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Philesturnus a zo ur genad e rummatadur an evned, krouet e 1832 gant al loenoniour gall Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1805-1861).
Daou spesad golvaneged a ya d'ober ar genad :
O c'havout a reer e Zeland-Nevez.
Philesturnus a zo ur genad e rummatadur an evned, krouet e 1832 gant al loenoniour gall Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1805-1861).
Philesturnus és un gènere d'ocells de la família dels cal·leids (Callaeidae ). El nom de les espècies és conegut amb el de tieke.
Segons la Classificació del Congrés Ornitològic Internacional (versió 2.5, 2010) aquest gènere està format per dues espècies:
Philesturnus és un gènere d'ocells de la família dels cal·leids (Callaeidae ). El nom de les espècies és conegut amb el de tieke.
The saddlebacks (Māori: tīeke) are two species of New Zealand bird of the family Callaeidae. Both are glossy black with a chestnut saddle. Its taxonomic family is also known as that of the (New Zealand) "wattlebirds" and includes the two species of kōkako, as well as the extinct huia. All members of the family Callaeidae have coloured fleshy appendages on either side of the beak, known as wattles; Saddlebacks' wattles are a vivid red.
The genus Philesturnus was introduced in 1832 by the French zoologist Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire to accommodate a single species, the South Island saddleback, which is therefore the type species of the genus.[1][2] The name combines the honeyeater genus Philedon and the starling genus Sturnus.[3]
The saddleback's common name derives from the demarcated brown plumage on its back, which resembles a saddle. The Māori name, tīeke, is onomatopoeic and comes from one of the species' calls: "ti-e-ke-ke-ke-ke".
There are two species:[4]
The saddlebacks appear to be a remnant of an early expansion of passerines in New Zealand, and are two of five New Zealand wattlebirds of the family Callaeidae, the others being the extinct huia, the endangered North Island kōkako, and the possibly extinct South Island kōkako. New Zealand wattlebirds have only one close relative: the stitchbird.[5]
Saddlebacks are larger than other arboreal insectivorous birds in New Zealand forests. They measure as much as 25 cm (10 in) in length and can weigh up to 75 grams (somewhat larger than a common blackbird). They will tear pieces of bark from tree trunks to find insects beneath, which are then dispatched and consumed with their short, robust, and unusually strong beaks. They will also feed on the ground in leaf litter. However, their diet is not strictly insectivorous: they have been observed eating fruit and drinking nectar. Like their close relative the kōkako, saddlebacks are poor fliers and mostly bound from branch to branch, but can fly short distances.
Territorial birds, the saddlebacks display antagonistic behaviour in this regard on three levels of intensity, singing out at dawn to mark their territory, making threat displays, which can include head bobbing, tail fanning, and warbling (during which the wattles dilate). When a direct challenge is made to a bird's territory, fights can occur in which combatants attempt to grapple with the wattles of their foe. Saddlebacks are notoriously fearless and noisy, and frequently enchanted 19th-century European naturalists with their behaviour.
Saddlebacks nest in epiphytes, in tree-fern crowns, and in holes in tree trunks. They have a tendency to nest near the ground, and their fledglings will leave the nest to hop around in a typically noisy fashion while they build wing strength.
Saddlebacks traditionally held a strong place in Māori belief systems: their cries were viewed as good omens when they came from the right, and bad omens if from the left. Their cheeky nature is reflected in the Māori legend that tells of how the birds acquired its distinctive chestnut coloured saddle. Fresh from his battle to ensnare the sun, a thirsty Maui (a virtual demi-god in Māori folklore) asked the tīeke to bring him some water. The bird rudely pretended not to hear his request, at which Maui, becoming angry, seized it with his still fiery hand, leaving a brown scorch mark across its back.
Their breeding behaviour (nesting near the ground and fledglings hopping noisily around on the ground) make them especially vulnerable to predation from introduced mammals, including mustelids, Norway and ship rats. This resulted in both species swiftly disappearing from the New Zealand mainland. By the beginning of the 20th century, both species were confined to a respective island in the far north: Hen Island off Northland, and in the far south, Taukihepa / Big South Cape Island off Stewart Island / Rakiura.
Rats arrived on Big South Cape Island in 1963, accidentally introduced as they escaped from the boats of visiting muttonbirders. Only a swift rescue operation by the New Zealand wildlife service (the present day Department of Conservation) saved both species from extinction by the skin of their teeth, while the rats' predation soon condemned to extinction the local populations of the South Island snipe, bush wren and greater short-tailed bat.
Saddleback have since been relocated to island nature reserves around New Zealand, and also to mainland fenced sanctuaries. Since roughly 2015, sporadic sightings and evidence of breeding has been confirmed in Polhill Reserve, which neighbours the fenced Zealandia wildlife sanctuary. These have been the first sightings on New Zealand's un-fenced mainland since the bird was declared extinct on the mainland in 1910.[6]
The recovery of the saddleback is considered by many to be one of New Zealand's greatest conservation success stories.
