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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

tarjonnut AnAge articles
Maximum longevity: 20 years (wild)
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Joao Pedro de Magalhaes
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de Magalhaes, J. P.
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AnAge articles

Life Expectancy ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

Although lingcod can live for up to 25 years, most individuals live close to 20 years in the wild.

Range lifespan
Status: wild:
25 (high) years.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
20 years.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
20 years.

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Adam, C.; B. Reilly; K. Shannon and A. Stuart 2011. "Ophiodon elongatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ophiodon_elongatus.html
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Corey Adam, San Diego Mesa College
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Brendan Reilly, San Diego Mesa College
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Kristopher Shannon, San Diego Mesa College
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Arthur Stuart, San Diego Mesa College
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Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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John Berini, Special Projects
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Animal Diversity Web

Habitat ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

Lingcod are coastal fish that occupy submerged banks with dense communities of algae, and channels with strong currents flowing over and around rocky reefs. They avoid muddy and sandy bottoms, and stagnant areas. Lingcod have been found at depths up to 420 m, though the majority live in waters less than 100 m. Lingcod are tolerant of a broad range of water temperatures.

Range depth: 0 to 420 m.

Average depth: <100 m.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; saltwater or marine

Aquatic Biomes: benthic ; reef ; coastal

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Adam, C.; B. Reilly; K. Shannon and A. Stuart 2011. "Ophiodon elongatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ophiodon_elongatus.html
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Corey Adam, San Diego Mesa College
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Brendan Reilly, San Diego Mesa College
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Kristopher Shannon, San Diego Mesa College
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Arthur Stuart, San Diego Mesa College
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Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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Distribution ( englanti )

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Ophiodon elongatus is native to the west coast of North America, from the Shumagin Islands in the Gulf of Alaska to Baja California, Mexico. Highest densities are found off the coast of British Columbia, Canada.

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native ); pacific ocean (Native )

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Adam, C.; B. Reilly; K. Shannon and A. Stuart 2011. "Ophiodon elongatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ophiodon_elongatus.html
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Corey Adam, San Diego Mesa College
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Brendan Reilly, San Diego Mesa College
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Kristopher Shannon, San Diego Mesa College
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Arthur Stuart, San Diego Mesa College
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Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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Trophic Strategy ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

Lingcod are ambush predators that eat anything that can fit in their mouths, especially fish and large invertebrates. Lingcod exhibit cannibalism and prey on various species of salmon and rockfish as well as Pacific herring and octopus.

Animal Foods: fish; eggs; mollusks; aquatic or marine worms; aquatic crustaceans; other marine invertebrates; zooplankton

Primary Diet: carnivore (Piscivore , Eats eggs, Eats non-insect arthropods, Molluscivore , Vermivore); planktivore

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Adam, C.; B. Reilly; K. Shannon and A. Stuart 2011. "Ophiodon elongatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ophiodon_elongatus.html
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Corey Adam, San Diego Mesa College
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Brendan Reilly, San Diego Mesa College
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Kristopher Shannon, San Diego Mesa College
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Arthur Stuart, San Diego Mesa College
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Associations ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

Lingcod are important secondary and tertiary consumers within the benthic community. They are ambush predators and prey upon squid, octopuses, crabs, fish, and smaller lingcod. They are also an important prey species for numerous species of marine mammal. Lingcod eggs are eaten by gastropod mollusks, crabs, echinoderms, kelp greenlings, and cabezon, while larvae and juveniles may be consumed by anything larger than themselves.

Little information is known of parasites specific to lingcod, however, they are known to host the nematode Cucullanus elongatus and the copepod Chondracanthus narium.

Commensal/Parasitic Species:

  • nematode, Cucullanus elongatus
  • copepod, Chondracanthus narium
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Adam, C.; B. Reilly; K. Shannon and A. Stuart 2011. "Ophiodon elongatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ophiodon_elongatus.html
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Corey Adam, San Diego Mesa College
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Brendan Reilly, San Diego Mesa College
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Kristopher Shannon, San Diego Mesa College
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Arthur Stuart, San Diego Mesa College
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Benefits ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

From 1943 to 1950, commercial landings of lingcod ranged from 326,000 to 950,000 kg per year, primarily due to strong markets for fish liver oil. From 1972 to 1982, landings significantly increased to 1,360,000 kg per year, due to rapid expansion of trawl fishing along the Pacific west coast. Since the late 1980's, lingcod landings have steadily declined, both in total weight and number of fish caught. In 1999, the commercial harvest peaked at 142,000 kg and was valued at $283,000. By 2009, commercial landings had decreased to around 57,000 kg, valued at $184,000. In 1980, the recreational catch totaled 626,945 fish, compared to 30,477 fish landed in 2008. This reduction reflects the catch limits imposed by management plans that were implemented by California Department of Fish and Game to conserve rockfish populations along the Pacific coast of the United States.

Positive Impacts: food ; source of medicine or drug

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Adam, C.; B. Reilly; K. Shannon and A. Stuart 2011. "Ophiodon elongatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ophiodon_elongatus.html
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Corey Adam, San Diego Mesa College
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Brendan Reilly, San Diego Mesa College
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Kristopher Shannon, San Diego Mesa College
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Arthur Stuart, San Diego Mesa College
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Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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Benefits ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

There are no known adverse effects of lingcod on humans.

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Adam, C.; B. Reilly; K. Shannon and A. Stuart 2011. "Ophiodon elongatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ophiodon_elongatus.html
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Corey Adam, San Diego Mesa College
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Brendan Reilly, San Diego Mesa College
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Kristopher Shannon, San Diego Mesa College
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Arthur Stuart, San Diego Mesa College
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Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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Life Cycle ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

The incubation period for lingcod eggs varies with water temperature, but usually lasts between 5 and 12 weeks. Eggs hatch during late winter or early spring. Newly hatched larvae are approximately 7 to 10 mm in length and are transported by ocean currents until they grow large enough to swim about freely. During the planktonic larval period, lingcod grow rapidly, feeding primarily on copepods and other small zooplankton. By mid-summer, when length reaches approximately 80 mm, lingcod larvae become demersal and settle in kelp or eelgrass beds. At this point, larvae begin feeding on juvenile Pacific herring and other small fish. By age two, juvenile lingcod migrate into shallow-water habitats shared by adult lingcod. Growth is rapid during the first 3 years of life. Throughout this period, both sexes display similar growth patterns, and in one year they grow an average of 27 cm. Studies have found that 3-year-old lingcod of either sex average around 50 cm in length. Starting at age 3, females grow faster with increasing age, and males grow more quickly when young. Males begin to mature at age 2 or about 50 cm in length, and females become sexually mature when by age 3 or about 76 cm in length. The number of eggs produced per female increases with size and age, and some egg masses have been reported to weigh as much as 6.8 kg. The largest specimen caught was reportedly 150 cm in length, and weighed 32 kg. Maximum age of lingcod is reported to be 25 years.

