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Erèbids ( valencia )

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Els erèbids (Erebidae) són una família de papallones nocturnes de la superfamília dels noctuoïdeus.

La família és una de les més grans famílies d'heteròcers i conté una àmplia varietat de grups de grans papallones nocturnes conegudes.

La família inclou subfamílies i gèneres abans classificats en altres famílies com Catocala, els arctins (Arctiinae), els limantrins (Lymantriinae).

Les mides dels adults van des de les més grans (17 cm de l'Ascalapha odorata) a la més petites (0,25 cm en alguns dels Micronoctuini).

La coloració dels adults s'estén des de tota la gamma de colors avorrits, monòtons i críptics (per exemple, Zale lunifera) a colors vívids, contrastats (per exemple, els arctins).

Es troben en tots els continents excepte l'Antàrtida.

Subfamilies

Classificació

Entre els noctuoïdeus, els erèbids poden ser àmpliament definits per les característiques de les ales dels adults amb el suport dels estudis filogenètics. [1][2][3]

Estudis filogenètics actuals han ajudat a aclarir les relacions entre els estructuralment diversos llinatges dins dels noctuoïdeus i dins dels erèbids.

Els estudis morfològics van donar lloc a una classificació en la qual els monofilètics Arctiinae, Lymantriinae i Micronoctuini van ser tractats com famílies, i els altres llinatges dels erèbids van ser agrupats en gran mesura dins els noctúids.

Estudis recents que combinen característiques genètiques amb les morfològiques van revelar que els antics noctúids eren parafilètics, i alguns dels llinatges dins dels noctúids estaven més estretament relacionats amb les famílies Arctiinae, Lymantriinae, i Micronoctuini que amb els altres llinatges de Noctuidae.

La determinació d'aquestes relacions filogenètiques ha portat a l'actual sistema de classificació en el qual diversos clades es reorganitzen i es mantenen gairebé intactes i altres es separaren.

Els erèbids són una família monofilètica entre les sis dels noctuoïdeus.

Algunes subfamílies dels noctúids, com ara els Herminiinae, es van traslladar en el seu conjunt a Erebidae.

Altres subfamílies, incloent el Acontiinae i Calpinae, es van separar.

Arctiinae va esdevenir una subfamília dels erèbids col·locat al costat dels Herminiinae.

Lymantriinae es va convertir en una altra subfamília dels erèbids col·locada prop de Pangraptinae.

El rang de Micronoctuini va ser canviat de família a tribu inclosa dins d'Hypenodinae.

Erebidae es divideix actualment en 18 subfamílies, algunes dels quals estan fortament recolzades per l'anàlisi filogenètic i poden persistir a través d'un major estudi, mentre que altres són dèbilment compatibles i poden ser redefinides de nou.

Galeria

Referències

  1. Zahiri, Reza; et al. (2012).
  2. Lafontaine, Donald; Schmidt, Christian (19 Mar 2010).
  3. Zahiri, Reza; et. al (2013).

Enllaços externs

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Erèbids: Brief Summary ( valencia )

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Els erèbids (Erebidae) són una família de papallones nocturnes de la superfamília dels noctuoïdeus.

La família és una de les més grans famílies d'heteròcers i conté una àmplia varietat de grups de grans papallones nocturnes conegudes.

La família inclou subfamílies i gèneres abans classificats en altres famílies com Catocala, els arctins (Arctiinae), els limantrins (Lymantriinae).

Les mides dels adults van des de les més grans (17 cm de l'Ascalapha odorata) a la més petites (0,25 cm en alguns dels Micronoctuini).

La coloració dels adults s'estén des de tota la gamma de colors avorrits, monòtons i críptics (per exemple, Zale lunifera) a colors vívids, contrastats (per exemple, els arctins).

Es troben en tots els continents excepte l'Antàrtida.

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Erebidae ( saksa )

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Dieser Artikel wurde aufgrund von formalen oder inhaltlichen Mängeln in der Qualitätssicherung Biologie zur Verbesserung eingetragen. Dies geschieht, um die Qualität der Biologie-Artikel auf ein akzeptables Niveau zu bringen. Bitte hilf mit, diesen Artikel zu verbessern! Artikel, die nicht signifikant verbessert werden, können gegebenenfalls gelöscht werden.

Lies dazu auch die näheren Informationen in den Mindestanforderungen an Biologie-Artikel.

 src=
Die quadrifine Flügeladerung am Beispiel des Schwarzen L (Arctornis l-nigrum). Die mit einem Kreis markierte Verzweigung kennzeichnet den Unterschied zu den Faltern der Noctuidae-Familie, denen diese Teilung der Cubitalvene (Cu) fehlt und die daher nur drei Endäste zeigen.
 src=
Laspeyria flexula (Sicheleule)
 src=
Scoliopteryx libatrix (Zackeneule, auch Krebssuppe genannt)
 src=
Parasemia plantaginis (Wegerichbär)

Die Erebidae sind eine Schmetterlingsfamilie aus der Überfamilie der Noctuoidea. Die Erebidae wurden bis zum Jahr 2005 als Unterfamilie der Eulenfalter (Noctuidae) angesehen, sind aber seither fast durchgängig als eigene Familie anerkannt. Sie enthält fast alle Eulenfalter mit einer quadrifinen Flügeladerung. Dazu gehören die kleinsten wie die größten Eulenfalter. Nach der Artenzahl ist diese Familie die artenreichste unter den Schmetterlingen.[1]

Quadrifine Flügeladern

Fast alle Falter der Erebidae-Familie weisen eine als quadrifin bezeichnete Flügeladerung auf. Die Cubitalvene teilt sich bei den Erebidae dreimal und erreicht so vier Endäste. Dadurch unterscheidet sich ihr Flügelgeäder von denen der Falter der Familie Noctuidae, die nur drei Endäste zeigen. Deren Flügeladerung wird trifin genannt.

Molekulargenetische Analyse

In den Jahren 2010 und 2011 erschienen zwei molekulargenetische Studien, die die Einteilung der Noctuoidea in die beiden Familien Erebidae und Noctuidae bestätigten.[2][3]

Systematik

Einzelnachweise

  1. Axel Steiner, Ulrich Ratzel, Morten Top-Jensen, Michael Fibinger: Die Nachtfalter Deutschlands - Ein Feldführer. BugBook Publishing, Oestermarie, Dänemark 2014, ISBN 978-3-00-043862-2, S. 877.
  2. Zahiri, R.; Kitching, I. J.; Lafontaine, J. D.; Mutanen, M.; Kaila, L.; Holloway, J. D. und Wahlberg, N. A new molecular phylogeny offers hope for a stable family level classification of the Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera) In: Zoologica Scripta Band=40, Nummer=1, 2010, S. 158–173; doi=10.1111/j.1463-6409.2010.00459.x
  3. Zahiri, R.; Holloway, J.; Kitching, I. J.; Lafontaine, J. D.; Mutanen, M. & Wahlberg, N. Molecular phylogenetics of Erebidae (Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea) In: Systematic Entomology Band=37, Nummer=1, 2011, S. 102–124, DOI=10.1111/j.1365-3113.2011.00607.x.
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Erebidae: Brief Summary ( saksa )

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Dieser Artikel wurde aufgrund von formalen oder inhaltlichen Mängeln in der Qualitätssicherung Biologie zur Verbesserung eingetragen. Dies geschieht, um die Qualität der Biologie-Artikel auf ein akzeptables Niveau zu bringen. Bitte hilf mit, diesen Artikel zu verbessern! Artikel, die nicht signifikant verbessert werden, können gegebenenfalls gelöscht werden.

Lies dazu auch die näheren Informationen in den Mindestanforderungen an Biologie-Artikel.

 src= Die quadrifine Flügeladerung am Beispiel des Schwarzen L (Arctornis l-nigrum). Die mit einem Kreis markierte Verzweigung kennzeichnet den Unterschied zu den Faltern der Noctuidae-Familie, denen diese Teilung der Cubitalvene (Cu) fehlt und die daher nur drei Endäste zeigen.  src= Laspeyria flexula (Sicheleule)  src= Scoliopteryx libatrix (Zackeneule, auch Krebssuppe genannt)  src= Parasemia plantaginis (Wegerichbär)

Die Erebidae sind eine Schmetterlingsfamilie aus der Überfamilie der Noctuoidea. Die Erebidae wurden bis zum Jahr 2005 als Unterfamilie der Eulenfalter (Noctuidae) angesehen, sind aber seither fast durchgängig als eigene Familie anerkannt. Sie enthält fast alle Eulenfalter mit einer quadrifinen Flügeladerung. Dazu gehören die kleinsten wie die größten Eulenfalter. Nach der Artenzahl ist diese Familie die artenreichste unter den Schmetterlingen.

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Erebidae ( oksitaani )

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Leis Erebidae son una familha de lepidoptères (parpalhons) que sovent son activitat es nocturna.

Recentament subjècta a de remanejaments nomenclaturaus importants, la familha inclutz uei toi leis espècias qu'aguèron plaçadas a passat temps dins lei familhas deis Arctiidae e dei Lymantriidae (que retrogradèron au reng de sotafamilhas, ensin que mai d'una sotafamilha qu'aguèron plaçadas dins lei Noctuidae aperavans. Aquò fa deis Erebidae la familha de lepidoptères mai diversificada, emé mai de 24 500 espècias descrichas.

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Erebidae ( englanti )

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Eulepidotis affinis, Panama
Apantesis arge caterpillar (Arctiinae)

The Erebidae are a family of moths in the superfamily Noctuoidea. The family is among the largest families of moths by species count and contains a wide variety of well-known macromoth groups. The family includes the underwings (Catocala); litter moths (Herminiinae); tiger, lichen, and wasp moths (Arctiinae); tussock moths (Lymantriinae), including the arctic woolly bear moth (Gynaephora groenlandica);[1] piercing moths (Calpinae and others); micronoctuoid moths (Micronoctuini); snout moths (Hypeninae); and zales, though many of these common names can also refer to moths outside the Erebidae (for example, crambid snout moths). Some of the erebid moths are called owlets.

The sizes of the adults range from among the largest of all moths (>5 in (127 mm) wingspan in the black witch) to the smallest of the macromoths (0.25 in (6 mm) wingspan in some of the Micronoctuini). The coloration of the adults spans the full range of dull, drab, and camouflaged (e.g., Zale lunifera and litter moths) to vivid, contrasting, and colorful (e.g., Aganainae and tiger moths). The moths are found on all continents except Antarctica.

Subfamilies

Classification

Among the Noctuoidea, the Erebidae can be broadly defined by the wing characteristics of the adults with support from phylogenetic studies. The cubital forewing vein, which runs outward from the base of a wing to the outer margin, splits into two (bifid), three (trifid), or four (quadrifid) veins from the medial area to the outer margin. These split veins are named M2, M3, CuA1, and CuA2 in order toward the inner margin. A trifid forewing has either a reduced or vestigial M2 vein or the M2 vein does not connect to the cubital veins, while M2 is as thick as M3 and connects or nearly connects to M3 in a quadrifid forewing. The same splitting of the hindwing cubital vein has analogous terms bifine, trifine, and quadrifine. The Erebidae typically have quadrifid forewings and quadrifine hindwings, though the Micronoctuini are exceptional with their bifine hindwings. Among the related families, most Erebidae are quadrifid moths like the Euteliidae, Nolidae, and Noctuidae and unlike the trifid Oenosandridae and Notodontidae. And among the quadrifid moths, the Erebidae have quadrifine hindwings like the typical Nolidae and Euteliidae and unlike the typical Noctuidae.[2][3][4]

Phylogenetic studies in the present century have helped to clarify the relationships between the structurally diverse lineages within the Noctuoidea and within the Erebidae. Morphological studies had led to a classification in which the monophyletic Arctiinae, Lymantriinae, and Micronoctuini were treated as families, and the other erebid lineages were largely grouped within the Noctuidae. Recent studies combining genetic characteristics with the morphological ones revealed that the former Noctuidae were paraphyletic, and some of the lineages within the Noctuidae were more closely related to the Arctiinae, Lymantriinae, and Micronoctuini families than to the other lineages within the Noctuidae.