Adult in front, young of South Island subspecies at rear (from Walter Buller's Birds of New Zealand)
Feeding from a flax flower
A saddleback on Ulva Island, New Zealand, an island bird sanctuary located off Stewart Island/Rakiura (where a sizable population of South Island saddlebacks is maintained).
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Illustration of a saddleback nest
The saddlebacks (Māori: tīeke) are two species of New Zealand bird of the family Callaeidae. Both are glossy black with a chestnut saddle. Its taxonomic family is also known as that of the (New Zealand) "wattlebirds" and includes the two species of kōkako, as well as the extinct huia. All members of the family Callaeidae have coloured fleshy appendages on either side of the beak, known as wattles; Saddlebacks' wattles are a vivid red.
Philesturnus es un género de aves paseriformes de la familia Callaeidae,[2] conocidos vulgarmente como tiekes.[3] Incluye a dos especies naturales de Nueva Zelanda.
Se reconocen las siguientes especies:[1][2][3][4]
El tieke ha tenido un lugar destacado en las leyendas y supersticiones de los maoríes, que creían que sus gritos traían buenos augurios si procedían de la derecha y malos si procedían de la izquierda. Su carácter descarado se refleja en la leyenda maorí que explica cómo esta ave adquirió su mancha marrón en la espalda. De regreso de su batalla para atrapar al sol, Maui, un héroe del folklore maorí, pidió al tieke que le trajera un poco de agua. El pájaro descortésmente fingió no oír la petición, por lo que Maui se enfadó y agarró al ave con su mano todavía caliente de su lucha con el sol, con lo que dejó la marca de su palma en la espalda del tieke.
Sus costumbres reproductoras (anidar cerca del suelo y que sus pollos permanezcan en el suelo) lo hacen especialmente vulnerable al ataque de los mamíferos introducidos, como los mustélido y las ratas. Por ello ambas especies desaparecieron rápidamente de las dos islas principales de Nueva Zelanda. Las dos especies de tieke quedaron confinadas en el siglo XX en pequeñas islas lejanas: isla Hen en el norte, y Taukihepa en el sur, más allá de isla Stewart.
Las ratas llegaron a la isla Taukihepa en 1963, introducidas accidentalmente al escaparse de los botes de visitantes que recolectaban nidos de aves marinas. Solo una rápida operación de rescate del servicio de vida silvestre de Nueva Zelanda (actualmente Departamento de Conservación de Nueva Zelanda) salvó a la especie de la extinción, mientras que la depredación de las ratas condenaba a la extinción las poblaciones locales de agachadiza de isla Sur, acantisita de matorral y murciélago de cola corta mayor neozelandés. Gracias a la cuidadosa gestión del Departamento de conservación actualmente la población de tieke de isla Sur supera los 700 individuos extendidos por unas 11 pequeñas islas, procedentes de las 36 aves reubicadas desde Taukihepa. Los tiekes de isla Norte se han beneficiado de múltiples programas de cría en cautividad y reintroducciones y actualmente viven en un gran número en las islas circundantes, a pesar de haberse extinguido en la isla principal. En 2002 se consiguió establecer una colonia reproductora en el santuario de vida salvaje de Karori en Wellington. La recuperación del tieke se considera uno de los mayores éxitos de la historia de la conservación de la naturaleza en Nueva Zelanda.
Philesturnus es un género de aves paseriformes de la familia Callaeidae, conocidos vulgarmente como tiekes. Incluye a dos especies naturales de Nueva Zelanda.
Philesturnus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1832 è un genere di uccelli passeriformi della famiglia Callaeidae[1].
Il nome scientifico del genere, Philesturnus, è una parola macedonia dei generi Philemon e Sturnus: questi uccelli vengono conosciuti col nome comune di calleidi caruncolati o sellarossa (per la livrea), mentre il loro nome in māori è tieke (onomatopeico del richiamo).
Le due specie di sellarossa sono uccelli di taglia medio-piccola (25 cm), dall'aspetto molto simile a quello degli storni o dei merli indiani, con testa arrotondata, becco allungato forte e appuntito, forti zampe con artigli ben sviluppati, ali arrotondate e relativamente corte e coda lunga e dalla punta cuneiforme.
Il piumaggio è dominato dai toni del nero lucido: fanno eccezione l'area alla base della coda e (come intuibile dal nome comune) il dorso e le ali, che sono di color nocciola. Su ciascun lato della bocca, alla base del becco, è presente una caruncola pendula di colore rosso-arancio.
In ambedue le specie il dimorfismo sessuale è ben evidente, con femmine quasi interamente marroni e prive di caruncole.
