dcsimg

Nimetön ( englanti )

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A lot of research has been done regarding S. beldingi, much of which focuses on the nepotistic and altruistic behavior involved in relation to predation. Emitting a warning call is altruistic because it puts the individual in danger in order to protect others. However, it has been observed that these warning calls are usually nepotistic, involving closely related individuals. Most squirrels do not give a warning cry for unrelated or distantly related individuals. It has also been found that S. beldingi has different calls for different situations. Calls are multiple-note trills when warning of terrestrial predators and single-note chirps when aerial predators are near. Males may even call after copulation, possibly to advertise their dominant status. (Leger et al 1984, Robinson 1984, Sherman 1981)

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Behavior ( englanti )

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Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical

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Conservation Status ( englanti )

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Spermophilus beldingi is not endangered but is in fact the focus of many population control measures. In many areas, poisonous baits are used in order to keep population numbers of S. beldingi down. Some natural predators of S. beldingi are coyotes, badgers, long-tailed weasels, raptors and snakes (Jenkins and Eshelman 1984).

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Benefits ( englanti )

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Spermophilus beldingi can be an agricultural nuisance, feeding on crops and other vegetation. (Jenkins and Eshelman 1984)

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Trophic Strategy ( englanti )

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Spermophilus beldingi is primarily herbivorous but also eats insects, small invertebrates, birds' eggs, and some carrion. Its primary food sources are seeds, flowerheads, nuts, grains, roots, bulbs, mushrooms, and green vegetation. Seeds are the appropriately preferred food of Spermophilus (which means "seed loving") beldingi (Macdonald 1985). (Jenkins and Eshelman 1984, Nowak 1991)

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Distribution ( englanti )

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Spermophilus beldingi is found in the mountainous regions of the western United States. Its range extends from eastern Oregon to southeastern Idaho, northeastern California, northern Nevada, and northwestern Utah (Nowak 1991). (Jenkins and Eshelman 1984)

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )

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Habitat ( englanti )

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Spermophilus beldingi is a meadow-dweller. It is found in alpine and subalpine meadows and pastures. The habitats of S. beldingi seem to be limited to open areas as opposed to forests or rocky slopes. (Jenkins and Eshelman 1984, Nowak 1991)

Terrestrial Biomes: mountains

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Morphology ( englanti )

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Spermophilus beldingi is a relatively small ground squirrel with a head to tail length of 230-300mm. Its tail is 44-76mm long and is bushy yet flattened, with reddish coloring on the ventral side. The pelage of the rest of the body is gray with touches of cinnamon on the undersides, and reddish-brown on the back. The tail may also contain red, black and white bands of colors on the distal hairs. Spermophilus beldingi has short limbs and small ears. The skull of S. beldingi has a short rostrum and convex dorsal profile. Auditory bullae are small and postorbital processes are conspicuous. The dental formula is 1/1, 0/0, 2/1, 3/3=22. Molars are hypsodont and there is a continuous metaloph on the fourth premolar. (Jenkins and Eshelman 1984, Macdonald 1985, Nowak 1991)

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry

Average mass: 290 g.

Average basal metabolic rate: 0.796 W.

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Reproduction ( englanti )

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Spermophilus beldingi reaches sexual maturity at approximately 2 years. Mating occurs shortly after emergence from hibernation in May or June. Females are usually receptive to mating for only one day, and on that day may mate with numerous (between 3 and 5) different males. Some males may however, never mate. Mating occurs above ground but females create "nests" in their burrows for their litter. Gestation lasts approximately 23-28 days. Females have only 1 litter per year, and most litters are multiply sired. Litter sizes range from 1-11 but typically average around 5. Females usually have 5 pairs of teats and lactation lasts 26-31 days. Young are born at 5.4-8 g and are very altricial. Juveniles spend about 25-28 days below ground before emerging. Females of S. beldingi are the sole caregivers, with fathers spending no time helping to care for the young. Oftentimes the males never see the young because they are hibernating before the young emerge from their burrows. (Jenkins and Eshelman 1984, Macdonald 1985)

Key Reproductive Features: gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual

Average birth mass: 6.87 g.

Average gestation period: 26 days.

Average number of offspring: 5.7.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)
Sex: male:
547 days.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
Sex: female:
365 days.

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Belding-Ziesel ( saksa )

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Der Belding-Ziesel (Urocitellus beldingi[1], Syn.: Spermophilus beldingi) ist eine Art der Ziesel, die innerhalb der Ordnung der Nagetiere zur Familie der Hörnchen gehören. Er bewohnt die Gebirge im Westen der USA und ernährt sich hauptsächlich pflanzlich. Der Großteil der Erkenntnisse über Belding-Ziesel stützt sich auf über 20-jährige Beobachtungen einer Population am Tioga-Pass im Yosemite-Nationalpark.

Merkmale

Der Belding-Ziesel ist eine mittelgroße Zieselart. Die Tiere erreichen meist eine Gesamtlänge von 23 bis 30 Zentimetern, Männchen sind dabei etwas länger als die Weibchen, doch die Differenz bewegt sich im Zentimeterbereich. Belding-Ziesel wiegen im Durchschnitt etwa 360 Gramm (Männchen) bzw. 300 Gramm (Weibchen), Extremwerte für Männchen sind 300 bis 450 Gramm, für Weibchen 230 bis 400 Gramm. Das Fell ist grau bis zimtbraun. Auf der Rückenmitte befindet sich ein breites braunrotes Längsband, das bei der Unterart S. b. beldingi am deutlichsten und bei S. b. creber am schwächsten ausgeprägt ist. Die Kopfplatte ist ebenfalls braunrot. Der vergleichsweise kurze Schwanz ist 4,4 bis 7,6 Zentimeter lang, buschig und hat einen rötlichen Farbton. Kennzeichnend für die Art sind auch relativ kleine Ohren und Extremitäten.

Wie bei den nächstverwandten Arten (Untergattung Spermophilus) innerhalb der Ziesel sind auch beim Belding-Ziesel die Molaren besonders hochkronig (hypsodont). Die Zahnformel lautet I 1/1, C 0/0, P 2/1, M 3/3, sie haben insgesamt 22 Zähne.

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

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Lebensraum des Belding-Ziesels

Belding-Ziesel bewohnen die Gebirge im Westen der USA. Die Verbreitung erstreckt sich vom östlichen Oregon nach Süden bis in das nordöstliche Kalifornien und nach Osten bis in den Südosten Idahos und den Nordwesten Utahs. Sie besiedeln Gebiete ab 500 Meter über NN. Teils kommen sie in großen Höhen vor, so am Tioga-Pass im Yosemite-Nationalpark in der südlichen Sierra Nevada auf über 3000 Meter über NN.

