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Comments ( englanti )

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Juniperus osteosperma is the dominant juniper of Utah. It is reported to hybridize with J . occidentalis in northwestern Nevada (F. C. Vasek 1966).
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tekijänoikeus
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliografinen lainaus
Flora of North America Vol. 2 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Description ( englanti )

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Shrubs or trees monoecious, to 6(--12) m, multi- or single-stemmed; crown rounded. Bark exfoliating in thin gray-brown strips, that of smaller and larger branchlets smooth. Branches spreading to ascending; branchlets erect, 3--4-sided in cross section, about as wide as length of scalelike leaves. Leaves light yellow-green, abaxial glands inconspicuous and embedded, exudate absent, margins denticulate (at 20´); whip leaves 3--5 mm, glaucous adaxially; scalelike leaves 1--2 mm, not overlapping, or, if so, by less than 1/10 their length, keeled, apex rounded, acute or occasionally obtuse, appressed. Seed cones maturing in 1--2 years, of 1--2 sizes, with straight peduncles, globose, (6--)8--9(--12) mm, bluish brown, often almost tan beneath glaucous coating, fibrous, with 1(--2) seeds. Seeds 4--5 mm.
lisenssi
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
tekijänoikeus
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliografinen lainaus
Flora of North America Vol. 2 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
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Distribution ( englanti )

tarjonnut eFloras
Ariz., Calif., Colo., Idaho, Mont., Nev., N.Mex., Utah, Wyo.
lisenssi
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
tekijänoikeus
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliografinen lainaus
Flora of North America Vol. 2 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
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Flora of North America Editorial Committee
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Habitat ( englanti )

tarjonnut eFloras
Dry, rocky soil and slopes; 1300--2600m.
lisenssi
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
tekijänoikeus
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliografinen lainaus
Flora of North America Vol. 2 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
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Synonym ( englanti )

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Juniperus tetragona Schlechtendal var. osteosperma Torrey, Pacif. Railr. Rep. 4(5): 141. 1857; J. californica Carrière var. utahensis Engelmann; Sabina osteosperma (Torrey) Antoine; S. utahensis (Engelmann) Rydberg
lisenssi
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
tekijänoikeus
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliografinen lainaus
Flora of North America Vol. 2 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
lähde
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
muokkaaja
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
projekti
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eFloras

Common Names ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
Utah juniper
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Zlatnik, Elena. 1999. Juniperus osteosperma. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/junost/all.html

Cover Value ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: cover, woodland

Utah juniper is an important cover and shelter species for several large animals, including mule deer throughout its range, elk for winter cover in Wyoming, Utah, and New Mexico, desert bighorn sheep throughout the Southwest, bison in Utah, wild horses throughout the West, mountain lion and lynx in Utah, Wyoming and Arizona, and pronghorn in Utah and Nevada [32,43,55,82,84,87,109].

Several small animals are also commonly found in pinyon-juniper woodlands, including the porcupine, desert cottontail, deer mouse, Great Basin pocket mouse, chisel-toothed kangaroo rat, desert woodrat, and others [55,121]. A study of small mammal populations on unchained, and on 8-year-old, and 15-year-old chained pinyon-juniper woodlands in Colorado found greater species diversity on the unchained site, although lower total numbers of animals [94].

Many reptiles also rely on the pinyon-juniper ecosystem for habitat [55].

Seventy-three different bird species breed in pinyon-juniper habitat woodlands, although of those, only 5 are obligates (screech owl, gray flycatcher, scrub jay, plain titmouse, and gray vireo) and 13 semi-obligates [9]. Ferruginous hawks nest in Utah juniper trees [68].

A study of chained juniper woodlands in Colorado concluded that breeding bird densities were more than double on unchained than on 8-year-old and 15-year-old chained areas. There were no breeding species in common between the 2 types of sites, since the woodland supported tree-dependent species, and the chained sites supported ground- and shrub-nesters. Species diversity was also greater on the unchained sites [94].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Zlatnik, Elena. 1999. Juniperus osteosperma. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/junost/all.html

Description ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: herbaceous, tree

Utah juniper is a short tree that may live as long as 650 years [83]. Utah junipers grow less than 26.4 feet (8 m) and are often as short as 9.9 to 14.85 feet (3-4.5 m), with a trunk 4 to 7.5 inches (10-30 cm) thick [67,66,75,100]. Sometimes the tree has multiple stems [4].

Under severe site conditions, Utah juniper trees persist in very stunted forms. A 6-inch tree with a 24-inch (60 cm) taproot may be over 50 years old [80]. Utah junipers grow very slowly, usually only about 0.05 inch (0.127 cm) in diameter per year [58,88].

Utah junipers have a taproot that extends deep into the soil (as far as 15 feet (4.5 m)) and lateral roots that may extend as far as 100 feet (30.3 m) from the tree, several inches below the soil surface. Most root biomass is within the first 3 feet (0.9 m) of soil, with fine roots concentrated in the uppermost 18 inches (46 cm) [111] or just below the soil surface [119]. Utah juniper responds to low nutrient levels in the soil by developing extensive networks of fine roots at the base of the tree and at the end of lateral roots. These roots are in part responsible for the competitiveness of juniper versus understory species [72,78]. Junipers compete more efficiently for soil moisture than do herbaceous understory plants; therefore, over time, junipers are more likely to maintain a stable population, while understory plants decrease [8,50,114].

A Utah study concluded that Utah junipers do not use soil moisture from summer precipitation and do not have active roots in shallow soils layers during the summer [40].

Utah juniper is colonized by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae [77].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Zlatnik, Elena. 1999. Juniperus osteosperma. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/junost/all.html

Distribution ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: forest, tree

Utah juniper is the most common tree in the Great Basin and is widely distributed throughout the arid West [67,80]. The tree occurs occasionally in southern Idaho, southern Montana, and western Wyoming, and is common in Colorado, Utah, Nevada, New Mexico, Arizona, and southeastern California. Utah juniper is the most common juniper species in Arizona [4].

1971 USDA, Forest Service map digitized by Thompson and others [128].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Zlatnik, Elena. 1999. Juniperus osteosperma. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/junost/all.html

Fire Ecology ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: cover, crown fire, fire interval, fuel, fuel loading, herbaceous, mean fire interval, mesic, tree, xeric

Utah juniper is usually killed by fire, especially when trees are small. However, Utah juniper habitat types rarely have sufficient fine fuels to produce severe or continuous fires. Fuel loads probably rarely exceed 1 to 3 tons per acre [34]. Phenolic compounds produced by the trees reduce ground cover and therefore further decrease fuel loading around the tree. Sites that are most likely to burn are those with small, scattered trees with sufficient herbaceous understory, or those with large, decadent trees able to sustain a crown fire under windy conditions [24]. Juniper stands are seldom dense enough to carry a crown fire from one tree to the next, so even if one tree is struck by lightning, a fire that burns throughout the stand may not result [35]. One difficulty in estimating fire histories in juniper habitat types is that junipers don't usually form fire scars. If a fire is severe enough to form a fire scar, it probably will kill the cambium [53].

Ten to 30 years is an estimated mean fire interval for Utah juniper in Arizona, and from 11 to 23 years in southwestern Idaho. Fires were probably more common on slightly more mesic sites than on xeric sites [24].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Zlatnik, Elena. 1999. Juniperus osteosperma. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/junost/all.html

Fire Management Considerations ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: climax, cover, forb, forest, herbaceous, natural, phase, prescribed fire, shrub, shrubs, succession, tree, understory fire, wildfire, woodland

Juniper habitats are often burned to increase herbaceous cover for grazing or wildlife. Junipers are often difficult to ignite, and burning has been most successful when the trees themselves were lit and managers did not depend on understory fire to carry into the crowns. Often the conditions necessary to get a fire to burn in a dense juniper stand--hot, dry, windy weather--are too dangerous to allow burning [26,114].