The determination of these phylogenetic relationships has led to the present classification scheme in which several clades were rearranged while kept mostly intact and others were split apart. The Erebidae are one monophyletic family among six in the Noctuoidea. A more strictly defined family Noctuidae is also monophyletic, but the family lacks the quadrifine moths now placed as part of the Erebidae. Some subfamilies of the Noctuidae, such as the Herminiinae, were moved as a whole to Erebidae. Other subfamilies, including the Acontiinae and Calpinae, were each split apart. The Arctiinae became an erebid subfamily placed next to the closely related Herminiinae. The Lymantriinae became another erebid subfamily placed near the Pangraptinae. The rank of the Micronoctuini was changed from family to tribe to include the clade as a lineage within the Hypenodinae. The Erebidae are currently divided into 18 subfamilies, some of which are strongly supported by phylogenetic analysis and may persist through further study, while others are weakly supported and may be redefined again.

References

  1. ^ Kukal, Olga; Dawson, Todd E. (1989-06-01). "Temperature and food quality influences feeding behavior, assimilation efficiency and growth rate of arctic woolly-bear caterpillars". Oecologia. 79 (4): 526–532. doi:10.1007/BF00378671. ISSN 0029-8549. PMID 28313488.
  2. ^ Zahiri, Reza; et al. (2012). "Molecular phylogenetics of Erebidae (Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea)". Systematic Entomology. 37: 102–124. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2011.00607.x.
  3. ^ Lafontaine, Donald; Schmidt, Christian (19 Mar 2010). "Annotated check list of the Noctuoidea (Insecta, Lepidoptera) of North America north of Mexico". ZooKeys (40): 1–239. doi:10.3897/zookeys.40.414.
  4. ^ Zahiri, Reza; et al. (2013). "Relationships among the basal lineages of Noctuidae (Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea) based on eight gene regions". Zoologica Scripta. 42 (5): 488–507. doi:10.1111/zsc.12022.

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Erebidae: Brief Summary ( englanti )

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Eulepidotis affinis, Panama Apantesis arge caterpillar (Arctiinae) Halysidota tessellaris, cocoon

The Erebidae are a family of moths in the superfamily Noctuoidea. The family is among the largest families of moths by species count and contains a wide variety of well-known macromoth groups. The family includes the underwings (Catocala); litter moths (Herminiinae); tiger, lichen, and wasp moths (Arctiinae); tussock moths (Lymantriinae), including the arctic woolly bear moth (Gynaephora groenlandica); piercing moths (Calpinae and others); micronoctuoid moths (Micronoctuini); snout moths (Hypeninae); and zales, though many of these common names can also refer to moths outside the Erebidae (for example, crambid snout moths). Some of the erebid moths are called owlets.

The sizes of the adults range from among the largest of all moths (>5 in (127 mm) wingspan in the black witch) to the smallest of the macromoths (0.25 in (6 mm) wingspan in some of the Micronoctuini). The coloration of the adults spans the full range of dull, drab, and camouflaged (e.g., Zale lunifera and litter moths) to vivid, contrasting, and colorful (e.g., Aganainae and tiger moths). The moths are found on all continents except Antarctica.

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Erebidae ( kastilia )

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 src=
Oruga de Apantesis arge (Arctiinae)

Erebidae es una familia de lepidópteros de la superfamilia Noctuoidea. Es una de las familias más numerosas de las llamadas Macrolepidoptera.[1]

Subfamilias

Referencias

 title=
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Erebidae: Brief Summary ( kastilia )

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 src= Lymantria dispar, macho  src= Oruga de Apantesis arge (Arctiinae)

Erebidae es una familia de lepidópteros de la superfamilia Noctuoidea. Es una de las familias más numerosas de las llamadas Macrolepidoptera.​

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Erebidae ( ranska )

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Les Erebidae sont une famille de lépidoptères (papillons) à activité souvent nocturne.

Récemment sujette à d'importants remaniements nomenclaturaux, cette famille inclut aujourd'hui toutes les espèces naguère placées dans les familles des Arctiidae et des Lymantriidae (rétrogradées au rang de sous-familles), ainsi que plusieurs sous-familles auparavant placées dans les Noctuidae. Cela fait des Erebidae la famille de lépidoptères la plus diversifiée, avec plus de 24 500 espèces décrites[1].

Distribution

On peut rencontrer des espèces de cette famille sur tous les continents sauf l'Antarctique.

Comportement

Chez certaines espèces de cette famille, les imagos (papillons adultes) ne se nourrissent pas.[réf. nécessaire] Beaucoup cependant se nourrissent, et sont même très attirés par les fleurs, les fruits en décomposition, la miellée, etc.

Systématique

La famille des Erebidae a été décrite par l’entomologiste anglais William Elford Leach en 1815.

Son contenu a beaucoup évolué à la suite des études de phylogénie moléculaire menées depuis les années 2000. Dans la nouvelle classification, les Arctiinae et les Lymantriinae correspondent respectivement aux anciennes familles des Lymantriidae et des Arctiidae[2].

Liste des sous-familles

Avertissement : la systématique des Erebidae (et plus largement des Noctuoidea) est en évolution rapide, et les différentes sources peuvent fournir des classifications très disparates concernant les rangs taxinomiques situées entre les ordres et les genres.

Références

  1. (en) Erik J. van Nieukerken et al., « Order Lepidoptera Linnaeus, 1758. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness », Zootaxa, Magnolia Press (d), vol. 3148, no 1,‎ 23 décembre 2011, p. 212–221 (ISSN et , DOI , lire en ligne).
  2. Zahiri et al., 2011.

Voir aussi

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Erebidae: Brief Summary ( ranska )

tarjonnut wikipedia FR

Les Erebidae sont une famille de lépidoptères (papillons) à activité souvent nocturne.

Récemment sujette à d'importants remaniements nomenclaturaux, cette famille inclut aujourd'hui toutes les espèces naguère placées dans les familles des Arctiidae et des Lymantriidae (rétrogradées au rang de sous-familles), ainsi que plusieurs sous-familles auparavant placées dans les Noctuidae. Cela fait des Erebidae la famille de lépidoptères la plus diversifiée, avec plus de 24 500 espèces décrites.

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Erebidae ( Italia )

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Gli Erebidi (Erebidae Leach, [1815])[1] rappresentano la più numerosa famiglia di lepidotteri, con 24.569 specie diffuse in tutto il mondo (dato aggiornato al 23 dicembre 2011).[2][3]

Descrizione

Adulto

Questi lepidotteri appaiono talvolta ricoperti da una fitta peluria; in particolare le Lymantriinae sono rivestite da peli urticanti che le proteggono dai predatori. Le ali presentano una grande varietà di geometrie e di colorazioni, sebbene la predominanza sia per la gamma compresa tra il giallo-rossastro ed il grigio-brunastro o il marroncino scuro.[4]
Nell'ala anteriore, che può presentare un'aerola, M2 ha inizio dalla parte posteriore della cellula discale, molto più vicino ad M3 che non ad M1, così da dare l'impressione di un cubito quadripartito (in realtà i quattro "rami" sono rappresentati da M2, M3, CuA1 e CuA2). All'interno dei Noctuoidea, questa caratteristica si trova anche nelle Nolidae, nelle Euteliidae e nelle Noctuidae. Occasionalmente un ramo di RS può mancare (Lymantriinae), mentre Sc è di regola distinta dalle altre nervature.[2][5][6]

 src=
Femmina brachittera di Orgyia antiqua (Lymantriinae) che depone le uova sui resti del bozzolo

Nell'ala posteriore si osserva una configurazione analoga, con M2 che si origina nel terzo posteriore della cellula discale, e spesso in prossimità di M3, come in varie sottofamiglie tra cui le Arctiinae, così che il cubito appare nuovamente quadripartito. Tale condizione è osservabile anche nelle Nolidae e nelle Euteliidae. Un caso particolare è rappresentato dalla tribù Micronoctuini, un tempo considerata una famiglia a parte: date le ridotte dimensioni di questi lepidotteri, nell'ala posteriore M2 è andata scomparendo, mentre M3 si è fusa con CuA1, tanto da dare l'impressione di un cubito bipartito, ossia ramificato solo in M3+CuA1 e CuA2.[2][6]
Sempre nell'ala posteriore, spesso Sc+R1 si fonde con la cellula discale per metà lunghezza (Arctiinae) o solo alla base (Lymantriinae).[4]
Talvolta la colorazione delle ali fa sì che se disturbate, queste falene volino via emettendo "lampi" di colore che confondono il predatore; infatti le Catocala (Erebinae) sono i lepidotteri notturni più difficili da catturare in volo.[4]
Nelle Arctiinae (p. es. Ocnogyna corsica (Rambur, 1832)) e nelle Lymantriinae (p. es. Orgyia antiqua (Linnaeus, 1758)) le femmine possono avere ali vestigiali, ed essere quindi incapaci al volo. La femmina di O. antiqua si allontana raramente dal bozzolo dopo l'emersione, a meno che non venga disturbata, e tende a deporre le uova su di esso.[4]

 src=
Catocala minuta (Erebinae) su una corteccia

L'accoppiamento alare è di tipo frenato, e spesso è presente l'apparato di connessione tra ala anteriore e metatorace. A riposo, le ali sono tenute sovrapposte sopra il corpo.[5]
Gli ocelli sono presenti o assenti (sempre assenti nelle Lymantriinae). Mancano i chaetosemata.[5]
Le antenne possono essere filiformi, serrate, cigliate (alcune Arctiinae) o anche bipettinate (più spesso nei maschi); in particolare nelle Lymantrinae sono bipettinate in ambo i sessi, ma in quelle dei maschi i processi laterali sono più lunghi e terminano sempre con 1-3 spinule.[5]
La spirotromba è talvolta ben sviluppata (Erebinae), talvolta ridotta (Arctiinae) o addirittura assente nelle Lymantriinae, nelle quali gli adulti non si alimentano. I palpi mascellari sono piccoli e monosegmentali o addirittura mancanti, e quelli labiali sono di regola poco sviluppati.[4][5][7]
Nelle zampe, l'epifisi è sempre presente, tranne nelle Lymantriinae; la formula degli speroni tibiali è 0-2-4 o 0-2-2.[5]
Caratteristica peculiare della famiglia, così come di tutti i Noctuoidea, è la presenza di organi timpanici nel metatorace, la cui struttura e posizione hanno valore sistematico; ad esempio nelle Arctiinae le membrane timpaniche sono rivolte all'indietro. Nelle Lymantrine si può osservare un cappuccio controtimpanico prespiracolare alla base dell'addome.[5] Nelle Arctiinae si osserva spesso anche un organo a forma di timballo, situato nel terzo segmento addominale e costituito da strie ravvicinate, implicato nella produzione di suoni;[8][9] Si osserva inoltre un secondo organo timballiforme sul metaepisterno di alcune specie.[10]

 src=
Uova di Orgyia antiqua

L'apparato genitale maschile è semplice nelle Lymantriinae, mentre nelle femmine i lobi dell'ovopositore sono sviluppati, carnosi, e talvolta allungati; sono inoltre visibili lunghi ciuffi di peli urticanti nella zona caudale.[11]
Nelle Arctiinae si possono trovare due ghiandole situate antero-dorsalmente tra i lobi dell'ovopositore; in altre sottofamiglie, i suddetti lobi possono assumere un aspetto cuneiforme per permettere l'immissione delle uova all'interno di fenditure ed anfratti.[12][13][14]
L'apertura alare è la più varia, andando dai 5,7 mm di alcuni Micronoctuini, ai 280 mm di Thysania agrippina (Cramer, 1776), la più ampia dell'intero ordine Lepidoptera.[2]

