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Audubon’s orioles are primarily insectivorous, consuming beetles (Coleoptera), butterflies (Lepidoptera), and spiders (Araneae). They also eat orchard fruit including plums, peaches, and apples; hackberries; sunflower seeds; and mesquite beans (Prosopis species). They occasionally visit suburban hummingbird and seed feeders (Flood et al., 2002).
Animal Foods: insects; terrestrial non-insect arthropods
Plant Foods: seeds, grains, and nuts; fruit; nectar
Primary Diet: carnivore (Insectivore )
Audubon’s orioles are similar in coloration to their closest relative, Icterus chrysater, commonly known as yellow-backed orioles (Hofmann et al., 2006). In I. chrysater and I. graduacauda, both sexes have songs of similar complexity (Price et al., 2007). This is typical of tropical oriole species and has been shown to be the ancestral state of the genus Icterus (Hofmann et al., 2008). Analysis of cytrochrome-b and ND-2 genes in genus Icterus strongly suggests that the two species are each other’s closest relatives, having 1.7% genetic divergence in the target sequences (Omland et al., 1999). This suggests that the two clades may have diverged from one another less than one million years ago, assuming a molecular clock of approximately 2% divergence per million years (Omland et al., 1999).
Both male and female Audubon’s orioles sing and their song structures seem to be identical. Mated pairs answer each others' calls, possibly to reinforce pair bonding, though not all mated pairs use song extensively (Jaramillo and Burke, 1999). The species overall is less vocal than North American Icterus species (Flood et al., 1990). During the breeding season, mated pairs respond to calls of nearby conspecifics. It is hypothesized that in this species song is used in territory defense (Flood et al., 2002). It is believed that this species sings less frequently during cold weather (Flood et al., 1990). As of 2002, there is no information regarding possible geographic variation in song (Flood et al., 2002).
The Audubon’s oriole voice have been described by as “low, mellow, humanlike whistle”. It consists of a series of non-repeating notes that are low in frequency and with little frequency modulation. To produce variation in the song, Audubon’s orioles omit notes or clips the end of the series (Flood et al., 1990). These characteristics are unlike most other New World species, especially those formerly incorporated into the northern oriole species: Baltimore orioles (Icterus galbula) and Bullock's orioles (Icterus bullockii). These vocal characteristics are similar to those of yellow-backed orioles (Icterus chrysater) and bar-winged orioles (Icterus maculialatus) (Davis, 1972; Flood et al., 2002). Audubon’s oriole alarm calls are described by Jaramillo and Burke (1999) as a “nasal nyyyee”, the amount of time between repetitions decreasing as the bird becomes more excited.
Communication Channels: visual ; acoustic
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
Audubon’s orioles have experienced a marked decline in population in southern Texas due to nest parasitism by bronzed cowbirds. In addition, the species has been affected by human activities, including the clearing of habitat for human development. It is also suggested that Audubon’s orioles are sensitive to human interference during the breeding season (Flood et al., 2002).
US Migratory Bird Act: protected
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
State of Michigan List: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
There are no negative impacts of Audubon’s orioles on humans.
There is little information documenting Audubon’s oriole impact on humans, either positively or negatively. Their potential impact on plant regeneration through seed dispersal may help humans and they may help to regulate some insect populations.
Positive Impacts: controls pest population
There is little information published regarding ecosystem roles. However, it is speculated that these orioles help to propagate several species of flowering plants by scattering their seeds through droppings. In addition, eggs and young are prey to several species (see predation section). Audobon's orioles may aid in regulating populations of the insect species that form a large part of their diet.
Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds
Commensal/Parasitic Species:
Audubon’s orioles (Icterus graduacauda) are year-round residents of southern Texas, eastern and southern Mexico, and the northern tip of Central America. In Mexico, the range splits into two allopatric regions: the eastern range extends from northeastern Mexico (Tamaulipas and Nuevo Leon) south to central Veracruz; the western range extends from central Nayarit south to Oaxaca. There are also a few populations in Belize.
