in eds. D.W. Walton and B.J. Richardson (a cura di), Fauna of Australia. Vol 1B Mammalia, Australian Government Publishing Service, 1989. URL consultato l'11 marzo 2009 (archiviato dall'url originale il 23 luglio 2005).
  8. ^ a b c d e f Burrowing bettong (boodie) Archiviato il 29 settembre 2007 in Internet Archive.. Nature Base Fauna Species Profiles.
  9. ^ Burrowing bettong (Bettongia lesueur) Archiviato il 1º maggio 2007 in Internet Archive.. (2006). ARKive.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g Short, J. & Turner, B., Ecology of burrowing bettongs, Bettongia lesueur (Marsupialia: Potoroidae), on Dorre and Bernier Islands, Western Australia, in Wildlife Research, vol. 26, 1999, pp. 651–669, DOI:10.1071/WR98039.
  11. ^ Martin, G., The roll of small ground-foraging mammals in topsoil health and biodiversity: Implications to management and restoration, in Ecological Management & Restoration, vol. 4, n. 2, 2003, pp. 114–119, DOI:10.1046/j.1442-8903.2003.00145.x.
  12. ^ Sarre, A., Slow change on the range (PDF), in Ecos, n. 100, 1999, p. 44, DOI:10.1071/EC100p44.

Bibliografia

  • Tim Flannery (2007). Chasing Kangaroos: A Continent, a Scientist, and a Search for the World's Most Extraordinary Creature, ISBN 978-0-8021-1852-3

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Bettongia lesueur: Brief Summary ( Italia )

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Il boodie (Bettongia lesueur Quoy e Gaimard, 1824), noto anche come bettongia scavatrice, è un piccolo marsupiale imparentato con i canguri. È un affascinante esempio di quanto le specie introdotte dall'uomo abbiano influito sulla fauna e gli ecosistemi australiani. Il boodie, un tempo il mammifero macropodiforme più comune dell'intero continente, oggi vive solamente su alcune isolette e in una popolazione recentemente introdotta nell'entroterra della Baia degli Squali. Questo animale, catturato per la prima volta nel 1817, durante una spedizione francese lungo le coste occidentali, prende il nome da Charles Lesueur, un artista e naturalista che aveva visitato le stesse aree nel corso di una precedente spedizione francese. B. lesueur è noto con molti nomi comuni, tra cui tungoo, ratto canguro di Lesueur e ratto canguro dal naso corto.

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Lesueurborstelstaartkangoeroerat ( flaami )

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De Lesueurborstelstaartkangoeroerat (Bettongia lesueur) is een kangoeroerat uit het geslacht der borstelstaartkangoeroeratten (Bettongia).

Kenmerken

De Lesueurborstelstaartkangoeroerat is een gedrongen kangoeroerat met een dichte vacht die aan de bovenkant van het lichaam geelbruin en aan de onderkant wat lichter is. De bek en de oren zijn kort. De korte, dikke staart is grotendeels geelbruin. Op Bernier en Dorre bedraagt de kop-romplengte rond de 360 mm, de staartlengte ongeveer 280 mm en het gewicht 900 tot 1600 g, op Barrow bedraagt de kop-romplengte circa 280 mm, de staartlengte ongeveer 215 mm en het gewicht tot 980 g.

Leefwijze

Deze soort is 's nachts actief, leeft op de grond en is een omnivoor: hij eet onder andere schimmels, bladeren, bloemen, zaden, fruit, geleedpotigen. De Lesueurborstelstaartkangoeroerat is de enige kangoeroerat die vaak holen graaft. Deze soort beweegt zich altijd alleen op de achterpoten voort.

Voortplanting

Vrouwtjes krijgen tot drie jongen per jaar, die in alle maanden geboren kunnen worden.

Verspreiding

Deze soort komt voor op de eilanden Bernier, Dorre (Sharkbaai) en Barrow en Boodie (Pilbara) voor de kust van West-Australië. Deze soort kwam vroeger wijdverspreid voor in de droge delen van Australië, oostelijk tot het midden van Nieuw-Zuid-Wales, maar daar is hij nu uitgestorven.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  • Groves, C.P. 2005. Order Diprotodontia. Pp. 43-70 in Wilson, D.E. & Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic reference. 3rd ed. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, Vol. 1: pp. i-xxxv+1-743; Vol. 2: pp. i-xvii+745-2142. ISBN 0 8018 8221 4
  • Menkhorst, P. & Knight, F. 2001. A Field Guide to the Mammals of Australia. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press, x+269 pp. ISBN 0 19 550870 X
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Lesueurborstelstaartkangoeroerat: Brief Summary ( flaami )

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De Lesueurborstelstaartkangoeroerat (Bettongia lesueur) is een kangoeroerat uit het geslacht der borstelstaartkangoeroeratten (Bettongia).

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Bettongia lesueur ( portugali )

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Bettongia lesueur é uma espécie de marsupial da família Potoroidae. Endêmico da Austrália. Uma subespécie, Bettongia lesueur graii, foi extinta na década de 1960.