Die Art lebt in montanen und submontanen Wiesen und Weiden. Dabei benötigt sie offenbar Zugang zu offenem Wasser oder zu sukkulenter Vegetation. Belding-Ziesel meiden Wälder und Felsgebiete. In Oregon, wo Belding-Ziesel sympatrisch mit Columbia-Zieseln (Spermophilus columbianus) vorkommen, scheinen erstere eher die etwas feuchteren Habitate zu bewohnen. Beide Arten stehen offenbar in direkter Konkurrenz zueinander, was daran ersichtlich ist, dass sie in Bereichen, in denen sie jeweils ohne die andere Art vorkommen, eine größere Bandbreite von Habitaten besiedeln. Zu anderen Ziesel-Arten wie etwa dem Kalifornischen Ziesel (Spermophilus beecheyi) und dem Goldmantel-Ziesel (Spermophilus lateralis) steht der Belding-Ziesel wahrscheinlich in minimaler Konkurrenz, da sich diese in ihrer Habitat- und Nahrungswahl deutlich unterscheiden.

Lebensweise

Ernährung

Belding-Ziesel leben, wie alle Ziesel, vorwiegend von pflanzlicher Nahrung. Sie fressen Blüten, Samen, Nüsse, Wurzeln, Pilze sowie Gräser, daneben aber auch Insekten und andere Wirbellose, Vogeleier und Aas. Selten werden junge Kleinsäuger aktiv erjagt, Männchen fressen oft die Jungtiere von Artgenossen.

Winterschlaf

Der Winterschlaf des Belding-Ziesels dauert von Oktober bis April/Mai etwa sieben bis acht Monate, in dieser Zeit verenden ein Drittel der adulten Tiere und zwei Drittel der juvenilen Tiere. Ursache sind meist erschöpfte Fettspeicher, der Tod tritt durch Erfrieren und Verhungern ein. Weiterhin werden einige Exemplare von Silberdachsen und Kojoten ausgegraben und getötet.

Sozialverhalten

Weibliche Belding-Ziesel leben in Gruppen in einem Gebiet (allerdings hat jedes Weibchen einen eigenen Bau), Männchen sind Einzelgänger.

Weibliche Belding-Ziesel zeigen das Phänomen des Nepotismus, der Bevorzugung verwandter Artgenossen (Weibchen bleiben mit Verwandten zusammen, da sie nach der Entwöhnung selten vom Gebiet der Geburt abwandern). So kommt es beim Nestbau selten zu Konflikten mit nahen Verwandten und Weibchen mit Verwandten haben es beim Errichten eines Nestes leichter als Weibchen ohne verwandte Tiere in der Nähe. Auch teilen sehr enge Verwandte das Wurfterritorium (Gebiet, in dem Jungtiere geboren werden) sowie Nahrungsquellen und Verstecke. Des Weiteren vertreiben eng verwandte Belding-Ziesel nichtverwandte Weibchen aus dem von ihnen bewohnten Areal und warnen sich gegenseitig vor Feinden. Sehr eng verwandte Weibchen helfen sich gegenseitig bei der Verteidigung ihrer Reviere.

Während Tragzeit und Laktation schließen sich jedoch oft auch verwandte Tiere aus ihrem Revier aus, da die Gefahr des Infantizids besteht. Selbst wenn ein Revier nur kurze Zeit unbewacht ist, dringen oft fremde Weibchen und junge Männchen in das Revier ein und töten die Jungtiere. Männchen haben als Motivation für die Tötung der Jungtiere meist die Nahrung, die ihnen die Jagd bietet: Sie fressen stets die getöteten Jungtiere auf. Weibchen verzehren nur selten die Opfer des Infantizids; meist töten sie die Jungtiere anderer Weibchen nach der Tötung des eigenen Wurfes, unabhängig davon, ob er von Artgenossen oder von Feinden getötet wurde. Bis jetzt ist die Motivation für den Infantizid bei Weibchen nicht klar. Nach der Tötung des eigenen Wurfes verlassen Weibchen meist den offenbar unsicheren Bau und suchen sich eine sichere Stelle; dort vorhandene Jungtiere werden nach Möglichkeit wiederum von den eindringenden Weibchen getötet. Die eng verwandten und eng beieinander lebenden Weibchen können derartige Belding-Ziesel schneller aufspüren und vertreiben. Wenn ein Weibchen mit Jungtieren auf Nahrungssuche ist, wird der Bau oft von einem verwandten Tier verteidigt. Bei den Belding-Zieseln ist der Nepotismus eine effiziente Strategie für bessere Überlebenschancen und höhere Fortpflanzungsraten.

Fortpflanzung und Entwicklung

 src=
Zwei junge Belding-Ziesel

Eine Woche nach dem Erwachen aus dem Winterschlaf tritt bei Weibchen die Paarungsbereitschaft ein. Trotz einer Empfängnisbereitschaft von nur einem Nachmittag verpaaren sie sich mit drei bis acht verschiedenen Männchen. Genanalysen zufolge stammen zwei Drittel aller Würfe von mehreren Männchen. Stets ist das Erbgut des Männchens, welches sich als erstes verpaarte, dominierend, doch in einem Wurf konnte schon das Erbgut von vier verschiedenen Männchen festgestellt werden.

Die Werbung der Männchen besteht hauptsächlich in der Verteidigung eines kleinen Territoriums. Bei der Anwesenheit empfängnisbereiter Weibchen kommt es oft zu heftigen Kämpfen zwischen den Männchen, die fast immer mit Verletzungen enden. Bei diesen Kämpfen sind meist Gewicht und Erfahrung entscheidend. Paarungswillige Weibchen halten sich meist in der Nähe der Männchen auf, welche die Kämpfe am häufigsten gewinnen. Erfolgreiche Männchen verpaaren sich in einer Saison mit bis zu 13 Weibchen, doch mehr als die Hälfte der Männchen kopuliert pro Saison nur einmal oder gar nicht.