One technique for determining whether a prescribed fire in a juniper stand is likely to succeed, at temperatures below 75° Fahrenheit (24°C) and windspeeds above 5 miles/h, was published in 1979. Add together the maximum windspeed (miles/h), air temperature (°F), and percent vegetation cover. When the total of those three numbers exceeds 110, a burn is likely to succeed, with some retorching and some mosaic burning; when the number exceeds 130, conditions are too hazardous for burning. Ideal conditions for a carrying (self-sustaining) fire exist at a score of 126-130 [26].

Vegetative recovery following a fire in a mature juniper site may be slow, since the prefire herbaceous cover is often sparse [45,46,48]. During this intervening period, soil erosion may be a problem [29,57]. However, Roundy and others [101]studied erosion and infiltration rates following prescribed burns in Nevada and concluded that erosion rates would increase on interspaces, but that on coppice dunes (areas around vegetation with higher infiltration rates) erosion is not a problem.

Prediction of postfire succession is affected by prefire vegetation and its fire survivability, soil seedbank, immigrating propagules, and postfire precipitation [46,48,49,51]. Succession following fire in a climax pinyon-juniper woodland often proceeds as follows: skeleton forest and bare soil; annual stage (2-3 years); annual-perennial forb stage (3-4 years); perennial forb-grass-half-shrub phase (4-6 years); shrub stage or perennial grass stage; eventual pinyon-juniper climax [4,10,41]. However, Everett and Ward [51] studied 6 burned sites to determine successional pathways, and they concluded that succession starts from multiple points along a hypothetical pathway, and that early postfire communities vary considerably.

In the years following a fire, burned pinyon-juniper and juniper sites are preferred by wildlife species such as pronghorn, elk, bighorn sheep, and mule deer, due to increased understory forage [106]. McCulloch [85] evaluated the effects of wildfire and prescribed burns on mule deer use of pinyon-juniper woodlands. During a mild winter, there was no significant difference between use of the burned and unburned plots, but during the following winter, a harsh one, mule deer use was significantly higher (p<0.10) on the burned than unburned sites.

Severe fires that result in soil temperatures above 122° Fahrenheit (50oC) reduce the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae propagules in the soil and may restrict the ability of juniper to recolonize the site [77,76].

Utah junipers, like many other arid and semi-arid shrubs and trees, concentrate soil nutrients underneath their canopies by withdrawing them from a large area around the tree through extensive roots. Burning may result in a volatilization loss of nitrogen from a nutrient poor site. Natural nitrogen replenishment rates on these sites are low [119].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Zlatnik, Elena. 1999. Juniperus osteosperma. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/junost/all.html

Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification) ( englanti )

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More info on this topic.

More info for the term: phanerophyte

Phanerophyte
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Zlatnik, Elena. 1999. Juniperus osteosperma. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/junost/all.html

Habitat characteristics ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
Utah juniper thrives on very dry sites [66,80,88]. Precipitation patterns in juniper communities vary, but Utah juniper is generally found in areas of 12 to 18 inches (305-457 mm) of precipitation, with extremes of below 10 inches (254 mm)/year [97] to highs of 20 inches (508 mm)[31,88,114]. Utah juniper usually occurs in areas with hot, dry summers and cold, wet winters [9,59,93], although Utah juniper is also commonly found in areas of summer monsoonal precipitation in New Mexico and Arizona [114].

Utah juniper commonly grows on alluvial fans and dry, rocky hillsides [10,67,97,107], with shallow, alkaline soils [27]. Utah juniper is considered a "sodium-sensitive" species [27,107]. In west-central Utah, Utah juniper is found on a range of soil textures, but most often on gravelly loams and gravelly clay loams with a pH range of 7.4 to 8.0 [10]. In the Big Horn Mountains of Wyoming, Utah juniper dominates on limestone soils, whereas ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) in the same elevations dominates on soils derived from granites and sandstones [2].

Decaying organic material below juniper trees may result in a 0.4 to 0.8 inch (1-2 cm) thick water-repellent soil surface [101,102]. Fire apparently destroys this water repellency [101].

Utah juniper occurs at 3,000 to 8,000 feet (909-2424 m) elevation in the Great Basin [80]. In Arizona, Utah juniper occurs at 3,000 to 7,500 feet (909-2273 m) [75], more commonly above 5,000 feet (1515 m) [89]. In California, the plant is common from 4290 to 8580 feet (1300-2600 m) [66] and found as high as 10,000 feet (3030 m) in the Sierra Nevada [9]. In Utah, Utah juniper is found most often from 5,000 to 7,000 feet (1,500-2,100 m) [37]. The upper limits of the pinyon-juniper zone in Utah and northeastern Arizona are from 6,500 feet (1970 m) on north-facing slopes to 8,400 feet (2545 m) on south-facing slopes [6].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Zlatnik, Elena. 1999. Juniperus osteosperma. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/junost/all.html

Habitat: Cover Types ( englanti )

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More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

220   Rocky Mountain juniper

237   Interior ponderosa pine

239   Pinyon-juniper

240   Arizona cypress

241   Western live oak
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Zlatnik, Elena. 1999. Juniperus osteosperma. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/junost/all.html

Habitat: Ecosystem ( englanti )

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More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

More info for the term: shrub

FRES21   Ponderosa pine

FRES28   Western hardwoods

FRES29   Sagebrush

FRES30   Desert shrub

FRES34   Chaparral-mountain shrub

FRES35   Pinyon-juniper

FRES36   Mountain grasslands

FRES40   Desert grasslands
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Zlatnik, Elena. 1999. Juniperus osteosperma. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/junost/all.html

Habitat: Plant Associations ( englanti )

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More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the terms: forest, woodland

K019   Arizona pine forest

K023   Juniper-pinyon woodland

K031   Oak-juniper woodlands

K032   Transition between K031 and K037

K037   Mountain-mahogany-oak scrub

K038   Great Basin sagebrush
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Zlatnik, Elena. 1999. Juniperus osteosperma. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/junost/all.html

Habitat: Rangeland Cover Types ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following Rangeland Cover Types (as classified by the Society for Range Management, SRM):

More info for the term: woodland

210   Bitterbrush

211   Creosote bush scrub

212   Blackbush

412   Juniper-pinyon woodland

413   Gambel oak

415   Curlleaf mountain-mahogany

416   True mountain-mahogany

417   Littleleaf mountain-mahogany

503   Arizona chaparral

504   Juniper-pinyon pine woodlands
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Zlatnik, Elena. 1999. Juniperus osteosperma. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/junost/all.html

Importance to Livestock and Wildlife ( englanti )

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More info for the term: cover

Utah juniper is used by many birds and animals, both wildlife and livestock, for cover and food.
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Zlatnik, Elena. 1999. Juniperus osteosperma. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/junost/all.html

Key Plant Community Associations ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: climax, forest, grassland, habitat type, shrubland, tree, woodland

Utah juniper is a climax species in a number of pinyon-juniper (Pinus-Juniperus spp.), sagebrush (Artemisia spp.)-grassland, and shrub-steppe habitat types. At the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory Site, Utah juniper dominates with big sagebrush (A. tridentata), antelope bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata), and threetip sagebrush (A. arbuscula), on areas with bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata), needle-and-thread grass (Hesperostipa comata), Thurber's needlegrass (Achnatherum thurberiana), and Sandberg bluegrass (P. secunda) [3].