Uovo

Le uova possono essere sferiche o pseudocilindriche, spesso con scanalature profonde oppure con una superficie reticolata (p. es. nelle Arctiinae). Vengono deposte singolarmente o in piccoli gruppi costituiti da file regolari, solitamente presso le foglie della pianta ospite. Nelle Lymantriinae, durante la deposizione, spesso sono ricoperte dai peli del ciuffo caudale della femmina, oltre che da un secreto ghiandolare di protezione che indurisce rapidamente a contatto con l'aria.[5][15][16][17][18]

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Larva

Le larve delle Lymantriinae spesso rivelano colorazioni vivaci e sono rivestite di fitti ciuffi di setae secondarie (talvolta urticanti) e spinule sulla sommità di tubercoli; sono prive di ghiandola cervicale, ma di regola dei caratteristici ciuffi allungati sono retti dal I segmento toracico e dall'VIII e IX segmento addominale. Le pseudozampe si trovano dal III al VI segmento addominale e sul X, con uncini collocati su mesoserie a singola fila. Una sola ghiandola mediodorsale, di norma gialla o rossa, è posizionata sul VI e sul VII segmento addominale.[5][11][19]
Nelle Arctiinae, i bruchi solitamente mostrano da tre a cinque vistose verruche sulle coxe del meso- e metatorace. Le setae secondarie sono visibili sui tubercoli ma anche sulle pseudozampe, che si trovano sugli stessi segmenti addominali delle Lymantriinae.[5][19]
Nelle altre sottofamiglie, il bruco è di regola cilindrico, talvolta molto colorato, solitamente senza setae secondarie, e con pseudozampe ben sviluppate.[5][10][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]

Pupa

Molte specie si impupano nel terreno ai piedi della pianta ospite.[7]
La crisalide è obtecta, tozza e pelosa, particolarmente nelle Lymantriinae ove spesso le setae residuali del bruco sono urticanti; solitamente è dotata di un cremaster di setae uncinate, che però nelle Arctiinae è ridotto o del tutto assente[5][11][18][19]

Distribuzione e habitat

Le specie sono diffuse in tutti i continenti, con una maggiore biodiversità nelle fasce tropicali, e prediligono la foresta a latifoglie più o meno rada.[4][5][7][27][28][29]

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Amata phegea (Arctiinae), con colorazione aposematica

Biologia

Quasi tutte le specie hanno attività notturna o crepuscolare, ma alcune volano di giorno in pieno sole. A riposo le ali vengono tenute "a tetto" sopra il corpo. I bruchi possono avere comportamento gregario all'interno di "tele" intessute tra le fronde, ma di regola si alimentano singolarmente sulle foglie alla luce del giorno. Le sostanze tossiche (principalmente Alcaloidi) assunte durante la fase larvale, vengono accumulate e passano nella fase pupale ed in quella adulta, avendo funzione di protezione contro i predatori. È spesso presente l'aposematismo.[4][5][7][27][28]

Alimentazione

Gli adulti si alimentano (tranne nel caso delle Lymantriinae) del nettare di un'enorme varietà di fiori.[5] I bruchi sono di regola polifagi, e possono arrecare seri danni alle coltivazioni nonché al patrimonio forestale. Vengono preferite le foglie di specie arboree e arbustive, ma alcune larve attaccano anche gli steli di piante erbacee, recidendoli in prossimità della base. Alcune specie di Arctiinae si nutrono di licheni e di alghe epifite.[5]
Fa seguito un elenco (parziale e solo esemplificativo) di famiglie e generi di piante ospite:[29]

Tassonomia

Il taxon è di recente introduzione, ed è stato istituito in seguito a studi molecolari che hanno messo in discussione l'assetto tassonomico tradizionale della superfamiglia Noctuoidea. È stato da sempre arduo delineare una sistematica convincente ed esaustiva per questa superfamiglia, visto innanzitutto il gran numero di specie, e considerati anche i parecchi casi di omoplasia, ossia la presenza, in differenti taxa, di uno o più caratteri evolutivi (morfologici, biochimici o genetici) in seguito a convergenza evolutiva, pur in assenza di comune origine filogenetica. Per questi motivi, fino ad oggi si sono susseguite diverse proposte di ordinamento tassonomico, fondate soprattutto sull'analisi anatomica, ma che tuttavia hanno lasciato problemi irrisolti.[2]
Viene qui adottata l'impostazione proposta da Zahiri et al. (2012), e basata sull'analisi delle affinità tra dieci sequenze geniche, sia mitocondriali, sia nucleari, all'interno di 237 specie di Noctuoidea, tra cui 195 specie di Erebidae.[2]
Il cladogramma che ne è scaturito illustra i rapporti filogenetici tra le Erebidae e le altre famiglie di Noctuoidea.[2] I numeri tra parentesi indicano i generi e le specie per ogni famiglia.[3]

Noctuoidea

Oenosandridae (4 - 8)

     

Notodontidae (704 - 3.800)

     

Nolidae (186 - 1.738)

       

Euteliidae (29 - 520)

   

Noctuidae (1.089 - 11.772)

     

Erebidae (1.760 - 24.569)

         

Sottofamiglie e tribù

La famiglia Erebidae è stata ottenuta elevando lo status della sottofamiglia Erebinae delle Noctuidae, trasformando in sottofamiglie le Arctiidae e le Lymantriidae, incorporando un numero di sottofamiglie provenienti dalle Noctuidae, nonché elevando al rango di sottofamiglia tre tribù di Noctuidae (Toxocampini, Tinoliini e Hypocalini). I Micronoctuini, un tempo ritenuti una famiglia, sono qui annoverati tra le tribù delle Hypenodinae.[2] Sono state riconosciute 18 sottofamiglie; vengono indicate di seguito anche alcune tribù e sottotribù:[2][6]

  • Aganainae Boisduval, 1833
  • Anobinae Holloway, 2005 - Genere tipo: Anoba Walker, 1858 - List Specimens lepid. Insects Colln Br. Mus. 15: 1844
  • Arctiinae Leach, 1815
    • Amerilini Dubatolov, 2010 - Genere tipo: Amerila Walker, 1855 - List Spec. Lepid. Insects Colln Br. Mus. 3: 725
    • Arctiini Leach, 1815
      • Arctiina Leach, 1815 - Genere tipo: Arctia Schrank, 1802 - Fauna boica 2 (2): 152.
      • Callimorphina Walker, 1865 - Genere tipo: Callimorpha Latreille, 1809 - Consid. gén. Ordre nat. Anim. 4: 220
      • Ctenuchina Kirby, 1837 - Genere tipo: Ctenucha Kirby, 1837 - In Richardson. Fauna bor.-amer. 4: 305
      • Euchromiina Butler, 1876 - Genere tipo: Euchromia Hübner, 1819 - Verz. bekannt. Schmett.: 121.
      • Pericopina Walker, 1865 - Genere tipo: Pericopis Hübner, 1819 - Verz. bekannt. Schmett.: 175.
      • Phaegopterina Kirby, 1892 - Genere tipo: Phaegoptera Herrich-Schäffer, 1853 - Samml. aussereurop. Schmett. 1 (1): (23-25): pl. 92, f. 528
      • Spilosomina Seitz, 1910 - Genere tipo: Spilosoma Curtis, 1825 - British Entomology 2: pl. 92
    • Lithosiini Billberg, 1820 - Genere tipo: Lithosia Fabricius, 1798 - Ent. Syst. (Suppl.): 418, 459
    • Synthomini Herrich-Schäffer, 1846 - Genere tipo: Syntomis Ochsenheimer, 1808 - Schmett. Eur. 2: 104
  • Boletobiinae Grote, 1895
  • Calpinae Boisduval, 1840
    • Calpini Boisduval, 1840 - Genere tipo: Calyptra Ochsenheimer, 1816 - Schmett. Eur. 4: 78
    • Ophiderini Guenée, 1852 - Genere tipo: Eudocima Billberg, 1820 - Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb.: 85
    • Phyllodini Guenée, 1852 - Genere tipo: Phyllodes Boisduval, 1832 - In d'Urville. Voy. "Astrolabe" (Faune ent.) 1 (Lépid.): 246
  • Erebinae Leach, 1815
    • Acantholipini Fibiger & Lafontaine, 2005 - Genere tipo: Acantholipes Lederer, 1857 - Die Noctuinen Europa's, ... : 198
    • Audeini Wiltshire, 1990 - Genere tipo: Audea Walker, 1858 - List Specimens lepid. Insects Colln Br. Mus. 13: 1122, 1134
    • Catephiini Guenée, 1852 - Genere tipo: Catephia Ochsenheimer, 1816 - Schmett. Eur. 4: 94
    • Catocalini Boisduval, 1828 - Genere tipo: Catocala Schrank, 1802 - Fauna Boica 2 (2): 158
    • Cocytiini Boisduval, 1874 - Genere tipo: Cocytia Boisduval, 1828 - Essai Monogr. Zygénides: 22, pl. 1, fig. 1
    • Ercheini Berio, 1992 - Genere tipo: Ercheia Walker, 1858 - List Spec. Lepid. Insects Colln Br. Mus. 13: 1078, 1107
    • Erebini Leach, 1815 - Genere tipo: Erebus Latreille, 1810 - Consid. gén. Ordre nat. Anim.: 365
    • Euclidiini Guenée, 1852 - Genere tipo: Euclidia Ochsenheimer, 1816 - Schmett. Eur. 4: 96.
    • Hulodini Guenée, 1852 - Genere tipo: Hulodes Guenée, 1852 - In Boisduval & Guenée, Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gén. Lépid. 7 (Noct. 3): 207
    • Hypopyrini Guenée, 1852 - Genere tipo: Hypopyra Guenée, 1852 - In Boisduval & Guenée, Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gén. Lépid. 7 (Noct. 3): 198
    • Melipotini Grote, 1895 - Genere tipo: Melipotis Hübner, 1818 - Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: 17
    • Ommatophorini Guenée, 1852 - Genere tipo: Ommatophora Guenée, 1852 - In Boisduval & Guenée, Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gén. Lépid. 7 (Noct. 3): 190
    • Omopterini Boisduval, 1833 - Genere tipo: Zale Hübner, 1818 - Zuträge Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: 11
    • Ophiusini Guenée, 1837 - Genere tipo: Ophiusa Ochsenheimer, 1816 - Schmett. Eur. 4: 93
    • Pandesmini Wiltshire, 1990 - Genere tipo: Pandesma Guenée, 1852 - In Boisduval & Guenée. Hist. nat. Insectes (Lépid.) 6: 438
    • Pericymini Wiltshire, 1976 - Genere tipo: Pericyma Herrich-Schäffer, 1851 - Syst. Bearb. Schmett. Europ. 2: 429
    • Poaphilini Guenée, 1852 - Genere tipo: Poaphila Guenée, 1852 - In Boisduval & Guenée. Hist. nat. Insectes (Lépid.) 7: 299
    • Sypnini Holloway, 2005 - Genere tipo: Sypna Guenée, 1852 - In Boisduval & Guenée. Hist. nat. Insectes (Lépid.) 7: 144
    • Thermesiini Guenée, 1852 - Genere tipo: Thermesia Hübner, 1823 - Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: 12
  • Eulepidotinae Grote, 1895
  • Herminiinae Leach, 1815 - Genere tipo: Herminia Latreille, 1802 - In Sonnini, Hist. nat. gén. particulière Crustacés Insectes 3: 413
  • Hypeninae Herrich-Schäffer, 1851 - Genere tipo: Hypena Schrank, 1802 - Fauna boica 2 (2): 163
  • Hypenodinae Forbes, 1954
  • Hypocalinae Guenée, 1852 - Genere tipo: Hypocala Guenée, 1852 - In Boisduval & Guenée. Hist. nat. Insectes (Lépid.) 7: 73
  • Lymantriinae Hampson, 1893
    • Arctornithini Holloway, 1999 - Genere tipo: Arctornis Germar, 1810 - Diss. sistens Bombycum Species: 18
    • Leucomini Grote, 1895 - Genere tipo: Leucoma Hübner, 1822 - Syst.-alphab. Verz.: 14-16, 18, 19
    • Lymantriini Hampson, 1893 - Genere tipo: Lymantria Hübner, 1819 - Verz. bekannt. Schmett.: 160
    • Nygmiini Holloway, 1999 - Genere tipo: Nygmia Hübner, 1820 - Verz. bekannt. Schmett.: 193
    • Orgyiini Wallengren, 1861 - Genere tipo: Orgyia Ochsenheimer, 1810 - Schmett. Eur. 3: 208
  • Pangraptinae Grote, 1882 - Genere tipo: Pangrapta Hübner, 1821 - Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: 18
  • Rivulinae Grote, 1895 - Genere tipo: Rivula Guenée, 1845 - In Duponchel. Cat. méth. Lépid. Eur. (2): 206
  • Scolecocampinae Grote, 1883 - Genere tipo: Scolecocampa Guenée, 1852 - In Boisduval & Guenée. Hist. nat. Insectes (Lépid.) 5: 131
  • Scoliopteryginae Herrich-Schäffer, 1852
    • Anomini Grote, 1882 - Genere tipo: Anomis Hübner, 1821 - Verz. bekannt. Schmett.: 249
    • Scoliopterygini Herrich-Schäffer, 1852 - Genere tipo: Scoliopteryx Germar, 1810 - Diss. sistens Bombycum Species: 14
  • Tinoliinae Moore, 1885 - Genere tipo: Tinolius Walker, 1855 - List Specimens lepid. Insects Colln Br. Mus. 3: 587, 621
  • Toxocampinae Guenée, 1852 - Genere tipo: Lygephila Billberg, 1820 - Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb.: 85