Nach der Begattung wird vom Weibchen eine Wurfkammer gebaut. Die meisten Baue mit Wurfkammer sind (inklusive der Gänge) fünf bis acht Meter lang und liegen 30 bis 60 Zentimeter unter der Erdoberfläche. Meist hat der Nestbau mehrere Eingänge, um Fluchtmöglichkeiten beim Eindringen von Räubern, wie etwa Schlangen, zu gewährleisten. Das Nest wird mit Gras gepolstert; hierfür bringt das Weibchen bis zu 50 Fuhren Gras in das Nest. Nach einer Tragzeit von 23–28 Tagen kommen 1–11, im Mittel etwa 5 Jungtiere zur Welt. Nach der Entwöhnung im Alter von 26–31 Tagen, verlassen sie erstmals den Bau. Männchen wandern meist kurz danach ab, doch Weibchen verweilen oft lebenslang in der Nähe des Geburtsbaues.

Männchen erreichen ein durchschnittliches Alter von zwei bis drei Jahren, Weibchen etwa drei bis vier Jahre. Die Lebenserwartung der Männchen ist niedriger, da sie sich einerseits bei den Kämpfen mit Artgenossen verletzen und andererseits durch ihre größeren Wanderaktivitäten mehr Bedrohungen ausgesetzt sind.

Feindvermeidung

Die in Gesellschaft lebenden Weibchen warnen sich gegenseitig vor Feinden mit einem vielgestaltigen Arsenal an Rufen. Falls Silberdachse, Kojoten oder Wiesel im besiedelten Areal erscheinen, stellen sich manche Weibchen auf die Hinterbeine und geben abgehackte, einem Trillern ähnliche Laute ab. Beim Erscheinen von Greifvögeln werden monotone, hohe Pfiffe in schneller Folge abgegeben. Aufgrund der Warnlaute fliehen alle Ziesel in Hörweite in ihre Baue und Verstecke. Für das warnende Tier besteht jedoch ein erhöhtes Risiko, da es für Prädatoren besonders auffallend ist. Das Risiko, das verschiedene Weibchen eingehen, ist daher unterschiedlich. Alte, ansässige und säugende Weibchen warnen am häufigsten vor Feinden, da in ihrer Umgebung viele verwandte Weibchen leben. Zugewanderte Exemplare beider Geschlechte rufen sehr viel seltener.

Systematik

Der Belding-Ziesel ist eine Art der Gattung Urocitellus innerhalb der Erdhörnchen. Die Gattung wurde lange als Teil der Ziesel und darin innerhalb der Untergattung Urocitellus eingeordnet, nach einer umfassenden molekularbiologischen Untersuchung[2] wurde diese jedoch als eigenständige Gattung gemeinsam mit mehreren weiteren Gattungen betrachtet.[3][1] Die wissenschaftliche Erstbeschreibung erfolgte 1888 durch Clinton Hart Merriam als Spermophilus beldingi anhand von Tieren aus Donner im Placer County, Kalifornien.[4]

Vom nächsten nordamerikanischen Verwandten dieserGattung hat es sich vermutlich im späten Pleistozän abgespalten. Fossilfunde von Urocitellus beldingi liegen allerdings nicht vor.[4]

Derzeit werden drei Unterarten unterschieden.

  • U. b. beldingi: Zentrales Ostkalifornien, westliches Nevada (das Typusexemplar stammt aus Placer County in Kalifornien)
  • U. b. creber: Nord- und Zentral-Nevada, südwestliches Idaho, südöstliches Oregon und nordwestliches Utah (das Typusexemplar stammt aus dem Tal des Reese-River in Nevada)
  • U. b. oregonus: östliches Oregon, Nordwesten Nevadas, Nordostkalifornien (Ursprünglich anhand eines Tieres aus dem Klamath-Becken in Kalifornien als eigene Art beschreiben)

An der Grenze der Verbreitungsgebiete von U. b. oregonus und U. b. creber im südöstlichen Oregon und in Nordwest-Nevada scheint es fließende Übergänge zu geben. Zwischen den bekannten Verbreitungsgebieten von U. b. oregonus und U. b. beldingi klafft in Kalifornien eine 40 km breite Lücke, dennoch sollen auch hier Übergangsformen vorkommen.

Status, Bedrohung und Schutz

Der Idaho-Ziesel wird von der International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) als nicht gefährdet (least concern) eingeordnet. Begründet wird dies durch das das häufige Vorkommen und das Fehlen von Bestandsgefährdenden Risiken für die Art.[5] Regional wird die Art als Schädling betrachtet und sie wird daher in vielen Teilen des Verbreitungsgebietes verfolgt, hauptsächlich durch das Auslegen von Giftködern, die dann auch andere, seltenere Tierarten töten.

Belege

  1. a b Richard W. Thorington Jr., John L. Koprowski, Michael A. Steele: Squirrels of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore MD 2012, ISBN 978-1-4214-0469-1, S. 296–298.
  2. Matthew D. Herron, Todd A. Castoe, Christopher L. Parkinson: Sciurid phylogeny and the paraphyly of holarctic ground squirrels (Spermophilus). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 31, 2004; S. 1015–1030. (Volltext (Memento vom 17. April 2015 im Internet Archive), PMID 15120398)
  3. Kristofer M. Helgen, F. Russell Cole, Lauren E. Helgen, Don E. Wilson: Generic Revision in the holarctic ground squirrels genus Spermophilus. Journal of Mammalogy 90 (2), 2009; S. 270–305. doi:10.1644/07-MAMM-A-309.1
  4. a b Stephen H. Jenkins, Bruce D. Eshelman: Spermophilus beldingi. In: Mammalian Species. Nr. 221, 1984, S. 1–8, Volltext als pdf.
  5. Urocitellus beldingi in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2016.1. Eingestellt von: A.V. Linzey & NatureServe (G. Hammerson), 2008. Abgerufen am 14. Juli 2016.

