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Associated Plant Communities ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info for the terms: cactus, cover

According to Ligon [20], the distribution of scaled quail is largely
coextensive with mesquite (Prosopis spp.), condalia (Condalia spp.), and
cholla (Opuntia spp.).

In Oklahoma, scaled quail occur in sand sagebrush (Artemisia
filifolia)-grassland, pinyon-juniper (Pinus spp.-Juniperus spp.), and
shortgrass High Plains [1,6,24]. Sand sagebrush-grasslands include
sand sagebrush, soapweed yucca (Yucca glauca), skunkbush sumac (Rhus
trilobata), and sand plum (Prunus watsonii) [24]. Scaled quail in
Oklahoma inhabit rough or rolling land, especially where sagebrush
(Artemisia spp.), mesquite, cactus (Opuntia spp. and others), yucca
(Yucca spp.), juniper, sand shinnery oak (Quercus havardii), and rocks
furnish cover [29].

In Colorado, scaled quail occupy sand sagebrush and/or yucca stands on
sandy soils [26]. The cover types used by scaled quail in Colorado are,
in descending order, sand sagebrush-grassland, pinyon-juniper, dense
cholla-grassland, dryland farmland, irrigated farmland, and greasewood
(Sarcobatus spp.)-saltbush (Atriplex spp.) washes. Scaled quail made
little or no use of sparse cholla-grassland, riparian areas, reseeded
grasslands, or shortgrass prairie disclimax [14].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Callipepla squamata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Common Names ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Animals
scaled quail
blue quail
cottontop
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Callipepla squamata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Cover Requirements ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info for the terms: cactus, cover, forbs, grassland, shrubs, tree

Feeding Cover: Scaled quail use grass clumps and shrubs for cover while
feeding. In one study they were frequently seen crossing 82 to 165 feet
(25-50 m) of bare ground. When disturbed, scaled quail hid in snakeweed
(Gutierrezia spp.) or in grass clumps [11]. In June and July foraging
occurs on open grasslands which are not used at other times [24].

Loafing Cover: Scaled quail coveys occupy loafing or resting cover
after early morning feeding periods. Scaled quail occupy desert
grassland or desert scrub with a minimum of one loafing covert per
approximately 70 acres (28 ha) [4,6,13]. In northwestern Texas, loafing
coverts were characterized by: (1) overhead woody cover, (2) lateral
screening cover, (3) a central area with bare soil, and (4) one or more
paths through the lateral cover. Covert heights ranged from 1.6 to 5.9
feet (0.5-1.8 m) and 2.6 to 6.9 feet (0.8-2.1 m) in diameter. Cholla
formed all or part of the overhead cover of 85 percent of coverts, even
though they were dominant at only 12 percent of the study locations. In
areas where scaled quail occur without cholla, woody species such as
wolfberry (Lycium spp.) and mesquite are important for overhead cover
[27]. In Oklahoma pinyon-juniper habitats, scaled quail use the shade
of tree cholla (Opuntia imbricata) and human-made structures [24]. In
Arizona, scaled quail occupied wolfberry and mesquite 1.7 to 5 feet
(0.5-1.5 m) tall for loafing cover. This overhead cover provides midday
shade, but is open at the base to allow easy escape from predators [11].
In Oklahoma, winter home ranges always contained skunkbush sumac, tree
cholla, or human-made structures providing overhead cover [24].

Night-roosting Cover: Scaled quail roosts were observed in yucca (Yucca
angustifolia), tree cholla, and true mountain-mahogany (Cercocarpus
montanus)-yucca-fragrant sumac (Rhus aromatica) vegetation types. The
height of vegetation used for night roosts was less than 1.6 feet (0.5
m) [28].

Nesting Cover: In March or April winter coveys spread out into areas
with less cover. This use of areas with less cover coincides with a
seasonal decrease in the number of raptors in the same area [24].
Scaled quail nests are constructed under tufts of grasses, and are
sheltered by sagebrush (Artemisia spp.), creosotebush (Larrea
tridentata), mesquite, catclaw acacia (Acacia greggii), cactus, or yucca
[13]; under dead Russian-thistle (Salsola kali), mixed forbs, or
soapweed yucca; or sheltered in old machinery or other human-made debris
[29]. In Oklahoma, 66 percent of nests were in one of four situations:
(1) dead Russian-thistle, (2) machinery and junk, (3) mixed forbs, and
(4) soapweed yucca [24]. In New Mexico, ordination of breeding birds
and vegetative microhabitats indicated that scaled quail were associated
with increased levels of patchiness and increased cover of mesquite and
cactus [22].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Callipepla squamata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution ( englanti )

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Scaled quail occur from south-central Arizona, northern New Mexico,
east-central Colorado, and southwestern Kansas south through western
Oklahoma and western and central Texas into Mexico to northeastern
Jalisco, Guanajuato, Queretaru, Hidalgo, and western Tamaulipas. It has
been introduced to Hawaii, central Washington, eastern Nevada, and
Nebraska, but is only considered established in central Washington and
eastern Nevada [1,25].

Distribution of subspecies is as follows:

Callipepla squamata ssp. castanogastris occurs from southern Texas south
through Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon, and eastern Coahuila, Mexico.

C. s. hargravei is found in western Oklahoma, southwestern Kansas,
southeastern Colorado, northern New Mexico, and northwestern Texas.

C. s. pallida occurs from southern Arizona, southern New Mexico, and
western Texas south to northern Sonora and Chihuahua, Mexico.

C. s. squamata occurs in Mexico from northern Sonora and Tamaulipas
south to the Valley of Mexico [15].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Callipepla squamata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Food Habits ( englanti )

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More info for the terms: forbs, seed, selection

Scaled quail are opportunistic eaters [15]. Seeds are consumed
year-round. Large seeds (such as those of mesquite and snakeweed) are
important in scaled quail diets [5]. Other seeds include those of
elbowbush (Adelia angustifolia), catclaw acacia , mesquite, hackberry
(Celtis spp.), Russian-thistle, rough pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus),
and sunflowers, ragweeds (Ambrosia spp.), and other Asteraceous plants
[6,30]. Scaled quail consume more grass seeds than do other quail
species [6]. Other dietary components include leaves, fruits, and
insects. Summer diets are high in green vegetation and insects, which
are also important sources of moisture [11,19].

In Oklahoma, small groups of scaled quail feed among soapweed yucca and
in soapweed yucca-sand sagebrush ranges, weed patches, and grain
stubble. Also in Oklahoma, early winter foods apparently eaten when
other foods are not available included snow-on-the-mountain (Euphorbia
marginata), sand paspalum (Paspalum stramineum), field sandbur (Cenchrus
pauciflorus), purslane (Portulacca spp.), skunkbush sumac, Fendler
spurge (Euphorbia fendleri), and leaf bugs. Jimsonweed (Datura
stramonium) and juniper berries were always avoided [24]. Winter foods
of the scaled quail in Oklahoma include Russian-thistle and sunflower
(Helianthus spp.) seeds [29].

In northwestern Texas, selection of foods by scaled quail was dependent
on foraging techniques, availability, and seed size. Small seeds were
selected when they were still on the plant and could be easily stripped,
but were not eaten once thay had fallen, presumably because they were
too small and/or too hard to find. Broom snakeweed (Gutierrezia
sarothrae) was a staple in winter diets; it was not highly selected but
was consumed in proportion to its availability (and lack of availability
of choice items) [2]. Generally, in Texas grass seeds (mainly tall
dropseed [Sporobolus asper] and rough tridens [Tridens muticus]) were
major constituents of scaled quail diets. This was attributed to a
precipitation pattern that resulted in a relatively higher amount of
grass seed available, and a lower amount of available forbs. In the
same study green vegetation formed a higher proportion of the diet than
reported for other areas [17].

In southwestern Texas, chestnut-bellied scaled quail consumed woody
plant seeds and green vegetation. The seeds of brush species comprised
68 percent of the contents of 32 scaled quail crops. Green food,
chiefly wild carrot (Daucus carota) and clover (Trifolium spp.) made up
7.17 percent. Elbowbush was the single most important source, followed
by Roemer acacia (Acacia roemeriana), desert-yaupon (Schaefferia
cuneifolia), and spiny hackberry (Celtis pallida) [16].

In southeastern New Mexico, staples (comprising at least 5% of scaled
quail diet in both summer and winter) were mesquite and croton (Croton
spp.) seeds, green vegetation, and snout beetles. Nonpreferred foods
eaten in winter and available but not consumed in summer included broom
snakeweed (the main winter food), crown-beard (Verbesina encelioides),
cycloloma (Cycloloma atriplicifolium), and lace bugs. Mesquite seeds
and broom snakeweed seeds together made up 75 percent of the winter diet
[5]. Grasshoppers were a summer staple. Insect galls, cicadas, scarab
beetles, spurge (Euphorbia spp.), plains bristlegrass (Setaria
macrostachya) seeds, and white ratany (Krameria grayi) were consumed in
a less pronounced seasonal pattern [5]. Another study reported
substantial amounts of prairie sunflower seeds (Helianthus petiolaris)
and pigweed (Amaranthus spp.) seeds in the diet of scaled quail [36].

Scaled quail feed in alfalfa (Medicago spp.) fields [29].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Callipepla squamata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat-related Fire Effects ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info for the term: shrubs

Wright and Bailey [33] stated that fire, by favoring low growing shrubs
and grasses over dense brush, would probably be beneficial to scaled
quail.

In a study to assess the effects of fire (used to control Pinchot
juniper [Juniperus pinchotii]) on scaled quail habitat, populations of
scaled quail on 3- and 7-year-old burns were compared with populations
on unburned pastures. Scaled quail on the 3-year-old burn had diets of
materials which were coarser and less digestible than those on the
7-year-old burn or on unburned areas. Scaled quail on the 3-year-old
burn had lower amounts of stored fat than those on the 7-year-old burn
or on unburned areas. The lower lipid reserves were attributed to the
lower quality diet and reduced roosting areas associated with the more
recent burn [17,18]. Common broomweed (Amphyiachyrus dracunculoides)
comprised 40 percent of scaled quail diets on 4-year-old burns [17].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Callipepla squamata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Cover Types ( englanti )

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More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

66 Ashe juniper - redberry (Pinchot) juniper
68 Mesquite
239 Pinyon - juniper
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Callipepla squamata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Ecosystem ( englanti )

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More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

More info for the term: shrub

FRES30 Desert shrub
FRES32 Texas savanna
FRES33 Southwestern shrubsteppe
FRES35 Pinyon-juniper
FRES40 Desert grasslands
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Callipepla squamata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Plant Associations ( englanti )

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This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the term: woodland

K024 Juniper steppe woodland
K027 Mesquite bosque
K040 Saltbush - greasewood
K041 Creosotebush
K053 Grama - galleta steppe
K054 Grama - tobosa prairie
K057 Galleta - three-awn shrubsteppe
K058 Grama - tobosa shrubsteppe
K060 Mesquite savanna
K061 Mesquite - acacia savanna
K071 Shinnery
K087 Mesquite - oak savanna
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Callipepla squamata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Management Considerations ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info for the terms: climax, cover, forbs, natural, shrub, shrubs

Scaled quail are more tolerant of grazing than other upland birds;
however, heavy livestock use in northwestern Texas reduced lateral cover
around loafing coverts. Such lateral cover is often composed of
Russian-thistle and grasses [27]. Much scaled quail range has been
overgrazed by livestock. Desirable cover plants for scaled quail
include saltbushes (Atriplex spp.), which are consumed by livestock.
Reduction of saltbush cover reduces the scaled quail carrying capacity
of the range [19]. Short-duration grazing has been hypothesized to
result in more uniform grazing pressure than other grazing rotations.
Uniform grazing pressure could degrade habitat quality for scaled quail
by reducing patchy ground cover [27].