Audubon’s orioles are further divided into four subspecies: I. graduacauda graduacauda, I. graduacauda audubonii, I. graduacauda nayaritensis and I. graduacauda dickeyae. The Atlantic range is occupied by overlapping populations of I. g. graduacauda and I. g. audubonii, while I. g. nayaritensis and I. g. dickeyae inhabit the western range. Range overlap is not observed between I. g. nayaritensis and I. g. dickeyae. The range of I. g. audubonii is confined to southern Texas, Tamaulipas, and Nuevo Leon, while I. g. graduacauda is found in the Mexican states of Veracruz and San Luis Potosí. Sightings of I. g. dickeyae have been documented in southern Mexico from Guerrero east to Oaxaca. The subspecies I. g. nayaritensis inhabits the western portions of Nayarit and northwestern Jacisco.
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native ); neotropical (Native )
Audubon’s orioles are a tropical species that prefers the edges of dense, established woodlands and riparian areas (Flood et al., 1990). They are found in a wide range of woodland habitats including scrubland, cloud forest, and both deciduous and evergreen forest (Flood et al., 1990; American Ornithologist’s Union, 1998). They are rarely found in open fields or in urban areas, though they may visit suburban feeding stations even in winter (Flood et al., 2002). Audubon’s orioles may be found at elevations of up to 2500 m, but avoid areas below 500 m in elevation (Flood et al., 1990).
Range elevation: 2500 (high) m.
Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: forest ; scrub forest
Other Habitat Features: suburban ; riparian
Due to a lack of data on this species, longevity is unknown.
Audubon’s orioles are medium sized orioles and are nearly monomorphic, though males are slightly larger and brighter than females (Flood et al., 2002). Measurements range from 190 to 240 mm in length and average 42 grams in mass (Sibley, 2000), ranging in mass from 31 to 45 grams (Flood et al., 1990). They are the only yellow-bodied oriole species with a fully black hood in the New World (Jaramillo and Burke, 1999). In most cases the edges of the bib are poorly defined. The culmen is stout, black, and straight. The tail is black and is “long, narrow and obviously graduated” (Jaramillo and Burke, 1999).
In adult males, the wings and tail are black; wings have white-fringed greater coverts that form a wing bar (Jaramillo and Burke, 1999). The tail feathers are olive tipped, lending the tail a “graduated”, or stepped, appearance. The remiges and retrices (flight feathers) are white fringed. The body is generally yellow and the underparts are brighter than the back and nape, which are greenish-yellow (Flood et al., 2002). The median and lesser coverts form yellow epaulets. While it is difficult to determine the sex of an individual at a distance, adult females of this species are duller than males, with an olive green wash on the back and wings (Flood et al., 1990). Juvenile Audubon’s orioles have a pink lower mandible, a “greenish-gray” face, and yellow-tipped gray wings. Immature individuals resemble females, but have duller wings and greener upperparts (Jaramillo and Burke, 1999). Species bearing similar plumage include Scott's orioles (Icterus parisorum), Greater Antillean orioles (Icterus dominicensis), and black-cowled orioles (Icterus prosthemelas). Scott's orioles are distinguished from I. graduacauda by their more-prominent wing bars and yellow-fringed retrices; black-cowled orioles and Greater Antillean orioles are distinguished by the absence of wing bars (Flood et al., 2002).
Icterus graduacauda plumage varies geographically as described below:
Icterus g. audubonii generally fits the description given above.
Icterus g. graduacauda is smaller and lacks white fringes on the wings and tail.
Icterus g. nayaritensis exhibits a greater degree of sexual dimorphism, males being markedly brighter than females.
Icterus g. dickeyae is larger and brighter than the other three subspecies, with a cleaner border to the hood. The epaulets are more restricted, being orange-yellow only on the lesser coverts. The edges of the wings are yellow and the wing bars are absent. Additionally there may some black tipping or spotting on the back. Because of the dramatic differences in plumage, behavior, song, and habitat preference between I. g. dickeyae and the other three subspecies currently grouped under I. graduacauda, research efforts are considering whether this subspecies should be considered a separate species.
Range mass: 31 to 45 g.
Average mass: 42 g.