Literatur

  • Richard W. Thorington Jr., John L. Koprowski, Michael A. Steele: Squirrels of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore MD 2012, ISBN 978-1-4214-0469-1, S. 296–298.
  • Matthew D. Herron, Todd A. Castoe, Christopher L. Parkinson: Sciurid phylogeny and the paraphyly of Holarctic ground squirrels (Spermophilus). In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Bd. 31, Nr. 3, 2004, , S. 1015–1030, Volltext als pdf (Memento vom 2. Juni 2010 im Internet Archive).
  • Stephen H. Jenkins, Bruce D. Eshelman: Spermophilus beldingi. In: Mammalian Species. Nr. 221, 1984, S. 1–8, Volltext als pdf.
  • Jill M. Mateo: Early Auditory Experience and the Ontogeny of Alarm-Call Discrimination in Belding's Ground Squirrels (Spermophilus beldingi). In: Journal of Comparative Psychology. Bd. ll0, Heft 2, 1996, , S. 115–124, Volltext als pdf.
  • Jill M. Mateo: Developmental and geographic variation in stress hormones in wild Belding's ground squirrels (Spermophilus beldingi). In: Hormones and Behavior. Bd. 50, Nr. 5, 2006, , S. 718–725 Volltext als pdf.
  • Ronald M. Nowak: Walker's Mammals of the World. 2 Bände. 6. Auflage. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore MD u. a. 1999, ISBN 0-8018-5789-9.
  • Paul W. Sherman: Die Rolle der Verwandtschaft / Der Jahresablauf beim Belding-Ziesel. In: David MacDonald (Hrsg.): Die große Enzyklopädie der Säugetiere. Könemann in der Tandem-Verlags-GmbH, Königswinter 2004, ISBN 3-8331-1006-6, S. 610 f. (Übersetzung der englischen Originalausgabe von 2001).

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Belding-Ziesel: Brief Summary ( saksa )

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Der Belding-Ziesel (Urocitellus beldingi, Syn.: Spermophilus beldingi) ist eine Art der Ziesel, die innerhalb der Ordnung der Nagetiere zur Familie der Hörnchen gehören. Er bewohnt die Gebirge im Westen der USA und ernährt sich hauptsächlich pflanzlich. Der Großteil der Erkenntnisse über Belding-Ziesel stützt sich auf über 20-jährige Beobachtungen einer Population am Tioga-Pass im Yosemite-Nationalpark.

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Belding's ground squirrel ( englanti )

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Belding's ground squirrel (Urocitellus beldingi), also called pot gut, sage rat or picket-pin,[2] is a squirrel that lives on mountains in the western United States. In California, it often is found at 6,500 to 11,800 feet (2,000–3,600 m) in meadows between Lake Tahoe and Kings Canyon. This species is not of conservation concern, and its range includes some protected areas.[1]

Physical description

The Belding's ground squirrel is medium-sized with "a relatively short tail, short limbs, and small ears".[3] It has a gray pelage become more cinnamon at the underside and reddish-brown on the back. Its body length is 230 to 300 millimetres (9.1–11.8 in). The tail is 44 to 76 millimetres (1.7–3.0 in) and is bushy but also flattened. The distal hairs of the tail have three color bands, one black, one white and one red. On average, the ground squirrel weighs 290 grams (0.64 lb). Its feet are covered in little to no hair. Compared to other ground squirrel species, its cheek pouches are moderate in size.

Ecology

Range and habitat

Being native to the northwestern United States, the Belding's ground squirrel ranges covers northeastern Oregon and part of Washington, north California, southwestern Idaho, north and central Nevada and northwestern Utah.[4] The ground squirrel prefers to live at higher altitudes, occurring in alpine and subalpine meadows.[5] It is also found in sagebrush flats, brush/grass habitats and cultivated areas.[4] The grounds squirrels are largely restricted to open areas with enough fresh vegetation and water. They do not live in dense forests, tall grasses, rocky slopes or thick shrubbery as they cannot watch for predators. In addition they do not prefer grass that is too short as they cannot hide from predators.[6]

Food and feeding

Belding's ground squirrels have a largely herbivorous diet. However they will also eat insects, carrion, other vertebrates, and even other conspecifics. They mostly eat flowers and seeds.[4] They also eat nuts, grains, roots, bulbs, mushrooms and green vegetation. Belding's ground squirrels do not keep food in caches. Instead they store fat reserves.[4][7] As such, the ground squirrels may eat a great amount of food before hibernation. They must spend as much as 40% of the summer eating.[7] When eating, the ground squirrel feeds itself with its front paws while standing on its back paws.[7]

Hibernation

Belding's ground squirrels hibernate at different times, depending on the sex and age of the individual and the altitude of their environment. Adult males go into hibernation between late July and early September when at higher altitudes.[7] Females may follow them in late September, depending on the elevation.[4][6] Juveniles follow their parent into hibernation with juvenile females first going when they are 13 weeks old and males when they are 10 weeks old.[5] They enter when the grass begins to dry and turn brown. This way they can avoid the hot, dry end of the summer.[6]

The ground squirrels hibernate in burrow chambers called hibernacula. Males tend to hibernate alone while females tend to hibernate together.[4] The time in which ground squirrel emerge from their hibernation also depends on different factors. At lower elevations, males emerge in February while at higher elevations, they emerge at the end of April.[4][6] Female emergence is spread over several weeks.[8]

Activities

Belding's ground squirrels leave their burrows at sunrise. The first squirrel to enter the surface will stay at the burrow entrance until there are enough following squirrels above ground to watch for predators. The squirrels then move farther from the burrows. Most activity occurs in the morning with digging and feeding.[6] Squirrel activity tends to decrease when the temperature increases. Much of the day is spent stretched out on rocks or on the ground getting warmth from the sun.[7] They will also maintain burrows and groom each other. When the young are above ground they will engage in play. The ground squirrels will go back into their burrows in the afternoon. Juveniles enter later than adults.[6]

Behavior

Pups

Family relations

Belding's ground squirrels live in a nepotistic society where most interactions occur between females and their offspring and kin. It seems that cooperation between individuals correlates with their degree of relatedness.[9] Ground squirrels recognize their kin by comparing their phenotypes with these of squirrels they encounter.[5] These phenotypes come in the form of scent though dorsal and anal glands that leave a "pungent" odor in the dust bathing areas.[6] Each squirrel has its own repertoire of scents that others can use to recognize it. If an individual's phenotype matches, it may be a relative. A female may also use her sister's phenotype as a basis for determining the relatedness of unfamiliar females.[5] Recognizing their relatives is important for female Belding's ground squirrels. This allows them to know whom to act nepotistic towards when defending nests or territories or when making alarm calls. Related females will also, at times, share food and shelter.[4] Adult males do not display nepotistic behavior and are nomadic between seasons. Although many ground squirrels live in colonies, there is little social interaction between them and it is mostly agonistic.[6]

Alarm calls

Belding's ground squirrels are prey for various predators such as coyotes, bobcats, weasels, eagles and badgers. Ground squirrels will also perceive humans, livestock and cars as threats.[10] Ground squirrels have two specific alarm calls used to warn others of predators. One call, known as the churr call or the trill, is made of a series of more than five notes given rapidly.[11] These calls are given for predators that pose less immediate threats, usually terrestrial predators.[12] Individuals that are close to the alarm caller will respond by standing on their back legs (posting), running on a rock to get a better view of the predator or by returning to their core area.[10]

Another alarm call is known as the whistle, which is a single high-pitched note. This call is made in response to immediate threats, usually aerial ones.[12] All individuals in hearing range will exhibit evasive behavior such as crouching[12] or fleeing into the nearest shelter.[10] When running from aerial predators, squirrels call while escaping. By contrast, when running from terrestrial predators, escaping squirrels do not call until they make it to safety. In addition, with aerial predators, all squirrels will call while with terrestrial predators, only females with kin will call. The squirrel that first sounds the alarm posts while calling, looking at the predator and will not try to hide.