In well-watered localities in New Mexico, moderate grazing may have a
beneficial effect on quail range by encouraging forbs and weeds that
provide a large portion of the scaled quail diet [4,19]. Saiwana [23]
reported that ranges on upland sandy areas in fair to good condition
provided optimum habitat for scaled quail in south-central New Mexico.
These ranges experienced moderate grazing by cattle (30 to 40% use of
grasses). This level of use maintains shrub-grass habitat which is
beneficial to scaled quail. Grasslands (without shrub cover) are much
less suitable for scaled quail [23].

McCormick [21] reported lower numbers of scaled quail on ranges cleared
of mesquite than on undisturbed mesquite range. Germano [10] reported
no differences in scaled quail numbers among range cleared of mesquite,
range with small, irregular clearings within mesquite, and undisturbed
mesquite. He did report significantly more scaled quail calls in
undisturbed mesquite than in mesquite-free range. This study was done
on a relatively small scale; the author speculated that the small sizes
of the clearings and of the mesquite-free range contributed to a more
uniform distribution of scaled quail than would be observed with larger
clearings [10]. Davis and others [5] reported that mesquite and broom
snakeweed reduction projects may have an adverse effect on winter food
availability for scaled quail. They suggested that the grasses which
would increase in abundance following reduction of mesquite, including
plains bristlegrass, panic grasses (Panicum spp.), knotgrass (Paspalum
distichum), and barnyardgrass (Echinocloa crusgalli), are acceptable
substitutes for mesquite and broom snakeweed in scaled quail diets.
However, these grasses are usually replaced by climax grasses which are
not beneficial for scaled quail. The authors therefore recommended
leaving areas of mesquite and broom snakeweed for scaled quail cover and
food supply [5].

Scaled quail populations fluctuate widely and are adversely affected by
drought and by heavy rains [30].

In Colorado, the migration of winter coveys to farmlands (which renders
them inaccessible to hunting) was reduced by the development of good
winter habitat. This development included brush piles for overhead
cover, guzzlers (artificial sources of water, used by scaled quail for
both water and cover), and cover plantings around blow-outs [26].
Establishing natural cover is preferable to construction of artificial
cover. Brush, post, and board piles, however, are inexpensive and
readily used by scaled quail [24,26].

Recommended scaled quail habitat consists of successional stages with
annual and perennial forbs and some food-producing shrubs. A patchwork
of short grasses, tall grasses and forbs, and woody cover is ideal [2].
Recommendations for cover improvement in Oklahoma include maintaining
natural cover by fencing off four-wing saltbush and skunkbrush to
protect them from trampling and grazing by cattle, and establishing
artificial cover [24]. Any area to be managed for scaled quail should
include at least one loafing covert per 52 to 70 acres (20-28 ha), or
the average size of a covey home range [27].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Callipepla squamata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Occurrence in North America ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Animals

AZ
CO
KS
NV
NM
TX
WA





MEXICO


lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Callipepla squamata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Predators ( englanti )

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In Arizona, potential scaled quail predators include mammals, birds, and
reptiles. Most scaled quail kills are made by avian predators
including northern harrier (Circus cyaneus), red-tailed hawk (Buteo
jamaicensis), American kestrel (Falco sparverius), prairie falcon (Falco
mexicanus), and great horned owl (Bubo virginianus) [11]. In New
Mexico, predators on scaled quail include hawks, owls, coyote (Canis
latrans), and snakes [4]. In Colorado, potential predators of scaled
quail include coyote, gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), red fox
(Vulpes vulpes), kit fox (V. velox), bobcat (Lynx rufus), northern
harrier, rough-legged hawk (Buteo lagopus), prairie falcon, peregrine
falcon (Falco peregrinus), American kestrel, golden eagle (Aquila
chrysaetos), and bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) [26].

Scaled quail are popular gamebirds [4].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Callipepla squamata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Preferred Habitat ( englanti )

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More info for the terms: cover, forbs, herbaceous, shrubs

Scaled quail inhabit dry, open valleys, plains, foothills, rocky slopes,
draws, gullies, and canyons that have a mixture of bare ground, low
herbaceous growth, and scattered brushy cover [6,7]. Good scaled quail
habitat is characterized by low-growing grasses with forbs and shrubs.
Overall ground cover is between 10 and 50 percent. Trees and shrubs
should be less than 6.6 feet (2 m) tall. Scaled quail avoid the dense
growth associated with streamsides. Transmitter-fitted scaled quail had
individual home range sizes of 52 and 60 acres (21 and 24 ha) [11].

An absolute requirement by scaled quail for a source of open water has
not been established; there is some debate in the literature whether
there is such a requirement [15,24]. Scaled quail have been reported as
inhabiting an area 7 or 8 miles (11.2-12.8 km) from the nearest water in
Arizona. In New Mexico, it was not unusual to find scaled quail 10 to 15
miles (16-24 km) from water [24]. Wallmo [32] observed winter coveys 3
and 7 miles (1.8 and 11.2 km) from water in Big Bend National Park in
southwestern Texas.

In Arizona, scaled quail summer habitat is seldom within 660 feet (200
m) of water. Scaled quail were observed drinking at stock tanks from
April to June (which was a dry period during the course of the study)
every 2 to 3 days [11]. In Oklahoma, scaled quail often migrate to
farms and ranches in winter and are thus closer to a source of water in
winter than in summer [24]. DeGraaf and others [6] reported that in
winter, scaled quail are usually found within 1.25 miles (2 km) of a
source of water.
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Callipepla squamata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regional Distribution in the Western United States ( englanti )

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More info on this topic.

This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

7 Lower Basin and Range
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
14 Great Plains
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Callipepla squamata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Taxonomy ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Animals
The currently accepted scientific name for scaled quail is Callipepla
squamata (Vigors). It is a member of the pheasant family (Phasianidae)
(Sibley and Monroe classify this group as Odontiphoridae) [25].
Subspecies listed by Johnsgard [15] include the following:

Callipepla squamata ssp. castanogastris Brewster (chestnut-bellied quail)
C. s. ssp. hargravei Rea
C. s. ssp. pallida Brewster
C. s. ssp. squamata (Vigors).

Scaled quail hybridize with Gambel's quail (C. gambelii) [1], and with
northern bobwhites (Collinus virginiana) where their ranges overlap
[29]. Hybrids of scaled quail and elegant quail (C. douglasii) are
sterile [15].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Callipepla squamata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Timing of Major Life History Events ( englanti )

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More info for the term: precocial

Breeding: In Arizona, pairing and maximum dispersal is complete by
mid-June. Nesting probably does not begin until early July [11]. In
Oklahoma, egg laying usually starts in late April. Completed clutches
have been found as early as May 8 [29]. Egg laying occurs from March to
June in Texas and Mexico, and from April to September in New Mexico
[30]. Nests with eggs were reported as early as April 15 in New Mexico [24].

Clutch Size: Scaled quail lay from 9 to 16 eggs; most clutches are 12
to 14 eggs [13].

Incubation: Eggs are incubated by the female for 21 to 23 days.
Double-brooding (the production of two consecutive broods in one season)
is common [13]. In west Texas, Wallmo [32] observed the male rearing
the first brood while the female began a second clutch. Sutton [29]
stated, however, that scaled quail in Oklahoma are probably
single-brooded, but have hatched broods as late as September 6. Ehrlich
and others [7] also list scaled quail as single-brooded.

Development of Young: The precocial young leave the nest shortly after
hatching. They are accompanied by at least one, usually both, parents,
who show them how to find food [7]. The young fledge rapidly
(age at fledging not reported in the literature), and are adult size in
11 to 15 weeks [7,15].

Seasonal Movements: Scaled quail are fairly sedentary. The winter home
ranges of scaled quail coveys varied from 24 to 84 acres (9.6-33.6 ha).
The home ranges of separate coveys overlap only slightly or not at all
[15,24]. From September to November scaled quail coveys maintain stable
territories [11,24]. In Arizona, 75 to 90 percent of a population
apparently moved off of a breeding area by mid-November, moving to
nearby mountain foothills. The mountain habitat was consistent with
that found on the breeding area. In March the population on the
breeding area increased again, with most birds in groups of four to
eight [11].

Nonbreeding Behavior: The average winter covey size for scaled quail
is around 30 birds, although coveys of up to 150 birds have been
reported [7].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Callipepla squamata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Use of Fire in Population Management ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info for the terms: cacti, cactus, cover, fire regime, formation, grassland, herbaceous, prescribed fire, shrubs, tree

Brush control in rangelands often includes the use of fire. Any
prescribed burning for brush control in scaled quail habitat should be
conducted so as not to eliminate the type of cholla cover used as
loafing coverts [27]. Cactus species vary in their response to fire.
Fire effects on cacti also depend on the size of individual plants [35].
Tree cholla (valuable for cover) experienced 73 percent mortality of
short plants and 27 percent mortality of tall plants as measured 3 years
after a prescribed fire [35]. Scaled quail will use dead cholla for
cover; however, fire-caused necrosis of lower limbs could prevent the
formation of adequate lateral cover, particularly where cattle are
present. High-crowned shrubs without lateral cover were not used by
scaled quail for resting coverts from January to early May [27].
Prescribed burning of pastures to control prickly pear (Opuntia spp.)
should be conducted so that 1-acre (0.4 ha) plots of prickly pear, with
clumps 100 yards (90 m) apart, are left for quail cover [16].


An extensive body of research has been published on fire effects on animals
in semidesert grassland, oak savanna, and Madrean oak woodlands of southeastern
Arizona, including the response of scaled quail to fire. See the Research Project Summary of this work for more information on
scaled quail and more than 100 additional species of birds, small
mammals, grasshoppers, and herbaceous and woody plant species.

FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Callipepla squamata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Colí escatós ( valencia )

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El colí escatós (Callipepla squamata) és un ocell de la família dels odontofòrids (Odontophoridae) que habita praderies i matollars des d'Arizona cap al sud, fins al nord-est i el centre de Mèxic.

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Colí escatós Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
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Colí escatós: Brief Summary ( valencia )

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El colí escatós (Callipepla squamata) és un ocell de la família dels odontofòrids (Odontophoridae) que habita praderies i matollars des d'Arizona cap al sud, fins al nord-est i el centre de Mèxic.

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Sofliar gennog ( kymri )

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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Sofliar gennog (sy'n enw benywaidd; enw lluosog: soflieir cennog) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Callipepla squamata; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Scaled quail. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Ffesantod (Lladin: Phasianidae) sydd yn urdd y Galliformes.[1]

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn C. squamata, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[2] Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yng Ngogledd America.

Caiff ei fagu er mwyn ei hela.

Teulu

Mae'r sofliar gennog yn perthyn i deulu'r Ffesantod (Lladin: Phasianidae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:

Rhestr Wicidata:

rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Ceiliog coedwig coch Gallus gallus Ceiliog coedwig gwyrdd Gallus varius
Stavenn Gallus varius 0.jpg
Ceiliog coedwig llwyd Gallus sonneratii
Gallus sonneratii (Bandipur).jpg
Ffesant Amherst Chrysolophus amherstiae
Chrysolophus amherstiae 18092009.jpg
Ffesant euraid Chrysolophus pictus
Golden Pheasant, Tangjiahe Nature Reserve, Sichuan.jpg
Ffesant Sclater Lophophorus sclateri
Lophophorus sclateri.jpg
Ffesant Tsiena Lophophorus lhuysii
Lvwhzh.jpg
Gallus lafayetii Gallus lafayetii
Flickr - Rainbirder - Ceylon Junglefowl (Gallus lafayetii) Male.jpg
Petrisen Barbari Alectoris barbara
Alectoris barbara Tenerife.jpg
Petrisen goesgoch Arabia Alectoris melanocephala
Alectoris melanocephala 2.jpg
Petrisen graig Alectoris graeca
Steinhuhn Alectoris graeca.jpg
Petrisen graig Philby Alectoris philbyi
Philby-Steinhuhn.jpg
Petrisen siwcar Alectoris chukar
A Chukar - near South Pullu, Ladakh, Jammu Kashmir India.jpg
Petrisen Udzungwa Xenoperdix udzungwensis
Diwedd y rhestr a gynhyrchwyd yn otomatig o Wicidata.