Range length: 190 to 240 mm.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike; male larger
The nests of Icterus graduacauda are frequently parasitized by bronzed cowbirds (Molothrus aeneus) and squirrel cuckoos (Piaya cayana) (Jaramillo and Burke, 1999).
Most of the major predators of Audubon’s orioles feed on their eggs or young. These predators include snakes; ants; birds, including brown jays (Cyanocorax morio); and mammals, especially white-nosed coatis (Nausa naurica) (Flood, 2002).
Known Predators:
Audubon’s orioles are monogamous.
Mating System: monogamous
Nests of Audubon’s orioles are semi-pensile (dangling) and cup shaped; the nest is built so that it hangs at the rim from a branch. Unlike other closely related species, this species prefers to build its nest close to the trunk rather than on smaller branches. Nests are usually built from between 12.9 to 33 m above the ground in several different species of large trees. In Texas, Audubon’s orioles prefer mesquite trees and make their nests 1.8 to 4.3 m above the ground. Nests are usually constructed of fine plant fibers, primarily from strands of the leaves of palmetto plants (Flood et al., 1990). According to Flood et al. (2002): “Audubon’s oriole nests are small relative to the body size of the birds that built them.”
Breeding occurs during wet seasons and brood sizes range from three to five eggs. Due to the long breeding season, mating pairs will occasionally attempt to raise a second brood. Eggs are light blue with evenly distributed dark markings. Occasionally, eggs have large dark blotches clustered around the broad end of the egg (Jaramillo and Burke, 1999; Flood et al., 1990).
Breeding interval: Audubon’s orioles usually breed once yearly, but sometimes attempt to raise a second clutch.
Breeding season: Audubon’s orioles nest from April until mid-June, generally the wet season.
Range eggs per season: 3 to 5.
Average fledging age: 11 days.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; oviparous
Only females incubate the eggs; both parents however, play a role in the care of the nestlings, feeding and protecting the young as well as cleaning the nest. A mated pair will defend the nest against predators and nest parasites, charging and sometimes striking the target (Flood et al., 2002). Adults remove fecal sacs from the nests, often eating them (Flood et al., 1990). It takes eleven days for newly hatched Audubon’s orioles to fledge (Jaramillo and Burke, 1999)
Parental Investment: pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female)
Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO.
'''Icterus graduacauda, tamién conocíu como bolseru cabeza negra,[2] ye una especie d'ave paseriforme de la familia Icteridae, propiu d'América Central, Méxicu y los Estaos Xuníos.[1] Estrémense cuatro subespecies reconocíes.[2]
Ye nativu de Belice, Guatemala, Méxicu y los Estaos Xuníos.[1] El so hábitat natural compónse de monte subtropical y tropical.
Reconócense les siguientes subespecies, incluyendo la subespecie tipu.:[2]
.
Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Aves, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies. Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO. '''Icterus graduacauda, tamién conocíu como bolseru cabeza negra, ye una especie d'ave paseriforme de la familia Icteridae, propiu d'América Central, Méxicu y los Estaos Xuníos. Estrémense cuatro subespecies reconocíes.
Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Euryn Audubon (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: eurynnod Audubon) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Icterus graduacauda; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Audubon’s oriole. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Tresglod (Lladin: Icteridae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.[1]
Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn I. graduacauda, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[2]
Mae'r euryn Audubon yn perthyn i deulu'r Tresglod (Lladin: Icteridae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:
Rhestr Wicidata:
rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Casig Para Psarocolius bifasciatus Casig penwinau Psarocolius wagleri
Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Euryn Audubon (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: eurynnod Audubon) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Icterus graduacauda; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Audubon’s oriole. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Tresglod (Lladin: Icteridae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.
Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn I. graduacauda, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.