In Utah pinyon-juniper sites, Utah juniper dominates with singleleaf pinyon (Pinus monophylla), Saskatoon serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia), threetip sagebrush, black sagebrush (Artemisia nova), big sagebrush, desert ceanothus (Ceanothus greggii), curlleaf mountain-mahogany (Cercocarpus ledifolius), true mountain-mahogany (C. montanus), green rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus), Stansbury cliffrose (Purshia mexicana var. stansburiana), antelope bitterbrush, desert snowberry (Symphoricarpos longiflorus), blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis), cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), bottlebrush squirreltail (Elymus elymoides), sheep fescue (Festuca ovina), galleta (Hilaria jamesii), prairie junegrass (Koeleria macrantha), Indian ricegrass (Achnatherum hymenoides), western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii), Sandberg bluegrass, bluebunch wheatgrass, and needle-and-thread grass [24].


In pinyon-juniper woodlands in southern California, Utah juniper dominates with singleleaf pinyon, Parry pinyon (Pinus quadrifolia), and California juniper (Juniperus californica). Common associates include Joshua tree (Yucca brevifolia), oaks (Quercus spp.), manzanita (Arctostaphylos spp.), Ceanothus (Ceanothus spp.), mountain-mahogany (Cercocarpus spp.), rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus spp.), ephedra (Ephedra spp.), buckwheat (Eriogonum spp.), silktassel (Garrya spp.), snakeweed (Gutierrezia spp.), goldenweed (Isocoma spp.), bitterbrush (Purshia spp.), horsebrush (Tetradymia spp.), blackbrush (Coleogyne ramosissima), Stansbury cliffrose, Apache plume (Fallugia paradoxa), California fremont (Fremontodendron californicum), desert peach (Prunus fasciculata), skunkbush sumac (Rhus trilobata), and needlegrass (Achnatherum spp.) [118].



Habitat typings in which Utah juniper appears as a community dominant include:



Classification of the forest vegetation of Colorado by habitat type and community type [1]

Forest and woodland habitat types (plant associations) of Arizona south of the Mogollon Rim and southwestern New Mexico [11]

Vegetation and soils of the Coils Creek Watershed [15]

Vegetation and soils of the Cow Creek Watershed [16]

Vegetation and soils of the Crane Springs Watershed [17]

Vegetation and soils of the Rock Springs Watershed [18]

Vegetation and soils of the Duckwater Watershed [20]

Vegetation and soils of the Mill Creek Watershed [21]

Vegetation and soils of the Churchill Canyon Watershed [22]

Vegetation and soils of the Pine and Mathews Canyon Watersheds [23]

Vegetation of the Big Horn Mountains, Wyoming, in relation to substrate and climate [38]

Grassland, shrubland, and forestland habitat types of the White River-Arapaho National Forest [65]

A preliminary riparian habitat type classification system for the Bureau of Land Management Districts in southern and eastern Idaho [61]

Forest and woodland habitat types (plant associations) of northern New Mexico and
northern Arizona [81]

Flora of the Orange Cliffs of Utah [110]
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Zlatnik, Elena. 1999. Juniperus osteosperma. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/junost/all.html

Life Form ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: tree

Tree
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Zlatnik, Elena. 1999. Juniperus osteosperma. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/junost/all.html

Management considerations ( englanti )

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Currently one of the most important economic values of pinyon-juniper woodlands is for livestock grazing [98].



In northwest Colorado, chaining Utah juniper stands to increase livestock production resulted in a significant reduction of bird species diversity (p<0.05) and an increase in the number of small mammals [105].



Utah juniper is occasionally heavily infested by juniper mistletoe (Phoradendron juniperum ssp. juniperum) and dense mistletoe (P. bolleanum ssp. densum) [123].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Zlatnik, Elena. 1999. Juniperus osteosperma. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/junost/all.html

Nutritional Value ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: tree

Utah juniper is only moderately nutritious forage. The tree has low concentrations of manganese, iron, potassium, and phosphorus compared to other forage. Utah juniper does have high calcium, but with a calcium to phosphorous ratio of 28 to 1, animals probably would not do well on it [25]. Winter crude protein levels are from 6.4 to 7.9%. Eight percent protein is considered a maintenance value for mule deer [39]. In a Utah feeding trial, Smith [112] concluded that Utah juniper's low protein content makes it very poor feed, especially for young animals. In vitro dry matter digestibility for Utah juniper, measured in the fall, was 44.1% in a Utah study. Fifty percent is considered to be a maintenance level for mule deer [28].

Nutrient content of Utah juniper is as follows [90]:

Nutrient Content
Ash (%) 4.5
Crude fiber (%) 22.0
Ether extract (%) 16.3
N-free extract (%) 50.8
Protein (%) 6.4
Calcium (%) 1.59
Magnesium (%) 0.25
Phosphorus (%) 0.17
Thiamine (mg/kg) 2.4


Utah juniper needles contain volatile oils--monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes--that, in high concentration, can be damaging to the microorganisms in a deer's rumen and prevent proper digestion of food [39,104]. In a study comparing Utah juniper oil with that of alligator juniper and Rocky Mountain juniper, Utah juniper was most inhibitory of rumen microbial activity. Deer are able to detect the volatile oil content of food and will preferentially browse foods with lower content [39].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Zlatnik, Elena. 1999. Juniperus osteosperma. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/junost/all.html

Occurrence in North America ( englanti )

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AZ   CA   CO   ID   MT   NV    NM   OR   UT   WY
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Zlatnik, Elena. 1999. Juniperus osteosperma. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/junost/all.html

Palatability ( englanti )

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Juniper "berries" or berry-cones are eaten by jackrabbits and coyotes [80]. Many bird species depend on juniper berry-cones for fall and winter food [9]. The foliage is grazed by mule deer when other foliage is scarce and during periods of deep snow [67,39,43,55]. Although deer mice and other small mammals are common in Utah juniper stands, in deer mice feeding trials in Nevada, Utah juniper seeds were the least preferred food choice of 28 seeds [47].

Large mammal use of Utah juniper is outlined in the following table [31,55,60,74,92,91,87,109,113]:

Species NV UT AZ NM CO
mule deer medium, in winter medium to high, in winter low low high, in winter
elk -- -- low medium, in winter low
domestic sheep -- none to low -- -- --
cattle -- none -- -- --
pronghorn -- -- low to medium -- --
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Zlatnik, Elena. 1999. Juniperus osteosperma. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/junost/all.html

Phenology ( englanti )

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More info for the term: seed

Utah juniper seeds germinate in the spring [13].

Seasonal development of Utah juniper in Arizona is as follows [64]:

Phenological stage Date Bark begins to slip March 25 Pollen shedding; seed cones open March 25 Approx. start of leader elongation April 20 First conspicuous new pollen cones August 19 Bark begins to stick September 15 Leader elongation ceases October 19
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Zlatnik, Elena. 1999. Juniperus osteosperma. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/junost/all.html

Post-fire Regeneration ( englanti )

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More info for the terms: fire regime, initial off-site colonizer

Ground residual colonizer (on-site, initial community)
Initial off-site colonizer (off-site, initial community)

FIRE REGIMES: Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find FIRE REGIMES".

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Zlatnik, Elena. 1999. Juniperus osteosperma. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/junost/all.html

Regeneration Processes ( englanti )

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More info for the terms: dioecious, monoecious, seed

Utah juniper is monoecious and sometimes dioecious [4,67,54,80,123]. It reproduces by seeds in cones and produces abundant seeds in most years [4] or every couple of years [9,62]. Cones have 1 or 2 seeds [66]. The seeds have dormant embryos and impermeable seedcoats, so they need a period of "after-ripening" and usually germinate the second season following maturity [120].