Referências

  • GROVES, C. P. Order Diprotodontia. In: WILSON, D. E.; REEDER, D. M. (Eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. 3. ed Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. v. 1, p. 43-70.
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Bettongia lesueur: Brief Summary ( portugali )

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Bettongia lesueur é uma espécie de marsupial da família Potoroidae. Endêmico da Austrália. Uma subespécie, Bettongia lesueur graii, foi extinta na década de 1960.

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Lesueurs opossumråtta ( ruotsi )

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Lesueurs opossumråtta (Bettongia lesueur[2][3][4][5]) är en pungdjursart som först beskrevs av Jean René Constant Quoy och Joseph Paul Gaimard 1824. Bettongia lesueur ingår i släktet opossumråttor, och familjen råttkänguruer.[6][7] Inga underarter finns listade.[6] Arten är uppkallad efter den franska naturforskaren Charles Alexandre Lesueur.[8]

Utseende

Arten når en kroppslängd (huvud och bål) av 37 till 40 cm, en svanslängd av cirka 30 cm och en vikt av 0,4 till 1,8 kg.[9] Djuret påminner i kroppsformen om en råtta men med sina kraftiga bakben liknar den även en känguru. Likaså är de främre extremiteter korta som hos kängurudjur. Huvudet kännetecknas av en spetsig nos, medelstora svarta ögon och korta avrundade öron. Den korta och täta pälsen är lite mjukare än hos andra opossumråttor.[10] Den har på ovansidan en gråbrun färg, ibland med ljusgul skugga. På undersidan förekommer ljusgrå päls. Svansen kan i viss mån användas som gripverktyg, till exempel för att bära växtdelar som flyttas till boet.[9] Svansens spets är vanligen vit.[10]

Utbredning

Pungdjuret hade före européernas ankomst i Australien ett stort utbredningsområde på kontinenten men överlevde bara på några små öar nordväst om Australien. Ett projekt att åter införa Lesueurs opossumråtta i sydcentrala Australien pågår. Arten vistas i ganska torra skogar och buskmarker samt i klippiga regioner.[1]

Ekologi

Lesueurs opossumråtta är den enda arten i familjen råttkänguruer som gräver underjordiska bon. Boet kan vara en enkel håla med en eller två ingångar eller ett komplext tunnelsystem med upp till 100 ingångar. I boet lever en flock eller en grupp med upp till 50 medlemmar tillsammans. Hela gruppen bildas av flera familjer med en hanne, flera honor och deras ungar – liksom ett harem. Ibland förekommer strider mellan hannar om rätten att para sig.[10] För kommunikationen har arten olika läten.[9]

Allmänt letar varje individ ensam efter föda. Den vandrar ofta 60 meter till 2 km per natt och under torra tider ibland längre. Födan utgörs främst av växtdelar som blad, frön, blommor, rotfrukter, frukter och svampar. Som komplement äts insekter och as. Lesueurs opossumråtta använder främst sitt luktsinne för att hitta föda.[9]

Honor kan ha upp till tre kullar per år och en kull består oftast av en unge, ibland föds tvillingar. Kort efter födelsen parar sig honan igen. Embryot har en fördröjd utveckling och den egentliga dräktigheten börjar när det äldre syskonet lämnar moderns pung (marsupium). Utvecklingen går snabbare när den första ungen dör. Den egentliga dräktigheten varar i cirka 21 dagar.[10] Ungen diar sin mor ungefär 115 dagar. Den blir självständig efter cirka 180 dagar och könsmognaden infaller efter ungefär ett år.[9]

Den maximala livslängden i naturen uppskattas med tre år. Sedan européernas ankomst i Australien jagas arten intensiv av introducerade katter och rödrävar.[9]

Status

Införda rovdjur är det största hotet mot beståndet. Arten påverkas dessutom negativ av introducerade konkurrenter som möss och råttor. Även betande nötkreatur som förändrar landskapet har inverkan på beståndets utveckling. Öarna där Lesueurs opossumråtta lever är naturskyddsområden. Dessutom återintroducerades arten i några regioner där den tidigare hade försvunnit. På grund av dessa åtgärder ökar populationen igen. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som nära hotad.[1]

Källor

  1. ^ [a b c] 2008 Bettongia lesueur Från: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2 <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 2012-1024.
  2. ^ Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. (1992) , Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 2nd ed., 3rd printing
  3. ^ (1998) , website Bettongia lesueur, Mammal Species of the World
  4. ^ Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. (2005) , Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3rd ed., vols. 1 & 2
  5. ^ Nowak, Ronald M. (1991) , Walker's Mammals of the World, vol. 1, 5th ed.
  6. ^ [a b] Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (17 april 2011). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. Arkiverad från originalet den 18 juni 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120618223324/http://www.catalogueoflife.org/services/res/2011AC_26July.zip. Läst 24 september 2012.
  7. ^ ITIS: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Orrell T. (custodian), 2011-04-26
  8. ^ Beolens, Watkins & Grayson (2009) The Eponym Dictionary of Mammals, Johns Hopkins University Press, sid. 241
  9. ^ [a b c d e f] Jeffery Mayfield (17 april 2007). Bettongia lesueur (på engelska). Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Bettongia_lesueur/. Läst 9 maj 2017.
  10. ^ [a b c d] R. Edwards (17 april 2009). ”Burrowing bettong”. ARKive. Arkiverad från originalet den 4 juli 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170704081502/http://www.arkive.org/burrowing-bettong/bettongia-lesueur/. Läst 9 maj 2017.