Audubon's oriole (Icterus graduacauda), formerly known as the black-headed oriole, is a New World passerine inhabiting the forests and thickets of southeastern Texas and the Mexican coast. It is the only species to have a black hood and yellow body. It is divided into four subspecies and two allopatric breeding ranges. The westernmost range extends from Nayarit south to southern Oaxaca, whereas the eastern range stretches from the lower Rio Grande valley to northern Querétaro. The most common in the western range are the subspecies I. g. dickeyae and I. g. nayaritensis; I. g. graduacauda and I. g. audubonii can be found in the eastern range. Like most Central American birds, it is not a migratory species and does not display significant sexual dimorphism. DNA analysis of the ND2 and cyt-b genes strongly suggests that I. graduacauda is most closely related to I. chrysater, the yellow-backed oriole.[2] It is a member of the genus Icterus and therefore should not be confused with the Old World orioles.
The male of the species has a black hood, mandible, and throat, as well as a black tail. Wings are black, but the remiges and rectrices (flight feathers) are fringed with white. The secondary coverts form yellow epaulets. The back and vent are yellow washed with olive, and the underside is almost uniformly yellow. Females of this species have a slightly more olive nape and back than the males. The adult female's plumage is similar to the juvenile plumage; however, unlike adults, the wings are dull brown instead of black. In general, immature specimens have the hood; wingbars; remiges; and epaulets of adult specimens. The first-basic plumage retains the darker, greener coloration of the juvenile plumage, however. Molting generally occurs in early autumn, though some specimens have been noted to molt as early as June.
The subspecies I. g. dickeyae is of note because of the differences in appearance, behavior, and phylogeny between it and the other subspecies of I. graduacauda. The olive wash is weaker, making the bird more proportionally yellow than others of its species. In addition, the yellow epaulets are diminished in dickeyae, being confined to the lesser coverts. This subspecies is endemic to high altitude pine forests is western Mexico.
Audubon's oriole inhabits dense evergreen forests and thickets, preferring riparian (riverside) areas. Though it prefers the shade, mating pairs may occasionally spotted foraging in clearings. In flight, it joins mixed-species flocks that include orioles, jays, tanagers, and other birds of similar size. It forages in dense vegetation, often near forest clearings.[3]
The nest of the Audubon's oriole is similar in size and construction to those of the hooded and orchard orioles, being approximately three inches in diameter with a similar depth. It resembles a hanging pouch or basket, not as deep as other species'. The rim is firmly woven to the supporting twigs and the entrance is somewhat constricted. The nest itself is usually composed of long grass stems, woven while they are still green and lined with finer grass.[4]
A mating pair of orioles usually incubates two broods per year, each consisting of between three and five eggs per brood; however, chicks hatched from the later brood are usually unable to survive the winter. This species' nests are often a popular choice of parasitization by the Brown-headed cowbird.[3]
The song of the Audubon's oriole is a series of slow, slurry whistles. Its calls include a nasal "ike, ike, ike" and a whistled "peu".[5]
It inserts its bill into soft dead wood or plants and uses its beak to force said plant open to expose insects hiding inside. It feeds on insects, spiders, fruits, and also accepts sunflower seeds from bird feeders.[3]
Audubon's oriole (Icterus graduacauda), formerly known as the black-headed oriole, is a New World passerine inhabiting the forests and thickets of southeastern Texas and the Mexican coast. It is the only species to have a black hood and yellow body. It is divided into four subspecies and two allopatric breeding ranges. The westernmost range extends from Nayarit south to southern Oaxaca, whereas the eastern range stretches from the lower Rio Grande valley to northern Querétaro. The most common in the western range are the subspecies I. g. dickeyae and I. g. nayaritensis; I. g. graduacauda and I. g. audubonii can be found in the eastern range. Like most Central American birds, it is not a migratory species and does not display significant sexual dimorphism. DNA analysis of the ND2 and cyt-b genes strongly suggests that I. graduacauda is most closely related to I. chrysater, the yellow-backed oriole. It is a member of the genus Icterus and therefore should not be confused with the Old World orioles.
La Nigrakapa iktero (Icterus graduacauda) estas specio de birdo de la familio de Ikteredoj kaj de ties tipa genro nome Ikteroj kiu enhavas speciojn kiuj montras flavajn kaj nigrajn kolorojn. Ĝi troviĝas en arbaroj kaj arbustaroj de sudorienta Teksaso kaj la marbordo de Meksiko. Ĝi estas la ununura specio de iktero kiu havas preskaŭ nur nigran kapon kaj flavan korpon.