Utah juniper seed cones. Image by Tom DeGomez, University of Arizona, Bugwood.org.
Utah junipers begin to produce seed only when they are about 30 years old [24,58]. Utah juniper seeds are long-lived. In one study, 17% of Utah juniper seeds germinated after 45 years [4,j71]. In general, about 8 to 49% of Utah juniper seeds germinate [58].

Animal transport of seeds is an important factor in the dissemination of juniper seeds [9,24,88], especially by jackrabbits [10,103]. Seeds that have passed through the digestive tract of animals germinate more quickly than those that have not [4].
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Zlatnik, Elena. 1999. Juniperus osteosperma. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/junost/all.html

Regional Distribution in the Western United States ( englanti )

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This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

 3   Southern Pacific Border

 4   Sierra Mountains

 5   Columbia Plateau

 6   Upper Basin and Range

 7   Lower Basin and Range

 9   Middle Rocky Mountains

10   Wyoming Basin

11   Southern Rocky Mountains

12   Colorado Plateau

13   Rocky Mountain Piedmont
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Zlatnik, Elena. 1999. Juniperus osteosperma. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/junost/all.html

Successional Status ( englanti )

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More info for the terms: climax, competition, cover, fire suppression, herbaceous, litter, shrub

Utah juniper is not shade tolerant [88]. It is a climax species in harsh areas where stands are open and regeneration can occur without competition for light.

Across the West, junipers have expanded their historical range in the years since European settlement [4,19,24,29,30,73,116,124], especially into sagebrush-grass communities below areas of traditional pinyon-juniper [10,36,86]. Overgrazing, fire suppression, and climatic change have been identified as potential causes of juniper invasion [19,30,33,37,42,86,95,114]. In the absence of fire or other disturbances, trees eventually dominate the site and crowd out herbaceous and shrub species [4,10,19]. On the Fort Apache Indian Reservation in Arizona, herbaceous cover on a grazed area was twice as high after clearing junipers as on control plots [5].

Juniper litter has an allelopathic effect on some understory species, especially Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis), Sandberg bluegrass, and blue grama [24,44,50,70,120]. This effect is particularly evident on heavy, poorly drained clay soils [70]. Broadcasting grass seeds over litter appeared to lower the allelopathic effects [44].

Cheatgrass does not appear to suffer from allelopathic effects [44], and fourwing saltbush (Atriplex canescens) growth increases under juniper canopies [72].
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Zlatnik, Elena. 1999. Juniperus osteosperma. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/junost/all.html

Taxonomy ( englanti )

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The scientific name for Utah juniper is Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little (Cupressaceae) [66,67,75].



In northwestern Nevada, Utah juniper hybridizes with western juniper (J. occidentalis). In Arizona, Utah juniper hybridizes with oneseed juniper (J. monosperma), Rocky Mountain juniper (J. scopulorum), and alligator juniper (J. deppeana) [62].
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Zlatnik, Elena. 1999. Juniperus osteosperma. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/junost/all.html

Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites ( englanti )

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Utah juniper is generally considered too slow growing to be useful as a site rehabilitation species [126].
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bibliografinen lainaus
Zlatnik, Elena. 1999. Juniperus osteosperma. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/junost/all.html

Wood Products Value ( englanti )

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Utah juniper has long been used for construction, fence posts, firewood, pencils, Christmas trees, and other purposes [4,14,67,80]. Utah juniper wood is highly decay resistant [83].
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Zlatnik, Elena. 1999. Juniperus osteosperma. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/junost/all.html

Physical Description ( englanti )

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Tree, Shrub, Evergreen, Monoecious, Habit erect, Trees without or rarely having knees, Tree with bark shaggy or peeling, Young shoots in flat sprays, Young shoots 3-dimensional, Buds not resinous, Leaves scale-like, Whip leaves present, Leaves of two kinds, Leaves opposite, Leaves whorled, Non-needle-like leaf margins entire, Non-needle-like leaf margins dentate or serrate, Leaf apex acute, Leaf apex obtuse, Leaves < 5 cm long, Leaves < 10 cm long, Leaves yellow-green above, Leaves yellow-green below, Leaves not blue-green, Scale leaves without raised glands, Scale leaf glands not ruptured, Scales leaves not or barely overlapping, Whip leaf margins denticulate under magnification, Twigs glabrous, Twigs not viscid, Twigs without peg-like projections or large fascicles after needles fall, Berry-like cones brown-purple, Berry-like cones pink, Bracts of seed cone included, Seeds tan, Seeds brown, Seeds wingless.
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Juniperus osteosperma ( azeri )

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Juniperus osteosperma (lat. Juniperus osteosperma) — sərvkimilər fəsiləsinin ardıc cinsinə aid bitki növü.

Mənbə


Blue Pine (Pinus wallichiana) at Bhandakthathaatch (8000 ft) I IMG 7363.jpg İynəyarpaqlılar ilə əlaqədar bu məqalə qaralama halındadır. Məqaləni redaktə edərək Vikipediyanı zənginləşdirin. Etdiyiniz redaktələri mənbə və istinadlarla əsaslandırmağı unutmayın.
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Juniperus osteosperma: Brief Summary ( azeri )

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Juniperus osteosperma (lat. Juniperus osteosperma) — sərvkimilər fəsiləsinin ardıc cinsinə aid bitki növü.

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Ginebre de Utah ( valencia )

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El ginebre de Utah, Juniperus osteosperma o J. utahensis (en anglès:Utah Juniper) és una espècie de ginebre que adopta la forma d'arbust o d'arbre petit de 3 a 6 m d'alt (rarament 9 m). És natiu del sud-oest d'Estat Units, a Utah, Nevada, Arizona, oest de Nou Mèxic, oest de Colorado, Wyoming, sud de Montana, sud d'Idaho i est de Califòrnia. Creix a les Arbredes de pi pinyer-ginebre a altituds moderades d'entre 1.300-2.600 m, sobre sòls secs, sovint en companyia del pi Single-leaf Pinyon (Pinus monophylla).

 src=
Ginebre de Utah (Juniperus osteosperma) amb les fulles, pinyes femenines. pinyes masculines i agalles (al centre)

Els brots són força gruixuts (1,5 a 2 mm de diàmetre) comparats amb els d'altres espècies de ginebres. Les fulles estan disposades en parells de verticils decusats. Mentre les fulles adultes tenen forma d'escates les juvenils són aciculars. El fruits, de 8 a 13 mm, tenen aspecte de baia però no ho són des del punt de vista botànic. És una planta generalment monoica però un 10% de la població és dioica (amb els sexes en peus separats).

Referències

  • R.P. Adams. Junipers of the World: The genus Juniperus. Trafford Publishing ISBN 1-4120-4250-X
  • J.C. Chambers, S.B. Vander Wall and E.W. Schupp. 1999. Seed and seedling ecology of piñon and juniper species in the pygmy woodlands of western North America. Botanical Review 65: 1-38.