Il genere è endemico della Nuova Zelanda, con una specie diffusa nell'Isola del Nord e l'altra nell'Isola del Sud: i sellarossa sono abitatori delle foreste primarie con abbondanza di vecchi alberi e sottobosco denso.
Attualmente ambedue le specie sono scomparse dal loro areale originario e sopravvivono allo stato selvatico solo in alcune isole-santuario dove i predatori introdotti sono stati debellati.
Si tratta di uccelli diurni e territoriali, che (quando la loro consistenza numerica lo permetteva) tendono a vivere in stormi. Cattivi volatori, si muovono perlopiù al suolo o fra i cespugli, essendo però in grado di volare rumorosamente per brevi distanze e di raggiungere le cime degli alberi saltellando di ramo in ramo o aggrappandosi alla corteccia con le forti zampe unghiute.
La loro dieta è prevalentemente insettivora, componendosi di larve d'insetto reperite sollevando pezzi di corteccia col forte becco cuneiforme: questi uccelli mangiano inoltre anche bacche, frutta matura e nettare.
I sellarossa sono uccelli monogami: il nido è una coppa di fibre vegetali intrecciate a poca distanza dal suolo. La femmina cova le uova da sola, mentre i nidiacei vengono accuditi a lungo da ambedue i genitori, scendendo agevolmente al suolo e correndo e pigolando rumorosamente verso di essi per richiedere l'imbeccata.
Al genere vengono ascritte due specie[1]:
Quest'ultima in passato veniva considerata una sottospecie della prima col nome di P. c. rufusater, ma attualmente si preferisce considerare le due popolazioni come specie a sé stanti[1].
I sellarossa occupano un posto di rilievo nel folklore Māori: sentire il loro verso è considerato di buon auspicio se esso proviene dalla destra, mentre porta sfortuna udire questi uccelli cantare alla propria sinistra.
L'origine della loro colorazione, inoltre, viene spiegata in una leggenda maori: questi uccelli, infatti, avrebbero rifiutato di portare l'acqua all'assetato Māui, esausto dopo la battaglia col sole, ed egli in preda all'ira li afferrò per la schiena, lasciando una bruciatura marrone sul piumaggio nero. L'acqua venne poi fornita all'eroe da un parente dei sellarossa, il kokako.
Philesturnus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1832 è un genere di uccelli passeriformi della famiglia Callaeidae.
Philesturnus is een geslacht van zangvogels uit de familie Nieuw-Zeelandse lelvogels (Callaeidae).
Het geslacht kent de volgende soorten:[1]
BirdLife International beschouwt de zadelruggen als één soort. De vogels komen voor op tientallen eilandjes rond Nieuw-Zeeland. Deze eilanden zijn dankzij intensief natuurbeschermingsbeleid vrij gemaakt zijn van uitheemse roofdieren en grazers als herten en geiten. De populatie was in 2003 gegroeid tot enkele duizenden vogels en zou verder kunnen groeien tot over de 20.000. Echter, de vogels blijven kwetsbaar door hun kleine aantallen en gevoeligheid voor plotselinge, negatieve veranderingen. Daarom staan ze als gevoelig op de Rode Lijst van de IUCN.[2]
Bronnen, noten en/of referentiesPhilesturnus is een geslacht van zangvogels uit de familie Nieuw-Zeelandse lelvogels (Callaeidae).
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Philesturnus – rodzaj ptaka z rodziny koralników (Callaeidae).
Rodzaj obejmuje gatunki występujące endemicznie na Nowej Zelandii[3].
Długość ciała 25 cm, masa ciała 61-94 g (samce średnio 80-85 g, samice 70-75 g)[4].
Nazwa rodzajowa jest pochodzi od francuskiej nazwy Philèsturne nadanej przez I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire'a kurobródowi siodłatatemu (połączenie nazw rodzajów: Philedon Cuvier 1817 oraz Sturnus Linnaeus, 1758)[5].
Do rodzaju należą następujące gatunki[6]:
Philesturnus – rodzaj ptaka z rodziny koralników (Callaeidae).
Philesturnus é um gênero de pássaros da família Callaeidae. Compreende apenas duas espécies endêmicas de cada uma das principais ilhas da Nova Zelândia.[1]
Philesturnus é um gênero de pássaros da família Callaeidae. Compreende apenas duas espécies endêmicas de cada uma das principais ilhas da Nova Zelândia.
Philesturnus är ett litet fågelsläkte i familjen vårtkråkor inom ordningen tättingar.[1] Släktet omfattar endast två arter som förekommer i Nya Zeeland:[1][2]
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Philesturnus.
Philesturnus är ett litet fågelsläkte i familjen vårtkråkor inom ordningen tättingar. Släktet omfattar endast två arter som förekommer i Nya Zeeland:
Nordövårtkråka (P. rufusater) Sydövårtkråka (P. carunculatus)
