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Litopenaeus setiferus (also accepted: Penaeus setiferus,[1] and known by various common names including Atlantic white shrimp, white shrimp, gray shrimp, lake shrimp, green shrimp, green-tailed shrimp, blue-tailed shrimp, rainbow shrimp, Daytona shrimp, Mayport Shrimp, common shrimp, southern shrimp, and, in Mexico, camaron blanco) is a species of prawn found along the Atlantic coast of North America and in the Gulf of Mexico.[2] It was the subject of the earliest shrimp fishery in the United States.
The range of L. setiferus extends from Fire Island, New York to Ciudad Campeche, Mexico.[2] It requires warm water, and is unable to survive below 3 °C (37 °F), with appreciable growth only occurring at temperatures over 20 °C (68 °F).[2]
Litopenaeus setiferus may reach a total length (excluding antennae) of 197 millimetres (7.8 in), with females being larger than males.[2] The antennae may be up to three times the length of the body, which is bluish white with a tinge of pink on the sides, and black spots.[3] The pleopods are often redder, and the uropods and telson are green.[3] The rostrum is long and thin, with 5–11 teeth on the upper edge and 2 on the lower edge, and continues along the carapace as a dorsal carina (ridge).[3] Deep grooves alongside the carine separate the related species Farfantepenaeus aztecus ("brown shrimp") and Farfantepenaeus duorarum ("pink shrimp") from L. setiferus.[2][3]
Litopenaeus setiferus lives in estuaries and from the littoral zone to water with a depth of 100 feet (30 m) in the Atlantic, or up to 260 feet (79 m) in the Gulf of Mexico.[3] Litopenaeus setiferus is an omnivore; in Lake Pontchartrain, it feeds chiefly on the seagrass Vallisneria americana and detritus.[4] Many aquatic animals feed on L. setiferus, including fish such as red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) and turtles such as the loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta).[4]
Spawning in L. setiferus occurs while the water is warm, between the increase in water temperatures in the spring and the sudden decline in temperature in the fall.[2] It generally occurs within 9 km (5.6 mi) of the shoreline, in water less than 9 metres (30 ft) deep in the Atlantic, or 8–31 metres (26–102 ft) deep in the Gulf of Mexico.[2] Males attach a spermatophore to the females, which is then used to fertilize the eggs as they are released.[2] Each female releases 500,000–1,000,000 purplish eggs, each 0.2–0.3 mm (0.008–0.012 in) across, which sink to the bottom of the water column.[2]
After 10–12 hours, the eggs hatch into nauplius larvae, which are 0.3 mm (0.012 in) long, planktonic and unable to feed.[2] They molt five times to reach the protozoa stage, 1 mm (0.039 in) long. These grow to 2.5 mm (0.098 in) long over two molts, before passing through three molts as a mysis larva.[2] About 15–20 days after hatching, the animals reaches the postlarva stage; in the second postlarval stage, at a length of 7 mm (0.28 in), they begin to enter estuaries and drop down to the substrate.[2]
Spring rains flush the shrimp out into the ocean. In the Eastern United States, shrimp then migrate south towards warmer waters.[5]
Subsistence fishing for prawns was carried out by Native Americans along the Atlantic coast.[6] This knowledge was passed on to European settlers,[6] and Litopenaeus setiferus became the subject of the earliest shrimp fishery in the United States, with commercial fishery for L. setiferus starting as early as 1709.[2]
The harvesting for L. setiferus began in the 1950s and since that time is collected monthly throughout Gulf of Mexico.[7]
Diagram of Litopenaeus setiferus Litopenaeus setiferus (also accepted: Penaeus setiferus, and known by various common names including Atlantic white shrimp, white shrimp, gray shrimp, lake shrimp, green shrimp, green-tailed shrimp, blue-tailed shrimp, rainbow shrimp, Daytona shrimp, Mayport Shrimp, common shrimp, southern shrimp, and, in Mexico, camaron blanco) is a species of prawn found along the Atlantic coast of North America and in the Gulf of Mexico. It was the subject of the earliest shrimp fishery in the United States.
El camarón blanco del Atlántico (Litopenaeus vannamei) es una especie de crustáceo decápodo de la familia Penaeidae nativo de la costa este de Estados Unidos y el Golfo de México.[2]
Vive entre los 2 y 90 m de profundidad, en aguas con fondo de lodo o turba o a veces de arena o arcilla,[1] con temperaturas entre los 3 °C y 20 °C.[2]
La hembra alcanza hasta 200 mm de longitud sin sumar las antenas y el macho hasta 175 mm; de los cuales el caparazón tiene 41 mm en el macho y 60 mm en la hembra.[1] Las antenas pueden ser tres veces más largas que el cuerpo, el cual es blanco azulado, con matices de rosado a los lados y puntos negruzcos.[3] Los pleópodos son generalmente rojizos, mientras que los urópodos y el telson son verdes.[3] El rostro es largo y delgado, con 5 a 11 dientes en la parte superior y 2 en la inferior y se alarga como una quilla dorsal sobre el caparazón.[3]
Es omnívoro. Se alimenta principalmente de algas -como Vallisneria americana- y de detritus.[4] A su vez, el camarón blanco es depredado por varias especies de peces y tortugas.[4]
Desova cuando el agua aumenta de la temperatura, desde la primavera hasta cuando se produce el descenso brusco de la temperatura en el otoño, por lo general a unos 9 km de la costa, profundidades de menos de 9 metros.[2] Los machos depositan un espermatóforo a la hembra, que luego se utiliza para fertilizar los huevos que se liberan. Cada hembra libera 500 mil a un millón de huevos violáceos, cada uno de 0,2 a 0,3 mm de ancho, los cuales se hunden hasta el fondo de la columna de agua.[2]
Después de 10 a 12 horas, los huevos eclosionan y aparecen las larvas nauplios, de 0,3 mm de largo, que mudan cinco veces hasta alcanzar la etapa protozoea, con 1 mm de longitud. Luego mudan dos veces y crecen hasta 2,5 mm, para hacerse larvas mysis, que tienen tres mudas y pasan al estado de postlarvas. En el segundo estado postlarval alcanzan 7 mm de longitud y comienzan a entrar en los estuarios y bajar hasta el sustrato.[2]
Las lluvias de primavera llevan al camarón hasta el océano. En el este de Estados Unidos, los camarones luego migran al sur, hacia aguas más cálidas.[5]
La pesca de subsistencia de esta especie se llevó a cabo inmemorialmente por los indígenas americanos a lo largo de la costa atlántica.[6] Su conocimiento de la especie se transmitió a los colonos europeos y Litopenaeus setiferus se convirtió en la pesquería comercial de camarón más temprana de Estados Unidos, desde 1709.[2]
Actualmente la pesca del camarón blanco del Atlántico es de gran importancia tanto en Estados Unidos como en México.[1]
Datos: Q5221424
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El camarón blanco del Atlántico (Litopenaeus vannamei) es una especie de crustáceo decápodo de la familia Penaeidae nativo de la costa este de Estados Unidos y el Golfo de México.
O camarão-lixo (Penaeus setiferus) é um camarão marinho da família dos peneídeos, possuidor de grande importância comercial. Tal espécie chega medir até 20 cm de comprimento, corpo de cor cinza claro e rostro reto e serrilhado. Também é conhecido pelos nomes de caboclo, camarão-branco, camarão-verdadeiro, camarão-legítimo e vilafranca.