Enllaços externs

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Ginebre de Utah Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
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Ginebre de Utah: Brief Summary ( valencia )

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El ginebre de Utah, Juniperus osteosperma o J. utahensis (en anglès:Utah Juniper) és una espècie de ginebre que adopta la forma d'arbust o d'arbre petit de 3 a 6 m d'alt (rarament 9 m). És natiu del sud-oest d'Estat Units, a Utah, Nevada, Arizona, oest de Nou Mèxic, oest de Colorado, Wyoming, sud de Montana, sud d'Idaho i est de Califòrnia. Creix a les Arbredes de pi pinyer-ginebre a altituds moderades d'entre 1.300-2.600 m, sobre sòls secs, sovint en companyia del pi Single-leaf Pinyon (Pinus monophylla).

 src= Ginebre de Utah (Juniperus osteosperma) amb les fulles, pinyes femenines. pinyes masculines i agalles (al centre)

Els brots són força gruixuts (1,5 a 2 mm de diàmetre) comparats amb els d'altres espècies de ginebres. Les fulles estan disposades en parells de verticils decusats. Mentre les fulles adultes tenen forma d'escates les juvenils són aciculars. El fruits, de 8 a 13 mm, tenen aspecte de baia però no ho són des del punt de vista botànic. És una planta generalment monoica però un 10% de la població és dioica (amb els sexes en peus separats).

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Utah-Wacholder ( saksa )

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Der Utah-Wacholder (Juniperus osteosperma) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Familie der Zypressengewächse (Cupressaceae). Sie ist im westlichen Nordamerika heimisch.

Beschreibung

Habitus und Rinde

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Strauchform

Abhängig von den Standortverhältnissen kommt der Utah-Wacholder als immergrüner Strauch oder Baum vor. Die Strauchform erreicht Wuchshöhen von maximal 3 Meter. Als Baum erreicht er bei einem Brusthöhendurchmesser von 60 bis 75 Zentimetern Wuchshöhen von 6 bis 12 Meter. Der kurze Stamm ist oft gabelig, mehrstämmig, selten einstämmig und exzentrisch. Die offene und runde Krone besteht aus aufwärts gerichteten Ästen. Es wird von einzelnen Exemplaren berichtet, die einen schmalen, zypressenähnlichen Wuchs besitzen. Jungbäume besitzen eine Pfahlwurzel, die unter anderem mit den Pilzen Glomus fasciculatum und Glomus mosseae eine Mykorrhiza bildet.

Die schuppige Rinde der Zweige und die Borke von Altbäumen ist rotbraun, kann aber durch Verwitterung auch eine graue bis aschgraue Färbung aufweisen. Die Stammrinde schält sich in dünnen, graubraunen Streifen ab, wogegen die Rinde der Zweige glatt ist.

Holz

Das hell gelblichbraune Kernholz unterscheidet sich farblich vom breiten weißen Splintholz. Das spröde Holz ist relativ weich und dauerhaft. Es riecht weniger aromatisch als das von anderen Wacholder-Arten.

Blätter

Die hell gelbgrünen, rhombischen bis eiförmigen Schuppenblätter des Utah-Wacholders liegen kreuzweise gegenständig und seltener in Dreierquirlen bis auf die äußersten Spitzen dicht an den rundlichen Zweigen. Zerreibt man die sich rau anfühlenden Blätter, sondern sie einen aromatischen Geruch ab. Sämlinge besitzen 2 bis 3 Millimeter lange, scharf zugespitzte und pfriemlich geformte Nadeln.

Blüten, Zapfen und Samen

 src=
Zweige mit unreifen Beerenzapfen

Der Utah-Wacholder ist einhäusig-getrenntgeschlechtig (monözisch). Die Blütezeit erstreckt sich von Ende März bis Anfang April. Die rundlichen und 6 bis 12 Millimeter dicken weiblichen Zapfenblüten stehen endständig an kurzen Zweigen. Sie sind zur Blütezeit braun bis bläulich-rot gefärbt und besitzen 6 zugespitzte, ein wenig abstehende Samenschuppen. Jede Samenschuppe besitzt 1 bis 2 Samenanlagen. Die endständig stehenden männlichen Blüten besitzen 18 bis 24 Staubblätter. Die Samenschuppen der weiblichen Zapfenblüten werden nach der Bestäubung fleischig und wachsen zu rundlichen, meist 8 bis 9 Millimeter, in den Extremwerten 6 bis 13 Millimeter großen Beerenzapfen zusammen. Die im September des 2. Jahres reifen Beerenzapfen sind fest, graubläulich, oft rötlich-braun mit graubläulichem Anstrich gefärbt und weisen eine helle Wachsschicht auf. Das trockene „Fruchtfleisch“ riecht streng aromatisch, schmeckt süßlich und ist von Harzkanälen durchzogen. Es enthält ein bis selten zwei Samen. Die hartschaligen Samen sind eiförmig, etwas kantig und besitzen ein spitzes Ende mit rundlicher Basis. Das Tausendkorngewicht beträgt rund 91 Gramm. Die Diasporen werden hauptsächlich von Vögeln verbreitet (Ornithochorie).

Verbreitung und Standort

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Karte des Verbreitungsgebietes

Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet des Utah-Wacholder erstreckt sich von den Bergen im Südwesten Wyomings und im Südosten Idahos über die weiteren US-Bundesstaaten Utah und Nevada und den Westen Colorados bis zu den Osthängen der Sierra Nevada und den Paramint Mountains in Kalifornien sowie den Hochflächen des nördlichen und mittleren Arizonas. Kleinere Bestände sind im Süden Montanas und im Westen New Mexicos zu finden. Der Schwerpunkt der Verbreitung findet sich im Great Basin, wo die Art die häufigste Baumart darstellt. Er ist die dominierende Wacholderart in Utah. An vielen Stellen der Halbwüsten des Südwestens Nordamerikas stellt der Utah-Wacholder die einzige oder die dominierende Baumart dar.

Der Utah-Wacholder ist eine frostharte Lichtbaumart des semiariden Klimas mit Jahresniederschlägen von mindestens 200 mm. Sie besiedelt Hänge mit trockenen und felsigen Böden in Höhenlagen von 900 bis 2.400 Metern (R. P. Adams gibt 1.300 bis 2.600 Meter an). Selbst an exponierten Standorten übersteht die Art Sandstürme, große Hitze und lange Trockenperioden. Sie bildet gemeinsam mit den Pinyon-Kiefern den „Pinyon-Juniper-Vegetationstyp“.

Systematik

Der Utah-Wacholder wird innerhalb der Gattung Wacholder (Juniperus) zur Untergattung Sabina und zur Sektion Pachyphlaeoides gestellt. Andere Autoren bezeichnen die Untergattung Sabina als Sektion Sabina, die keine weitere taxonomische Unterteilung vorweist. Nach R. P. Adams wird er als Mitglied der Gruppe der „Wacholder mit gesägten, gezahnten Blatträndern der westlichen Hemisphäre“ geführt. Ein Synonym für Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little ist Juniperus utahensis (Engelm.) Lemm.. Das Artepitheton osteosperma bedeutet so viel wie „knochenhart“ und bezieht sich auf die harte Schale der Samen.

Juniperus osteosperma soll im Nordwesten Nevadas mit dem Westamerikanischen Wacholder (Juniperus occidentalis) hybridisieren.

Krankheiten und Schädlinge

Der Utah-Wacholder wird weder von Schadinsekten noch von Schadpilzen ernsthaft gefährdet. Weit verbreitet ist ein Befall mit einer Unterart des Halbparasiten Phoradendron juniperinum, der die Wirtspflanze erheblich schwächt. Die Pilzart Phomopsis juniperovora verursacht Rindennekrosen und löst ein Triebsterben aus. Der Befall tritt hauptsächlich in Baumschulen auf. Die Schadinsektenart Cudonigera houstoneana minimiert die Blätter, indem sie den Larven als Nahrung dienen.