Reproduction and parenting

For Belding's ground squirrels mating occurs after hibernation, usually in late May to early June.[13] The ground squirrels mate promiscuously, as both males and females mate with multiple partners.[4] Females are sexually receptive for less than five hours each year.[14] Thus when a female is receptive, the males immediately gather around her.[4] They will fight viciously to gain access, grappling, kicking, scratching, and biting each other. Larger, older, and stronger males are more likely to mate.[13] A single female can mate with as many as five males during her estrous; this increases the chance of pregnancy, and also increases genetic diversity.[4]

Females give birth to one litter a year.[8] Pregnant females will dig nesting burrows and gather grass and grass roots to make nests. Nesting-only territories are established around these burrows. Females protect the burrows against intruding unrelated conspecifics by attacking and chasing them. Defense of the territories lasts until the young are weaned.[4] The gestation period of the ground squirrel lasts 23–31 days and young are born late June to early July in higher elevation regions, while in lower areas such as Central Oregon young are born in March and emerge from their dens en masse about mid-April when the first warm days of spring begin.[4][6] Litter sizes range from 3–8 young. Females do all the parenting for the young as males disperse directly after mating. In their first few weeks of life, the pups are raised underground in the nesting burrow. They first emerge from the burrows in July and early August, at least in higher elevations, and are weaned at 27 days old.[5] At first, the young stay near the entrance to the burrow but start to explore on their third day. Males disperse from their natal burrow after they are weaned and continue to disperse after they breed successfully. The male that mates the most moves farther away from the colony he mated in. Females rarely disperse from their natal burrows. Infanticide is known to occur in Belding's ground squirrels. An intruding squirrel will drag a squealing, squirming juvenile out of the nest burrow, and promptly kill it by biting its head.[15] The killer will also sometimes eat the carcass. Adult females and yearling males are more often the killers.[15] The perpetrators of infanticide do not reside in the same area as the victim. Females never kill their relatives and they will help their kin in protecting their young from infanticide.

Taxonomy

Belding's ground squirrel was first described by Clinton Hart Merriam in 1888, as Spermophilus beldingi. Three subspecies are now generally recognized:[16]

  • U. b. beldingi (Merriam, 1888)
  • U. b. creber Hall, 1940
  • U. b. oregonus (Merriam, 1898)

References

  1. ^ a b Cassola, F. (2016). "Urocitellus beldingi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42464A22264836. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42464A22264836.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Animal Life in the Yosemite (Mammals)". National Park Service. Archived from the original on 2009-02-26. Retrieved 2009-09-03.
  3. ^ Stephen H Jerkins, Bruce Eshelman. 1984. Spermophilus beldingi. Mammalian Species. 221:1–8
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Sherman, P. W. a. M. L. M. (1979). "Four Months of The Ground Squirrel." Natural History 88: 50–57.
  5. ^ a b c d e Holekamp, K. E. (1986). "Proximal Causes of Natal Dispersal in Belding's Ground Squirrels." Ecological Monographs 56(4): 365–391.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Turner, L. W. (1972). Autecology of the Belding ground squirrel in Oregon. Department of Biological Sciences. Tuscan, University of Arizona
  7. ^ a b c d e Loehr, K. A. a. A. C. R. J. (1977). "Daily and Seasonal Activity Patterns of the Belding Ground Squirrel in the Sierra Nevada." Journal of Mammalogy 58(3): 445–448.
  8. ^ a b Morton, M. L. a. J. S. G. (1975). "Reproductive Cycle of the Belding Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus beldingi): Seasonal and Age Differences." Great Basin Naturalist 35(4): 427–433.
  9. ^ Sherman, P. W. (1981). "Kinship, Demography, and Belding's Ground Squirrel Nepotism." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 8: 251–259.
  10. ^ a b c Turner, L. W. (1973). "Vocal and Escape Response of Spermophilus beldingi to Predators." Journal of Mammalogy 54(4): 990–993.
  11. ^ Robinson, S. R. (1980). "Anti-predator Behavior and Predator Recognition in Belding's Ground Squirrels." Animal Behavior 28: 840–852.
  12. ^ a b c Mateo, J. M. (1996). "The development of alarm-call response behavior in free-living juvenile Belding's ground squirrels." Animal Behavior 52: 489–505.
  13. ^ a b Sherman, P. W. a. M. L. M. (1984). "Demography of Belding's ground squirrels." Ecology 65(5): 1617–1628.
  14. ^ Hanken, J. a. P. S. (1981). "Multiple Paternity in Belding's Ground Squirrel Litters." Science 212: 351–353.
  15. ^ a b Sherman, P. W. (1981). Reproductive Competition and Infanticide in Belding's Ground Squirrels and Other Animals. Natural Selection and Social Behavior. R. D. A. a. D. W. Tinkle. New York and Concord, Chiron Press: 311–331.
  16. ^ Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

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Belding's ground squirrel: Brief Summary ( englanti )

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Belding's ground squirrel (Urocitellus beldingi), also called pot gut, sage rat or picket-pin, is a squirrel that lives on mountains in the western United States. In California, it often is found at 6,500 to 11,800 feet (2,000–3,600 m) in meadows between Lake Tahoe and Kings Canyon. This species is not of conservation concern, and its range includes some protected areas.

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Spermophilus beldingi ( baski )

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Spermophilus beldingi Spermophilus generoko animalia da. Karraskarien barruko Xerinae azpifamilia eta Sciuridae familian sailkatuta dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. Merriam (1888) Sciuridae Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 317. or..

Ikus, gainera

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Spermophilus beldingi: Brief Summary ( baski )

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Spermophilus beldingi Spermophilus generoko animalia da. Karraskarien barruko Xerinae azpifamilia eta Sciuridae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Spermophile de Belding ( ranska )

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Urocitellus beldingi

Le Spermophile de Belding (Urocitellus beldingi) est une espèce d'écureuil terrestre, petit rongeur de la famille des Sciuridés.