Cladogramma delle Erebidae

Fa seguito un secondo cladogramma, sempre ricavato da Zahiri et al. (2012), che mette in evidenza i rapporti filogenetici tra i vari taxa all'interno delle Erebidae. Vengono indicati alcuni generi rappresentativi, e si noti come per parecchi di essi non sia possibile la collocazione sistematica all'interno di alcuna tribù.[2]

Erebidae Scoliopteryginae

Scoliopterygini (Ossonoba, Scoliopteryx)

   

Anomini (Anomis, Gonitis, Rusicada)

         

Nychioptera, Rhesala

     

Rivulinae (Alesua, Bocula, Oglasa, Oxycilla, Rivula)

   

Anobinae (Anoba, Baniana, Crithote, Deinopa, Marcipa, Plecoptera, Rema)

           

Colobochyla, Cultripalpa

   

Hypeninae (Hypena)

        Lymantriinae

Arctornithini (Arctornis)

       

Nygmiini (Nygmia)

   

Orgyini (Orgyia)

       

Lymantriini (Lymantria)

   

Leucomini (Leucoma)

           

Pangraptinae (Chrysograpta, Episparis, Gracilodes, Hyposemansis, Masca, Pangrapta)

       

Schistorhynx

     

Herminiinae (Herminia, Idia, Lysimelia, Nodaria, Paracolax, Polypogon, Simplicia)

Aganainae

Mecodina, Psimada

   

Aganaini (Asota, Euplocia, Neochera, Peridrome, Psephea)

        Arctiinae

Lithosiini (Barsine, Brunia, Cyana, Eugoa, Garudinia)

     

Amerilini (Amerila)

     

Syntomini (Apisa, Dysauxes, Syntomis)

Arctiini

Ctenuchina (Antichloris, Ctenucha)

     

Pericopina (Coscinia, Dysschema, Pericopis, Pseudophaloe)

     

Callimorphina (Callimorpha, Nyctemera)

   

Arctiina (Arctia, Creatonotos)

                         

Epitausa

    Calpinae

Phyllodini (Miniodes, Phyllodes)

     

Ophiderini (Eudocima, Hemiceratoides)

   

Calpini (Calyptra, Gonodonta, Oraesia, Plusiodonta)

         

Hypocalinae (Hypocala, Hypsoropha)

Eulepidotinae

Eulepidotini (Antiblemma, Eulepidotis, Panopoda, Sanys, Tautobriga)

   

Anticarsia, Azeta, Hemeroplanis, Oxidercia

               

Toxocampinae (Autophila, Lygephila)

     

Tinoliinae (Poeta, Tamsia, Tinolius)

     

Platyjionia

       

Scolecocampinae (Gabara, Scolecocampa)

Hypenodinae

Hypenodini (Hypenodes)

     

Anachrostis, Luceria, Schrankia

   

Micronoctuini (Biuncus, Micronoctua)

        Boletobiinae

Saroba

     

Condate

       

Corgatha

   

Phytometrini (Phytometra)

         

Aventiini (Laspeyria, Zurobata)

   

Enispodes, Homodes, Parolulis, Tamba

         

Araeopteronini (Araeopteron)

   

Eublemmini (Eublemma)

       

Boletobiini (Metalectra, Parascotia)

     

Trisatelini (Trisateles)

   

Hypenagonia, Metaemene, Mataeomera, Prolophota

                        Erebinae

Acantholipini (Acantholipes, Euaontia, Hypospila, Ugia, Ugiodes)

     

Sypnini (Daddala, Sypna, Sypnoides)

         

Catephiini (Catephia)

   

Heteranassa

         

Omopterini (Zale)

   

Thermesiini (Thysania)

     

Pseudbarydia, Toxonprucha

           

Pandesmini (Pandesma)

     

Heteropalpia

     

Sphingomorpha

   

Pericymini (Pericyma)

             

Sympis

     

Erebini (Erebus, Erygia)

   

Melipotini (Bulia, Forsebia, Melipotis, Phoberia)

           

Audeini (Audea)

   

Catocalini (Catocala, Hypotacha, Ulotrichopus)

         

Hypopyrini (Hypopyra, Spirama)

     

Ommatophorini (Calyptis, Ommatophora)

   

Euclidiini (Callistege, Euclidia, Mocis, Pantydia)

           

Ischyja

     

Praxis

     

Anisoneura

     

Platyja

     

Ercheiini (Ercheia)

   

Hulodini (Ericeia, Hulodes)

               

Oxyodes (Ophiusini?)

     

Cocytiini (Avatha, Cocytia, Serrodes)

     

Poaphilini (Achaea, Allotria, Bastilla, Chalciope, Poaphila)

   

Ophiusini (Artena, Clytie, Ophiusa, Thyas)

                                   

Sinonimi

Non sono stati riportati sinonimi.[2]