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Adam, C.; B. Reilly; K. Shannon and A. Stuart 2011. "Ophiodon elongatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ophiodon_elongatus.html
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Corey Adam, San Diego Mesa College
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Brendan Reilly, San Diego Mesa College
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Kristopher Shannon, San Diego Mesa College
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Arthur Stuart, San Diego Mesa College
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Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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Conservation Status ( englanti )

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Lingcod have not been evaluated by the IUCN, and therefore, populations trends and potential conservation needs are currently unknown.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

State of Michigan List: no special status

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Adam, C.; B. Reilly; K. Shannon and A. Stuart 2011. "Ophiodon elongatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ophiodon_elongatus.html
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Corey Adam, San Diego Mesa College
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Brendan Reilly, San Diego Mesa College
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Kristopher Shannon, San Diego Mesa College
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Arthur Stuart, San Diego Mesa College
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Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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John Berini, Special Projects
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Behavior ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

Although there is little information on communication and perception specific to lingcod, like many other species of Teleostei, they use vision, chemical perception via the nares, the lateral line system, and hearing to perceive their environment.

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; vibrations ; chemical

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Adam, C.; B. Reilly; K. Shannon and A. Stuart 2011. "Ophiodon elongatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ophiodon_elongatus.html
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Corey Adam, San Diego Mesa College
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Brendan Reilly, San Diego Mesa College
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Kristopher Shannon, San Diego Mesa College
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Arthur Stuart, San Diego Mesa College
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Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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John Berini, Special Projects
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Morphology ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

Body coloration of lingcod is cryptic and variable, but generally consists of dark shades of brownish-green with blotches of copper along the length of the body. The only color consistent among individuals is white, which appears on the ventral side of the gills. The first dorsal fin is larger than the second, and the two dorsal fins together extend nearly the entire length of the body. The mouth is wide and contains about 18 large, inward-curved, sharp teeth. They can grow as large as 36 kg, but average mass is 13 kg. Although mean length for lingcod is unknown, the largest individual on record was 152.4 cm (5 feet) long, and adult females tend to be larger than adult males.

Range mass: 36 (high) kg.

Average mass: 13 kg.

Range length: 152.4 (high) cm.

Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; heterothermic ; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: female larger

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Adam, C.; B. Reilly; K. Shannon and A. Stuart 2011. "Ophiodon elongatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ophiodon_elongatus.html
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Corey Adam, San Diego Mesa College
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Brendan Reilly, San Diego Mesa College
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Kristopher Shannon, San Diego Mesa College
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Arthur Stuart, San Diego Mesa College
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Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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John Berini, Special Projects
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Associations ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

Lingcod are cryptically colored and spend most of their time hiding underneath overhangs, amongst rocks, and within holes. As adults, lingcod have long, sharp teeth to deter potential predators. Humans are the most significant predator of lingcod, which were considered overfished in the late 90's. Since then, multiple regulations have been put into place to reduce the annual harvest rates of lingcod. Other important predators include Stellar sea lions, California sea lions, harbor seals, and sharks.

Known Predators:

  • humans (Homo sapiens)
  • lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus)
  • Stellar sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus)
  • California sea lions (Zalophus californianus)
  • harbor seals (Phoca vitulina)
  • sharks (Chondrichthyes)

Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic

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Adam, C.; B. Reilly; K. Shannon and A. Stuart 2011. "Ophiodon elongatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ophiodon_elongatus.html
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Corey Adam, San Diego Mesa College
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Brendan Reilly, San Diego Mesa College
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Kristopher Shannon, San Diego Mesa College
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Arthur Stuart, San Diego Mesa College
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Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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Reproduction ( englanti )

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Adult lingcod reproduce sexually by means of external fertilization and exhibit both nesting and nest-tending activities. Males attract one or more females to his nesting site. Once at the nesting site, females deposit an egg mass consisting of 40,000 to 500,000 eggs within reef cracks and cavities. Females often lay their eggs in layers, with each layer fertilized before the next layer is laid. A single male fertilizes the egg masses of multiple females. Female lingcod remain monogamous within the breeding season and spawns with only one male, once per breeding season. Unlike males, which return each year to their nesting sites, females exhibit no site fidelity, and mates with a different male at a different location during the following season.

Mating System: polygynandrous (promiscuous)

Adult lingcod spawn seasonally starting in late winter. Spawning takes place between December and April in shallow waters 3 to 10 m in depth over rocky reefs with strong tidal currents. Males become sexually mature by 2 years of age, and females become sexually mature between 3 and 5 years of age. Males migrate as early as September to near shore spawning grounds to establish territorial boundaries and nest sites. The territory of a single male often includes more than one nest site. If a male finds a suitable nesting site he may return to that same site every season until he is no longer capable of spawning. Once a male establishes his nest site, he drives off all other males and begins attracting females to his territory.

Breeding interval: Female lingcod breed once a year during a 5 month period starting in late winter.

Breeding season: Breeding occurs between December through April

Range number of offspring: 40,000 to 500,000.

Range gestation period: 5 to 12 weeks.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 3 to 5 years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 2 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization (External ); oviparous

Female lingcod abruptly leave the nesting site after depositing their eggs. Males are territorial during mating season and aggressively defend their nest against all intruders. There have even been reports of attacks on humans by male lingcod during the mating season. Males remains with fertilized eggs for 8 to 10 weeks throughout development and fan them with their pectoral tail fins to keep them oxygenated and clean. It is not unusual for a small male to protect a nest when the mature male is gone. Small males have also been known to guard loose egg masses that have detached from the reef and settled on the ocean floor. Lingcod eggs are vulnerable to numerous benthic predators; therefore, male nest guarding is important for survival of young.