Gweler hefyd

Cyfeiriadau

  1. Gwefan Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd; adalwyd 30 Medi 2016.
  2. Gwefan Avibase; adalwyd 3 Hydref 2016.
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Sofliar gennog: Brief Summary ( kymri )

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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Sofliar gennog (sy'n enw benywaidd; enw lluosog: soflieir cennog) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Callipepla squamata; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Scaled quail. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Ffesantod (Lladin: Phasianidae) sydd yn urdd y Galliformes.

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn C. squamata, sef enw'r rhywogaeth. Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yng Ngogledd America.

Caiff ei fagu er mwyn ei hela.

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Schuppenwachtel ( saksa )

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Die Schuppenwachtel (Callipepla squamata) ist ein in den Halbwüsten des Südwestens der Vereinigten Staaten und in Zentral-Mexiko vorkommender Vogel.

Beschreibung

Die Schuppenwachtel ist mit 22–29 cm Körperlänge kleiner als ein Rebhuhn und wiegt 151–202 g. Sie ist eine relativ plump wirkende Zahnwachtel mit relativ kurzem Schwanz und gerundeten Flügeln. Die Färbung wirkt überwiegend bläulich-grau mit einem ausgedehnten Schuppenmuster und einer recht kurzen, aber auffällig weißen Federhaube. Der Schnabel ist schwärzlich; die Beine und Füße sind grau. Die Iris ist braun. Die Geschlechter unterscheiden sich nur geringfügig. Hennen sind etwas kleiner, haben eine etwas kürzere Haube und dunkelbraune Schaftstreifen an Kopfseiten und Kehle.

Bei adulten Vögeln sind Kopf, Oberseite, Flügel und Schwanz graubraun gefärbt; die zur Haube verlängerten Scheitelfedern am Ende weiß. Das Blaugrau des Halses, des oberen Rückens und der Brust verläuft zum Bauch hin in das gelbliche Beige der Unterseite und das fahle Rötlich-Gelb der Unterschwanzdecken. Die gesamte Partie wirkt durch schwarze Federsäume kräftig geschuppt. Die Flanken sind grau und zeigen breite, weißliche Schaftstreifen. Die inneren Schulterfedern und Armschwingen sind auf den Innenfahnen weiß gesäumt. Die äußeren Steuerfedern tragen einen weißen Spitzensaum.[1][2]

Verbreitung und Bestand

Das Verbreitungsgebiet der Schuppenwachtel deckt sich nahezu mit der Ausdehnung der Chihuahua-Wüste und den angrenzenden Wüstensteppen.[1] Es reicht vom südöstlichen Arizona, dem Norden New Mexicos, der östlichen Mitte Colorados und dem südwestlichen Kansas südwärts durch West-Oklahoma, die westliche Mitte und den Süden von Texas bis nach Nord- und Zentralmexiko. Dort erstreckt sich das Areal vom Nordosten Sonoras, Chihuahua und Coahuila ostwärts bis Nuevo León und Tamaulipas sowie südwärts durch Durango und San Luis Potosí bis in den Nordosten von Jalisco, nach Guanajuato, Querétaro und den Nordwesten Hidalgos. Einbürgerungen oder Einbürgerungsversuche gab es auf Hawaii, im mittleren Washington, im Osten Nevadas und in Nebraska.[2]

Die Schuppenwachtel ist nicht bedroht, der Bestand wird auf über 1 Million Exemplare geschätzt. Die Art ist in den USA ein bedeutendes Jagdwild und ist seit den 1960er Jahren stark im Bestand zurückgegangen. Die Ursachen hierfür sind die Zerstörung von Halbwüstenlandschaften und die Bekämpfung von Mesquiten. In Mexiko hat die Art hingegen durch die Rodung von Kiefern- und Eichenwäldern sowie eine starke Überweidung profitiert. Hier ist sie recht häufig.[2][3]

Geografische Variation

Es werden vier Unterarten anerkannt, die sich vorwiegend durch die Färbung der Oberseite unterscheiden. Dabei ist C. s. pallida die hellste Form und C. s. castanogastris die dunkelste. Diese hat zudem einen kastanienfarbenen Bauch. C. s. hargravi ähnelt der Nominatform.[2]

  • C. s. hargravi Rea, 1973 – südöstliches Colorado, südwestliches Kansas, nördliches New Mexico, westliches Oklahoma und nordwestliches Texas
  • C. s. pallida Brewster, 1881 – vom südlichen Arizona, dem südlichen New Mexico und dem westlichen Texas bis ins nördliche Chihuahua und den Norden Sonoras
  • C. s. squamata (Vigors, 1830) – nördliches Sonora und nördliches Tamaulipas südwärts bis ins Tal von Mexiko
  • C. s. castanogastris Brewster, 1883 – südliches Texas und nordöstliches Mexiko

Lebensraum

Die Schuppenwachtel besiedelt Halbwüsten und aride Gebüschformationen, wobei sie abwechslungsreichere Flächen mit 1–7 m hohen Sträuchern und anthropogenen Strukturen bevorzugt[2], zu eintöniges Grasland aber meidet.[3] Entscheidend für ein Vorkommen ist oft das Vorhandensein von Wasserstellen, die Art nimmt aber auch weitere Flugstrecken zum Trinken in Kauf.[1] Die Höhenverbreitung reicht von der Ebene bis in 2450 m Höhe, in Mexiko von 1000 bis 2000 m.[2]

Ernährung

Die Schuppenwachtel zeigt ein recht breites Nahrungsspektrum, das vorwiegend aus Sämereien, aber auch aus Insekten und grüner Pflanzennahrung oder Früchten besteht. In Texas zählten Samen von Prosopis glandulosa, Sonnenblumen, Salzkräutern und Sorghumhirsen, Blätter von Krameria lanceolata und Tragant sowie Heuschrecken und Käfer zur häufigsten Nahrung. In Mexiko wurden Sämereien von Zweizähnen, Rispenhirsen, Kornraden (Agrostemma), Croton und Sorghum halepense sowie Früchte von Melden oder Mahonien gefressen.[2][3]

Fortpflanzung

Die Brutzeit der Schuppenwachtel liegt recht spät zwischen Juni und September und reicht bisweilen in den Oktober hinein, so dass durch sommerliche und herbstliche Regenfälle die Bedingungen für Zweitbruten oder Nachgelege verbessert sein können.[2][3]

Das Nest wird meist in der schützenden Vegetation errichtet, wie beispielsweise unter Seifen-Palmlilien, Blaugrünen Palmlilien, Salvia eremostachya oder verschiedenen Gräsern. Das Gelege besteht meist aus 12–14, seltener 9–16 Eiern, die 32,5 × 25 mm groß sind und auf mattweißem Grund braun oder weiß gesprenkelt sind. Sie werden vom Weibchen 21–23 Tage lang bebrütet. Die Rolle der Geschlechter ist teilweise ungeklärt. Manchmal beteiligt sich das Männchen kaum am Brutgeschäft, manchmal übernimmt es die gesamte Jungenaufzucht, während das Weibchen eine Zweitbrut tätigt.[2][3]

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c Raethel (1988), S. 143f, siehe Literatur
  2. a b c d e f g h i Madge (2002), S. 390f, siehe Literatur
  3. a b c d e Caroll (1994), S. 424, siehe Literatur
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Schuppenwachtel: Brief Summary ( saksa )

tarjonnut wikipedia DE

Die Schuppenwachtel (Callipepla squamata) ist ein in den Halbwüsten des Südwestens der Vereinigten Staaten und in Zentral-Mexiko vorkommender Vogel.

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Scaled quail ( englanti )

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The scaled quail (Callipepla squamata), also commonly called blue quail or cottontop, is a species of the New World quail family. It is a bluish gray bird found in the arid regions of the Southwestern United States to Central Mexico. This species is an early offshoot of the genus Callipepla, diverging in the Pliocene.[2]

This bird is named for the scaly appearance of its breast and back feathers. Along with its scaly markings, the bird is easily identified by its white crest that resembles a tuft of cotton.

The nest is typically a grass-lined hollow containing 9–16 speckled eggs. When disturbed, it prefers to run rather than fly.

Widespread and common throughout its range, the scaled quail is evaluated as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[1]

Distribution and taxonomy

Scaled quail occur from south-central Arizona, northern New Mexico, east-central Colorado,[3] and southwestern Kansas south through western Oklahoma and western and central Texas into Mexico to northeastern Jalisco, Guanajuato, Queretaro, Hidalgo, and western Tamaulipas. It has been introduced to Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico and to the United States in Hawaii, central Washington, eastern Nevada, and Nebraska, but is only considered established in central Washington and eastern Nevada.[4][5]

Scaled quail has formed several subspecies, 3 of which range into the USA:

  • Callipepla squamata squamata Vigors, 1830 (Altiplano scaled quail). The nominate subspecies; it is only found on the Central Plateau (altiplano) of Mexico.[6]
  • Callipepla squamata pallida Brewster, 1881 (northern scaled quail). The most common subspecies, it occurs from Arizona and New Mexico to Colorado and just into Oklahoma, and western Texas, northern Chihuahua, and Sonora. It is paler than the nominate subspecies.
  • Callipepla squamata hargravei Rea, 1973 (Upper Sonoran scaled quail).[3] A form of arid habitat, it is only found in the area where the states of Colorado, Kansas and Oklahoma meet, and in northwestern New Mexico. It is the palest subspecies, adapted to dry and sandy habitat.
  • Callipepla squamata castanogastris Brewster, 1883 (chestnut-bellied scaled quail). Found in southern Texas from Eagle Pass and San Antonio south to adjacent northwestern Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas). Similar individuals are sometimes found in the extreme northeast and west of the species' range.[7] The chestnut brown belly distinguishes it from all other subspecies; it is also darker than the other two found in the USA.

Plant communities

According to Ligon,[8] the distribution of scaled quail is largely coextensive with mesquite (Prosopis spp.), condalia (Condalia spp.), and cholla (Cylindropuntia spp.).

In Oklahoma, scaled quail occur in sand sagebrush (Artemisia filifolia)-grassland, pinyon-juniper (Pinus spp.-Juniperus spp.), and shortgrass High Plains.[9][10] Sand sagebrush-grasslands include sand sagebrush, soapweed yucca (Yucca glauca), skunkbush sumac (Rhus trilobata), and sand plum (Prunus watsonii).[10] Scaled Quail in Oklahoma inhabit rough or rolling land, especially where sagebrush (Artemisia spp.), mesquite, cactus (Opuntia spp. and others), yucca (Yucca spp.), juniper, sand shinnery oak (Quercus havardii), and rocks furnish cover.[11]

In Colorado, scaled quail occupy sand sagebrush and/or yucca stands on sandy soils.[12] The cover types used by scaled quail in Colorado are, in descending order, sand sagebrush-grassland, pinyon-juniper, dense cholla-grassland, dryland farmland, irrigated farmland, and greasewood (Sarcobatus spp.)-saltbush (Atriplex spp.) washes. Scaled Quail made little or no use of sparse cholla-grassland, riparian areas, reseeded grasslands, or shortgrass prairie disclimax.[13]

Timing of major life events

In Arizona, pairing and maximum dispersal is complete by mid-June. Nesting probably does not begin until early July.[14] In Oklahoma, egg laying usually starts in late April. Completed clutches have been found as early as May 8.[11] Egg laying occurs from March to June in Texas and Mexico, and from April to September in New Mexico. Nests with eggs were reported as early as April 15 in New Mexico.[10]

Scaled quail lay from 9 to 16 eggs; most clutches are 12 to 14 eggs.[15] Eggs are incubated by the female for 21 to 23 days. Double-brooding (the production of two consecutive broods in one season) is common.[15] In west Texas, Wallmo [16] observed the male rearing the first brood while the female began a second clutch. Sutton [11] stated, however, that scaled quail in Oklahoma are probably single-brooded, but have hatched broods as late as September 6. Ehrlich and others [17] also list scaled quail as single-brooded.