Alcune specie

Note

  1. ^ William Elford Leach, In Brewster's Edinburgh Encyclopaedia, Edimburgo, 1830 [1815].
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k (EN) Reza Zahiri, Holloway, Jeremy D.; Kitching, Ian J.; Lafontaine, J. Donald, Mutanen, Marko and Wahlberg, Niklas, Molecular phylogenetics of Erebidae (Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea), in Systematic Entomology, vol. 37, n. 1, gennaio 2012, pp. 102-124, DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2011.00607.x. URL consultato il 21 aprile 2012.
  3. ^ a b (EN) Nieukerken, E. J. van, Kaila, L., Kitching, I. J., Kristensen, N. P., Lees, D. C., Minet, J., Mitter, C., Mutanen, M., Regier, J. C., Simonsen, T. J., Wahlberg, N., Yen, S.-H., Zahiri, R., Adamski, D., Baixeras, J., Bartsch, D., Bengtsson, B. Å., Brown, J. W., Bucheli, S. R., Davis, D. R., De Prins, J., De Prins, W., Epstein, M. E., Gentili-Poole, P., Gielis, C., Hättenschwiler, P., Hausmann, A., Holloway, J. D., Kallies, A., Karsholt, O., Kawahara, A. Y., Koster, S. (J. C.), Kozlov, M. V., Lafontaine, J. D., Lamas, G., Landry, J.-F., Lee, S., Nuss, M., Park, K.-T., Penz, C., Rota, J., Schintlmeister, A., Schmidt, B. C., Sohn, J.-C., Solis, M. A., Tarmann, G. M., Warren, A. D., Weller, S., Yakovlev, R. V., Zolotuhin, V. V., Zwick, A., Order Lepidoptera Linnaeus, 1758. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness (PDF), in Zootaxa, vol. 3148, Auckland, Nuova Zelanda, Magnolia Press, 23 dicembre 2011, pp. 212-221, ISSN 1175-5334, OCLC 971985940. URL consultato l'11 dicembre 2014.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Michael Chinery, Guida degli Insetti d'Europa - Atlante illustrato a colori - 800 illustrazioni a colori - 350 disegni, a cura di Massimo Pandolfi, Claudio Manicastri e Carla Marangoni, 1ª ed., Padova, Franco Muzzio & c., aprile 1987 [1985], pp. 383 + 64 tav., ISBN 88-7021-378-1.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p (EN) Scoble, M. J., Higher Ditrysia, in The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity, seconda edizione, London, Oxford University Press & Natural History Museum, 2011 [1992], pp. 328-341, ISBN 978-0-19-854952-9, LCCN 92004297, OCLC 25282932.
  6. ^ a b c (EN) J. Donald Lafontaine, Fibiger, Michael, Revised higher classification of the Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera) (abstract), in The Canadian Entomologist, vol. 138, n. 5, settembre 2006, pp. 610-635, DOI:10.4039/n06-012. URL consultato il 21 aprile 2012.
  7. ^ a b c d Carter, David, Farfalle e falene - Guida fotografica a oltre 500 specie di farfalle e falene di tutto il mondo (Eyewitness Handbook of Butterflies and Moths), Fabbri Editori, 1993, pp. 304 pp., ISBN 88-450-4452-1.
  8. ^ (DE) H. Zerny, Beier, M., Ordnung der Pterygogenea: Lepidoptera = Schmetterlinge, in In Kükenthal. W. (Ed.) Handbuch der Zoologie, vol. 4, Berlino, 1936, pp. 1554-1728.
  9. ^ (EN) U. Dall'Asta, The tymbal organs of the Lymantriidae (Lepidoptera), in Nota Lepidoptera, vol. 11, 1988, pp. 169-176.
  10. ^ a b (EN) Ian J. Kitching, An historical review of the higher classification of the Noctuidae (Lepidoptera), in Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), vol. 49, 1984, pp. 153-234.
  11. ^ a b c D. C. Ferguson, Noctuoidea (Lymantriidae), in Dominick, R.B. et al. (Eds.). The Moths of America North of Mexico 22 (2): x + 110 pp. + pl. A + pls 1-8, Londra, E. W. Classey and The Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, 1978.
  12. ^ Jeremy D. Holloway, The Moths of Borneo, vol. 6, Kuala Lumpur, The Malayan Nature Society and Southdene, 1988, pp. 101 pp. + 168 figs, + 6 col. pls.
  13. ^ E. G. Munroe, Lepidoptera, in Parker, S. B. (Ed.). Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms 2: 612-651, McGraw-Hill, 1982.
  14. ^ (EN) Common, I. F. B., Moths of Australia, Slater, E. (fotografie), Carlton, Victoria, Melbourne University Press, 1990, pp. vi, 535, 32 con tavv. a colori, ISBN 9780522843262, LCCN 89048654, OCLC 220444217.
  15. ^ E. Döring, Zur Morphologie der Schmetterlingseier, Berlino, kademie-Verlag, 1955, pp. 154 pp. + pls 1-61.
  16. ^ (EN) E. H. Salkeld, A catalogue of the eggs of some Canadian Geometridae (Lepidoptera), with comments, in Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, vol. 126, 1983, pp. 271 pp..
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  • Mitter, C. & Silverfine, E. (1988) - On the systematic position of Catocala Schrank (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). Systematic Entomology, 13, 67–84 - Abstract
  • Moore (1878) - Descriptions of Lepidopterous Insects collected the late Dr. F. Stoliczka during the Indian-Government Mission to Yarkund in 1873. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. 1 (3): 227-237
  • Moore (1879) - Description of new Genera and Species of Asiatic Lepidoptera Heterocera. Proceedings of the general meetings for scientific business of the Zoological Society of London 1879: 387-417, pl. 32-34
  • (EN) Mosher E., A Classification of the Lepidoptera Based on Characters of the Pupa, in Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, vol. 1912, n. 2, Urbana, Illinois, Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, marzo 1916, p. 62, DOI:10.5962/bhl.title.70830, ISSN 0073-5272, LCCN 16027309, OCLC 2295354.
  • (EN) Mutanen, M., Wahlberg, N. & Kaila, L., Comprehensive gene and taxon coverage elucidates radiation patterns in moths and butterflies (PDF), in Proceedings of the Royal Society (B), vol. 277, n. 1695, Londra, 5 maggio 2010, pp. 2839-2848, DOI:10.1098/rspb.2010.0392, ISSN 1471-2954, OCLC 421631836.
  • Neumoegen & Dyar (1893) - Notes on Lithosiidae and Arctiidae, with descriptions of new varietes. - I Entomological news, and proceedings of the Entomological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 4 (6): 213-216
  • (EN) Nieukerken, E. J. van, Kaila, L., Kitching, I. J., Kristensen, N. P., Lees, D. C., Minet, J., Mitter, C., Mutanen, M., Regier, J. C., Simonsen, T. J., Wahlberg, N., Yen, S.-H., Zahiri, R., Adamski, D., Baixeras, J., Bartsch, D., Bengtsson, B. Å., Brown, J. W., Bucheli, S. R., Davis, D. R., De Prins, J., De Prins, W., Epstein, M. E., Gentili-Poole, P., Gielis, C., Hättenschwiler, P., Hausmann, A., Holloway, J. D., Kallies, A., Karsholt, O., Kawahara, A. Y., Koster, S. (J. C.), Kozlov, M. V., Lafontaine, J. D., Lamas, G., Landry, J.-F., Lee, S., Nuss, M., Park, K.-T., Penz, C., Rota, J., Schintlmeister, A., Schmidt, B. C., Sohn, J.-C., Solis, M. A., Tarmann, G. M., Warren, A. D., Weller, S., Yakovlev, R. V., Zolotuhin, V. V., Zwick, A., Order Lepidoptera Linnaeus, 1758. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness (PDF), in Zootaxa, vol. 3148, Auckland, Nuova Zelanda, Magnolia Press, 23 dicembre 2011, pp. 212-221, ISSN 1175-5334, OCLC 971985940.
  • Nye, I.W.B. (1975) - The Generic Names of Moths of the World, Vol. 1: Noctuoidea (Part): Noctuidae, Agaristidae, and Nolidae. British Museum (Natural History), London.
  • Packard (1864) - Synopsis of the Bombycidae of the United States. (1 & 2). Proc. ent. Soc. Philad. 3: 97-130, 331-396
  • Pavesi, F., de Vos, R. & Zilli, A. (2010) - Revision of the genus Ommatophora Guenée, 1852, with description of four new species (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Quadrifina, 9, 483–510.
  • Peña, C., Wahlberg, N., Weingartner, E., Kodandaramaiah, U., Nylin, S., Freitas, A.V.L. & Brower, A.V.Z. (2006) - Higher level phylogeny of Satyrinae butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based on DNA sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 40, 29–49 - Abstract
  • Poey (1832) - Centurie de Lépidoptères de l'ile de Cuba contenat la description et les figures coloriées de cent espèces de papillons nouveaux ou peu connus, réprésentés d'après nature, souvent avec la chenille, la chrysalide, et plusieurs détails microscopiques: (1-54), pl. (1-20)
  • (EN) Pogue, M. G., Lepidoptera biodiversity, in Foottit, R. G. and Adler, P. H. (Eds.) (a cura di), Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society, Chichester, UK; Hoboken, NJ, Wiley; Blackwell Science Publishing, aprile 2009, pp. xxi, 632, 8 plates, ISBN 9781405151429, LCCN 2008042545, OCLC 156816238.
  • Poole, R.W. (1989) - Noctuidae, 3 volumes. Lepidopterorum Catalogus (New Series). Fascicle 118. i–xii, 1–1314. E.J. Brill/Flora and Fauna Publications, New York, New York.
  • (EN) Powell, J. A. & Opler, P. A., Moths of Western North America, Berkeley, California, University of California Press, maggio 2009, pp. xiii, 369 pages, 132, ISBN 9780520251977, LCCN 2008048605, OCLC 646846811.
  • Püngeler (1901) - Neue Macrolepidopteren aus Centralasien. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift Iris 14 (1): 171-191, pl. 1-3
  • Randolf, S. & Lödl, M. (2001) - Zur äusseren morphologie der Tympanalregion bei ausgewählten unterfamilien der Noctuidae (Lepidoptera). Quadrifina, 4, 131–291.
  • Regier, J.C., Mitter, C., Peigler, R.S. & Friedlander, T.P. (2002) - Monophyly, composition, and relationships within Saturniinae Lepidoptera: Saturniidae): evidence from two nuclear genes. Insect Systematics and Evolution, 33, 9–21 - Abstract
  • (EN) Regier, J. C.; Cook, C. P.; Mitter, C. and Hussey, A., A phylogenetic study of the ‘bombycoid complex’ (Lepidoptera) using five protein-coding nuclear genes, with comments on the problem of macrolepidoteran phylogeny (abstract), in Systematic Entomology, vol. 33, n. 1, Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications, gennaio 2008, pp. 175-189, DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2007.00409.x, ISSN 0307-6970, LCCN 76646885, OCLC 225295632.
  • Regier, J.C., Grant, M.C., Mitter, C., Cook, C.P., Peigler, R.S. & Rougerie, R. (2008b) - Phylogenetic relationships of wild silkmoths (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) inferred from four protein-coding nuclear genes. Systematic Entomology, 33, 219–228 - Testo integrale
  • Regier, J.C., Zwick, A., Cummings, M.P., Kawahara, A.Y., Cho, S., Weller, S., Roe, A., Baixeras, J., Brown, J.W., Parr, C., Davis, D.R., Epstein, M., Hallwachs, W., Hausmann, A., Janzen, D.H., Kitching, I.J., Solis, M.A., Yen, S.-H., Bazinet, A.L. & Mitter, C. (2009) - Toward reconstructing the evolution of advanced moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera: Ditrysia): an initial molecular study. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 9 (1), 280-300. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-9-280 - Testo integrale
  • Richards, A.G. ([1933] 1932) - Comparative skeletal morphology of the noctuid tympanum. Entomologica Americana, 13, 1–43.
  • Robinson, G.S., Ackery, P.R., Kitching, I.J., Beccaloni, G.W. & Hernández, L.M. (2001) - Hostplants of the Moth and Butterfly Caterpillars of the Oriental Region. Natural History Museum in Association with Southdene Sdn Bhd.
  • Rothschild (1910) - Descriptions of new species of Arctianae in the Tring Museum. Novitates Zoologicae 17 (2): 172-188
  • Schrank (1802) - Fauna Boica. Durchgedachte Geschichte der in Baiern einheimischen und zahmen Thiere. 2 (2): ? pp.
  • (EN) Scoble, M. J., The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity, seconda edizione, London, Oxford University Press & Natural History Museum, 2011 [1992], pp. xi, 404, ISBN 978-0-19-854952-9, LCCN 92004297, OCLC 25282932.
  • Seitz (1910) - Die Gross-Schmetterlinge des Palaearktischen Faunengebietes. Die Palaearktischen Spinner & Schwärmer Gross-Schmett. Erde 2: pl. 1-56
  • Seppänen, E. J. (1970) - Suomen suurperhostoukkien ravintokasvit, Animalia Fennica 14
  • Sheljuzhko (1935) - Einige neue und wenig bekante Lepidopteren aus dem Westlichen Tian-Schan. Mitteilungen der Münchner Entomologischen Gesellschaft 25: 27-38, pl. 3
  • Speidel, W. & Naumann, C.M. (1995) - Phylogenetic aspects in the higher classification of the subfamily Catocalinae (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). Beiträge zur Entomologie, 45, 109–118.
  • Speidel, W. & Naumann, C.M. (2005) - A survey of family-group names in noctuoid moths (Insecta: Lepidoptera). Systematics and Biodiversity, 2, 191–221 - Abstract
  • Speidel, W., Fanger, H. & Naumann, C.M. (1996) - The phylogeny of the Noctuidae (Lepidoptera). Systematic Entomology, 21, 219–251 - Abstract
  • Speidel, W., Fanger, H. & Naumann, C.M. (1997) - On the systematic position of Cocytia Boisduval, 1828 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 44, 27–31 - Abstract
  • Spuler (1906) - XXIII. Fam. Arctiidae. Schmett. Eur. 2: 128-152
  • Stamatakis, A., Hoover, P. & Rougemont, J. (2008) - A rapid bootstrap algorithm for the RAxML web servers. Systematic Biology, '57, 758–771 - Testo integrale
  • Staudinger (1879) - Lepidopteren-Fauna Kleinasiens. Horae. Soc. Ent. Ross. 14: 176-482
  • Staudinger (1886) - Description of a new Bombyx allied to Arctia caja. Ent. mon. Mag. 22: 258-259
  • (EN) Stehr, F. W. (Ed.), Immature Insects, 2 volumi, seconda edizione, Dubuque, Iowa, Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co., 1991 [1987], pp. ix, 754, ISBN 9780840337023, LCCN 85081922, OCLC 13784377.
  • Stshetkin (1982) - Novyi podvid - Arctia caja pamiroalaica Stshetkin, subspec. nov. - iz Srednei Asii (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). Izvestiya Akad. Nauk Tadzh. SSR. Otd. biol. nauk 1: 39-43
  • (EN) Sullivan, J. B.; Legrain, A., Gondysia preceeded Neadysgonia (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Erebinae), a new generic synonymy from Southeastern United States – Corrigendum. In: Schmidt B.C., Lafontaine J.D. (Eds) Contributions to the systematics of New World macro-moths IV (PDF), in Zookeys, vol. 264, 2013, pp. 237-238, DOI:10.3897/zookeys.264.4378. URL consultato il 17 marzo 2018.
  • Vincent B., Laguerre M. (2013) - Four new Neotropical Lophocampa species with a redescription of Lophocampa atriceps (Hampson) (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae). In: Schmidt BC, Lafontaine JD (Eds) Contributions to the systematics of New World macro-moths IV. ZooKeys 264: 47–69. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.264.4166.
  • Wahlberg, N. & Wheat, C.W. (2008) - Genomic outposts serve the phylogenomic pioneers: designing novel nuclear markers for genomic DNA extractions of Lepidoptera. Systematic Biology, 57, 231–242 - Testo integrale
  • Wahlberg, N., Leneveu, J., Kodandaramaiah, U., Peña, C., Nylin, S., Freitas, A.V.L. & Brower, A.V.Z. (2009) - Nymphalid butterflies diversify following near demise at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. Proceedings of the Royal Society Biological Sciences, 276, 4295–4302 - Testo integrale
  • Wahlberg, N., Snäll, N., Viidalepp, J., Ruohomäki, K. & Tammaru, T. (2010) - The evolution of female flightlessness among Ennominae of the Holarctic forest zone (Lepidoptera, Geometridae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 55, 929–938 - Abstract
  • Walker (1858) - List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum 9: 1-252 (1856), 10: 253-492 ([1857]), 11: 493-764 (1857), 12: 765-982 ([1858]), 13: 983-1236 ([1858]), 14: 1237-1520 (1858), 15: 1521-1888 (1858)
  • Weller, S.J., Pashley, D.P., Martin, J.A. & Constable, J.L. (1994) - Phylogeny of noctuoid moths and the utility of combining independent nuclear and mitochondrial genes. Systematic Biology, 43, 194–211.
  • (EN) Wiegmann, B. M., Mitter, C., Regier, J. C., Friedlander, T. P., Wagner, D. M. & Nielsen, E. S., Nuclear genes resolve Mesozoic-aged divergences in the insect order Lepidoptera (abstract), in Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, vol. 15, n. 2, Orlando, Fla, Academic Press, maggio 2000, pp. 242-259, DOI:10.1006/mpev.1999.0746, ISSN 1095-9513, PMID 10837154, OCLC 36950039.
  • Wiltshire (1961) - Ergebnisse der Deutschen Afghanistanexpedition 1956 der Landessammlungen fur Naturkunde Karlsruhe. Beitr. naturk. Forsch. SW-Deutschl. 19 (3): 337-371
  • Wnukowsky (1929) - Einige Nomeklatur-Notizen über die paläarktischen Lepidopteren. Zool. Anz. 83 (9/10): 221-224

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Erebidae: Brief Summary ( Italia )

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Gli Erebidi (Erebidae Leach, [1815]) rappresentano la più numerosa famiglia di lepidotteri, con 24.569 specie diffuse in tutto il mondo (dato aggiornato al 23 dicembre 2011).