Parental Investment: male parental care ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Protecting: Male)

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Adam, C.; B. Reilly; K. Shannon and A. Stuart 2011. "Ophiodon elongatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ophiodon_elongatus.html
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Corey Adam, San Diego Mesa College
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Brendan Reilly, San Diego Mesa College
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Kristopher Shannon, San Diego Mesa College
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Arthur Stuart, San Diego Mesa College
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Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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John Berini, Special Projects
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Diagnostic Description ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fishbase
Anal spines of adults buried in flesh, third spine closely applied to first ray (Ref. 6885). Head without scales; fleshy cirrus above each eye; large mouth; maxilla reaching almost to vertical from posterior margin of eye. Jaws with small pointed teeth interspersed with large fanglike teeth (Ref. 48751).
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Life Cycle ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fishbase
Eggs are deposited in crevices or under rocks (Ref. 6885). Male guards the eggs until they hatch.
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Morphology ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fishbase
Dorsal spines (total): 24 - 27; Dorsal soft rays (total): 21 - 24; Analspines: 3; Analsoft rays: 21 - 24; Vertebrae: 55 - 59
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Trophic Strategy ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fishbase
A voracious carnivore; feeds on fishes, crustaceans, octopi and squids (Ref. 2850, 48751).
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Biology ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fishbase
Ranges from the intertidal to 475 m depth (Ref. 6793). Adults are found near rocks, inshore and to 427 m (Ref. 2850). Young occur on sand or mud bottom of bays and inshore areas (Ref. 2850). Both migratory and non-migratory populations exist (Ref. 6885). Adults feed mostly on other fishes but also take crustaceans, octopi and squid (Ref. 4925). Young feed on copepods and other small crustaceans (Ref. 6885). A very important sport and commercial species (Ref. 2850). The liver is rich in vitamin A (Ref. 6885). Marketed fresh and frozen; eaten steamed, fried, broiled, boiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988). Has sharp teeth and gill rakers that can cut fingers if handled.
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Importance ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fishbase
fisheries: commercial; gamefish: yes
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Lingtorsk ( tanska )

tarjonnut wikipedia DA

Lingtorsken[2] (Ophiodon elongatus) er en fisk fra familien Hexagrammidae. Det er den eneste levende art i slægten Ophiodon.[3] En lidt større, uddød art, Ophiodon ozymandias, kendes fra fossiler fra den sene miocæne æra i det sydlige Californien.[4]

Fodnoter

  1. ^ "Scorpaeniformes". Paleobiology Database. Hentet 15. november 2012.
  2. ^ Danske Navne (O) - Saltvandswiki.dk
  3. ^ "World Register of Marine Species Ophiodon Girard, 1854".
  4. ^ Jordan, D.S. & J.Z. Gilbert, 1920. Fossil fishes of diatom beds of Lompoc, Stanford University. http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/68104
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Denne artikel er kun påbegyndt. Hvis du ved mere om emnet, kan du hjælpe Wikipedia ved at udvide den.
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Lingtorsk: Brief Summary ( tanska )

tarjonnut wikipedia DA

Lingtorsken (Ophiodon elongatus) er en fisk fra familien Hexagrammidae. Det er den eneste levende art i slægten Ophiodon. En lidt større, uddød art, Ophiodon ozymandias, kendes fra fossiler fra den sene miocæne æra i det sydlige Californien.

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Lengdorsch ( saksa )

tarjonnut wikipedia DE

Der Lengdorsch oder Lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus) ist ein nordostpazifischer Barschartiger aus der Familie der Hexagrammidae und die einzige Art seiner Gattung. Mit dem Leng oder anderen Dorschen (Gadidae) ist er nicht verwandt, hat aber gewisse ökophysiologische Ähnlichkeiten zu ihnen.

 src=
Gebiss!
 src=
Präpariertes Skelett im Monterey Bay Aquarium. Die Branchiospinen sind bei der Präparation verloren gegangen. Schwanzflosse [rechts] mit kleinen Vorstrahlen, die der Versteifung dienen.
 src=
Laichbewachendes Männchen. Man sieht die kugeligen Cirri (über den Augen). Beiderseits nur ein funktionierendes Nasenloch.

Beschreibung

Der Lengdorsch wird über 1,5 m lang, fast 60 kg schwer und über 20 Jahre alt. Der Kopf ist nackt, sonst ist der Körper mit kleinen Ctenoidschuppen bedeckt. Die überaus unterschiedliche Färbung kann man am ehesten als hellgrau, grün bis dunkelbraun marmoriert, bezeichnen (oft mit vielen dunklen Punkten). Die Flossen haben mitunter helle, bunte Flecken. Die großen, runden Brustflossen sind oft hell gerandet. Über jedem Auge steht ein kleiner Hautfortsatz (Cirrus). Das Maul ist groß, das Gebiss besteht aus einer Menge großer Hunds- und dazwischen kleinerer, ebenfalls spitzer Zähne (daher der Name Ophiodon, „Schlangenzähner“). Scharfe Zähne stehen auch auf Vomer und Palatina (am "Gaumen") sowie auf den Pharyngealia und den Kiemenbogen (als Branchiospinen).

Flossenformel: D XIV–XVII/21–24, A III/21–24, P 19, V I/5, C ~26 (einschließlich der Vorstrahlen, s. Abb. Skelett).

Die Rückenflosse erscheint durch Einschnürungen unterteilt und erinnert so ein wenig an die zwei oder drei Dorsales der Dorschfische. Die A-Stacheln sind bei großen Exemplaren völlig in die Haut versunken. Die V stehen etwas hinter der P-Basis. Die Schwanzflosse ist hinten fast gerade „abgeschnitten“. Die Wirbelsäule besteht aus 55 – 59 Elementen. Obwohl er zur Familie der Hexagrammidae („Sechsliner“) gehört, hat er nur je eine Seitenlinie.

Lebensweise

Dieser Fisch lebt küsten- und grundnah (er hat keine Schwimmblase) von der Brandungszone bis in fast 500 m Tiefe, besonders gern auf felsigem Grund mit Zoophyten- oder Algen- (Seetang-)Bewuchs, wo er auch gut getarnt erscheint. Es gibt sowohl stationär lebende als auch wanderlustige Individuen (oder Populationen? – er ist ja nicht völlig ungesellig). Die Jungen leben im Seichteren, in sandigen Buchten, Seegraswiesen u. Ä., hauptsächlich von planktischen und benthischen Copepoden und anderen Kleinkrebsen; „Erwachsene“ (besser: Geschlechtsreife) fressen neben benthischen Krebsen (Krabben u. dgl.) auch acht- und zehnfüßige Tintenfische sowie Fische wie Heringe, Dorsche, Plattfische und andere, die sie großteils als lauernde Stoßräuber erbeuten.