The precocial young leave the nest shortly after hatching. They are accompanied by at least one, usually both, parents, who show them how to find food.[17] The young fledge rapidly (age at fledging not reported in the literature), and are adult size in 11 to 15 weeks.[6][17]

Scaled quail are fairly sedentary. The winter home ranges of scaled quail coveys varied from 24 to 84 acres (9.7 to 34.0 ha). The home ranges of separate coveys overlap only slightly or not at all.[6][10] From September to November scaled quail coveys maintain stable territories.[10][14] In Arizona, 75 to 90% of a population apparently moved off of a breeding area by mid-November, moving to nearby mountain foothills. The mountain habitat was consistent with that found on the breeding area. In March the population on the breeding area increased again, with most birds in groups of four to eight.[14]

The average winter covey size for scaled quail is around 30 birds, although coveys of up to 150 birds have been reported.[17]

Preferred habitat

Scaled quail inhabit dry, open valleys, plains, foothills, rocky slopes, draws, gullies, and canyons that have a mixture of bare ground, low herbaceous growth, and scattered brushy cover.[9][17] Good scaled quail habitat is characterized by low-growing grasses with forbs and shrubs. Overall ground cover is between 10 and 50%. Trees and shrubs should be less than 6.6 feet (2.0 m) tall. Scaled quail avoid the dense growth associated with streamsides. Transmitter-fitted scaled quail had individual home range sizes of 52 and 60 acres (21 and 24 ha).[14]

An absolute requirement by scaled quail for a source of open water has not been established; there is some debate in the literature whether there is such a requirement.[6][10] Scaled quail have been reported as inhabiting an area 7 or 8 miles (11 or 13 kilometres) from the nearest water in Arizona. In New Mexico, it was not unusual to find Scaled Quail 10 to 15 miles (16 to 24 kilometres) from water.[10] Wallmo [16] observed winter coveys 3 and 7 miles (4.8 and 11.3 kilometres) from water in Big Bend National Park in southwestern Texas.

In Arizona, scaled quail summer habitat is seldom within 660 feet (200 m) of water. Scaled quail were observed drinking at stock tanks from April to June (which was a dry period during the course of the study) every 2 to 3 days.[14] In Oklahoma, scaled quail often migrate to farms and ranches in winter and are thus closer to a source of water in winter than in summer.[10] DeGraaf and others [9] reported that in winter, scaled quail are usually found within 1.25 miles (2.01 km) of a source of water.

Cover requirements

Feeding cover: scaled quail use grass clumps and shrubs for cover while feeding. In one study they were frequently seen crossing 82 to 165 feet (25 to 50 metres) of bare ground. When disturbed, scaled quail hid in snakeweed (Gutierrezia spp.) or in grass clumps.[14] In June and July foraging occurs on open grasslands which are not used at other times.[10]

Loafing cover: scaled quail coveys occupy loafing or resting cover after early morning feeding periods. Scaled quail occupy desert grassland or desert scrub with a minimum of one loafing covert per approximately 70 acres (28 hectares).[9][15][18] In northwestern Texas, loafing coverts were characterized by: (1) overhead woody cover, (2) lateral screening cover, (3) a central area with bare soil, and (4) one or more paths through the lateral cover. Covert heights ranged from 1.6 to 5.9 feet (0.49 to 1.80 m) high and 2.6 to 6.9 feet (0.79 to 2.10 m) in diameter. Cholla formed all or part of the overhead cover of 85% of coverts, even though they were dominant at only 12% of the study locations. In areas where scaled quail occur without cholla, woody species such as wolfberry (Lycium spp.) and mesquite are important for overhead cover.[19] In Oklahoma pinyon-juniper habitats, scaled quail use the shade of tree cholla (Cylindropuntia imbricata) and human-made structures.[10] In Arizona, scaled quail occupied wolfberry and mesquite 1.7 to 5 feet (0.52 to 1.52 m) tall for loafing cover. This overhead cover provides midday shade, but is open at the base to allow easy escape from predators.[14] In Oklahoma, winter home ranges always contained skunkbush sumac, tree cholla, or human-made structures providing overhead cover.[10]

Night-roosting cover: scaled quail roosts were observed in yucca (Yucca angustifolia), tree cholla, and true mountain-mahogany (Cercocarpus montanus)-yucca-fragrant sumac (Rhus aromatica) vegetation types. The height of vegetation used for night roosts was less than 1.6 feet (0.49 m).[20]

Nesting cover: In March or April winter coveys spread out into areas with less cover. This use of areas with less cover coincides with a seasonal decrease in the number of raptors in the same area.[10] Scaled quail nests are constructed under tufts of grasses, and are sheltered by sagebrush (Artemisia spp.), creosotebush (Larrea tridentata), mesquite, catclaw acacia (Acacia greggii), cactus, or yucca;[15] under dead Russian-thistle (Salsola kali), mixed forbs, or soapweed yucca; or sheltered in old machinery or other human-made debris.[11] In Oklahoma, 66% of nests were in one of four situations: (1) dead Russian-thistle, (2) machinery and junk, (3) mixed forbs, and (4) soapweed yucca.[10] In New Mexico, ordination of breeding birds and vegetative microhabitats indicated that scaled quail were associated with increased levels of patchiness and increased cover of mesquite and cactus.[21]

Food habits

Scaled quail are opportunistic eaters.[6] Seeds are consumed year-round. Large seeds (such as those of mesquite and snakeweed) are important in Scaled quail diets.[22] Other seeds include those of elbowbush (Forestiera angustifolia), catclaw acacia, mesquite, hackberry (Celtis spp.), Russian-thistle, rough pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus), and sunflowers, ragweeds (Ambrosia spp.), and other Asteraceous plants.[9] Scaled quail consume more grass seeds than do other quail species.[9] Other dietary components include leaves, fruits, and insects. Summer diets are high in green vegetation and insects, which are also important sources of moisture.[14]

In Oklahoma, small groups of scaled quail feed among soapweed yucca and in soapweed yucca-sand sagebrush ranges, weed patches, and grain stubble. Also in Oklahoma, early winter foods apparently eaten when other foods are not available included snow-on-the-mountain (Euphorbia marginata), sand paspalum (Paspalum stramineum), field sandbur (Cenchrus pauciflorus), purslane (Portulaca spp.), skunkbush sumac, Fendler spurge (Euphorbia fendleri), and leaf bugs. Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium) and juniper berries were always avoided.[10] Winter foods of the scaled quail in Oklahoma include Russian-thistle and sunflower (Helianthus spp.) seeds.[11]

In northwestern Texas, selection of foods by scaled quail was dependent on foraging techniques, availability, and seed size. Small seeds were selected when they were still on the plant and could be easily stripped, but were not eaten once they had fallen, presumably because they were too small and/or too hard to find. Broom snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae) was a staple in winter diets; it was not highly selected but was consumed in proportion to its availability (and lack of availability of choice items).[23] Generally, in Texas grass seeds (mainly tall dropseed [Sporobolus asper] and rough tridens [Tridens muticus]) were major constituents of scaled quail diets. This was attributed to a precipitation pattern that resulted in a relatively higher amount of grass seed available, and a lower amount of available forbs. In the same study green vegetation formed a higher proportion of the diet than reported for other areas.[24]

In southwestern Texas, chestnut-bellied scaled quail consumed woody plant seeds and green vegetation. The seeds of brush species comprised 68% of the contents of 32 scaled quail crops. Green food, chiefly wild carrot (Daucus carota) and clover (Trifolium spp.) made up 7.17%. Elbowbush was the single most important source, followed by Roemer acacia (Acacia roemeriana), desert-yaupon (Schaefferia cuneifolia), and spiny hackberry (Celtis pallida).[25]

In southeastern New Mexico, staples (comprising at least 5% of scaled quail diet in both summer and winter) were mesquite and croton (Croton spp.) seeds, green vegetation, and snout beetles. Nonpreferred foods eaten in winter and available but not consumed in summer included broom snakeweed (the main winter food), crown-beard (Verbesina encelioides), cycloloma (Cycloloma atriplicifolium), and lace bugs. Mesquite seeds and broom snakeweed seeds together made up 75% of the winter diet.[22] Grasshoppers were a summer staple. Insect galls, cicadas, scarab beetles, spurge (Euphorbia spp.), plains bristlegrass (Setaria macrostachya) seeds, and white ratany (Krameria grayi) were consumed in a less pronounced seasonal pattern.[22] Another study reported substantial amounts of prairie sunflower seeds (Helianthus petiolaris) and pigweed (Amaranthus spp.) seeds in the diet of scaled quail.[26]

Scaled quail feed in alfalfa (Medicago spp.) fields.[11]

Predators

In Arizona, potential scaled quail predators include mammals, birds, and reptiles. Most scaled quail kills are made by avian predators including northern harrier (Circus cyaneus), red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis), American kestrel (Falco sparverius), prairie falcon (Falco mexicanus), and great horned owl (Bubo virginianus).[14] In New Mexico, predators on scaled quail include hawks, owls, coyote (Canis latrans), and snakes.[18] In Colorado, potential predators of scaled quail include coyote, gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), kit fox (V. velox), bobcat (Lynx rufus), northern harrier, rough-legged hawk (Buteo lagopus), prairie falcon, peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), American kestrel, golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), and bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus).[12]

Scaled quail are popular gamebirds.[18]

References

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from Callipepla squamata. United States Department of Agriculture.