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Erebidae ( Latina )

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Erebidae sunt familia papilionum superfamiliae Noctuoideorum, inter maximas papilionum familias per numerum specierum, cui sunt varii macropapilionum greges notabiles, inter quos Catocala, Herminiinae, Arctiinae, Lymantriinae (insigniter Gynaephora groenlandica[1]), Calpinae, Micronoctuini, Hypeninae, et Zale.

Adulti variant a maximis macrolepidopteris (plus quam 17 cm in Ascalapha odorata) ad minima microlepidoptera (0.25 unciae in nonnullis Micronoctuinis). Colores adultorum a cinereo, obscuro, et dissimulato (e.g., Zale lunifera et Herminiinae) ad vividum et polychromaticum (e.g., Aganainae et Arctiinae). Hi papiliones in omnibus continentibus praeter Antarcticam inveniuntur.

Subfamiliae

Notae

Nexus externi

Commons-logo.svg Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Erebidas spectant.
Wikispecies-logo.svg Vide "Erebidas" apud Vicispecies.
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Erebidae: Brief Summary ( Latina )

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Erebidae sunt familia papilionum superfamiliae Noctuoideorum, inter maximas papilionum familias per numerum specierum, cui sunt varii macropapilionum greges notabiles, inter quos Catocala, Herminiinae, Arctiinae, Lymantriinae (insigniter Gynaephora groenlandica), Calpinae, Micronoctuini, Hypeninae, et Zale.

Adulti variant a maximis macrolepidopteris (plus quam 17 cm in Ascalapha odorata) ad minima microlepidoptera (0.25 unciae in nonnullis Micronoctuinis). Colores adultorum a cinereo, obscuro, et dissimulato (e.g., Zale lunifera et Herminiinae) ad vividum et polychromaticum (e.g., Aganainae et Arctiinae). Hi papiliones in omnibus continentibus praeter Antarcticam inveniuntur.

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Spinneruilen ( flaami )

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Insecten

De spinneruilen (Erebidae) zijn een familie van vlinders in de superfamilie Noctuoidea.[1] Het typegeslacht van de familie is Erebus.

De groep heeft de status van familie gekregen dankzij een discussie die is aangezwengeld door Lafontaine en Fibiger in 2005 en 2006.[2][3] Deze auteurs deden kort na elkaar twee voorstellen, omdat geconstateerd werd dat de familie van de uilen (Noctuidae) in de toenmalige indeling niet monofyletisch was. Bij het voorstel van 2005 kregen de Erebidae (weer) de status van familie binnen de Noctuoidea, en werden daarbij verenigd met de beervlinders en de donsvlinders. Bij het voorstel in 2006 kozen de auteurs ervoor de familie uilen (Noctuidae) flink uit te breiden en in dat voorstel waren de spinneruilen een onderfamilie. Aanvankelijk kreeg de uitbreiding van de uilen veel steun, maar later keerde het tij nadat de keuze ondersteund werd door moleculair onderzoek.[4] Onder meer Fauna Europaea heeft de familie Erebidae overgenomen.[5] Veel bronnen houden nog de oude indeling aan.

De spinneruilen onderscheiden zich van de uilen door de andere adering van de achtervleugel.[6] Wereldwijd komen zo'n 24.600 soorten voor.

Onderfamilies


Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
Referenties
  1. Nieukerken, Erik J. van et al. (2011). Order Lepidoptera Linnaeus, 1758. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness Zootaxa, 3148: 212-221
  2. Fibiger, M. & Lafontaine, J.D. 2005: A review of the higher classification of the Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera) with special reference to the Holarctic fauna. Esperiana 11: 7-92.
  3. Lafontaine, J.D. & Fibiger, M. 2006: Revised higher classification of the Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera). Canadian entomologist 138: 610-635.[dode link]
  4. Zahiri, R., Kitching, I.J., Lafontaine, J.D., Mutanen, M., Kaila, L., Holloway, J.D. & Wahlberg, N. (2010) A new molecular phylogeny offers hope for a stable family level classification of the Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera). Zoologica scripta DOI:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2010.00459.x
  5. Taxonomische informatie over Erebidae bij Fauna Europaea.
  6. Reza Zahiri website
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Spinneruilen: Brief Summary ( flaami )

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De spinneruilen (Erebidae) zijn een familie van vlinders in de superfamilie Noctuoidea. Het typegeslacht van de familie is Erebus.

De groep heeft de status van familie gekregen dankzij een discussie die is aangezwengeld door Lafontaine en Fibiger in 2005 en 2006. Deze auteurs deden kort na elkaar twee voorstellen, omdat geconstateerd werd dat de familie van de uilen (Noctuidae) in de toenmalige indeling niet monofyletisch was. Bij het voorstel van 2005 kregen de Erebidae (weer) de status van familie binnen de Noctuoidea, en werden daarbij verenigd met de beervlinders en de donsvlinders. Bij het voorstel in 2006 kozen de auteurs ervoor de familie uilen (Noctuidae) flink uit te breiden en in dat voorstel waren de spinneruilen een onderfamilie. Aanvankelijk kreeg de uitbreiding van de uilen veel steun, maar later keerde het tij nadat de keuze ondersteund werd door moleculair onderzoek. Onder meer Fauna Europaea heeft de familie Erebidae overgenomen. Veel bronnen houden nog de oude indeling aan.

De spinneruilen onderscheiden zich van de uilen door de andere adering van de achtervleugel. Wereldwijd komen zo'n 24.600 soorten voor.

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Praktfly ( norja )

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Praktfly (Erebidae) er en nylig definert familie av sommerfugler som inntil nylig ble ansett som del av den store familien nattfly (Noctuidae). Andre store delgrupper er bjørne- og børstespinnerne, som nå også plasseres i denne gruppen.

Utseende

Denne gruppen er svært mangfoldig i utseende og omfatter både ganske små og svært store arter. En av artene, Thysania agrippina, har det største vingespennet av alle sommerfugler, i alle fall opp til 28 centimeter. De er gjennomgående forholdsvis slankbygde til Noctuoidea å være, ofte med brede, trekantede forvinger. En god del arter, særlig i gruppene bjørnespinnere og Erebinae, er ganske fargerike. Larvene kan være nakne eller med lange hår.

Levevis

De fleste av artene er natt-aktive som voksne, og kommer gjerne til lys, men det finnes også en del dag-aktive arter. Larvene lever vanligvis på levende planter, men undergruppen lavspinnere i underfamilien bjørnespinnere har larver som lever av lav. Larvene lever oftest enkeltvis.

Systematisk inndeling (2012)

Referanser


Litteratur

Eksterne lenker

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Praktfly: Brief Summary ( norja )

tarjonnut wikipedia NO

Praktfly (Erebidae) er en nylig definert familie av sommerfugler som inntil nylig ble ansett som del av den store familien nattfly (Noctuidae). Andre store delgrupper er bjørne- og børstespinnerne, som nå også plasseres i denne gruppen.

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Mrocznicowate ( puola )

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Mrocznicowate[1] (Erebidae) – rodzina motyli z podrzędu Glossata i nadrodziny Noctuoidea.

Motyle zróżnicowane morfologicznie. Przedstawicieli rodziny można rozróżnić po charakterystyce skrzydeł dorosłych osobników. Żyłka łokciowa skrzydła przedniego rozgałęzia się na dwie, trzy lub cztery żyłki (przeważnie)[2]. Osiągają od 8 do 300 mm (u Thysania agrippina) rozpiętości skrzydeł. Mają głowę o czułkach od szczeciniastych, przez piłkowane i grzebykowate po pierzaste, czasem o zredukowanej ssawce, a tułów i odwłok o dość tęgiej budowie, zwykle owłosione[1]. Wśród imagines znaleźć można gatunki żywiące się sokami wysysanymi z owoców czy łzami (lachyrofagia). Dorosłe z rodzaju Calyptra potrafią nacinać skórę i ssać krew (hematofagia)[3].

Takson kosmopolityczny. W Polsce reprezentowany przez 111 gatunków[1].

Taksonomia

Rodzina różnie definiowana w przeszłości. Szereg molekularnych analiz filogenetycznych dotyczących Noctuoidea pozwolił rozpoznać w mrocznicowatych grupę siostrzaną Nolidae i zaliczyć doń liczne taksony klasyfikowane wcześniej jako osobne rodziny (brudnicowate, niedźwiedziówkowate[1]) lub podrodziny sówek (np. wstęgówki czy Rivulinae[4])[3]. Według współczesnej definicji należy tu około 25 tysięcy opisanych gatunków[1]. Reza Zahiri wyróżnia na podstawie wspomnianych analiz 18 podrodzin mrocznicowatych o silnie do umiarkowanie wspartym monofiletyzmie[3]:

Podrodzina wstęgówek (Catocalinae) okazała się polifiletyczna. Trzon tej grupy zaklasyfikowany został do podrodziny Erebinae[3].

Przypisy

  1. a b c d e Zoologia t. 2 Stawonogi cz. 2 Tchawkodyszne. Czesław Błaszak (red.). PWN, 2012, s. 372, 367.
  2. R.R. Zahiri R.R. i inni, Molecular phylogenetics of Erebidae (Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea), „Systematic entomology”, 37, 2012 .
  3. a b c d Reza Zahiri. Molecular Systematics of Noctuoidea (Insecta, Lepidoptera). „Sarja – Ser. AII”. 268, 2012.
  4. Klucze do oznaczania owadów Polski, cz. XXVII, zeszyt 53e. Sówki – Noctuidae. Podrodziny: Acontiinae, Sarrothripinae, Euteliinae, Plusiinae, Catocalinae, Rivulinae, Hypeninae i Herminiinae. J. Buszko. Warszawa, Wrocław: 1983.
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Mrocznicowate: Brief Summary ( puola )

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Mrocznicowate (Erebidae) – rodzina motyli z podrzędu Glossata i nadrodziny Noctuoidea.

Motyle zróżnicowane morfologicznie. Przedstawicieli rodziny można rozróżnić po charakterystyce skrzydeł dorosłych osobników. Żyłka łokciowa skrzydła przedniego rozgałęzia się na dwie, trzy lub cztery żyłki (przeważnie). Osiągają od 8 do 300 mm (u Thysania agrippina) rozpiętości skrzydeł. Mają głowę o czułkach od szczeciniastych, przez piłkowane i grzebykowate po pierzaste, czasem o zredukowanej ssawce, a tułów i odwłok o dość tęgiej budowie, zwykle owłosione. Wśród imagines znaleźć można gatunki żywiące się sokami wysysanymi z owoców czy łzami (lachyrofagia). Dorosłe z rodzaju Calyptra potrafią nacinać skórę i ssać krew (hematofagia).