Ĝi estas dividita en kvar subspecioj kaj du alopatriaj reproduktaj teritorioj. La plej okcidenta teritorio etendas el Nayarit suden al suda Oaxaca, dum la orienta teritorio etendas el malsupra valo de Rio Grande al norda Querétaro. Plej komunaj en la okcidenta teritorio estas la subspecioj I. g. dickeyae kaj I. g. nayaritensis; I. g. graduacauda kaj I. g. audubonii povas troviĝi en la orienta teritorio. Kiel plej parto de centramerikaj birdoj, ĝi estas nemigranta specio kaj ne montras gravan ekzemplon de seksa dimorfismo. Analizoj de DNA ege sugestis, ke I. graduacauda estas plej proksime rilata al I. chrysater, la Ornigra iktero.[1]
La masklo de tiu specio havas nigrajn kapuĉon, supran makzelon (suba estas helblugriza baze) kaj gorĝareon, same kiel nigran voston. Ankaŭ la flugiloj estas nigraj, sed la flugilplumoj havas blankajn bordojn. La duarangaj kovriloj formas flavajn ŝultrojn kiuj kune kun la flava supra dorso estas ĉefa distingilo el plej parto de aliaj ikteroj. Dorso kaj ventro estas flavaj kun oliveca nuanco, kaj la subaj partoj estas preskaŭ uniforme flavaj. La kruroj estas grizecaj.
Ino de tiu specio havas iom pli olivecajn nukon kaj dorson ol maskloj. La plumaro de ina plenkreskulo estas simila al tiu de junulo; tamen, malkiel ĉe plenkreskuloj, la flugiloj estas senkolore brunaj anstataŭ nigraj. Ĝenerale nematuruloj havas kapuĉon, flugilstriojn, voston kaj ŝultrojn kiel plenkreskuloj. La unujara plumaro retenas pli malhelan kaj verdecan koloron de la junula plumaro, tamen. Plumoŝanĝado okazas ĝenerale komence de aŭtuno, kvankam kelkaj specimenoj plumoŝanĝis tiom frue kiom ĝis junio.
Tiu nearktisa specio loĝas en densa ĉiamverda arbaro kaj arbustaro, prefere ĉeriveraj areoj. Kvankam ĝi preferas ombron, paroj povas eventuale manĝi en klarejoj. Dumfluge ili kuniĝas al miksitaj kunmanĝantaroj kiuj inkludas ikterojn, garolojn, tanagrojn kaj aliajn birdojn de simila grando.
La nesto de la Nigrakapa iktero estas simila en grando kaj konstruo al tiuj de la Maskiktero kaj de la Hortiktero, kun simila profundo. La nestoj estas sakoformaj kaj duonpendantaj; tio estas, ili troviĝas en la eksteraj branĉetoj de arboj plie ol ĉetrunke.
Paro de ikteroj kutime kovas du ovarojn jare, ĉiu konsistanta el 3 al 5 ovoj; la idoj de la lasta ovaro rare survivas la vintron. La nestoj de tiu specio estas ofte parazitataj de la Brunkapa molotro.
La subspecio I. g. dickeyae rimerkindas pro diferencoj en aspekto, kutimo kaj filogenio inter ĝi kaj aliaj subspecioj de I. graduacauda. La oliveca nuanco estas pli milda, kio faras la birdon pli proporcie flava ol aliaj de tiu specio. Krome la flavaj ŝultroj estas malpli grandaj ĉe dickeyae, kaj limigitaj nur al la malgrandaj kovriloj.
La Nigrakapa iktero (Icterus graduacauda) estas specio de birdo de la familio de Ikteredoj kaj de ties tipa genro nome Ikteroj kiu enhavas speciojn kiuj montras flavajn kaj nigrajn kolorojn. Ĝi troviĝas en arbaroj kaj arbustaroj de sudorienta Teksaso kaj la marbordo de Meksiko. Ĝi estas la ununura specio de iktero kiu havas preskaŭ nur nigran kapon kaj flavan korpon.