  1. ^ a b BirdLife International (2018). "Callipepla squamata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22679594A131906047. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22679594A131906047.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ Zink, Robert M. & Blackwell, Rachelle C. (1998). "Molecular systematics of the Scaled Quail complex (genus Callipepla)" (PDF). Auk. 115 (2): 394–403. doi:10.2307/4089198. JSTOR 4089198.
  3. ^ a b Rea, Amadeo M. (1973). "The Scaled Quail (Callipepla squamata) of the southwest: systematic and historical consideration" (PDF). Condor. 75 (3): 322–329. doi:10.2307/1366173. JSTOR 1366173.
  4. ^ Long, John L. (1981). Introduced Birds of the World. Agricultural Protection Board of Western Australia, 21-493
  5. ^ Sibley, Charles G.; Monroe, Burt L. Jr. (1990). Distribution and taxonomy of the birds of the world. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press ISBN 0300049692
  6. ^ a b c d e Johnsgard, Paul A. (1988) The quails, partridges, and francolins of the world. New York: Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-857193-3
  7. ^ Schemnitz, Sanford D. (1994): Scaled Quail (Callipepla squamata). In: Poole, A. & Gill, F.: The Birds of North America 106. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA & The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C.
  8. ^ Ligon, J. S. (1961). New Mexico birds and where to find them. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press
  9. ^ a b c d e f DeGraaf, Richard M.; Scott, Virgil E.; Hamre, R. H.; et al. (1991). Forest and rangeland birds of the United States: Natural history and habitat use. Agric. Handb. 688. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Schemnitz, Sanford D. (1961). Ecology of the scaled quail in the Oklahoma Panhandle. Wildlife Monographs: No. 8. Bethesda, MD: The Wildlife Society, pp. 5–47
  11. ^ a b c d e f Sutton, George Miksch. (1967). Oklahoma birds: their ecology and distribution with comments on the avifauna of the southern Great Plains. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press
  12. ^ a b Snyder, Warren D. (1967). Experimental habitat improvement for scaled quail. Game bird surveys. Colorado Division of Wildlife. Project number W-037-R-18/WK.PL.06/JOB 1
  13. ^ Hoffman, Donald M. (1965). The scaled quail in Colorado: Range–population status–harvest. Tech. Publ. No. 18. Denver, CO: Colorado Department of Game, Fish, and Parks
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i Goodwin, John G., Jr.; Hungerford, C. Roger. 1977. Habitat use by native Gambel's and scaled quail and released masked bobwhite quail in southern Arizona. Res. Pap. RM-197. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.
  15. ^ a b c d Harrison, H. H. (1979). A field guide to western birds' nests. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. ISBN 0618164375.
  16. ^ a b Wallmo, O. C. 1956. Ecology of scaled quail in west Texas. Contribution of the Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act; Special report: Project W-57-R; Department of Wildlife Management, A & M College of Texas. Austin, TX: Texas Game and Fish Commission, Division of Wildlife Restoration.
  17. ^ a b c d e Ehrlich, Paul R.; Dobkin, David S.; Wheye, Darryl. (1988) The birder's handbook: a field guide to the natural history of North American birds. New York: Simon & Schuster, Inc. ISBN 0671659898.
  18. ^ a b c Campbell, Howard; Martin, Donald K.; Ferkovich, Paul E.; Harris, Bruce K. (1973). Effects of hunting and some other environmental factors on scaled quail in New Mexico. Wildlife Monographs No. 34. Bethesda, MD: The Wildlife Society
  19. ^ Stormer, Fred A. (1981). Characteristics of scaled quail loafing coverts in northwest Texas. Res. Note RM-395. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station
  20. ^ Stormer, Fred A. (1984). "Night-Roosting Habitat of Scaled Quail". Journal of Wildlife Management. 48 (1): 191–197. doi:10.2307/3808470. JSTOR 3808470.
  21. ^ Naranjo, Luis G.; Raitt, Ralph J. (1993). "Breeding bird distribution in Chihuahuan Desert habitats". Southwestern Naturalist. 38 (1): 43–51. doi:10.2307/3671643. JSTOR 3671643.
  22. ^ a b c Nowak, Cheryl L.; Nowak, Robert S.; Tausch, Robin J.; Wigand, Peter E. (1994). "A 30,000 year record of vegetation dynamics at a semi-arid locale in the Great Basin". Journal of Vegetation Science. 5 (4): 579–590. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.495.3686. doi:10.2307/3235985. JSTOR 3235985.
  23. ^ Ault, Stacey C.; Stormer, Fred A. (1983). "Seasonal food selection by scaled quail in northwest Texas". Journal of Wildlife Management. 47 (1): 222–228. doi:10.2307/3808073. JSTOR 3808073.
  24. ^ Leif, Anthony P. (1987). Bobwhite and scaled quail responses to burning of redberry juniper- dominated rangelands. Lubbock, TX: Texas Tech University. Thesis
  25. ^ Lehmann, Valgene W.; Ward, Herbert (1941). "Some Plants Valuable to Quail in Southwestern Texas". Journal of Wildlife Management. 5 (2): 131–135. doi:10.2307/3795575. JSTOR 3795575.
  26. ^ Best, Troy L.; Smartt, Richard A. (1985). "Foods of scaled quail (Callipepla squamata) in southeastern New Mexico" (PDF). Texas Journal of Science. 37 (2&3): 155–162.
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Scaled quail: Brief Summary ( englanti )

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The scaled quail (Callipepla squamata), also commonly called blue quail or cottontop, is a species of the New World quail family. It is a bluish gray bird found in the arid regions of the Southwestern United States to Central Mexico. This species is an early offshoot of the genus Callipepla, diverging in the Pliocene.

This bird is named for the scaly appearance of its breast and back feathers. Along with its scaly markings, the bird is easily identified by its white crest that resembles a tuft of cotton.

The nest is typically a grass-lined hollow containing 9–16 speckled eggs. When disturbed, it prefers to run rather than fly.

Widespread and common throughout its range, the scaled quail is evaluated as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

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Skvamokoturno ( Esperanto )

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La Skvamokoturno (Callipepla squamata), komune konata ankaŭ kiel Blua koturno, estas specio de birdoj de la familio de Odontoforedoj kaj ordo de Kokoformaj. Ĝi estas bluecgriza birdo troviĝanta en la aridaj regionoj de Sudokcidenta Usono al centra Meksiko. Tiu specio estas frua posteulo de la genro Callipepla, diverĝe en la Plioceno.[1]

Aspekto

Tiu birdo ricevas kaj la komunan nomon kaj la latinan sciencan nomon el la skvameca blankanigra (malhelaj plumobordoj) aspekto de la plumoj de sia kolo, brusto, ventro kaj dorso. Krom tiuj skvamecaj markoj, tiu birdo estas facile identigebla pro sia blanka kresto kiu similas al tufo de kotono.

Ĝi estas 25 al 30 cm longa. La resto de la plumaro (ne skvameca) estas helbruneca al flaveca ĉekape. En flanko estas blankaj strioj.

Disvastiĝo kaj taksonomio

Disvastigata kaj komuna tra siaj teritorioj, tiu nearktisa specio estas pritaksata kiel Malplej Zorgiga fare de la IUCN Ruĝa Listo de Minacataj Specioj.[2]

La Skvamokoturno loĝas el sud-centra Arizono, norda Nov-Meksiko, orienta-centra Koloradio,[3] kaj sudokcidenta Kansaso suden tra okcidenta Oklahomo kaj okcidenta kaj centra Teksaso al Meksiko al nordorienta Jalisco, Guanajuato, Queretaro, Hidalgo, kaj okcidenta Tamaulipas. Ĝi estis enmetita en Havajo, centra Vaŝingtonio, orienta Nevado, kaj Nebrasko, sed estas konsiderata setliĝinta nur en centra Vaŝingtonio kaj orienta Nevado [4].

Ĉe la Skvamokoturno oni agnoskas 4 subspeciojn, 3 el kiuj havas teritoriojn en Usono:[5]

  • Callipepla squamata hargravei Rea, 1973 (Suprasonora skvamokoturno).[3] Formo de aridaj kaj sablaj habitatoj, ĝi troviĝas nur en Usono, nome en la areo kie kuniĝas la subŝtatoj de Koloradio, Kansaso kaj Oklahomo, kaj en nordokcidenta Nov-Meksiko. Ĝi estas la plej pala subspecio, adaptata al seka kaj sabla habitato.
  • Callipepla squamata castanogastris Brewster, 1883 (Brunventra skvamokoturno). Troviĝanta en suda Teksaso el Eagle Pass kaj San Antonio suden al apuda nordokcidenta Meksikio (Coahuila, Nuevo León, kaj Tamaulipas). Similaj individuoj troviĝas foje en plej malproksima nordoriento kaj okcidento de la teritorioj de la specio.[8] La Bruna ventro distingigas tiun el aliaj subspecioj; ĝi estas ankaŭ pli malhela ol la aliaj du troviĝantaj en Usono.

La Callipepla squamata estas konsiderata frua diverĝo de la ĝenro Callipepla, kaj ĝi verŝajne originiĝis en la Plioceno.[9] Ĝi havis areon de distribuado plej parte dum la lasta glaciepoko, pro la sekaj kondiĉoj tiuepokaj, kaj loĝis en regionoj norde de la rivero Kolorado.[10]

Plantokomunumoj

Laŭ Ligon [11], la distribuado de la Skvamokoturno ege koincidas kun la plantokomunumoj de prozopo (specioj de Prosopis), kondaljo (specioj de Condalia), kaj cilindropuntjo (specioj de Cylindropuntia).

Ĉe Oklahomo, la Skvamokoturno loĝas en sabla herbejo de artemizio (Artemisia filifolia), miksita arbustaro de pinsema pino kaj junipero (Pinus spp.-Juniperus spp.), kaj malalta herbejo de la Altebenaĵoj [12][13]. Sabla herbejo de artemizio inkludas sablan artemizion, agavon (Yucca glauca), sumakon (Rhus trilobata), kaj sablan prunujon (Prunus watsonii) [13]. Skvamokoturno en Oklahomo loĝas en malebena tereno, ĉefe kie artemizio (Artemisia spp.), prozopo, kakto (specioj de Opuntia kaj aliaj), agavo (specioj de Yucca), junipero, havarda kverko (Quercus havardii), kaj rokoj havigas ŝirmejon[14].

Ĉe Koloradio la Skvamokoturno okupas sablan terenon de artemizio aŭ agavo[15]. La kovraĵoj uzataj de la Skvamokoturno ĉe Koloradio estas, laŭ descenda ordo, sabla artemizio, mikso pino-junipero, densa herbejo de ĉola, sekaj farmoj, irigaciaj farmoj kaj miksoj de sarkobatoj (specioj de Sarcobatus) kaj atripleksoj (specioj de Atriplex). La Skvamokoturno faras malmutan aŭ nenian uzadon de disa herbejo de ĉola, ĉeriveraj areoj, replantitaj herbejoj aŭ malaltaj prerioj [16].

Ekologio

La nesto estas tipe herbokovrita truo enhavanta 9–16 makuletecajn ovojn. Kaze de ĝeno, ili preferas kuri pli bone ol ekflugi.

Ĉe Arizono, pariĝado kaj maksimuma disigo estas jam kompletita meze de junio. Nestumado probable ne komencas ĝis komenco de julio [17]. Ĉe Oklahomo, ovodemeto kutime okazas fine de aprilo. Oni trovis kompletajn ovarojn tiom frue kiom eĉ ĝis la 8a de majo [14]. Ovodemetado okazas el marto al junio en Teksaso kaj Meksikio, kaj el aprilo al septembro en Nov-Meksiko. Oni konstatis nestojn kun ovoj tiom frue kiom eĉ la 15an de aprilo en Nov-Meksiko [13].

La ino de Skvamokoturno demetas 9 al 16 ovojn; plej parto de ovaroj estas de 12 al 14 ovoj [18]. Kovado estas farata de la ino dum 21 al 23 tagoj. Duobla ovodemetado (produkto de du sinsekvaj ovodemetadoj en unu sezono) estas komuna [18]. En okcidenta Teksaso, Wallmo [19] observis la masklon zorgantan la unuan ovaron dum la ino komencis duan ovodemetadon. Sutton[14] konstatis tamen ke la Skvamokoturno en Oklahomo faras probable ununuran ovodemetadon, sed eloviĝo okazas tiom malfrue kiom ĝis la 6a de septembro. Ankaŭ Ehrlich kaj aliaj [20] listis la Skvamokoturnon kiel farantan nur ununuran ovodemetadon.

La frumaturaj idoj faras elnestiĝon tuj post eloviĝo. Ili estas akompanataj de almenaŭ unu, kutime ambaŭ, gepatroj, kiuj montris ilin kiel trovi manĝon [20]. Idoj rapide kreskas (ne konstatite en literaturo), kaj atingas grandon de plenkreskuloj post 11 al 15 semajnoj[20][7].