Nutzung

Das Holz findet als Brennmaterial und zur Herstellung von Zaunpfählen Verwendung. Aus dem Holz kann ein ätherisches Öl gewonnen werden, das als Geruchsstoff in der Kosmetik und als Immersionsöl in der Mikroskopie Anwendung findet. In prähistorischer Zeit wurden aus der Borke Seile, Säcke, Sandalen und Matten hergestellt. Die Indianer nutzten das Holz als Dachbalken und die Beerenzapfen als Nahrung. Es wurden auch Fackeln aus der Rinde hergestellt.

Gefährdung und Schutzmaßnahmen

Der Utah-Wacholder wird von der Weltnaturschutzunion IUCN zwar in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten geführt, jedoch als nicht gefährdet („Least Concern“) bezeichnet. Diese Entscheidung wird damit begründet, dass es sich um die am meisten verbreitete Art der Gattung Wacholder im ausgedehnten Kiefern-Wacholder-Waldgebiet des Südwestens der USA handelt. Der Utah-Wacholder hat zudem nur geringen kommerziellen Wert und kommt häufig auf felsigen Steilhängen und Plateaus vor, die nur für wenige andere Pflanzen geeignet sind. Der Bestand nimmt zu und die Art ist in vielen Schutzgebieten vertreten.[1]

In den USA wird diese Wacholderart durch den Bundesstaat Nevada durch Einschränkung der Nutzung unter Schutz gestellt.[2]

Literatur

  • Peter Schütt, Horst Weisgerber, Hans J. Schuck, Ulla Lang, Bernd Stimm, Andreas Roloff: Lexikon der Nadelbäume. Verbreitung – Beschreibung – Ökologie – Nutzung; die große Enzyklopädie. Nikol, Hamburg 2004, ISBN 3-933203-80-5, S. 219–225.
  • Robert P. Adams: Juniperus of Canada and United States: Taxonomy, Key and Distribution. In: Phytologia. Band 90, Nr. 3, 2008, S. 255–314 (PDF).

Einzelnachweise

  1. Juniperus osteosperma in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2013. Eingestellt von: A. Farjon, 2011. Abgerufen am 17. Juli 2020.
  2. Christmas Trees, Cacti, and Yucca Native to Nevada. (Nicht mehr online verfügbar.) In: NRCS Natural Resources Concervation Service. Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, archiviert vom Original am 28. März 2010; abgerufen am 9. Juni 2010 (englisch).  src= Info: Der Archivlink wurde automatisch eingesetzt und noch nicht geprüft. Bitte prüfe Original- und Archivlink gemäß Anleitung und entferne dann diesen Hinweis.@1@2Vorlage:Webachiv/IABot/heritage.nv.gov
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Utah-Wacholder: Brief Summary ( saksa )

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Der Utah-Wacholder (Juniperus osteosperma) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Familie der Zypressengewächse (Cupressaceae). Sie ist im westlichen Nordamerika heimisch.

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Juniperus osteosperma ( Udmurtti )

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Juniperus osteosperma
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Juniperus osteosperma

Juniperus osteosperma (лат. Juniperus osteosperma ) – Cupressaceae семьяысь лымшор — шунды пуксён пал Америкалэн Огазеяськем Штатъёсаз будӥсь сусыпу. Ӝуждалаез ог 3-6 м.

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Juniperus osteosperma ( englanti )

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Juniperus osteosperma (Utah juniper; syn. J. utahensis) is a shrub or small tree native to the southwestern United States.

Description

The plant reaches 3–6 meters (9 ft 10 in – 19 ft 8 in), rarely to 9 m, tall. The shoots are fairly thick compared to most junipers, 1.5–2 millimetres (116332 in) in diameter. The leaves are arranged in opposite decussate pairs[2] or whorls of three; the adult leaves are scale-like, 1–2 mm long (to 5 mm on lead shoots) and 1–1.5 mm broad. The juvenile leaves (on young seedlings only) are needle-like, 5–10 mm (3161332 in) long. The cones are berry-like, 8–13 mm (51612 in) in diameter, blue-brown with a whitish waxy bloom, and contain a single seed (rarely two); they mature in about 18 months and are eaten by birds and small mammals.[3] The male cones are 2–4 mm long, and shed their pollen in early spring. It is largely monoecious with both sexes on the same plant, but around 10% of plants are dioecious, producing cones of only one sex.

The plants frequently bear numerous galls caused by the juniper tip midge Oligotrophus betheli (Bibionomorpha: Cecidomyiidae); these are conspicuous pale violet-purple, produced in clusters of 5–20 together, each gall 1–2 centimetres (3834 in) in diameter, with dense modified spreading scale-leaves 6–10 mm (1438 in) long and 2–3 mm broad at the base.

Distribution and habitat

The species is native to the southwestern United States, in Utah, Nevada, Arizona, western New Mexico, western Colorado, Wyoming, southern Montana, southern Idaho and eastern California. It grows at moderate altitudes of 1,300–2,600 m (4,300–8,500 ft), on dry soils, often together with Pinus monophylla.

Ecology

Seeds are dispersed by a variety of mammals and birds. Mammals include jackrabbits (mostly the black-tailed jackrabbit Lepus californicus spp.) rodents and to a lesser extent by coyotes (Canis latrans).[4] Most notable among the birds that disperse juniper berries is the Townsend's solitaire (Myadestes townsendi).[5]

Uses

Native Americans such as the Havasupai used the bark for a variety of purposes, including beds, and ate the cones both fresh and in cakes.[6] The Havasupai used the gum to make a protective covering over wounds. Additionally, the Yavapai gave their women a tea made from the leaves to calm their contractions after giving birth, and fumigated them with smoke from the leaves placed over hot coals. The Navajo sweep their tracks with boughs from the trees so death will not follow them.[7]

A small quantity of ripe berries can be eaten as an emergency food or as a sage-like seasoning for meat. The dried berries can be roasted and ground into a coffee substitute.[8]

Utah juniper is an aromatic plant. Essential oil extracted from the trunk and limb is prominent in α-pinene, δ-3-carene, and cis-thujopsene. Essential oil extracted from the leaf is prominent in camphor and bornyl acetate.[9] The trunk of Utah juniper retains essential oil for at least 20 years after the tree dies, and is prominent in cedrol and cis-thujopsene.[10]

See also

References

  1. ^ Farjon, A. (2013). "Juniperus osteosperma". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T42241A2965708. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42241A2965708.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  2. ^ Arno, Stephen F.; Hammerly, Ramona P. (2020) [1977]. Northwest Trees: Identifying & Understanding the Region's Native Trees (field guide ed.). Seattle: Mountaineers Books. p. 177. ISBN 978-1-68051-329-5. OCLC 1141235469.
  3. ^ Little, Elbert L. (1994) [1980]. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Western Region (Chanticleer Press ed.). Knopf. p. 317. ISBN 0394507614.
  4. ^ Chambers, Jeanne C.; Vander Wall, Stephen B.; Schupp, Eugene W. (January 1999). "Seed and seedling ecology of piñon and juniper species in the pygmy woodlands of western North America". The Botanical Review. 65 (1): 1–38. doi:10.1007/bf02856556. ISSN 0006-8101. S2CID 38377131.
  5. ^ Poddar, Saradell; Lederer, Roger J. (July 1982). "Juniper Berries as an Exclusive Winter Forage for Townsend's Solitaires". American Midland Naturalist. 108 (1): 34. doi:10.2307/2425289. ISSN 0003-0031. JSTOR 2425289.
  6. ^ Whitney, Stephen (1985). Western Forests (The Audubon Society Nature Guides). New York: Knopf. p. 371. ISBN 0-394-73127-1.
  7. ^ Peattie, Donald Culross (1953). A Natural History of Western Trees. New York: Bonanza Books. pp. 265–66.
  8. ^ Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (2009) [1982]. Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods. New York: Sterling. pp. 194, 197. ISBN 978-1-4027-6715-9. OCLC 244766414.
  9. ^ Wilson TM, Poulson A, Packer C, Marshall J, Carlson RE, Buch RM. "Essential oils of whole tree, trunk, limbs and leaves of Juniperus osteosperma from Utah". Phytologia. 101 (3): 188–193.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Wilson T.M., Poulson A., Packer C., Carlson R.E., Davis R., Dey M.G., Owen N.M., Smalley S.W., Dodge R., Zahn G., Baadsgaard A., Stevens M.T. (December 22, 2021). "Essential oil, insect, and microbe relationships in Juniperus osteosperma (Cupressaceae) trees killed by wildfire" (PDF). Phytologia. 103 (4): 106–118.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

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Juniperus osteosperma: Brief Summary ( englanti )

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Juniperus osteosperma (Utah juniper; syn. J. utahensis) is a shrub or small tree native to the southwestern United States.