Die Geschlechtsreife tritt etwa im 4. Lebensjahr (bei Weibchen von ca. 70 und Männchen von ca. 40 cm Länge) ein, danach wachsen die Weibchen viel stärker und werden auch älter als Männchen (die man an einer kleinen Genitalpapille erkennen kann). Von November bis März können besonders von den Weibchen kleinere Laichwanderungen in Richtung Küste unternommen werden, während die dunkel gefärbten Männchen dort bereits Territorien "abstecken"; der Laich wird dann benthisch (in durchströmten Spalten, Höhlungen) abgesetzt (mitunter von mehreren Weibchen) und vom Vater bewacht, bis die Larven (nach vier bis acht Wochen, im April, Mai) sich in seichte Gewässer verdrücken. Ein großes Weibchen kann Hunderttausende (kleiner zusammenklebender) Eier abgeben (bis zu 7 kg Laich, in mehreren Schichten) – im Meer sind trotz Brutpflege so hohe Zahlen notwendig (das Männchen kann aggressiv auftretende Fressfeinde vom Laich fernhalten – es beißt manchmal sogar photographierende Taucher weg –, nicht aber heimliche, wie Schnecken, Seesterne, Seeigel, die es nicht "merkt").

 src=
Beachte die Pupillenform: der Ausschnitt nach vorne ist charakteristisch für Räuber mit binokularem Fixieren nach vorne.

Verbreitung und Gefährdung

Der Lengdorsch kommt von Alaska (auch Beringmeer?) bis Niederkalifornien vor – er braucht also kühlere (5–16 °C) Gewässer. Er gleicht den nordatlantischen Dorschen auch durch seinen Vitamin-A(+D)-reichen Lebertran – die Leber dient als Auftriebshilfe – und ist überhaupt ein beliebter Angler-, aber auch kommerziell ausgebeuteter (Grundnetz-)Fisch, der in verschiedener Weise vermarktet und auch zubereitet wird (das Fleisch ist roh grünlich, wird beim Kochen oder Braten aber weiß). Darüber hinaus ist er eine wichtige Nahrung der Robben.- Ein Vernakularname des Fisches, "kultus" (bei Indianern der NW-Küste der USA), bedeutete "geringer Wert" – er war damals gegenüber den Butten einfach weniger geschätzt. Heute ist er bereits überfischt (z. B. an der Küste Washingtons), so dass Schutzgebiete für die Jungfische festgelegt wurden. Künstliche Erbrütung ist erforscht, aber noch nicht rentabel. Aufgrund von sorglosen Abwassereinleitungen von Bergbau-Betrieben kann der Verzehr von Lingcod regional (durch Quecksilber-Gehalt; z. B. in Alaska) gesundheitlich bedenklich sein.

Literatur

  • W.N. Eschmeyer, E.S. Herald, and H. Hammann (1983): A field guide to Pacific coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A.
  • W.L. Smith and W.C. Wheeler (2004): Polyphyly of the mail-cheeked fishes (Teleostei: Scorpaeniformes): Evidence from mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data.- Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 32: 627–646.

Weblinks

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Lengdorsch: Brief Summary ( saksa )

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Der Lengdorsch oder Lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus) ist ein nordostpazifischer Barschartiger aus der Familie der Hexagrammidae und die einzige Art seiner Gattung. Mit dem Leng oder anderen Dorschen (Gadidae) ist er nicht verwandt, hat aber gewisse ökophysiologische Ähnlichkeiten zu ihnen.

 src= Gebiss!  src= Präpariertes Skelett im Monterey Bay Aquarium. Die Branchiospinen sind bei der Präparation verloren gegangen. Schwanzflosse [rechts] mit kleinen Vorstrahlen, die der Versteifung dienen.  src= Laichbewachendes Männchen. Man sieht die kugeligen Cirri (über den Augen). Beiderseits nur ein funktionierendes Nasenloch.
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Lingcod ( englanti )

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The lingcod or ling cod (Ophiodon elongatus), also known as the buffalo cod or cultus cod, is a fish of the greenling family Hexagrammidae. It is the only extant member of the genus Ophiodon.[1] A slightly larger, extinct species, Ophiodon ozymandias, is known from fossils from the Late Miocene of Southern California.[2]

Ophiodon elongatus is native to the North American west coast from Shumagin Islands in the Gulf of Alaska to Baja California, Mexico. It has been observed up to a size of 152 centimetres (60 in) and a weight of 59 kilograms (130 lb).[3] It is spotted in various shades of gray. The lingcod is a popular eating fish, and is thus prized by anglers. Though not closely related to either ling or cod, the name "lingcod" originated because it somewhat resembles those fish. Around 20% of lingcods have blue-green to turquoise flesh.[4]p. 298 The colour is destroyed by cooking.[5] The colour may be due to biliverdin, but this has not been established beyond doubt.[6]

Distribution and lifecycle

Lingcod are endemic to the west coast of North America, with the center of abundance off the coast of British Columbia. They are found on the bottom, with most individuals occupying rocky areas at depths of 10 to 100 m (32 to 328 ft). Tagging studies have shown lingcod are a largely nonmigratory species, with colonization and recruitment occurring in localized areas only.[7]

Starting in October, lingcod migrate to nearshore spawning grounds. The males migrate first, and establish nest sites in strong current areas in rock crevices or on ledges. Spawning takes place between December and March, and females leave the nest site immediately after depositing eggs. Males actively defend the nest from predators until the eggs hatch in early March through late April.

The larvae are pelagic until late May or early June, when they settle to the bottom as juveniles. Initially they inhabit eelgrass beds, then move to flat, sandy areas that are not the typical habitat of older lingcod. They eventually settle in habitats of similar relief and substrate as older lingcod, but remain at shallower depths for several years.

Skeleton of a lingcod

Females and males mature at age three to five years (61–75 centimetres (24–30 in)) and two years of age (45 centimetres (18 in)), respectively. An adult male can be distinguished externally from a female by the presence of a small, conical papilla behind the anal vent. Up to age two, males and females grow at similar rates, with both reaching an average length of 45 centimetres (18 in). After age two, females grow faster than males, with the growth of males tapering off at about age eight, and females continuing to grow until about age 12 to 14. Lingcod live a maximum of about 36 years,[8] reaching a maximum size around 150 centimetres (59 in).[9] Off the coast of Alaska, many reach 70 pounds (32 kg).

Lingcod are voracious predators, feeding on nearly anything they can fit in their mouths, including invertebrates and many species of fish, such as herring (Clupea pallasii), salmon, and Pacific hake (Merluccius productus). One of their favorite foods is smaller octopuses, and they also readily devour large rockfish. Lingcod that survive the larval stages have few predators themselves, and are vulnerable mainly to marine mammals, such as sea lions and harbor seals.