La Skvamokoturno estas specio de preskaŭ loĝantaj birdoj. La vintraj hejmoteritorioj de la aroj de Skvamokoturno varias el 9.6 al 33.6 hektaroj. La hejmoteritorioj de separataj aroj koincidas nur iome aŭ tute ne[7][13]. El septembro al novembro la aroj de Skvamokoturno havas stabilajn teritoriojn[17][13]. Ĉe Arizono, 75 al 90 % de populacio ŝajne moviĝas el reprodukta areo meze de novembro, kaj moviĝas al proksimaj montodeklivoj. La monta habitato kongruas kun tiu de la reprodukta areo. Marte la populacio de la reprodukta areo repliiĝas, kaj plej parto de birdoj ariĝas en grupoj de 4 al 8 [17].

La averaĝa vintra arogrando ĉe la Skvamokoturno estas de ĉirkaŭ 30 birdoj, kvankam oni konstatis arojn de ĝis 150 birdoj[20].

Preferata biotopo

La Skvamokoturno loĝas sekajn, malfermajn valojn, ebenaĵojn, montetodeklivojn, rokajn deklivojn, ravinojn, akvofluejojn kaj kanjonojn kiuj havas miksaĵon de nuda grundo, malalta herba kreskaĵaro kaj disa arbusta kovraĵo[12][20]. Taŭga biotopo de Skvamokoturno karakteras pro malaltaj herboj kun arbustoj. Ĝenerala grundokovro estas inter 10 kaj 50 %. Arboj kaj arbustoj devus esti malpli da 2 m altaj. La Skvamokoturno evitas densan kreskaĵaron asocian kun rojejoj. Skvamokoturno kontrolita de dissendilo havis individuan hejmoteritorion de 21 al 24 ha[17].

Absoluta postulo fare de Skvamokoturno por akvejo ne estis ankoraŭ determinata; estas iom da debato en literaturo ĉu estas tia postulo[7][13]. Skvamokoturno loĝas areon de 7 aŭ 8 mejloj (11.2–12.8 km) el pli proksima akvejo en Arizono. Ĉe Nov-Meksiko, ne estis malkutima trovi Skvamokoturnon je 10 al 15 mejloj (16–24 km) el akvo [13]. Wallmo [19] observis vintrajn birdarojn je 3 kaj 7 mejloj (1.8 kaj 11.2 km) el akvo en la Nacia Parko Big Bend en sudokcidenta Teksaso.

Ĉe Arizono la somera vivejo de la Skvamokoturno estas je 200 m el akvo. Oni observis Skvamokoturnon trinkantajn el brutobredaj akvorezervujoj aprile al junio (kio estis seka periodo dum la tempo de la studo) ĉiun 2an al 3an tagon [17]. Ĉe Oklahomo, la Skvamokoturno ofte migras al farmoj kaj ranĉoj en vintro kaj tiele ĝi estas pli proksima al akvofontoj vintre ol somere[13]. DeGraaf kaj aliaj [12] informis, ke vintre la Skvamokoturno troviĝas kutime je 1.25 mejlojn (2 km) el akvejo.

Kovropostuloj

Manĝokovro: La Skvamokoturno uzas herbejojn kaj arbustaron por kovro (ŝirmo) dummanĝe. Laŭ unu studo ili estis ofte vidataj trapase je 25–50 m de nuda grundo. Kaze de ĝenado, la Skvamokoturno kaŝiĝas ĉe serpentoherbo (specioj de Gutierrezia) aŭ en herbotufoj [17]. Junie kaj julie manĝo okazas ĉe malferma herbejo kiu ne estas uzata alifoje [13].

Vagadokovro: Aroj de Skvamokoturno okupas vagajn aŭ ripozajn kovrejojn post frumatenajn manĝoperiodojn. La Skvamokoturno okupas dezertajn herbejojn aŭ dezertan arbustaron kun minimumo de unu vagadokovro por proksimume ĉiun 28an hektaron[21][12][18]. Ĉe nordokcidenta Teksaso vagadokovro karakteras pro: (1) superkapa arbarkovro, (2) flanka ekranokovro, (3) centra areo kun nuda grundo, kaj (4) unu aŭ pliaj padoj tra la flanka kovro. Kovraltoj gamas el 0.5 al 1.8 m kaj el 0.8 al 2.1 m en diametro. Ĉola ĉiam formas parton de la superkapa kovro je 85 % de la kovrejoj, eĉ kvankam ĝi hegemonias nur je 12 % de la studolokoj. Ĉe areoj kie la Skvamokoturno loĝas sen ĉola, arbaraj specioj kiaj licioj (specioj de Lycium) kaj prozopoj gravas por superkapa kovro[22]. Ĉe habitatoj de pino-junipero de Oklahomo, Skvamokoturno uzas la apogon de arboj de ĉola (Cylindropuntia imbricata) kaj homfaritajn strukturojn [13]. Ĉe Arizono, la Skvamokoturno okupas liciniojn kaj prozopojn 0.5–1.5 m altajn por vagadokovro. Tiu superkapo kovro haviĝas meztagan ombron, sed estas malferma baze por permesi facilan fuĝejon el predantoj[17]. Ĉe Oklahoma vintraj hejmoteritorioj ĉiam enhavas sumakon, arbojn de ĉola, aŭ homfaritajn strukturojn kiuj havigas superkapan kovron[13].

Noktoripoza kovro: La Skvamokoturno ripozas kie oni observas jukaon (Yucca angustifolia), arbojn de ĉola, kaj verajn monto-mahoganojn (Cercocarpus montanus) kaj jukodoran zumakon (Rhus aromatica). La alto de uzata vegetaĵaro por noktoripozo estas malpli da 0.5 m[23].

Nestokovro: Marte aŭ aprile la vintraj birdaroj disiĝas en areojn kun malpli da kovro. Tiu uzado de areoj kun malpli da kovro koincidas kun sezona malpliiĝo en la kvanto de predantoj en la sama areo [13]. La nestoj de Skvamokoturno estas konstruataj sub herbotufoj, kaj estas ŝirmataj de artemizio (specioj de Artemisia), kreosotarbustoj (Larrea tridentata), prozopo, akacio (Acacia greggii), kaktoj aŭ jukao [18]; sub mortinta salsolo (Salsola kali), aŭ jukao; aŭ ŝirmita ĉe malnova maŝinaro aŭ aliaj homfaritaj restaĵoj.[14] Ĉe Oklahomo, 66 % de la nestoj estis ĉe unu el 4 eblaj situacioj: (1) mortinta salsolo, (2) maŝinaro kaj restaĵoj, (3) miksita arbustaro, kaj (4) jukao [13]. Ĉe Nov-Meksiko, studo de reproduktantaj birdoj kaj vegetalaj mikrobiotopoj indikis, ke la Skvamokoturno estas asocia kun pliiĝantaj niveloj de makuleco kaj pliiĝantaj kovroj de prozopo kaj kakto[24].

Manĝokutimo

Skvamokoturno estas oportunemaj manĝantoj [7]. Semoj estas konsumataj la tutan jaron. Grandaj semoj (kiaj tiuj de prozopo kaj serpentoherbo) estas gravaj por la dieto de la Skvamokoturno [25]. Aliaj semoj estas tiuj de la kubutarbusto (Forestiera angustifolia), akacio, prozopo, celtioj (specioj de Celtis), salsolo, amaranto (Amaranthus retroflexus), kaj sunfloroj, ambrosio (specioj de Ambrosia), kaj aliaj plantoj Asteraceaj [12]. Skvamokoturno konsumas pli da herbosemoj ol aliaj koturnoj[12]. Aliaj dietaj komponantoj estas folioj, fruktoj kaj insektoj. Someraj dietoj estas altaj ĉe verda vegetaĵaro kaj insektoj, kiuj estas ankaŭ grava fonto de humideco[17].

Ĉe Oklahomo, malgrandaj grupoj de Skvamokoturno manĝas inter jukao kaj en planteroj de jukao kaj prozopo, herbotufoj kaj grenaroj. Ankaŭ ĉe Oklahomo, frua vintra manĝo ŝajne manĝita kiam aliaj manĝoj ne ankoraŭ disponeblas estas eŭforbio (Euphorbia marginata kaj Euphorbia fendleri), paspalumoj (Paspalum stramineum), cenĥro (Cenchrus pauciflorus), portulakoj (specioj de Portulaca), zumako, kaj foliburĝonoj. Ordinara daturo (Datura stramonium) kaj juniperaj beroj estas ĉiam evitataj[13]. Vintra manĝo de la Skvamokoturno ĉe Oklahomo inkludas semojn de salsolo kaj sunfloroj (specioj de Helianthus) [14].

Ĉe nordokcidenta Teksaso, selekto de manĝo fare de la Skvamokoturno dependis el manĝoteknikoj, disponeblo kaj semogrando. Malgrandaj semoj estis selektataj kiam ili estas ankoraŭ en la planto kaj povus esti facile plukataj, sed ne estis manĝitaj post falo, supozeble ĉar ili estas tro malgrandaj aŭ malfacile troveblaj. Arbustoj de serpentoherbo (Gutierrezia sarothrae) estis baza manĝo en vintraj dietoj; ĝi ne estas multe selektata sed estis konsumata proporcie al sia disponeblo (kaj manko de elektodisponeblo) [26]. Ĝenerale, ĉe teksasa herbosemoj (ĉefe altaj sporoboloj [Sporobolus asper] kaj tridento [Tridens muticus]) estis plej gravaj konstituantoj de la dieto de la Skvamokoturno. Tio atribuiĝis al pluva modelo kiu rezultis en relative pli alta kvanto de herbosemoj disponeblaj, kaj pli malalta kvanto de disponebla herbaro. Ĉe la sama studo la verda vegetaĵaro formis pli altan proporcion de la dieto ol konstatite en aliaj areoj[27].

Ĉe sudokcidenta Teksaso, la Brunventra skvamokoturno konsumis herbajn plantosemojn kaj verdan vegetaĵaron. La semoj de arbustaj specioj konsistigis 68 % de la enhavo de la stomakoj de 32 Skvamokoturnoj. Verda manĝo, ĉefe naturaj karotoj (Daucus carota) kaj trifolio (specioj de Trifolium) formis 7.17 %. Kubutarbusto estis la ununura plej grava manĝo, sekve de akacioj roemeraj (Acacia roemeriana), dezerta jaŭpono (Schaefferia cuneifolia), kaj dorna celtio (Celtis pallida) [28].

Ĉe sudorienta Nov-Meksiko, ĉefa manĝo (almenaŭ 5 % de la dieto de la Skvamokoturno kaj somere kaj vintre) estis semoj de prozopo kaj krotono (specioj de Croton), verda vegetaĵaro, kaj kurkulioj. Nepreferata manĝo manĝita vintre kaj disponebla, sed ne konsumata somere inkludis arbustojn de serpentoherbo (la ĉefa vintra manĝo), verbesinoj (Verbesina encelioides), ciklolomoj (Cycloloma atriplicifolium), kaj cimoj. Semoj de prozopo kaj de arbustoj de serpentoherbo kune faris 75 % de la vintra dieto[25]. Akridoj estis somera ĉefa manĝo. Insektoj kiaj cikadoj, skaraboj, semoj de eŭforbio (specioj de Euphorbia), setario (Setaria macrostachya), kaj kramerio (Krameria grayi) estis konsumataj en malpli markata sezonmaniero[25]. Alia studo informis pri substancaj kvantoj de semoj de preriaj sunfloroj (Helianthus petiolaris) kaj de amaranto (Amaranthus spp.) en la dieto de la Skvamokoturno [29].

Skvamokoturno manĝas ĉe kampoj de luzerno (specioj de Medicago.)[14].