Takson kosmopolityczny. W Polsce reprezentowany przez 111 gatunków.

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Erebidae ( portugali )

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Erebidae é uma família de insectos lepidópteros, nomeadamente de traças, pertencente à superfamília Noctuoidea.

De acordo com uma análise de filogenética molecular, a família está subdividida nas seguintes subfamílias:[1]

Referências

  1. Zahiri, R., Holloway, J.D., Kitching, I.J., Lafontaine, J.D., Mutanen, M. & Wahlberg, N. 2012. Molecular phylogenetics of Erebidae (Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea). Systematic Entomology 37: 102–124. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3113.2011.00607.x
 title=
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Erebidae: Brief Summary ( portugali )

tarjonnut wikipedia PT

Erebidae é uma família de insectos lepidópteros, nomeadamente de traças, pertencente à superfamília Noctuoidea.

De acordo com uma análise de filogenética molecular, a família está subdividida nas seguintes subfamílias:

Scoliopteryginae Rivulinae Anobinae Hypeninae Lymantriinae Pangraptinae Herminiinae Aganainae Arctiinae Calpinae Hypocalinae Eulepidotinae Toxocampinae Tinoliinae Scolecocampinae Hypenodinae Boletobiinae Erebinae
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Neprave sovke ( kastilia )

tarjonnut wikipedia SL

Micronoctuidae Fibiger, 2005

Neprave sovke (znanstveno ime Erebidae) so družina nočnih metuljev iz naddružine sovk, v katero uvrščamo približno 24.500 danes znanih vrst. S tem je ena največjih družin metuljev sploh. Predstavniki so izjemno raznoliki po velikosti, obarvanosti in ekologiji; mednje med drugim spada orjaška sovka, ki ima največji znani razpon kril (do 280 mm) med vsemi nočnimi metulji, najmanjši predstavniki pa merijo prek kril komaj kaj več kot pol centimetra. Zaenkrat ni znan zanesljiv znak za razločevanje od drugih sorodnih družin sovk po telesni zgradbi ali drugih na zunaj opaznih značilnostih, se pa od sorodnikov jasno ločijo po molekularnih znakih, zato je bila družina definirana šele v 21. stoletju z uporabo tehnik sodobne molekularne filogenetike.[1]

 src=
Orjaška sovka

Tradicionalno velja taksonomija sovk za izjemno problematično, zaradi ogromnega števila vrst, ki jih je možno združevati v skupine le po drobnih morfoloških znakih, opaznejši znaki pa so zelo spremenljivi, saj so se v evolucijski zgodovini skupin prilagajali okoljskim zahtevam. V preteklosti so zato mnogi avtorji postavljali različne teorije glede števila in sorodstvenih razmerij rodov, poddružin in družin sovk na podlagi ožiljenosti kril, oblike timpanalnega organa in genitalij ter drugih znakov.[1] Ime Erebidae je prvič uporabil ameriški entomolog William Elford Leach za družino, enakovredno družinama medvedkov (Arctiidae) in Herminiidae, zato velja za avtorja po pravilih zooološke taksonomije. Obseg te družine pa je nedavna filogenetska analiza bistveno spremenila, med drugim zdaj vanjo uvrščamo medvedke in druge znane družine, ki so po novem dobile status poddružin.[2] Tej klasifikaciji zdaj sledijo različna pregledna taksonomska dela in podatkovne zbirke.[3][4][5]

Neprave sovke so zanesljivo monofiletska in s tem po sodobnih standardih veljavna družina sovk, nerazrešena pa ostaja klasifikacija na ravni poddružin in nižjih skupin. Težava je predvsem majhen vzorec, saj številka 24.500 verjetno predstavlja le manjši del vseh vrst, ki so predvsem v tropih slabo raziskane, to pa otežuje interpretacijo molekularnih podatkov.[1]

Sklici

  1. 1,0 1,1 1,2 Zahiri, Reza; Holloway, Jeremy D.; Kitching, Ian J.; Lafontaine, J. Donald; Mutanen, Marko; Wahlberg, Niklas (2012). "Molecular phylogenetics of Erebidae (Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea)". Systematic Entomology 37 (1): 102–124. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2011.00607.x.
  2. Zahiri, Reza; Kitching, Ian J.; Lafontaine, J. Donald; Mutanen, Marko; Kaila, Lauri; Holloway, Jeremy D.; Wahlberg, Niklas (2010). "A new molecular phylogeny offers hope for a stable family level classification of the Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera)". Zoologica Scripta 40 (2): 158–173. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2010.00459.x.
  3. van Nieukerken, Erik J. s sod. (2011). "Order Lepidoptera Linnaeus, 1758." (PDF). V Zhang, Z.-Q. Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa 3148. str. 212–221.
  4. "Erebidae". Fauna Europaea. Pridobljeno dne 2019-12-21.
  5. "Erebidae". Integrirani taksonomski informacijski sistem. Pridobljeno dne 2019-12-21.

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Neprave sovke: Brief Summary ( kastilia )

tarjonnut wikipedia SL

Neprave sovke (znanstveno ime Erebidae) so družina nočnih metuljev iz naddružine sovk, v katero uvrščamo približno 24.500 danes znanih vrst. S tem je ena največjih družin metuljev sploh. Predstavniki so izjemno raznoliki po velikosti, obarvanosti in ekologiji; mednje med drugim spada orjaška sovka, ki ima največji znani razpon kril (do 280 mm) med vsemi nočnimi metulji, najmanjši predstavniki pa merijo prek kril komaj kaj več kot pol centimetra. Zaenkrat ni znan zanesljiv znak za razločevanje od drugih sorodnih družin sovk po telesni zgradbi ali drugih na zunaj opaznih značilnostih, se pa od sorodnikov jasno ločijo po molekularnih znakih, zato je bila družina definirana šele v 21. stoletju z uporabo tehnik sodobne molekularne filogenetike.

 src= Orjaška sovka

Tradicionalno velja taksonomija sovk za izjemno problematično, zaradi ogromnega števila vrst, ki jih je možno združevati v skupine le po drobnih morfoloških znakih, opaznejši znaki pa so zelo spremenljivi, saj so se v evolucijski zgodovini skupin prilagajali okoljskim zahtevam. V preteklosti so zato mnogi avtorji postavljali različne teorije glede števila in sorodstvenih razmerij rodov, poddružin in družin sovk na podlagi ožiljenosti kril, oblike timpanalnega organa in genitalij ter drugih znakov. Ime Erebidae je prvič uporabil ameriški entomolog William Elford Leach za družino, enakovredno družinama medvedkov (Arctiidae) in Herminiidae, zato velja za avtorja po pravilih zooološke taksonomije. Obseg te družine pa je nedavna filogenetska analiza bistveno spremenila, med drugim zdaj vanjo uvrščamo medvedke in druge znane družine, ki so po novem dobile status poddružin. Tej klasifikaciji zdaj sledijo različna pregledna taksonomska dela in podatkovne zbirke.

Neprave sovke so zanesljivo monofiletska in s tem po sodobnih standardih veljavna družina sovk, nerazrešena pa ostaja klasifikacija na ravni poddružin in nižjih skupin. Težava je predvsem majhen vzorec, saj številka 24.500 verjetno predstavlja le manjši del vseh vrst, ki so predvsem v tropih slabo raziskane, to pa otežuje interpretacijo molekularnih podatkov.

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Erebidae ( ukraina )

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  1. Lafontaine, J. D. & Fibiger, M. 2006 Revised higher classification of the Noctuidae (Lepidoptera). Can. Entomol. 138, 610–635. DOI:10.4039/N06-012


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Erebidae: Brief Summary ( ukraina )

tarjonnut wikipedia UK
Lafontaine, J. D. & Fibiger, M. 2006 Revised higher classification of the Noctuidae (Lepidoptera). Can. Entomol. 138, 610–635. DOI:10.4039/N06-012


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Erebidae ( vietnam )

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Erebidae là một họ bướm trong liên họ Noctuoidea. Đây là một trong những họ bướm lớn nhất từng được ghi nhận. Nhiều nhánh trong họ này trước đây được phân loại thuộc họ Erebidae.

Các phân họ

Chú thích

Tham khảo


Bài viết liên quan đến họ bướm Erebidae này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.


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Erebidae: Brief Summary ( vietnam )

tarjonnut wikipedia VI

Erebidae là một họ bướm trong liên họ Noctuoidea. Đây là một trong những họ bướm lớn nhất từng được ghi nhận. Nhiều nhánh trong họ này trước đây được phân loại thuộc họ Erebidae.

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Эребиды ( venäjä )

tarjonnut wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Первичноротые
Без ранга: Линяющие
Без ранга: Panarthropoda
Надкласс: Шестиногие
Класс: Насекомые
Надотряд: Amphiesmenoptera
Подотряд: Хоботковые
Клада: Двупорые
Клада: Obtectomera
Надсемейство: Совкообразные
Семейство: Эребиды
Международное научное название

Erebidae Leach, 1815

Подсемейства
Wikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
на Викивидах
Commons-logo.svg
Изображения
на Викискладе
ITIS 936921NCBI 695564EOL 4127950FW 245053

Эребиды[1] (лат. Erebidae) — крупнейшее семейство совкообразных бабочек, которое включает виды из ранее рассматривавшегося в ранге подсемейства Erebinae в составе семействе совок (Noctuidae), а также представителей бывших семейств медведиц (Arctiidae) и волнянок (Lymantriidae)[2][3][4][5][6]. Включает свыше 24 тыс. видов[7].

Ареал

Представители семейства распространены почти всесветно, населяют практически все ландшафтные зоны — от арктических тундр до степей и полупустынь, но особенно многочисленных во влажных тропических и субтропических лесах Африки и Юго-Восточной Азии.

Описание

К семейству относится обитающий в Южной Америке наиболее крупный представитель не только данного семейства, но и всего отряда чешуекрылых[8][9]тизания агриппины (Thysania agrippina) с размахом крыльев до 28 см[10].

Для имаго некоторых тропических видов Calyptra, как исключение для отряда чешуекрылых, известно питание кровью и слёзной жидкостью млекопитающих. Например, Calyptra eustrigata, обитающая на территории от Индии до Малайзии; и Calyptra thalictri, Calyptra lata, встречающиеся в том числе и на территории России. Самцы питаются слёзной жидкостью и кровью крупных животных, прокалывая их покровы острым хоботком. Самки же питаются соком плодов и растений[11]. У этих видов кончик хоботка сильно склеротизован и модифицирован для прокалывания кожи млекопитающих и питания кровью[12].

Систематика

Крупнейшее семейство бабочек, включает 1760 родов и 24569 видов. До 2005 года входило в состава семейства совок, понимаемого в широком таксономическом объёме[1].