Lingcod caught using swim-bait in Pacifica, CA, USA. Note regurgitation of stomach contents during retrieve, frequently reported by fishermen.

Age determination

In 1977, Dr. Dick Beamish and Doris Chilton of the Pacific Biological Station published an article showing that cross sections of the fourth to eighth fin rays from the second dorsal fin provided a method for estimating the age of lingcod.[10][11] This method has since been validated by a mark-recapture study in which lingcod received an injection of oxytetracycline. Other methods of aging, such as those using scales and otoliths, were found to underestimate ages for older fish.

Ages are determined from fins in much the same manner as for other aging structures: sections of varying thickness are examined under a microscope, and the annuli, or rings, that are formed for each year of growth are counted and used to estimate the age. The cross sections must be made at right angles to the length of the fin ray, and it is therefore important that fins be dried flat, with the cut surface at right angles to the fin rays. In addition, the distance the section is cut from the fin ray base is important, so all fins should be collected with the bases intact.[12][13]

One problem associated with using fin rays to age older fish is the center may be resorbed, resulting in the loss of the first two annuli. It is therefore necessary to determine an average width for the first two annuli by examining the fins from juvenile fish. This measurement can then be used to estimate the position of the third annulus on older fish.

Gallery

References

  1. ^ "World Register of Marine Species Ophiodon Girard, 1854".
  2. ^ Jordan, D.S. & J.Z. Gilbert, 1920. Fossil fishes of diatom beds of Lompoc, Stanford University. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/68104
  3. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2010). "Ophiodon elongatus" in FishBase. October 2010 version.
  4. ^ Love, Milton S. (2011). Certainly more than you want to know about the fishes of the Pacific Coast : a postmodern experience (PDF). Santa Barbara, Calif.: Really Big Press. ISBN 978-0962872563. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
  5. ^ "EDF Seafood Selector: Lingcod".
  6. ^ Bland, Alastair. "Red Fish, Blue Fish: Where The Fish Flesh Rainbow Comes From". the salt. NPR. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
  7. ^ DFO, 2001, Lingcod, DFO Science Stock Report A6-18 Archived 2005-08-18 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ "ADF&G - Mark, Tag and Age Laboratory". mtalab.adfg.alaska.gov. Retrieved 2018-04-09.
  9. ^ "Lingcod" (PDF). State of Alaska Fish & Game.
  10. ^ Beamish, R.J. and D. Chilton. 1977. Age determination of lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus) using dorsal fin rays and scales. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 27:1305-1313.
  11. ^ Chilton, D.E. and R.J. Beamish. 1982. Age determination methods for fishes studied by the Groundfish Program at the Pacific Biological Station. Can. Spec. Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 60: 102 p.
  12. ^ Cass, A.J., and R.J. Beamish. 1983. First evidence of validity of the fin-ray method of age determination for marine fishes. N. Am. J. Fish. Man. 3: 182-188.
  13. ^ McFarlane, G.A., and J.R. King. The validity of the fin-ray method of age determination for lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus). Fish. Bull. 99: 459-464.

This article incorporates material from Fisheries and Oceans Canada. This reproduction was not done in affiliation with or with the endorsement of Fisheries and Oceans Canada.

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Lingcod: Brief Summary ( englanti )

tarjonnut wikipedia EN

The lingcod or ling cod (Ophiodon elongatus), also known as the buffalo cod or cultus cod, is a fish of the greenling family Hexagrammidae. It is the only extant member of the genus Ophiodon. A slightly larger, extinct species, Ophiodon ozymandias, is known from fossils from the Late Miocene of Southern California.

Ophiodon elongatus is native to the North American west coast from Shumagin Islands in the Gulf of Alaska to Baja California, Mexico. It has been observed up to a size of 152 centimetres (60 in) and a weight of 59 kilograms (130 lb). It is spotted in various shades of gray. The lingcod is a popular eating fish, and is thus prized by anglers. Though not closely related to either ling or cod, the name "lingcod" originated because it somewhat resembles those fish. Around 20% of lingcods have blue-green to turquoise flesh.p. 298 The colour is destroyed by cooking. The colour may be due to biliverdin, but this has not been established beyond doubt.

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Ophiodon elongatus ( baski )

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Ophiodon elongatus Ophiodon generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Hexagrammidae familian sailkatzen da.

Banaketa

Erreferentziak

  1. Froese, Rainer & Pauly, Daniel ed. (2006), Ophiodon elongatus FishBase webgunean. 2006ko apirilaren bertsioa.

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Ophiodon elongatus: Brief Summary ( baski )

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Ophiodon elongatus Ophiodon generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Hexagrammidae familian sailkatzen da.

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Ophiodon elongatus ( ranska )

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Ophiodon elongatus est une espèce de poissons de la famille des Hexagrammidae. Ce poisson qui peut vivre 25 ans est parfois trouvé à plusieurs centaines de mètres de fond. C'est la seule espèce vivante de téléostéens du genre Ophiodon, taxon monotypique, en dehors d'une espèce fossile découverte en Californie : Ophiodon ozymandias Jordan[3].

Parmi les poissons pêchés en Alaska et testés en 2006, c'est une des espèces qui contient le plus de mercure, avec le requin[Lequel ?]. Les lingues contenaient en moyenne 0,5 ppm de mercure et jusqu'à 1,4 ppm (sachant que 0,03 ppm est la valeur limite à ne pas dépasser aux États-Unis pour le poisson)[réf. souhaitée].

Cette espèce a été décrite pour la première fois en 1854, en même temps que le genre, par le zoologiste américain d'origine française Charles Frédéric Girard (1822-1895).

Notes et références

  1. World Register of Marine Species, consulté le 16 août 2019
  2. BioLib, consulté le 16 août 2019
  3. (en) David Starr Jordan, The Fish Fauna of the California Tertiary, Stanford University Press, 1921 (lire en ligne) page 290.

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Ophiodon elongatus: Brief Summary ( ranska )

tarjonnut wikipedia FR

Ophiodon elongatus est une espèce de poissons de la famille des Hexagrammidae. Ce poisson qui peut vivre 25 ans est parfois trouvé à plusieurs centaines de mètres de fond. C'est la seule espèce vivante de téléostéens du genre Ophiodon, taxon monotypique, en dehors d'une espèce fossile découverte en Californie : Ophiodon ozymandias Jordan.