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Lesueurs opossumråtta: Brief Summary ( ruotsi )

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Lesueurs opossumråtta (Bettongia lesueur) är en pungdjursart som först beskrevs av Jean René Constant Quoy och Joseph Paul Gaimard 1824. Bettongia lesueur ingår i släktet opossumråttor, och familjen råttkänguruer. Inga underarter finns listade. Arten är uppkallad efter den franska naturforskaren Charles Alexandre Lesueur.

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Bettongia lesueur ( vietnam )

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Bettongia lesueur là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Potoroidae, bộ Hai răng cửa. Loài này được Quoy & Gaimard mô tả năm 1824.[2]

Chú thích

  1. ^ Richards, J., Morris, K. & Burbidge, A. (2008). Bettongia lesueur. 2008 Sách đỏ IUCN. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế 2008. Truy cập ngày 29 tháng 12 năm 2008. Database entry includes justification for why this species is listed as near threatened
  2. ^ a ă Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Bettongia lesueur”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

Tham khảo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến động vật có vú này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Bettongia lesueur: Brief Summary ( vietnam )

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Bettongia lesueur là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Potoroidae, bộ Hai răng cửa. Loài này được Quoy & Gaimard mô tả năm 1824.

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부디 ( Korea )

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부디 또는 굴파는베통(Bettongia lesueur)은 쥐캥거루과에 속하는 작은 유대류의 일종이다. 이 개체군은 도입종을 통한 오스트레일리아 동물상과 생태계 복원 노력의 예시 중의 하나이다. 한때는 오스트레일리아 대륙에서 가장 흔한 캥거루아목 포유류였지만, 부디는 현재 대륙 연안의 섬에서만 서식하며 샤크 만의 대륙에 사는 종들은 새로 도입된 개체군이다.[3] 첫 표본은 1817년 프랑스 탐험대가 서부 해안을 탐험하던 중에 처음 수집했으며, 학명은 이전에 프랑스 탐험대에 동행했던 화가이자 박물학자 샤를르 르쉬외르(Charles Alexandre Lesueur)의 이름을 따서 지었다. 부디는 "퉁구"(tungoo)와 쥐캥거루(Lesueur’s rat-kangaroo), "짧은코쥐캥거루"(short-nosed rat-kangaroo) 등 여러 이름으로 알려져 있다.[4]

각주

  1. Groves, C.P. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., 편집. 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》 (영어) 3판. 존스 홉킨스 대학교 출판사. 57쪽. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  2. “Bettongia lesueur”. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2008판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2008. 2008년 12월 29일에 확인함.
  3. Sander, U., Short, J., & Turner, B. (1997). “Social organisation and warren use of the burrowing bettong Bettongia lesueur (Macropodoidea: Potoroidae)”. 《Wildlife Research》 24 (2): 143–157. doi:10.1071/WR96021.
  4. “The burrowing bettong (Bettongia lesueur)”. 《Heirisson Prong Threatened Species Project》. 2005년 9월 25일. 2007년 4월 1일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2006년 12월 8일에 확인함.
  • Tim Flannery (2007). Chasing Kangaroos: A Continent, a Scientist, and a Search for the World's Most Extraordinary Creature, ISBN 978-0-8021-1852-3
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부디: Brief Summary ( Korea )

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부디 또는 굴파는베통(Bettongia lesueur)은 쥐캥거루과에 속하는 작은 유대류의 일종이다. 이 개체군은 도입종을 통한 오스트레일리아 동물상과 생태계 복원 노력의 예시 중의 하나이다. 한때는 오스트레일리아 대륙에서 가장 흔한 캥거루아목 포유류였지만, 부디는 현재 대륙 연안의 섬에서만 서식하며 샤크 만의 대륙에 사는 종들은 새로 도입된 개체군이다. 첫 표본은 1817년 프랑스 탐험대가 서부 해안을 탐험하던 중에 처음 수집했으며, 학명은 이전에 프랑스 탐험대에 동행했던 화가이자 박물학자 샤를르 르쉬외르(Charles Alexandre Lesueur)의 이름을 따서 지었다. 부디는 "퉁구"(tungoo)와 쥐캥거루(Lesueur’s rat-kangaroo), "짧은코쥐캥거루"(short-nosed rat-kangaroo) 등 여러 이름으로 알려져 있다.

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