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Urocitellus beldingi ( Italia )

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Lo scoiattolo terricolo di Belding (Urocitellus beldingi Merriam, 1888) è un roditore della famiglia degli Sciuridi, diffuso sulle montagne degli Stati Uniti d'America occidentali.[2] In California, si trova spesso fra 2.000 e 3.600 m nei prati tra il lago Tahoe e il Kings Canyon. Questa specie non è in pericolo di estinzione, e il suo habitat include alcune aree protette.[1]

Descrizione

Lo scoiattolo terricolo di Belding è di taglia media con "una coda relativamente corta, arti corti e orecchie piccole".[3] Ha un pelame grigio che diventa più giallo-bruno nella parte inferiore e marrone rossiccio sul dorso. La lunghezza del corpo varia da 230 a 300 mm. La coda è lunga da 44 a 76 mm ed è folta, ma anche appiattita. I peli distali della coda hanno tre strisce colorate, una nera, una bianca e una rossa. In media, lo scoiattolo terricolo pesa 290 g. I piedi sono coperti di poco o di niente pelo. In confronto ad altre specie di scoiattoli terricoli, la sua sacca delle guance è di dimensioni modeste.

Distribuzione ed habitat

Essendo nativo degli Stati Uniti nordoccidentali, la distribuzione dello scoiattolo terricolo di Belding copre l'Oregon nordorientale e parte del Washington, della California settentrionale, dell'Idaho sudoccidentale, del Nevada settentrionale e centrale e dello Utah nordoccidentale.[4] Lo scoiattolo terricolo preferisce vivere ad altitudini più elevate, presentandosi nei prati alpini e subapilpini.[5] Si trova anche nelle pianure di artemisia, negli habitat di boscaglia/erba e nelle aree coltivate.[4] Gli scoiattoli terricoli sono in gran parte limitati ad aree aperte con abbastanza vegetazione fresca e acqua. Non vivono tra le foreste folte, le erbe alte, i pendii rocciosi o gli arbusti fitti, perché in tali ambienti non possono avvistare per tempo i predatori. Per il motivo opposto, non amano neanche l'erba troppo corta perché non possono nascondersi dai predatori.[6]

Biologia

Alimentazione

Gli scoiattoli terricoli di Belding hanno una dieta in gran parte erbivora. Tuttavia, possono mangiare anche insetti, carogne, altri vertebrati e perfino altri conspecifici. Per la maggior parte, mangiano fiori e semi.[4] Mangiano anche noci, grani, radici, bulbi, funghi e vegetazione verde. Gli scoiattoli terricoli di Belding non tengono il cibo nei nascondigli. Invece immagazzinano riserve di grasso.[4][7] Come tali, gli scoiattoli terricoli possono mangiare una grande quantità di cibo prima dell'ibernazione. Devono trascorrere fino al 40% dell'estate mangiando.[7] Quando mangia, lo scoiattolo terricolo si nutre con le zampe anteriori, stando in piedi con quelle posteriori.[7]

Ibernazione

Gli scoiattoli terricoli di Belding si ibernano in momenti diversi, secondo il sesso e l'età dell'individuo e l'altitudine del suo ambiente. I maschi adulti vanno in ibernazione tra la fine di luglio e l'inizio di settembre quando è ad altitudini più elevate.[7] Le femmine li seguono alla fine di settembre, a seconda della quota.[4][6] I giovani seguono i genitori in ibernazione con le giovani femmine che vanni quando hanno 13 settimane e i maschi quando hanno 10 settimane.[5] Essi entrano quando l'erba comincia a seccarsi e a diventare marrone. In questo modo possono evitare la fine afosa e secca dell'estate.[6]

Gli scoiattoli terricoli si ibernano in camere delle tane chiamate hibernacula. I maschi tendono a ibernarsi da soli, mentre le femmine tendono a ibernarsi insieme.[4] Anche il momento in cui lo scoiattolo terricolo emerge dall'ibernazione dipende da diversi fattori. A quote inferiori, i maschi emergono in febbraio, mentre a quote superiori emergono alla fine di aprile.[4][6] L'emersione delle femmine è distribuita nel corso di varie settimane.[8]

Attività

Gli scoiattoli terricoli di Belding lasciano le loro tane al sorgere del sole. Il primo scoiattolo a entrare in superficie resterà all'entrata della tana finché non ci siano sopra il terreno abbastanza scoiattoli per fare la guardia contro i predatori. Gli scoiattoli allora si spostano più lontano dalle tane. La maggior parte dell'attività avviene la mattina con lo scavo e l'alimentazione.[6] L'attività degli scoiattoli tende a diminuire quando la temperatura aumenta. Gran parte della giornata la trascorrono allungati sulle rocce o sul terreno riscaldandosi con il sole.[7] Tengono anche in ordine le tane e si puliscono il pelo a vicenda. Quando i giovani sono in superficie si impegnano nel gioco. Gli scoiattoli terricoli torneranno nelle loro tane nel pomemriggio. I giovani entrano più tardi degli adulti.[6]

Comportamento

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Cuccioli

Relazioni familiari

Gli scoiattoli terricoli di Belding vivono in una società nepotistica dove la maggior parte delle interazioni avvengono tra le femmine e la loro prole e i loro parenti. Sembra che la cooperazione tra gli individui si colleghi al loro grado di parentela.[9] Gli scoiattoli terricoli riconoscono i loro parenti confrontando i loro fenotipi con quelli degli scoiattoli che incontrano.[5] Questi fenotipi vengono sotto forma di scia attraverso le ghiandole dorsali e anali che lasciano un odore "pungente" nelle aree in cui si bagnano di polvere.[6] Ciascuno scoiattolo ha il proprio repertorio di scie che gli altri usano per riconoscerlo. Se il fenotipo di un individuo corrisponde, può essere un parente. Una femmina può anche usare il fenotipo di sua sorella come base per determinare la parentela di femmine sconosciute.[5] Riconoscere i loro parenti è importante per le femmine degli scoiattoli terricoli di Belding. Questo consente loro di sapere verso chi agire neposticamente quando si difendono i nidi o i territori o quando si fanno richiami di allarme. Anche le femmine imparentate, a volte, condivideranno cibo e rifugio.[4] I maschi adulti non esibiscono un comportamento nepotistico e sono nomadi tra le stagioni. Sebbene molti scoiattoli terricoli vivano in colonie, c'è poca interazione sociale tra loro ed è per la maggior parte agonistica.[6]