Ĝi estas dividita en kvar subspecioj kaj du alopatriaj reproduktaj teritorioj. La plej okcidenta teritorio etendas el Nayarit suden al suda Oaxaca, dum la orienta teritorio etendas el malsupra valo de Rio Grande al norda Querétaro. Plej komunaj en la okcidenta teritorio estas la subspecioj I. g. dickeyae kaj I. g. nayaritensis; I. g. graduacauda kaj I. g. audubonii povas troviĝi en la orienta teritorio. Kiel plej parto de centramerikaj birdoj, ĝi estas nemigranta specio kaj ne montras gravan ekzemplon de seksa dimorfismo. Analizoj de DNA ege sugestis, ke I. graduacauda estas plej proksime rilata al I. chrysater, la Ornigra iktero.
El turpial amarillento (Icterus graduacauda), también conocido como turpial de Audubon y bolsero cabeza negra,[2] es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Icteridae propia de México y el extremo sur de los Estados Unidos.[1] Se distinguen cuatro subespecies reconocidas.[2]
Es nativo de México y el sur de Texas (Estados Unidos).[1] Su hábitat natural se compone de bosque subtropical y tropical.
Se reconocen las siguientes subespecies, incluyendo la subespecie tipo.:[2]
El turpial amarillento (Icterus graduacauda), también conocido como turpial de Audubon y bolsero cabeza negra, es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Icteridae propia de México y el extremo sur de los Estados Unidos. Se distinguen cuatro subespecies reconocidas.
Icterus graduacauda Icterus generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Icteridae familian sailkatua dago.
Icterus graduacauda Icterus generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Icteridae familian sailkatua dago.
Icterus graduacauda
L'Oriole d'Audubon (Icterus graduacauda) est une espèce d'oiseaux de la famille des ictéridés qu’on retrouve au sud du Texas et au Mexique.
D'après le Congrès ornithologique international, cette espèce est constituée des quatre sous-espèces suivantes :
L’Oriole d’Audubon fréquente les lisières à proximité des boisés denses, notamment les fourrés ripariens.
Le nid en forme de coupe est plutôt petit pour la taille de l’oiseau. Les œufs sont au nombre de 3 à 5. Le nid est souvent parasité par le Vacher bronzé et parfois aussi par le Vacher à tête brune.
L’Oriole d’Audubon est généralement discret, cherchant sa nourriture à l’ombre de la végétation, seul ou en couple. Il se joint parfois aux volées mixtes d’alimentation en compagnie d’autres orioles, de tangaras et de geais.
Icterus graduacauda
L'Oriole d'Audubon (Icterus graduacauda) est une espèce d'oiseaux de la famille des ictéridés qu’on retrouve au sud du Texas et au Mexique.
De zwartkoptroepiaal (Icterus graduacauda) is een zangvogel uit de familie Icteridae (troepialen).
Deze soort komt voor in zuidelijk Texas en Mexico en telt 4 ondersoorten:
De zwartkoptroepiaal (Icterus graduacauda) is een zangvogel uit de familie Icteridae (troepialen).
Sitrontrupial (Icterus graduacauda) er en fugl i trupialfamilien.
Det finnes 6 underarter av sitrontrupial[2]:
Denne ornitologirelaterte artikkelen er foreløpig kort eller mangelfull, og du kan hjelpe Wikipedia ved å utvide den. 
Sitrontrupial (Icterus graduacauda) er en fugl i trupialfamilien.
Audubontrupial[2] (Icterus graduacauda) är en fågel i familjen trupialer inom ordningen tättingar.[3]
Audubontrupial delas in i fyra underarter:[3]
Arten har ett stort utbredningsområde och en stor population, men tros minska i antal, dock inte tillräckligt kraftigt för att den ska betraktas som hotad.[1] Internationella naturvårdsunionen IUCN kategoriserar därför arten som livskraftig (LC).[1]
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör audubontrupial.
Wikispecies har information om Icterus graduacauda.
Icterus graduacauda là một loài chim trong họ Icteridae.[1]