Parmi les poissons pêchés en Alaska et testés en 2006, c'est une des espèces qui contient le plus de mercure, avec le requin[Lequel ?]. Les lingues contenaient en moyenne 0,5 ppm de mercure et jusqu'à 1,4 ppm (sachant que 0,03 ppm est la valeur limite à ne pas dépasser aux États-Unis pour le poisson)[réf. souhaitée].

Cette espèce a été décrite pour la première fois en 1854, en même temps que le genre, par le zoologiste américain d'origine française Charles Frédéric Girard (1822-1895).

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Ophiodon elongatus ( flaami )

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Vissen

Ophiodon elongatus is een straalvinnige vis uit de familie van groenlingen (Hexagrammidae), orde van schorpioenvisachtigen (Scorpaeniformes). De vis kan een lengte bereiken van 152 cm.

Leefomgeving

Ophiodon elongatus is een zoutwatervis die voorkomt in gematigde wateren in het noordoosten van de Grote Oceaan op een diepte van 0 tot 475 meter.

Relatie tot de mens

Ophiodon elongatus is voor de visserij van aanzienlijk commercieel belang. In de hengelsport wordt er weinig op de vis gejaagd.

Voor de mens kan Ophiodon elongatus gevaarlijk zijn vanwege verwondingen door beten.

Externe link

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  • Froese, R., D. Pauly. en redactie. 2005. FishBase. Elektronische publicatie. www.fishbase.org, versie 06/2005.
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Ophiodon elongatus: Brief Summary ( flaami )

tarjonnut wikipedia NL

Ophiodon elongatus is een straalvinnige vis uit de familie van groenlingen (Hexagrammidae), orde van schorpioenvisachtigen (Scorpaeniformes). De vis kan een lengte bereiken van 152 cm.

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Ofiodon ( puola )

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Ofiodon (Ophiodon elongatus) – gatunek ryby z rodziny terpugowatych.

Występowanie

Północno-zachodnie wybrzeża Pacyfiku od Alaski po Kalifornię. Być może pojawia się w Morzu Beringa[2]. Żyje na głębokości do 475 m.

Opis

Dorasta do 152 cm długości i 60 kg wagi[2].

Przypisy

  1. Ophiodon elongatus, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. a b Ophiodon elongatus. (ang.) w: Froese, R. & D. Pauly. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. www.fishbase.org [dostęp 24 lipca 2009]
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Ofiodon: Brief Summary ( puola )

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Ofiodon (Ophiodon elongatus) – gatunek ryby z rodziny terpugowatych.

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Зубастый терпуг ( venäjä )

tarjonnut wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Группа: Рыбы
Группа: Костные рыбы
Подкласс: Новопёрые рыбы
Инфракласс: Костистые рыбы
Надотряд: Колючепёрые
Серия: Перкоморфы
Подотряд: Рогатковидные
Надсемейство: Терпугоподобные (Hexagrammoidea)
Семейство: Терпуговые
Подсемейство: Ophiodontinae Jordan & Gilbert, 1883
Род: Ophiodon Girard, 1854
Вид: Зубастый терпуг
Международное научное название

Ophiodon elongatus Girard, 1854

Ареал

изображение

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ITIS 167116NCBI 225387EOL 206859

Зубастый терпуг[1], или змеезуб[1], или зубатый терпуг[2] (лат. Ophiodon elongatus) — вид морских лучепёрых рыб монотипического рода Ophiodon, самый крупный представитель семейства терпуговых (Hexagrammidae). Достигает длины более 1,5 м. Эндемик северо-восточной части Тихого океана. Ценная промысловая рыба, объект спортивной рыбалки.

 src=
Скелет зубастого терпуга в Monterey Bay Aquarium

Описание

Максимальная длина тела 152 см, максимальный вес 59,1 кг[3].

Сужающееся к хвосту длинное тело покрыто циклоидной чешуёй. Большая голова не покрыта чешуёй. Над глазами располагаются толстые мочки. Большой рот с крупными зубами, которые чередуются с мелкими острыми зубами. Один спинной плавник разделён глубокой вырезкой на две части: в колючей части 24—28 лучей, а во второй, мягкой части 20—24 лучей. В анальном плавнике 3 колючих и 21—24 мягких лучей. Хвостовой плавник усечённый или с небольшой выемкой. Боковая линия одна. Плавательный пузырь отсутствует[4][2].

Окраска тела может существенно варьировать в зависимости от фона грунта, встречаются светло- и тёмноокрашенные особи. Окраска может быть светло-серой,тёмно-серой, коричневой или зеленоватой с многочисленными пятнами и точками тёмного или медного цвета, разбросанными по бокам тела и голове, брюхо более светлое без пятен.

Распространение и местообитания

Распространён в северо-восточной части Тихого океана от залива Аляска до Нижней Калифорнии. Максимальная численность отмечается в прибрежных водах Британской Колумбии[5].

Донная рыба, обитающая в прибрежных водах на глубине от 3-х до 400 м, преимущественно над скалистыми грунтами на глубине 10—100 м. Ведёт оседлый одиночный образ жизни, наблюдаются лишь сезонные нерестовые миграции.

Размножение

Самцы впервые созревают в возрасте 2 года при длине тела 45 см а самки — в возрасте 3—5 лет при длине тела 61—75 см. Начинают перемещаться к местам нереста в октябре, причём самцы мигрируют раньше самок и начинают защищать выбранные нерестовые участки[5].

Нерест происходит с декабря по март с максимумом в конце января—начале февраля. Нерестилища расположены в мелководных районах с сильными течениями на скалистых грунтах. Икра, вместе с вязким желатиноподобным субстратом, откладывается самкой в несколько слоёв в расщелины, самец оплодотворяет каждый слой. Икринки диаметром 3—3,5 мм прикреплены друг к другу, а общая масса икринок прикрепляется к грунту. Плодовитость варьирует от 60 до 500 тысяч икринок в зависимости от размера самок. В кладке диаметром до 75 см может быть от 3-х до 65 л икры массой до 7 кг[5][6].

Сразу после вымётывания икры самка покидает место кладки, а самец остаётся охранять кладку на 6—9 недель вплоть до вылупления личинок. В этот период самец очень агрессивен и отгоняет всех хищников, пытающихся съесть икру. Если по каким-либо причинам кладка не охраняется самцом, то вся икра поедается хищниками, в основном Hexagrammos decagrammus и Embiotoca lateralis[7].