Richiami di allarme

Gli scoiattoli terricoli di Belding sono preda di vari predatori, quali coyote, linci rosse, donnole, aquile e tassi. Gli scoiattoli terricoli percepiranno come minacce anche gli esseri umani, il bestiame e le automobili.[10] Gli scoiattoli terricoli hanno due specifici richiami di allarme usati per avvisare gli altri dei predatori. Un richiamo, conosciuto come richiamo con stridio o trillo, è costituito da una serie di più cinque note emesse rapidamente.[11] Questi richiami si emettono per i predatori che pongono minacce meno immediate, di solito predatori terrestri.[12] Gli individui che si trovano vicino a chi emette il richiamo di allarme risponderanno stando ritti sulle zampe posteriori (appostamento), correndo su una roccia per avere una veduta migliore del predatore o ritornando nella lora area di base.[10]

Un altro richiamo di allarme è noto come fischio, che è un'unica nota acuta. Questo richiamo è fatto in risposta a minacce immediate, di solito quelle aeree.[12] Tutti gli individui a distanza di ascolto esibiranno un comportamento evasivo come accucciarsi[12] o fuggire nel riparo più vicino.[10] Quando scappano da predatori aerei, gli scoiattoli fanno il richiamo mentre fuggono. Per contrasto, quando scappano da predatori terrestri, gli scoiattoli in fuga non fanno il richiamo finché non si mettono al sicuro. Inoltre, con i predatori aerei, tutti gli scoiattoli faranno il richiamo, mentre con i predatori terrestri, solo le femmine con parenti lo faranno. Lo scoiattolo che suona l'allarme per primo si apposta mentre fa il richiamo, guardando il predatore e senza tentare di nascondersi.

Riproduzione e cura della prole

Per gli scoiattoli terricoli di Belding l'accoppiamento avviene dopo il letargo, di solito tra la fine di maggio e l'inizio di giugno.[13] Gli scoiattoli terricoli si accoppiano promiscuamente, poiché sia i maschi che le femmine si accoppiano con più partner.[4] Le femmine sono sessualmente ricettive per meno di cinque ore all'anno.[14] Quindi, quando una femmina è ricettiva, i maschi si radunano immediatamente attorno a lei.[4] Combatteranno brutalmente per avere accesso, avvinghiandosi, prendendosi a calci, graffiandosi e mordendosi a vicenda. I maschi più anziani, più grandi e più forti hanno maggiori probabilità di accoppiarsi.[13] Una singola femmina può accoppiarsi con ben cinque maschi durante il suo estro; questo aumenta le probabilità di gravidanza e aumenta anche la diversità genetica.[4]

Le femmine danno alla luce una figliata all'anno.[8] Le femmine incinte scaveranno le tane per la nidificazione e raccoglieranno erba e radici per fare i nidi. Intorno a queste tane sono stabiliti territori solo per la nidificazione. Le femmine proteggono le tane dall'intrusione dei conspecifici non imparentati attaccandoli e inseguendoli. La difesa dei territori dura fino a quando i giovani vengono svezzati.[4] Il periodo di gestazione dello scoiattolo terricolo dura 23-31 giorni e i giovani nascono dalla fine di giugno all'inizio di luglio nelle regioni a maggiore altitudine, mentre nelle zone più basse come l'Oregon centrale i giovani nascono a marzo ed emergono dalle loro tane in massa metà aprile quando iniziano i primi caldi giorni di primavera.[4][6] Le dimensioni della figliata vanno da 3 a 8 cuccioli. Le femmine provvedono a tutta la cura dei giovani, mentre i maschi si disperdono direttamente dopo l'accoppiamento. Nelle prime settimane di vita, i cuccioli vengono allevati sottoterra nella tana del nido. Escono per la prima volta dalle tane a luglio e all'inizio di agosto, almeno alle altitudini più elevate, e vengono svezzati a 27 giorni di età.[5] Inizialmente, i giovani stanno vicino all'entrata della tana, ma iniziano a esplorare il loro terzo giorno. I maschi si disperdono dalla loro tana natale dopo essere stati svezzati e continuano a disperdersi dopo che si sono riprodotti con successo. Il maschio che si accoppia di più si sposta più lontano dalla colonia in cui si è accoppiato. Le femmine raramente si disperdono dalle loro tane natali. Si sa che l'infanticidio avviene tra gli scoiattoli terricoli di Belding. Uno scoiattolo intruso trascinerà un giovane che si agita e squittisce fuori dalla tana del nido e lo ucciderà prontamente mordendogli la testa.[15] L'assassino a volte mangerà anche la carcassa. Le femmine adulte e i maschi di un anno sono più spesso gli assassini.[15] Gli autori dell'infanticidio non risiedono nella stessa area della vittima. Le femmine non uccidono mai i loro parenti e li aiuteranno anzi a proteggere i loro piccoli dall'infanticidio.

Tassonomia

Lo scoiattolo terricolo di Belding fu descritto per la prima volta da Clinton Hart Merriam nel 1888, as Spermophilus beldingi. Sono ora generalmente riconosciute tre sottospecie:[16]

  • S. b. beldingi (Merriam, 1888)
  • S. b. creber (Hall, 1940)
  • S. b. oregonus (Merriam, 1898)