Predantoj

Ĉe Arizono, eventualaj predantoj de la Skvamokoturno inkludas mamulojn, birdojn, kaj reptiliojn. Plej parto de mortoj de skvamokoturnoj estis farataj de birdaj predantoj inklude kelkajn kiaj la blua cirkuo (Circus cyaneus), jamajka buteo (Buteo jamaicensis), amerika turfalko (Falco sparverius), preria falko (Falco mexicanus), kaj la granda kornostrigo (Bubo virginianus) [17]. Ĉe Nov-Meksikio, predantoj de la skvamokoturno estas akcipitroj, gufoj, kojotoj (Canis latrans), kaj serpentoj [21]. Ĉe Koloradio, eventualaj predantoj de la skvamokoturno estas kojotoj, la griza vulpo (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), ruĝa vulpo (Vulpes vulpes), grizbruna vulpo (V. velox), rufa linko (Lynx rufus), blua cirkuo, vilkrura buteo (Buteo lagopus), preria falko, migra falko (Falco peregrinus), amerika turfalko, reĝa aglo (Aquila chrysaetos), kaj blankkapa maraglo (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) [15].

La Skvamokoturno estas popularaj ĉasbirdoj[21].

Referencoj

  1. Zink, Robert M. & Blackwell, Rachelle C. (1998)Molecular systematics of the Scaled Quail complex (genus Callipepla). Auk 115(2): 394–403.
  2. "IUCN"
  3. 3,0 3,1 Rea, Amadeo M. (1973): The Scaled Quail (Callipepla squamata) of the southwest: systematic and historical consideration. Condor 75: 322–329.
  4. Sibley, Charles G.; Monroe, Burt L., Jr. 1990. Distribution and taxonomy of the birds of the world. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
  5. Clements, J. F. 2007. The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, 6th Edition. Cornell University Press. Elŝutebla el Laboratorio Cornell de Ornitologio
  6. Peterson, Roger Tory, y Edward L. Chalif. 2008. Aves de México. Guía de campo. Editorial Diana, México.
  7. 7,0 7,1 7,2 7,3 7,4 Johnsgard, Paul A. 1988. The quails, partridges, and francolins of the world. New York: Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-857193-3
  8. Schemnitz, Sanford D. (1994): Scaled Quail (Callipepla squamata). In: Poole, A. & Gill, F.: The Birds of North America 106. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA & The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C.
  9. Zink, Robert M., y Rachelle C. Blackwell. 1998. Molecular systematics of the Scaled Quail complex (genus Callipepla). Auk, 115(2): 394-403. Texto PDF
  10. Rea, Amadeo M. 1973. The Scaled Quail (Callipepla squamata) of the southwest: systematic and historical consideration. Condor, 75: 322–329. Teksto PDF
  11. Ligon, J. S. 1961. New Mexico birds and where to find them. Alberquerque: University of New Mexico Press
  12. 12,0 12,1 12,2 12,3 12,4 12,5 DeGraaf, Richard M.; Scott, Virgil E.; Hamre, R. H.; [kaj aliaj]. 1991. Forest and rangeland birds of the United States: Natural history and habitat use. Agric. Handb. 688. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service
  13. 13,00 13,01 13,02 13,03 13,04 13,05 13,06 13,07 13,08 13,09 13,10 13,11 13,12 13,13 Schemnitz, Sanford D. 1961. Ecology of the scaled quail in the Oklahoma Panhandle. Wildlife Monographs: No. 8. Bethesda, MD: The Wildlife Society: 5–47
  14. 14,0 14,1 14,2 14,3 14,4 14,5 Sutton, Geroge Miksch. 1967. Oklahoma birds: their ecology and distribution with comments on the avifauna of the southern Great Plains. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press
  15. 15,0 15,1 Snyder, Warren D. 1967. Experimental habitat improvement for scaled quail. Game bird surveys. Colorado Division of Wildlife. Project number W-037-R-18/WK.PL.06/JOB 1
  16. Hoffman, Donald M. 1965. The scaled quail in Colorado: Range–population status–harvest. Tech. Publ. No. 18. Denver, CO: Colorado Department of Game, Fish, and Parks
  17. 17,0 17,1 17,2 17,3 17,4 17,5 17,6 17,7 17,8 Goodwin, John G., Jr.; Hungerford, C. Roger. 1977. Habitat use by native Gambel's and scaled quail and released masked bobwhite quail in southern Arizona. Res. Pap. RM-197. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.
  18. 18,0 18,1 18,2 18,3 Harrison, H. H. 1979. A field guide to western birds' nests. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.
  19. 19,0 19,1 Wallmo, O. C. 1956. Ecology of scaled quail in west Texas. Contribution of the Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act; Special report: Project W-57-R; Department of Wildlife Management, A & M College of Texas. Austin, TX: Texas Game and Fish Commission, Division of Wildlife Restoration.
  20. 20,0 20,1 20,2 20,3 20,4 Ehrlich, Paul R.; Dobkin, David S.; Wheye, Darryl. 1988. The birder's handbook: a field guide to the natural history of North American birds. New York: Simon & Schuster, Inc
  21. 21,0 21,1 21,2 Campbell, Howard; Martin, Donald K.; Ferkovich, Paul E.; Harris, Bruce K. 1973. Effects of hunting and some other environmental factors on Scaled Quail in New Mexico. Wildlife Monographs No. 34. Bethesda, MD: The Wildlife Society
  22. Stormer, Fred A. 1981. Characteristics of scaled quail loafing coverts in northwest Texas. Res. Note RM-395. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station
  23. Stormer, Fred A. 1984. Night-roosting habitat of scaled quail. Journal of Wildlife Management. 48(1): 191–197
  24. Naranjo, Luis G.; Raitt, Ralph J. 1993. Breeding bird distribution in Chihuahuan Desert habitats. Southwestern Naturalist. 38(1): 43–51
  25. 25,0 25,1 25,2 Nowak, Cheryl L.; Nowak, Robert S.; Tausch, Robin J.; Wigand, Peter E. 1994. A 30,000 year record of vegetation dynamics at a semi-arid locale in the Great Basin. Journal of Vegetation Science. 5: 579–590
  26. Ault, Stacey C.; Stormer, Fred A. 1983. Seasonal food selection by scaled quail in northwest Texas. Journal of Wildlife Management. 47(1): 222–228
  27. Leif, Anthony P. 1987. Bobwhite and scaled quail responses to burning of redberry juniper- dominated rangelands. Lubbock, TX: Texas Tech University. Thesis
  28. Lehmann, Valgene W.; Ward, Herbert. 1941. Some plants valuable to quail in southwestern Texas. Journal of Wildlife Management. 5(2): 131–135.
  29. Best, Troy L.; Smartt, Richard A. 1985. Foods of scaled quail (Callipepla squamata) in southeastern New Mexico. Texas Journal of Science. 37(2&3): 155–162

Plia legado

  • Peterson, Roger Tory (1998): A Field Guide to the Birds of Texas and Adjacent States. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-92138-4

Vidu ankaŭ

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Skvamokoturno: Brief Summary ( Esperanto )

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La Skvamokoturno (Callipepla squamata), komune konata ankaŭ kiel Blua koturno, estas specio de birdoj de la familio de Odontoforedoj kaj ordo de Kokoformaj. Ĝi estas bluecgriza birdo troviĝanta en la aridaj regionoj de Sudokcidenta Usono al centra Meksiko. Tiu specio estas frua posteulo de la genro Callipepla, diverĝe en la Plioceno.

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Callipepla squamata ( kastilia )

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El colín escamado (Callipepla squamata),[2]​ también denominado codorniz escamosa, codorniz de escamas y codorniz crestiblanca,[3][4]​ es una especie de ave galliforme de la familia Odontophoridae que habita en zonas áridas y semiáridas del norte y centro de México y el suroeste de los Estados Unidos. Se alimenta de granos, frutos, hojas e insectos en pastizales, zonas de arbustos y áreas arenosas.

Características

Tiene un tamaño de entre 25 y 30 cm. Destaca por su cresta blanca y el patrón escamoso blanco con negro de las plumas del cuello, pecho, vientre y parte superior de la espalda. El resto de las plumas son pardas o amarillentas en la parte de la cabeza.

Callipepla squamata se considera una divergencia temprana del género Callipepla, y se habría originado en el Plioceno.[5]​ Tuvo una área de distribución mayor durante la última glaciación, debido a las condiciones secas de esa época, y habitaba en regiones al norte del río Colorado.[6]

Subespecies

Se conocen cuatro subespecies de Callipepla squamata:[7]

Entre sus subespecies se encuentran:

  • Callipepla squamata hargravei (Rea, 1973). Una subespecie de hábitats áridos y arenosos, única de los Estados Unidos. Se encuentra en el área donde limitan los estados de Colorado, Kansas y Oklahoma; también se distribuye en el noroeste de Nuevo México. Es la subespecie más pálida.

Referencias

  1. BirdLife International. «Callipepla squamata Lista Roja de la IUCN» (en inglés). Archivado desde el original el 29 de marzo de 2009. Consultado el 23 de enero de 2009.
  2. F. Bernis, E. de Juana, J. del Hoyo, M. Fernández-Cruz, X. Ferrer, R. Sáez-Royuela y J. Sargatal, Nombres en castellano de las aves del mundo recomendados por la SEO (2ª parte p. 188.)
  3. Colín Escamado (Callipepla squamata) (Vigors, 1830) en Avibase.
  4. Sada, A.M.; Phillips, R., y Ramos, M.A. 1984. Nombres en castellano para las aves mexicanas. Publicación de Divulgación No. 17. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones sobre Recursos Bióticos. México. Citado por Peterson y Chalif (2008).
  5. Zink, Robert M., y Rachelle C. Blackwell. 1998. Molecular systematics of the Scaled Quail complex (genus Callipepla). Auk, 115(2): 394-403. Texto PDF Archivado el 10 de septiembre de 2008 en Wayback Machine.
  6. Rea, Amadeo M. 1973. The Scaled Quail (Callipepla squamata) of the southwest: systematic and historical consideration. Condor, 75: 322–329. Texto PDF Archivado el 11 de diciembre de 2009 en Wayback Machine.
  7. Clements, J. F. 2007. The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, 6th Edition. Cornell University Press. Downloadable from Cornell Lab of Ornithology
  8. Peterson, Roger Tory, y Edward L. Chalif. 2008. Aves de México. Guía de campo. Editorial Diana, México.

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Callipepla squamata: Brief Summary ( kastilia )

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El colín escamado (Callipepla squamata),​ también denominado codorniz escamosa, codorniz de escamas y codorniz crestiblanca,​​ es una especie de ave galliforme de la familia Odontophoridae que habita en zonas áridas y semiáridas del norte y centro de México y el suroeste de los Estados Unidos. Se alimenta de granos, frutos, hojas e insectos en pastizales, zonas de arbustos y áreas arenosas.

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Callipepla squamata ( baski )

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Callipepla squamata Callipepla generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Odontophoridae familian sailkatua dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)BirdLife International (2012) Species factsheet. www.birdlife.org webgunetitik jaitsia 2012/05/07an
  2. (Ingelesez) IOC Master List

Kanpo estekak

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Callipepla squamata: Brief Summary ( baski )

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Callipepla squamata Callipepla generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Odontophoridae familian sailkatua dago.

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Colin écaillé ( ranska )

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Callipepla squamata

Le Colin écaillé (Callipepla squamata) est une espèce d'oiseaux galliformes de la famille des Odontophoridae.

C'est un oiseau gris bleuâtre vivant dans les régions arides du sud-ouest des États-Unis et jusqu'au centre du Mexique. Cette espèce est une ramification précoce du genre Callipepla qui a divergé au Pliocène.