Рост и продолжительность жизни

Личинки вылупляются в начале марта—середине апреля, длина их тела 6—10 мм. Ведут пелагический образ жизни, совершают суточные вертикальные миграции, опускаясь в ночные часы из поверхностных в более глубокие слои воды. В середине мая мальки переходят к придонному образу жизни и держатся в зарослях зостеры. В возрасте 2-х лет достигают длины 45 мм и переходят к одиночному образу жизни на рифах и скальных грунтах[5].

В первые два года жизни скорость роста не различается у особей разного поля, затем самки растут быстрее самцов. Резкое замедление скорости роста наблюдается у самцов в возрасте 8 лет, а у самок в возрасте 12—14 лет. Поэтому максимальные размеры самцов не превышают 90 см, а у самок достигают 150 см. Самцы живут до 14 лет, а максимальная продолжительность жизни самок составляет 25 лет[5][8].

Питание

Личинки и мелкая молодь питаются зоопланктоном, в состав рациона входят копеподы, амфиподы, эуфаузиды, личинки крабов и сельди. Годовалая молодь переходит на питание молодью сельди (Clupea pallasii). Неполовозрелые особи потребляют различные виды мелких рыб и беспозвоночных. Взрослые особи являются облигатными хищниками, основу рациона составляют рыбы, а также крабы, кальмары и осьминоги.

Хозяйственное значение

Ценная промысловая рыба, по качеству мяса не уступающая лососям и палтусу. Ловят донными тралами и ярусами. Промысел ведётся круглый год, хотя существуют ограничения в нерестовый период. Максимальный вылов отмечен в 1991 году — более 9 тыс. т. В 2000-е годы уловы варьировали от 2-х до 3-х тыс. т. Ловят преимущественно США и Канада. Объект спортивной рыбалки[9][2].

У молодых рыб мясо с зеленоватым оттенком, который пропадает при кулинарной обработке; у взрослых особей мясо белое. В печени содержится много витаминов A и D, а в мясе — много инсулина[2].

Галерея

  •  src=

    Светлоокрашенная особь

  •  src=

    Тёмноокрашенная особь

  •  src=

    Зубастый терпуг показывает зубы

Примечания

  1. 1 2 Решетников Ю. С., Котляр А. Н., Расс Т. С., Шатуновский М. И. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Рыбы. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1989. — 733 с. — 12 500 экз.ISBN 5-200-00237-0.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Промысловые рыбы России. В двух томах / Под ред. О. Ф. Гриценко, А. Н. Котляра и Б. Н. Котенёва. — М.: изд-во ВНИРО, 2006. — Т. 1. — С. 517—518. — 656 с. — ISBN 5-85382-229-2.
  3. Зубастый терпуг (англ.) в базе данных FishBase.
  4. Нельсон Д. С. Рыбы мировой фауны / Пер. 4-го перераб. англ. изд. Н. Г. Богуцкой, науч. ред-ры А. М. Насека, А. С. Герд. — М.: Книжный дом «ЛИБРОКОМ», 2009. — С. 462. — ISBN 978-5-397-00675-0.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Cass, A.J., R.J. Beamish, and G.A. McFarlane. Lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus). — Can. Spec. Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci.. — 1990, № 109. — 40 p.
  6. Описание зубастого терпуга [1] (недоступная ссылка) на сайте Monterey Bay Aquarium
  7. Lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus) (неопр.). DFO Science Stock Report A6-18 (2001). Архивировано 22 мая 2013 года.
  8. Munk, K.M. Maximum ages of groundfishes in waters off Alaska and British Columbia and consideration of age determination // Alaska Fish. Res. Bull.. — 2001. — Vol. 8, № 1. — P. 12—21.
  9. [2] FAO Capture Production of Ophiodon elongatus
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Зубастый терпуг: Brief Summary ( venäjä )

tarjonnut wikipedia русскую Википедию

Зубастый терпуг, или змеезуб, или зубатый терпуг (лат. Ophiodon elongatus) — вид морских лучепёрых рыб монотипического рода Ophiodon, самый крупный представитель семейства терпуговых (Hexagrammidae). Достигает длины более 1,5 м. Эндемик северо-восточной части Тихого океана. Ценная промысловая рыба, объект спортивной рыбалки.

 src= Скелет зубастого терпуга в Monterey Bay Aquarium
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長蛇齒單線魚 ( kiina )

tarjonnut wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Ophiodon elongatus
Girard, 1854

長蛇齒單線魚,為輻鰭魚綱鮋形目六線魚亞目六線魚科的其中一,為亞熱帶海水魚,分布於東北太平洋阿拉斯加墨西哥下加利福尼亞海域,棲息深度可達475公尺,體長可達152公分,為底棲性魚類,棲息在沙泥底質底層水域,成魚以魚類甲殼類章魚等為食,幼魚以橈腳類甲殼類為食,生活習性不明,為高經濟價值的食用魚,肝臟富含維他命A,適合各種烹飪方式食用。

參考文獻

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長蛇齒單線魚: Brief Summary ( kiina )

tarjonnut wikipedia 中文维基百科

長蛇齒單線魚,為輻鰭魚綱鮋形目六線魚亞目六線魚科的其中一,為亞熱帶海水魚,分布於東北太平洋阿拉斯加墨西哥下加利福尼亞海域,棲息深度可達475公尺,體長可達152公分,為底棲性魚類,棲息在沙泥底質底層水域,成魚以魚類甲殼類章魚等為食,幼魚以橈腳類甲殼類為食,生活習性不明,為高經濟價值的食用魚,肝臟富含維他命A,適合各種烹飪方式食用。

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キンムツ ( Japani )

tarjonnut wikipedia 日本語
キンムツ Ophiodon elongatus.png
キンムツ
Lingcod1.JPG 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 条鰭綱 Actinopterygii : カサゴ目 Scorpaeniformes : アイナメ科 Hexagrammidae : キンムツ属 Ophiodon
Girard, 1854 : キンムツ O. elongatus 学名 Ophiodon elongatus
Girard, 1854 英名 Lingcod Lingcod range.PNG
分布域

キンムツ (Ophiodon elongatus) はカサゴ目に属する魚類の一種。英名からリングコッドとも呼ばれる。キンムツ属に含まれる現生種は本種のみ[1]。カリフォルニア南部、中新世後期の層から出土した化石種 Ophiodon ozymandias が知られており、これは本種よりわずかに大きい[2]

北米の西岸、シュマージン諸島からバハ・カリフォルニアまでの海域に産し、最大で152 cm、59 kgに達する[3]。体には灰色の斑点が散らばる。食用・釣りの対象にもなる。