Note

  1. ^ a b (EN) Linzey, A. V. & Hammerson, G., 2008, Urocitellus beldingi, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020. URL consultato il 24 aprile 2018.
  2. ^ Animal Life in the Yosemite (Mammals), su nps.gov, National Park Service. URL consultato il 3 settembre 2009 (archiviato dall'url originale il 26 febbraio 2009).
  3. ^ Stephen H. Jerkins e Bruce Eshelman, Spermophilus beldingi, in Mammalian Species, vol. 221, 1984, pp. 1-8.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m P. W. Sherman e M. L. Morton, Four Months of The Ground Squirrel, in Natural History, vol. 88, 1979, pp. 50-57.
  5. ^ a b c d e K. E. Holekamp, Proximal Causes of Natal Dispersal in Belding's Ground Squirrels, in Ecological Monographs, vol. 56, n. 4, 1986, pp. 365-391.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i L. W. Turner, Autecology of the Belding ground squirrel in Oregon, Tucson, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arizona, 1972.
  7. ^ a b c d e K. A. Loehr e A. C. Risser, Jr., Daily and Seasonal Activity Patterns of the Belding Ground Squirrel in the Sierra Nevada, in Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 58, n. 3, 1977, pp. 445-448.
  8. ^ a b M. L. Morton e J. S. Gallup, Reproductive Cycle of the Belding Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus beldingi): Seasonal and Age Differences, in Great Basin Naturalist, vol. 35, n. 4, 1975, pp. 427-433.
  9. ^ P. W. Sherman, Kinship, Demography, and Belding's Ground Squirrel Nepotism, in Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, vol. 8, 1981, pp. 251-259.
  10. ^ a b c L. W. Turner, Vocal and Escape Response of Spermophilus beldingi to Predators, in Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 54, n. 4, 1973, pp. 990-993.
  11. ^ S. R. Robinson, Anti-predator Behavior and Predator Recognition in Belding's Ground Squirrels, in Animal Behavior, vol. 28, 1980, pp. 840-852.
  12. ^ a b c J. M. Mateo, The development of alarm-call response behavior in free-living juvenile Belding's ground squirrels, in Animal Behavior, vol. 52, 1996, pp. 489-505.
  13. ^ a b P. W. Sherman e M. L. Morton, Demography of Belding's ground squirrels, in Ecology, vol. 65, n. 5, 1984, pp. 1617-1628.
  14. ^ J. Hanken e P. W. Sherman, Multiple Paternity in Belding's Ground Squirrel Litters, in Science, vol. 212, 1981, pp. 351-353.
  15. ^ a b P. W. Sherman, Reproductive Competition and Infanticide in Belding's Ground Squirrels and Other Animals, in R. D. Alexander e D. W. Tinkle (a cura di), Natural Selection and Social Behavior, New York e Concord, Chiron Press, 1981, pp. 311-331.
  16. ^ D. E. Wilson e D. M.Reeder (a cura di), Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3ª ed., Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0, OCLC 62265494.

Bibliografia

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Urocitellus beldingi: Brief Summary ( Italia )

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Lo scoiattolo terricolo di Belding (Urocitellus beldingi Merriam, 1888) è un roditore della famiglia degli Sciuridi, diffuso sulle montagne degli Stati Uniti d'America occidentali. In California, si trova spesso fra 2.000 e 3.600 m nei prati tra il lago Tahoe e il Kings Canyon. Questa specie non è in pericolo di estinzione, e il suo habitat include alcune aree protette.

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벨딩땅다람쥐 ( Korea )

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벨딩땅다람쥐(Urocitellus beldingi)는 다람쥐과에 속하는 설치류의 일종이다.[2] "팟것"(pot gut), "샐비어쥐"(sage rat), "피켓핀"(picket-pin) 등으로도 불린다.[3] 미국 서부 산악 지대에서 발견된다.[1] 캘리포니아주 타호호와 킹스 케니언 사이의 해발 2000~3600m 목초지에서 발견되기도 한다. 보호종은 아니고 분포 지역 일부가 보호 지역 안에 포함된다.[1]

특징

벨딩땅다람쥐는 중형 다람쥐로 상대적으로 짧은 꼬리와 다리, 작은 귀를 갖고 있다.[4] 털 색은 회색이고, 배 쪽은 좀더 계피색을 띠며, 등 쪽은 불그스레한 갈색이다. 몸 길이는 230~300mm이다. 꼬리는 붓꼬리 형태이고 길이가 44~76mm지만 납작하다. 꼬리의 털 끝은 검은색과 흰색, 붉은색의 3가지 색 띠로 되어 있다. 평균 몸무게는 290g이다. 발은 거의 털이 없다. 다른 땅다람쥐류와 비교하여 볼주머니가 상대적으로 크다.

아종

3종의 아종이 알려져 있다.[2]

  • U. b. beldingi
  • U. b. creber
  • U. b. oregonus

계통 분류

다음은 2009년 헬겐(Helgen) 등의 연구에 기초한 계통 분류이다.[5]

마멋족      

열대땅다람쥐속

   

영양다람쥐속

         

바위다람쥐속

   

황금망토땅다람쥐속

     

마멋속

         

땅다람쥐속

       

작은땅다람쥐속

     

프랭클린땅다람쥐속

     

프레리도그속

   

피그미땅다람쥐속

        전북구땅다람쥐속

타운센드땅다람쥐

     

워싱턴땅다람쥐

       

북아이다호땅다람쥐

     

파이우트땅다람쥐

   

메리엄땅다람쥐

           

유인타땅다람쥐

   

벨딩땅다람쥐

       

컬럼비아땅다람쥐

     

긴꼬리땅다람쥐

     

북극땅다람쥐

     

와이오밍땅다람쥐

   

리처드슨땅다람쥐

                       

각주

  1. “Spermophilus beldingi”. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2008판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2008. 2009년 1월 8일에 확인함.
  2. Thorington, R.W., Jr.; Hoffman, R.S. (2005). 〈Family Sciuridae〉 [다람쥐과]. Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》 (영어) 3판. 존스 홉킨스 대학교 출판사. 754–818쪽. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  3. “Animal Life in the Yosemite (Mammals)”. National Park Service. 2009년 2월 26일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2009년 9월 3일에 확인함.
  4. Stephen H Jerkins, Bruce Eshelman. 1984. Spermophilus beldingi. Mammalian Species. 221:1-8
  5. Helgen, Kristofer M.; Cole, F. Russell; Helgen, Lauren E.; Wilson, Don E. (April 2009). “Generic Revision in the Holarctic Ground Squirrel Genus Spermophilus” (PDF). 《Journal of Mammalogy》 90 (2): 270–305. doi:10.1644/07-MAMM-A-309.1. 2011년 10월 22일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서.
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벨딩땅다람쥐: Brief Summary ( Korea )

tarjonnut wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

벨딩땅다람쥐(Urocitellus beldingi)는 다람쥐과에 속하는 설치류의 일종이다. "팟것"(pot gut), "샐비어쥐"(sage rat), "피켓핀"(picket-pin) 등으로도 불린다. 미국 서부 산악 지대에서 발견된다. 캘리포니아주 타호호와 킹스 케니언 사이의 해발 2000~3600m 목초지에서 발견되기도 한다. 보호종은 아니고 분포 지역 일부가 보호 지역 안에 포함된다.

lisenssi
cc-by-sa-3.0
tekijänoikeus
Wikipedia 작가 및 편집자
alkuperäinen
käy lähteessä
kumppanisivusto
wikipedia 한국어 위키백과