Cet oiseau doit son nom à l'apparence écailleuse des plumes de sa poitrine et de son dos. En plus de ses marques en écailles, l'oiseau est facilement reconnaissable à sa crête blanche qui ressemble à une touffe de coton.

Son nid est généralement une coupe en herbe contenant de 9 à 16 œufs tachetés. Lorsqu'il est dérangé, il préfère courir plutôt que voler.

Liste des sous-espèces

D'après la classification de référence (version 5.2, 2015) du Congrès ornithologique international, cette espèce est constituée des quatre sous-espèces suivantes (ordre phylogénique) :

  • Callipepla squamata pallida Brewster, 1881 ;
  • Callipepla squamata hargravei Rea, 1973 ;
  • Callipepla squamata castanogastris Brewster, 1883 ;
  • Callipepla squamata squamata (Vigors, 1830).

Notes et références

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Colin écaillé: Brief Summary ( ranska )

tarjonnut wikipedia FR

Callipepla squamata

Le Colin écaillé (Callipepla squamata) est une espèce d'oiseaux galliformes de la famille des Odontophoridae.

C'est un oiseau gris bleuâtre vivant dans les régions arides du sud-ouest des États-Unis et jusqu'au centre du Mexique. Cette espèce est une ramification précoce du genre Callipepla qui a divergé au Pliocène.

Cet oiseau doit son nom à l'apparence écailleuse des plumes de sa poitrine et de son dos. En plus de ses marques en écailles, l'oiseau est facilement reconnaissable à sa crête blanche qui ressemble à une touffe de coton.

Son nid est généralement une coupe en herbe contenant de 9 à 16 œufs tachetés. Lorsqu'il est dérangé, il préfère courir plutôt que voler.

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Callipepla squamata ( Italia )

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La quaglia squamata o quaglia azzurra (Callipepla squamata (Vigors, 1830)) è un uccello della famiglia Odontophoridae, diffusa negli Stati Uniti e in Messico.[2][3]

Descrizione

La quaglia squamata è un uccello di medio-piccole dimensioni con i suoi 25 centimetri e i 190 grammi[4]. Il nome è dovuto alla caratteristica colorazione delle piume del collo e del petto che sono bordate di nero e di colore chiaro tendete al blu nella parte centrale. La schiena, la coda e ali sono invece di colore marrone chiaro con qualche macchia bianca, specialmente sulle ali. La parte inferiore dell'animale è chiara con le prime bordate di marrone chiaro. La testa è di colore bruno chiaro ed è sormontata da una corta cresta di piume marroni con le estremità bianche.

Distribuzione e habitat

L'areale della quaglia squamata si trova a cavallo tra Stati Uniti d'America e il Messico; per quanto riguarda gli USA, la Callipepla squamata si ritrova nel sud-est del Colorado, nel Kansas sud-occidentale, in gran parte del Nuovo Messico, nell'Arizona del sud, nel Texas occidentale e in minima parte anche nello stato dell'Oklahoma. In Messico questa quaglia vive, in gran parte dello stato della Coahuila, del Nuevo León, di San Luis Potosí, di Zacatecas e di Aguascalientes; nel nord-est dello stato di Sonora, Chihuahua e del Durango; nel nord dello stato di Jalisco, Guanajuato, Querétaro, nella parte centrale dello stato di Tamaulipas e in minima parte anche nel nord degli stati di Veracruz e Hidalgo[4]. La quaglia squamata abita le pianure e le colline delle zone aride, così come le gole e canyon che presentano un terreno sia nudo che erboso.

Tassonomia

Questa specie è suddivisa in quattro sottospecie[2]:

  • Callipepla squamata squamata (Vigors, 1830) - sottospecie nominale, vive solo nell'Altopiano messicano.
  • Callipepla squamata hargravei Rea, 1973 - quaglia azzurra, vive nel sud-est del Colorado e dell'Oklahoma, nel sud-ovest del Kansas e nel Texas nord-occidentale.
  • Callipepla squamata pallida Brewster, 1881 - quaglia squamata del nord, vive dal sud dell'Arizona all'ovest del Texas e nel nord di Sonora e Chihuahua.
  • Callipepla squamata castanogastris Brewster, 1883 - quaglia squamata pancia-marrone, vive dal sud del Texas al nord del Messico.

Note

  1. ^ (EN) BirdLife International 2012, Callipepla squamata, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020. URL consultato il 2 dicembre 2015.
  2. ^ a b (EN) Gill F. and Donsker D. (eds), Family Odontophoridae, in IOC World Bird Names (ver 9.2), International Ornithologists’ Union, 2019. URL consultato il 2 dicembre 2015.
  3. ^ http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=IT&avibaseid=C46EEE5964320103
  4. ^ a b http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?searchSpeciesUid=ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.102396

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Callipepla squamata: Brief Summary ( Italia )

tarjonnut wikipedia IT

La quaglia squamata o quaglia azzurra (Callipepla squamata (Vigors, 1830)) è un uccello della famiglia Odontophoridae, diffusa negli Stati Uniti e in Messico.

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Geschubde kwartel ( flaami )

tarjonnut wikipedia NL

Vogels

De geschubde kwartel (Callipepla squamata) is een vogel uit de familie Odontophoridae. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1830 door Vigors.

Voorkomen

De soort telt 4 ondersoorten:[2]

  • C. s. pallida: de zuidwestelijke Verenigde Staten en noordwestelijk Mexico.
  • C. s. hargravei: de zuidelijk-centrale Verenigde Staten.
  • C. s. castanogastris: zuidelijk Texas en noordoostelijk Mexico.
  • C. s. squamata: noordelijk en het noordelijke deel van Centraal-Mexico.

Beschermingsstatus

Op de Rode Lijst van de IUCN heeft de soort de status veilig.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
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Geschubde kwartel: Brief Summary ( flaami )

tarjonnut wikipedia NL

De geschubde kwartel (Callipepla squamata) is een vogel uit de familie Odontophoridae. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1830 door Vigors.

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Fjällig tofsvaktel ( ruotsi )

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Fjällig tofsvaktel[2] (Callipepla squamata) är en fågel i familjen tofsvaktlar inom ordningen hönsfåglar.[3]

Utbredning och systematik

Fjällig tofsvaktel förekommer i södra Nordamerika och delas in i fyra underarter med följande utbredning:[3]

Status och hot

Arten har ett stort utbredningsområde och en stor population, men tros minska i antal, dock inte tillräckligt kraftigt för att den ska betraktas som hotad.[1] Internationella naturvårdsunionen IUCN kategoriserar därför arten som livskraftig (LC).[1]

Noter

  1. ^ [a b c] Birdlife International 2012 Callipepla squamata Från: IUCN 2015. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.4 www.iucnredlist.org. Läst 2016-02-01.
  2. ^ Sveriges ornitologiska förening (2016) Officiella listan över svenska namn på världens fågelarter Arkiverad 18 oktober 2014 hämtat från the Wayback Machine., läst 2016-02-10
  3. ^ [a b] Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood (2016) The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 2016 http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download, läst 2016-08-11

Externa länkar

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Fjällig tofsvaktel: Brief Summary ( ruotsi )

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Fjällig tofsvaktel (Callipepla squamata) är en fågel i familjen tofsvaktlar inom ordningen hönsfåglar.

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Callipepla squamata ( vietnam )

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Callipepla squamata là một loài chim trong họ Odontophoridae.[2] Nó là một loài chim màu xám hơi xanh được tìm thấy trong các khu vực khô cằn của miền Tây Nam Hoa Kỳ đến Trung Mexico. Loài này là một nhánh đầu tiên của chi Callipepla, phân kỳ trong kỷ Pliocene.

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2012). Callipepla squamata. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2013.2. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế. Truy cập ngày 26 tháng 11 năm 2013.
  2. ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, B.L. Sullivan, C. L. Wood, and D. Roberson (2012). “The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.7.”. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 12 năm 2012.

Tham khảo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết Bộ Gà này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Callipepla squamata: Brief Summary ( vietnam )

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Callipepla squamata là một loài chim trong họ Odontophoridae. Nó là một loài chim màu xám hơi xanh được tìm thấy trong các khu vực khô cằn của miền Tây Nam Hoa Kỳ đến Trung Mexico. Loài này là một nhánh đầu tiên của chi Callipepla, phân kỳ trong kỷ Pliocene.

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ウロコウズラ ( Japani )

tarjonnut wikipedia 日本語
ウロコウズラ ウロコウズラ
ウロコウズラ Callipepla squamata
保全状況評価[a 1] LEAST CONCERN
(IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001))
Status iucn3.1 LC.svg 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 鳥綱 Aves : キジ目 Galliformes : ハウズラ科 Odontophoridae : ウロコウズラ属 Callipepla : ウロコウズラ C. squamata 学名 Callipepla squamata (Vigors, 1830) 和名 ウロコウズラ 英名 Scaled quail

ウロコウズラCallipepla squamata)は、鳥綱キジ目ハウズラ科ウロコウズラ属に分類される鳥類。ウロコウズラ属の模式種

分布[編集]

C. s. squamata
メキシコ北部から中部にかけて[1]
C. s. castanogastris
アメリカ合衆国テキサス州南部)、メキシコ北東部[1]
C. s. hargravei
アメリカ合衆国(ニューメキシコ州[1]
C. s. pallida
アメリカ合衆国南西部、メキシコ北西部[1]

形態[編集]

全長25センチメートル[1]。翼長センチメートル9.6-12.8センチメートル[1]。冠羽はあまり発達しない[1]。尾羽の数は14枚[1]。顔や背の羽衣は灰色で、耳孔を被う羽毛(耳羽)は褐色[1]。冠羽は褐色で、先端は白い[1]。肩から胸部、腹部にかけての羽衣は白く、肩から胸部を被う羽毛の外縁(羽縁)は淡青灰色、腹部の羽縁は褐色[1]

嘴や後肢は暗褐色[1]

卵は長径3センチメートル、短径2.4センチメートル[1]。殻は淡黄色で、淡褐色の斑紋が入る[1]。オスは喉を被う羽毛の羽軸に沿って暗色斑(軸斑)が入る[1]

分類[編集]

以前は本種のみでウロコウズラ属を構成していたが、Lophortyx属がウロコウズラ属に含まれた[1]

  • Callipepla squamata squamata (Vigors, 1830)
  • Callipepla squamata pallida
  • Callipepla squamata castanogastris
  • Callipepla squamata hargravei

生態[編集]

60-80羽の群れを形成して生活するが、秋季はさらに大規模な群れを形成する[1]

繁殖形態は卵生。原野や荒地の地表に12-14個の卵を産む[1]。抱卵期間は22-23日[1]

参考文献[編集]

[ヘルプ]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s 黒田長久、森岡弘之監修 『世界の動物 分類と飼育10-I (キジ目)』、東京動物園協会、1987年、57、167頁。

関連項目[編集]

 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、ウロコウズラに関連するメディアがあります。  src= ウィキスピーシーズにウロコウズラに関する情報があります。

外部リンク[編集]

  1. ^ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
    • BirdLife International 2008. Callipepla squamata. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.1.
執筆の途中です この項目は、鳥類に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますポータル鳥類 - PJ鳥類)。
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ウロコウズラ: Brief Summary ( Japani )

tarjonnut wikipedia 日本語

ウロコウズラ(Callipepla squamata)は、鳥綱キジ目ハウズラ科ウロコウズラ属に分類される鳥類。ウロコウズラ属の模式種

lisenssi
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tekijänoikeus
ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
alkuperäinen
käy lähteessä
kumppanisivusto
wikipedia 日本語