英名は ”Ling cod”であり、”Ling”(学名:Molva molva クロジマナガダラ)や”cod”(タラ類)に体型が似ることに由来する。だがこれらの魚類とは近縁でない。

アイナメ科とされているが、分子系統解析では、むしろ同所に分布するカベゾン Scorpaenichthys marmoratus と近縁であることが示された[4]

生態[編集]

生息数は、ブリティッシュコロンビア州近辺が最も多い。底生で、深度10-100 mの岩礁に生息する。タグを用いた調査では、回遊は行わず、限られた海域のみで生活することが示された[5]

10月に入ると、沿岸に移動して繁殖する。雄が最初に移動し、潮流の強い海域で、岩の隙間・岩棚に巣を作る。産卵は12-3月で、雌は産卵後すぐに巣を離れる。雄は、3-4月に卵が孵化するまで巣を守り続ける。

仔魚は浮遊性で、5-6月に海底に降りて稚魚となる。最初はアマモ場、次に砂地、最終的に岩礁地帯に移動するが、その後数年は浅場に留まる。

 src=
骨格

雄は2年 (45 cm)、雌は3-5年 (61-75 cm) で性成熟する。成体の雄は、肛門の後方に円錐形の突起があることで雌と区別できる。雌雄とも2歳までは同じ比率で成長し、45 cm程度になる。だが、その後の成長速度は雌のほうが早く、また、雄は8歳で成長が止まるが、雌は12-14歳まで成長を続ける。寿命は雄で14年・雌で20年、全長は雄で90 cm、雌で120 cmに達する。アラスカでは32 kgの個体の報告がある。

無脊椎動物ニシン・サケ・シロガネダラメバルなど、口に入るサイズのものなら何でも捕食する。中でも小さなタコを好む。成体に敵は少ないが、アシカなどの海獣に捕食される。

年齢推定[編集]

1977年、カナダ・Pacific Biological Stationの Dick Beamish と Doris Chilton は、第二背鰭の第4-8鰭条の断面から年齢を推定する手法を提案した[6][7]。この手法は、オキシテトラサイクリンによる標識調査によって有効であることが確認された。他の方法としては鱗と耳石を用いたものがあるが、高齢個体の年齢を過小評価してしまうことが明らかとなっている。

作業の内容は鱗・耳石を用いる場合とあまり変わらず、断面を顕微鏡で観察し、年に1つずつ形成される環を数えることで行われる。鰭条は正しい角度で切断しなければならず、根元からの距離も重要であるため、鰭は根元から採集されて乾燥させた状態で保存される[8][9]

老齢個体では、1-2年目に作られた環が再吸収されることがある。このため、幼魚から得られる1-2年目の環のデータから、老齢個体の3年目の環の位置を推定することになる。

画像[編集]

  •  src=
    体色の淡い個体
  •  src=
    歯を見せるキンムツ
  •  src=
    岩礁に隠れる

脚注[編集]

  1. ^ World Register of Marine Species Ophiodon Girard, 1854”. ^ Jordan, D.S. & J.Z. Gilbert, 1920. Fossil fishes of diatom beds of Lompoc, Stanford University. http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/68104
  2. ^ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2010). "Ophiodon elongatus" in FishBase. October 2010 version.
  3. ^ Crow KD, Kanamoto Z, Bernardi G. (2004). “Molecular phylogeny of the hexagrammid fishes using a multi-locus approach”. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 32 (3): 986-997.
  4. ^ DFO, 2001, Lingcod, DFO Science Stock Report A6-18
  5. ^ Beamish, R.J. and D. Chilton. 1977. Age determination of lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus) using dorsal fin rays and scales. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 27:1305-1313.
  6. ^ Chilton, D.E. and R.J. Beamish. 1982. Age determination methods for fishes studied by the Groundfish Program at the Pacific Biological Station. Can. Spec. Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 60: 102 p.
  7. ^ Cass, A.J., and R.J. Beamish. 1983. First evidence of validity of the fin-ray method of age determination for marine fishes. N. Am. J. Fish. Man. 3: 182-188.
  8. ^ McFarlane, G.A., and J.R. King. The validity of the fin-ray method of age determination for lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus). Fish. Bull. 99: 459-464.

This article incorporates material from Fisheries and Oceans Canada. This reproduction was not done in affiliation with or with the endorsement of Fisheries and Oceans Canada.

  • Lingcod NOAA FishWatch. Retrieved 5 November 2012.
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キンムツ: Brief Summary ( Japani )

tarjonnut wikipedia 日本語

キンムツ (Ophiodon elongatus) はカサゴ目に属する魚類の一種。英名からリングコッドとも呼ばれる。キンムツ属に含まれる現生種は本種のみ。カリフォルニア南部、中新世後期の層から出土した化石種 Ophiodon ozymandias が知られており、これは本種よりわずかに大きい。

北米の西岸、シュマージン諸島からバハ・カリフォルニアまでの海域に産し、最大で152 cm、59 kgに達する。体には灰色の斑点が散らばる。食用・釣りの対象にもなる。

英名は ”Ling cod”であり、”Ling”(学名:Molva molva クロジマナガダラ)や”cod”(タラ類)に体型が似ることに由来する。だがこれらの魚類とは近縁でない。

アイナメ科とされているが、分子系統解析では、むしろ同所に分布するカベゾン Scorpaenichthys marmoratus と近縁であることが示された。

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범노래미 ( Korea )

tarjonnut wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

범노래미(영어: lingcod)는 쥐노래미과 범노래미속의 현존하는 유일종이다.[1] 학명은 오피오돈 엘롱가투스(학명: Ophiodon elongatus).

알래스카 슈마긴군도에서 멕시코 바하칼리포르니아반도에 이르기까지 북아메리카 서해안(태평양 해안)에 서식한다. 신장과 체중은 최대 152 센티미터, 59 킬로그램까지 자란다.[2] 북미에서 인기 좋은 식용어다. 회색조에 점박이 무늬가 있으나, 요리하면 색깔은 없어진다.[3] 이 색상은 빌리베르딘 색소에 의한 것으로 추측되나 아직까지 확실한 것은 아니다.[4]

각주

  1. “World Register of Marine Species Ophiodon Girard, 1854”.
  2. (영어) Froese, Rainer; Daniel Pauly, eds. (2010) "Ophiodon elongatus". 피시베이스. 2010년 October월 판.
  3. “EDF Seafood Selector: Lingcod”.
  4. Bland, Alastair. “Red Fish, Blue Fish: Where The Fish Flesh Rainbow Comes From”. 《the salt》. NPR. 2014년 10월 18일에 확인함.
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