Ранее, на основании морфологических исследований, существовала классификация, согласно которой монофилетические Arctiinae, Lymantriinae и Micronoctuini принимались и рассматривались как полноценные семейства, а другие группы внутри нынешнего семейства Erebidae были в основном сгруппированы внутри семейства Noctuidae. На основании молекулярно-генетических и филогенетических исследований были выяснены родственные отношения между структурно разнообразными группами внутри надсемейства Noctuoidea. Согласно им, группы, рассматриваемые в бывшем объеме Noctuidae являются парафилетическими, и некоторые из групп являются более тесно связанными с Arctiinae, Lymantriinae и Micronoctuini, чем с другими группами внутри Noctuidae. Определение данных филогенетических отношений привело к созданию классификации, в которой несколько клад были перегруппированы, но сохранялись в основном нетронутыми, а другие были разделены. Erebidae — одно монофилетическое семейство (наряду с другими пятью) в составе Noctuoidea. Более строго определенное семейство Noctuidae также является монофилетическим. Некоторые подсемейства Noctuidae, такие как Herminiinae, также были перемещены в состав Erebidae. Другие подсемейства, включая Acontiinae и Calpinae, были разделены. Медведицам был понижен ранг таксона до подсемейства Arctiinae, наряду с близкородственным Herminiinae. Волнянкам также был понижен ранг до подсемейства Lymantriinae. В 2006 году бывшие семейства Arctiidae и Lymantriidae вошли в состав Erebidae. Ранг Micronoctuini был изменен от семейства к трибе, чтобы включить их кладу в качестве группы в Hypenodinae. Бывшие подсемейства Araeopteroninae, Aventiinae, Boletobiinae, Eublemminae и Phytometrinae образуют единую кладу под названием Boletobiinae. Семейство Erebidae в настоящее время разделено на 18 подсемейств, статус некоторых из них хорошо подтверждается данными филогенетического анализа и может сохраняться в ходе дальнейшего изучения, в то время как другие плохо подтверждаются и могут быть снова переопределены в ходе дальнейших исследований. Подсемейство ленточницы (Catocalinae Boisduval, 1828) расформировано, а его трибы включены в Erebinae. В 2011 году было обнаружено, что ранее не включённая в исследование монотипическая группа Cocytiinae Rothschild, 1915 из Новой Гвинеи также должна быть отнесена к Erebidae (Erebinae)[2][3][4][5].

Проведённое в 2016 году независимое молекулярно-генетическое исследование в основном подтвердило указанный выше состав Erebidae и Noctuidae[6].

Филогения

Взаимосвязи с близкими семействами совкообразных бабочек демонстрирует кладограмма по данным Zahiri et al. (2012)[4]. В скобках приводится число родов и видов по состоянию на 2011 год[7].

Noctuoidea

Oenosandridae (4 рода, 8 видов)




Notodontidae (704, 3800)




Nolidae (186, 1738)





Euteliidae (29, 520)



Noctuidae (1089, 11 772)




Erebidae (1760, 24 569)






Взаимоотношения подсемейств и триб показаны на кладограмме семейства по данным Zahiri et al. (2012)[4].

Erebidae Scoliopteryginae

Scoliopterygini (Ossonoba, Scoliopteryx)



Anomini (Anomis, Gonitis, Rusicada)






Nychioptera, Rhesala




Rivulinae (Alesua, Bocula, Oglasa, Oxycilla, Rivula)



Anobinae (Anoba, Baniana, Crithote, Deinopa, Marcipa, Plecoptera, Rema)







Colobochyla, Cultripalpa



Hypeninae (Hypena)





Lymantriinae

Arctornithini (Arctornis)





Nygmiini (Nygmia)



Orgyini (Orgyia)





Lymantriini (Lymantria)



Leucomini (Leucoma)







Pangraptinae (Chrysograpta, Episparis, Gracilodes, Hyposemansis, Masca, Pangrapta)





Schistorhynx




Herminiinae (Herminia, Idia, Lysimelia, Nodaria, Paracolax, Polypogon, Simplicia)


Aganainae

Mecodina, Psimada



Aganaini (Asota, Euplocia, Neochera, Peridrome, Psephea)





Arctiinae

Lithosiini (Barsine, Brunia, Cyana, Eugoa, Garudinia)




Amerilini (Amerila)




Syntomini (Apisa, Dysauxes, Syntomis)


Arctiini

Ctenuchina (Antichloris, Ctenucha)




Pericopina (Coscinia, Dysschema, Pericopis, Pseudophaloe)




Callimorphina (Callimorpha, Nyctemera)



Arctiina (Arctia, Creatonotos)














Epitausa



Calpinae

Phyllodini (Miniodes, Phyllodes)




Ophiderini (Eudocima, Hemiceratoides)



Calpini (Calyptra, Gonodonta, Oraesia, Plusiodonta)






Hypocalinae (Hypocala, Hypsoropha)


Eulepidotinae

Eulepidotini (Antiblemma, Eulepidotis, Panopoda, Sanys, Tautobriga)



Anticarsia, Azeta, Hemeroplanis, Oxidercia









Toxocampinae (Autophila, Lygephila)




Tinoliinae (Poeta, Tamsia, Tinolius)




Platyjionia





Scolecocampinae (Gabara, Scolecocampa)


Hypenodinae

Hypenodini (Hypenodes)




Anachrostis, Luceria, Schrankia



Micronoctuini (Biuncus, Micronoctua)





Boletobiinae

Saroba




Condate





Corgatha



Phytometrini (Phytometra)






Aventiini (Laspeyria, Zurobata)



Enispodes, Homodes, Parolulis, Tamba






Araeopteronini (Araeopteron)



Eublemmini (Eublemma)





Boletobiini (Metalectra, Parascotia)




Trisatelini (Trisateles)



Hypenagonia, Metaemene, Mataeomera, Prolophota













Erebinae

Acantholipini (Acantholipes, Euaontia, Hypospila, Ugia, Ugiodes)




Sypnini (Daddala, Sypna, Sypnoides)






Catephiini (Catephia)



Heteranassa






Omopterini (Zale)



Thermesiini (Thysania)




Pseudbarydia, Toxonprucha







Pandesmini (Pandesma)




Heteropalpia




Sphingomorpha



Pericymini (Pericyma)








Sympis




Erebini (Erebus, Erygia)



Melipotini (Bulia, Forsebia, Melipotis, Phoberia)







Audeini (Audea)



Catocalini (Catocala, Hypotacha, Ulotrichopus)






Hypopyrini (Hypopyra, Spirama)




Ommatophorini (Calyptis, Ommatophora)



Euclidiini (Callistege, Doryodes, Euclidia, Mocis, Pantydia)







Ischyja




Praxis




Anisoneura




Platyja




Ercheiini (Ercheia)



Hulodini (Ericeia, Hulodes)









Oxyodes (Ophiusini?)




Cocytiini (Avatha, Cocytia, Serrodes)




Poaphilini (Achaea, Allotria, Bastilla, Chalciope, Poaphila)



Ophiusini (Artena, Clytie, Ophiusa, Thyas)



















Представители триб и подсемейств

См. также

Примечания

  1. 1 2 Кононенко В. С. Сем. Erebidae – Эребиды // Аннотированный каталог насекомых Дальнего Востока России. Том II. Чешуекрылые. / Лелей А. С. (гл. ред.) и др. — Владивосток: Дальнаука, 2016. — С. 340—399. — 812 с. — 300 экз. — ISBN 978–5–8044–1576–2.
  2. 1 2 Lafontaine J. D., Fibiger M. Revised higher classification of the Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera) (англ.) // The Canadian Entomologist : Журнал. — Cambridge University Press, 2006. — Vol. 138. — P. 610—635. — ISSN 1918-3240. — DOI:10.4039/n06-012.
  3. 1 2 Zahiri R., Kitching I. J., Lafontaine J. D., Mutanen M., Kaila L., Holloway J.D., Wahlberg N. A new molecular phylogeny offers hope for a stable family-level classification of the Noctuoidea (Insecta: Lepidoptera) (англ.) // Zoologica Scripta : Журнал. — 2011. — Vol. 40. — P. 158—173.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Zahiri R., Holloway J. D., Kitching I. J., Lafontaine J.D., Mutanen M., Wahlberg N. Molecular phylogenetics of Erebidae (Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea) (англ.) // Systematic Entomology : Журнал. — London: The Royal Entomological Society, 2012. — Vol. 37. — P. 102—124. — ISSN 1365-3113. — DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2011.00607.x.
  5. 1 2 Lafontaine Donald J. , B. Christian Schmidt. Comments on differences in classification of the superfamily Noctuoidea (Insecta, Lepidoptera) between Eurasia and North America (англ.) // ZooKeys : Журнал. — 2013. — Vol. 264. — P. 209—217. — DOI:10.3897/zookeys.264.4441.
  6. 1 2 Regier Jerome C., Mitter Charles, Mitter Kim, Cummings Michael P., Bazinet Adam L., Hallwachs Winifred, Janzen Daniel H., Zwick Andreas. Further progress on the phylogeny of Noctuoidea (Insecta: Lepidoptera) using an expanded gene sample (англ.) // Systematic Entomology : Журнал. — London: The Royal Entomological Society, 2016. — Vol. 42, no. 1. — P. 82—93. — ISSN 1365-3113. — DOI:10.1111/syen.12199.
  7. 1 2 Van Nieukerken, Erik J., Lauri Kaila, Ian J. Kitching, Niels P. Kristensen, David C. Lees, Joël Minet, Charles Mitter, Marko Mutanen, Jerome C. Regier, Thomas J. Simonsen, Niklas Wahlberg, Shen-horn Yen, Reza Zahiri, David Adamski, Joaquin Baixeras, Daniel Bartsch, Bengt Å. Bengtsson, John W. Brown, Sibyl Rae Bucheli, Donald R. Davis, Jurate De Prins, Willy De Prins, Marc E. Epstein, Patricia Gentili-Poole, Cees Gielis, Peter Hättenschwiler, Axel Hausmann, Jeremy D. Holloway, Axel Kallies, Ole Karsholt, Akito Y. Kawahara, Sjaak (J.C.) Koster, Mikhail V. Kozlov, J. Donald Lafontaine, Gerardo Lamas, Jean-François Landry, Sangmi Lee, Matthias Nuss, Kyu-Tek Park, Carla Penz, Jadranka Rota, Alexander Schintlmeister, B. Christian Schmidt, Jae-Cheon Sohn, M. Alma Solis, Gerhard M. Tarmann, Andrew D. Warren, Susan Weller, Roman V. Yakovlev, Vadim V. Zolotuhin, Andreas Zwick. Order Lepidoptera Linnaeus, 1758. (англ.) // In: Zhang Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. — Zootaxa. — Magnolia Press, 2011. — Vol. 3148. — P. 212—221. — ISSN 1175-5326.
  8. Каабак Л. В., Сочивко А. В. Бабочки мира. — М.: Аванта+, 2003. ISBN 5-94623-008-5.
  9. Станек В. Я. Иллюстрированная энциклопедия насекомых. — Прага: Артия, 1977. — 560 с.
  10. The University of Florida Book of Insect Records - Hugo Kons, Jr. - Largest Lepidopteran Wing Span Архивировано 18 августа 2011 года.
  11. Paul Smart. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Butterfly World. — Transworld Publishers Limited, 1981. — 274 p. — ISBN 0552982067.
  12. Лер П. А. — Определитель насекомых Дальнего Востока России. Т.5. Ручейники и чешуекрылые. Ч.4
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Эребиды: Brief Summary ( venäjä )

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Эребиды (лат. Erebidae) — крупнейшее семейство совкообразных бабочек, которое включает виды из ранее рассматривавшегося в ранге подсемейства Erebinae в составе семействе совок (Noctuidae), а также представителей бывших семейств медведиц (Arctiidae) и волнянок (Lymantriidae). Включает свыше 24 тыс. видов.

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태극나방과 ( Korea )

tarjonnut wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

태극나방과(Erebidae)[1][2]나비목 밤나방상과나방 과의 하나로, 가장 많은 종을 포함하고 있다. 이전의 밤나방과의 일부, 불나방과, 독나방과, 미크로녹투아과 등도 태극나방과에 속한다.

하위 아과

  • Aganainae
  • Anobinae
  • 불나방아과 (Arctiinae)
  • Boletobiinae
  • Calpinae
  • 태극나방아과 (Erebinae)
  • Eulepidotinae
  • Herminiinae
  • Hypeninae
  • Hypenodinae - 미크로녹투아(micronoctuoids) 포함
  • Hypocalinae
  • 독나방아과 (Lymantriinae)
  • Pangraptinae
  • Rivulinae
  • Scolecocampinae
  • Scoliopteryginae
  • Tinoliinae
  • Toxocampinae
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