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Juniperus osteosperma ( kastilia )

tarjonnut wikipedia ES

Juniperus osteosperma es un arbusto o pequeño árbol perteneciente a la familia de las cupresáceas. Es originaria del sudoeste de los Estados Unidos, en Utah, Nevada, Arizona, oeste de Nuevo México, y Colorado, Wyoming, sur Montana, sur Idaho y este de California. Crece a una altitud de 1,300-2,600 metros, en suelos secos, a menudo con Pinus monophylla.

Descripción

Alcanza un tamaño de 3 a 6 m de altura (raramente hasta 9 m). Los brotes son bastante gruesos en comparación con la mayoría de los enebros, de 1.5-2 mm de diámetro. Las hojas están dispuestas en pares enfrentadas o verticilos de tres, las hojas adultas son similares a escamas, de 1-2 mm de largo y 1-1.5 mm de ancho. Las hojas juveniles (jóvenes de plántulas solamente) son aciculares, de 5-10 mm de largo. Los conos son como bayas de 8-13 mm de diámetro, azul-marrón con una flor cerosa blanquecina, y contienen una sola semilla (raramente dos),y que maduran en unos 18 meses. Los conos masculinos son de 2-4 mm de largo, y expanden su polen en primavera. Es en gran parte monoica con ambos sexos en la misma planta, pero alrededor del 10% de las plantas son dioicas.

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Agallas

Las plantas contienen a menudo numerosas agallas causadas por el Oligotrophus betheli (Bibionomorpha: Cecidomyiidae); los cuales son de un llamativo color violeta-púrpura, son producidas en racimos de 5-20 juntas, cada hiel de 1-2 cm de diámetro, con una hoja densa des 6-10 mm de largo y 2-3 mm de ancho en la base. Las semillas son dispersadas por las liebres (sobre todo Lepus californicus spp.) roedores y en menor medida por coyotes (Canis latrans).

 src=
Vista del árbol en su hábitat

Taxonomía

Juniperus osteosperma fue descrita por (Torr.) Little y publicado en Leaflets of Western Botany 5(8): 125. 1948[2]

Sinonimia
  • Juniperus californica var. osteosperma (Torr.) L.D.Benson
  • Juniperus californica subsp. osteosperma (Torr.) A.E.Murray
  • Juniperus californica var. utahense Vasey
  • Juniperus californica var. utahensis Engelm.
  • Juniperus cosnino Lemmon
  • Juniperus knightii A.Nelson
  • Juniperus megalocarpa Sudw.
  • Juniperus monosperma var. knightii (A.Nelson) Lemmon
  • Juniperus occidentalis var. utahensis (Engelm.) A.H.Kent
  • Juniperus tetragona var. osteosperma Torr.
  • Juniperus utahensis (Engelm.) Lemmon
  • Juniperus utahensis var. cosnino Lemmon
  • Juniperus utahensis var. megalocarpa (Sudw.) Sarg.
  • Sabina knightii (A.Nelson) Rydb.
  • Sabina megalocarpa (Sudw.) Cockerell
  • Sabina osteosperma (Torr.) Antoine
  • Sabina utahensis (Engelm.) Rydb.[3][4]

Referencias

  1. Conifer Specialist Group (1998). «Juniperus osteosperma». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2006 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 12 de mayo de 2006.
  2. «Juniperus osteosperma». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 11 de abril de 2013.
  3. «Juniperus osteosperma». World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Consultado el 11 de abril de 2013.
  4. Juniperus osteosperma en PlantList

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Juniperus osteosperma: Brief Summary ( kastilia )

tarjonnut wikipedia ES

Juniperus osteosperma es un arbusto o pequeño árbol perteneciente a la familia de las cupresáceas. Es originaria del sudoeste de los Estados Unidos, en Utah, Nevada, Arizona, oeste de Nuevo México, y Colorado, Wyoming, sur Montana, sur Idaho y este de California. Crece a una altitud de 1,300-2,600 metros, en suelos secos, a menudo con Pinus monophylla.

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Juniperus osteosperma ( ranska )

tarjonnut wikipedia FR

Juniperus osteosperma, parfois appelé genévrier de l'Utah, est un arbuste de la famille des Cupressaceae. Il est endémique du sud-ouest des États-Unis.

Description

 src=
Feuillage et fruits

Juniperus osteosperma mesure de 3 à 6 m (rarement 9 m).

Répartition et habitat

Cette espèce est endémique des États-Unis, et pousse dans plusieurs états du sud-ouest américain : Arizona, Californie, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Nouveau-Mexique, Utah, Wyoming[1].

Il pousse à moyenne altitude 1 300 à 2 600 m, sur sol sec, souvent en association avec Pinus monophylla.

Notes et références

  1. (en) Référence UICN : espèce Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little (consulté le 28 mars 2012)
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Juniperus osteosperma: Brief Summary ( ranska )

tarjonnut wikipedia FR

Juniperus osteosperma, parfois appelé genévrier de l'Utah, est un arbuste de la famille des Cupressaceae. Il est endémique du sud-ouest des États-Unis.

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Utaheiner ( norja )

tarjonnut wikipedia NO
Utaheiner Utaheiner Vitenskapelig(e)
navn
: Juniperus osteosperma
(Torr.) Little, 1848 Norsk(e) navn: Utaheiner Biologisk klassifikasjon: Rike: Planteriket Divisjon: Karplanter Klasse: Nakenfrøede planter Orden: Bartrær Familie: Sypressfamilien Slekt: Juniperus IUCNs rødliste: livskraftig

Utaheiner eller «Utah Juniper» (latin: Juniperus osteosperma) er en art av bartrær som tilhører einerslekten Juniperus i sypressfamilien. Den vokser på 1.300 – 2.600 meters høyde i Utah, Nevada og Arizona, Wyoming, vestre Colorado, sørlige Montana, og i det nordvestligste Mexico. Ofte vokser den sammen med Pinus monophylla.

 src=
Utaheiner har tynn, trevlete bark og kan vokse på svært tørre steder i de nordamerikanske fjellene.

Arten er 3-8 meter høy, og har grønne, skjellaktige nåler inntil 1–4 mm lange i par eller sjeldnere i grupper av 3. Unge blad er lengre nåler inntil 10 mm. Den er oftest særbu med hann- og hunnblomster på ulike individer. Bærkonglene modner på 18 måneder til et brun-blått med hvitt vokslag, 8–13 mm stort bær med ett frø, sjelden to. Hannkonglene er 2–4 mm store, og sprer sitt pollen i de første vårmånedene.

Eksterne lenker

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Utaheiner: Brief Summary ( norja )

tarjonnut wikipedia NO

Utaheiner eller «Utah Juniper» (latin: Juniperus osteosperma) er en art av bartrær som tilhører einerslekten Juniperus i sypressfamilien. Den vokser på 1.300 – 2.600 meters høyde i Utah, Nevada og Arizona, Wyoming, vestre Colorado, sørlige Montana, og i det nordvestligste Mexico. Ofte vokser den sammen med Pinus monophylla.

 src= Utaheiner har tynn, trevlete bark og kan vokse på svært tørre steder i de nordamerikanske fjellene.

Arten er 3-8 meter høy, og har grønne, skjellaktige nåler inntil 1–4 mm lange i par eller sjeldnere i grupper av 3. Unge blad er lengre nåler inntil 10 mm. Den er oftest særbu med hann- og hunnblomster på ulike individer. Bærkonglene modner på 18 måneder til et brun-blått med hvitt vokslag, 8–13 mm stort bær med ett frø, sjelden to. Hannkonglene er 2–4 mm store, og sprer sitt pollen i de første vårmånedene.

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Utah ardıcı ( turkki )

tarjonnut wikipedia TR

Utah ardıcı (Juniperus osteosperma), servigiller (Cupressaceae) familyasından 3–6 m'ye değin boylanabilen, çoğu kez de çalı halinde olan ardıç türü. Kuzey Amerika'da sıklıkla yetişmektedir. 1.300-2.600 m yükseklik aralığında bulunmaktadır. Pinus monophylla ile birlikte yetiştiği görülür.

Morfolojik özellikleri

Çalımsı özellik gösteren bitkinin yapraklı yapısı ve burgu şeklindeki gövde yapısı ile benzerlerinden ayrılır. 1,5–2 mm çapındaki yaprak yapısına sahiptir. Tohum üreten erişkin yaprakların genellikle 5–10 mm uzunluğu vardır. Tohumları tek çekirdekli olup 18 ay civarında bir sürede olgunluğa erişir. Her bir genç tohum başlangıçta 1–2 cm yarıçapına sahiptir.

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Utah ardıcı: Brief Summary ( turkki )

tarjonnut wikipedia TR

Utah ardıcı (Juniperus osteosperma), servigiller (Cupressaceae) familyasından 3–6 m'ye değin boylanabilen, çoğu kez de çalı halinde olan ardıç türü. Kuzey Amerika'da sıklıkla yetişmektedir. 1.300-2.600 m yükseklik aralığında bulunmaktadır. Pinus monophylla ile birlikte yetiştiği görülür.

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Ялівець твердонасінний ( ukraina )

tarjonnut wikipedia UK

Морфологія

 src=
Листя та шишки

Це однодомні (але близько 10% рослин дводомні) чагарники або дерева, до 6(12) м, з кількома або одним стовбуром; крона округла. Кора відлущується на тонкі сіро-коричневі смуги. Гілки від розлогих до висхідних. Листки світло-жовто-зелені, сизі зверху. Доросле листя лускоподібне, 1–2 мм довжиною (до 5 мм на основних пагонах) і 1–1,5 мм шириною. Юне листя (на молодих саджанцях тільки) голчасте, довжиною 5–10 мм. Шишки ягодоподібні, 8–13 мм в діаметрі, синьо-коричневі з білуватим восковим нальотом, і містять одну насінину (рідко дві) 4–5 мм довжиною; вони є зрілими в 18 місяців. Чоловічі шишки 2–4 мм довжиною, висипають пилок на початку весни. Немає достовірних даних, але можна досить впевнено припустити, що вік дерев може перевищувати 1000 років.

Поширення, екологія

Країни поширення: США (Аризона, Каліфорнія, Колорадо, Айдахо, Монтана, Невада, Нью-Мексико, Юта, Вайомінг). Утворює рідколісся разом з Pinus edulis, Pinus monophylla. (на південному заході ареалу), Pinus cembroides (на півдні ареалу), Juniperus scopulorum, Juniperus occidentalis (на заході ареалу), Seriphidium tridentatum, Chrysothamnus, Quercus gambelii, Ephedra viridis чи в чистих одновидових угрупованням на нижніх висотних межах. Діапазон висот: 460–2700 над рівнем моря. Росте на скелястих або гравійних осипах і пагорбах, а також на голих пісковиках або сланцях, де він знаходить щілини в скелях, щоб пустити коріння. Це один з найбільш посухостійких ялівців у Північній Америці.

Використання

У багатьох посушливих місцях на плато Колорадо і в інших місцях, цей вид ялівцю є найважливішим невеликим деревом, яке утворює життєво важливе середовище існування для диких тварин. Деревину використовують на дрова (тепер рідко). У регіонах з сухим і спекотним літом вид може бути використаний у садах; він дуже витривалий, оскільки росте в природі при континентальному кліматі й на великих висотах.

Індіанці хопі та навахо використовували шишки ялівцю як цілюще зілля[1].

Загрози та охорона

Ніяких конкретних загроз не було визначено для цього виду. Цей вид присутній у багатьох охоронних територіях, серед яких відомі національні парки, у напівпосушливому ​​кліматі південного заходу США.

Примітки

  1. а б Ліс. — К. Махаон-Україна, 2008. — 304 с., іл. — С. 152

Посилання

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Juniperus osteosperma ( vietnam )

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Juniperus osteosperma là một loài thực vật hạt trần trong họ Cupressaceae. Loài này được Torr. Little mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1948.[1]

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Juniperus osteosperma. Truy cập ngày 28 tháng 5 năm 2014.

Liên kết ngoài


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Juniperus osteosperma: Brief Summary ( vietnam )

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Juniperus osteosperma là một loài thực vật hạt trần trong họ Cupressaceae. Loài này được Torr. Little mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1948.

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Можжевельник жёсткосемянный ( venäjä )

tarjonnut wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Растения
Подцарство: Зелёные растения
Отдел: Хвойные
Класс: Хвойные
Порядок: Сосновые
Семейство: Кипарисовые
Вид: Можжевельник жёсткосемянный
Международное научное название

Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little

Охранный статус Wikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
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ITIS 194859NCBI 114264EOL 323371IPNI 132523-2TPL kew-2332725

Можжевельник жёсткосемянный (лат. Juniperus osteosperma) — вид растений рода Можжевельник семейства Кипарисовые.

Распространение

В естественных условиях растёт в Северной Америке. Встречается в юго-западной части США, в Юте, Неваде, Аризоне, на западе Нью-Мексико и Колорадо, Вайоминге, в южной части Монтаны, на юге Айдахо и восточной части штата Калифорния. Предпочитает высоту 1300—2600 м над уровнем моря, на сухих почвах.

Описание

Кустарники или деревья, однодомные. Вырастают, как правило, до 3—6 м, в исключительных случаях до 9 м. Кора можжевельника жёсткосемянного шелушащаяся, с серо-коричневыми полосками. Шишкоягоды мелкие, круглые, 0,8-0,9 см, голубовато-коричневые с серо-голубым налётом. Хвоя жёлто-зелёная, 0,3-0,5 см длиной, с серо-голубым налетом. Древесина дерева устойчива против гниения. В посадках весьма декоративен.

 src=
Utah Juniper (Juniperus osteosperma) leaves, female cones and male cones, and (center) galls

Ссылки


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Можжевельник жёсткосемянный: Brief Summary ( venäjä )

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Можжевельник жёсткосемянный (лат. Juniperus osteosperma) — вид растений рода Можжевельник семейства Кипарисовые.

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